DATA

MANAGEMENT
LEARNING COMPETENCIES;
 Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of data.
 Identify the essential parts of a table and describe the
different kinds of graphs for data presentation.
 Draw the graph/table to present data.
 Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table.
 Discuss the properties of mean, median and mode.
 Compute the different measures of dispersion for both
grouped and ungrouped date.
 Discuss the uses, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages
of measures of dispersions.
Organization of Data
Raw Data
- is the data collected in original form
Range
- is the difference between of the
highest value and the lowest value in a
distribution
Range = Highest value – Lowest
value
Frequency Distribution
- is the organization of data in a
tabular form using mutually exclusive
classes showing the number of
observation.
- is a grouping of the data into
categories showing the number of
observation in each none overlapping
classes
Class Limits or Apparent Limits
- is the highest and lowest values
describing a class
Class Boundaries or Real Limits
- is the upper and lower values of a
class for group frequency distribution
whose values has additional decimal
place more than the class limits and end
with the digit 5
 - is the average of upper and lower
values
Interval or Width
- is the distance between the class lower
boundary and class upper boundary which
is denoted by the symbol i.
i = Range / # of classes
# of classes = 2 to the k rule or 2k
k is any integers that will compensate
above the number of observation after
raising it 2 to its power k
Example:
# of observation = 29
To determine the # of classes, use the 2 to
the k rule or 2k
When k = 4
24 = 16
Below 29
k=5
25 = 32
Above 29
So:
# of classes = 5
Frequency, f
- is the number of values in a specific
class of frequency distribution
Percentage
- is obtained by multiplying the
relative frequency by 100%
Cumulative Frequency, cf
- is the sum of the frequency
accumulated up to the upper boundary
of a class in a frequency distribution
Midpoint
- is the point halfway between class
limits of each class which is
representative of the data within that
class
Grouped Frequency Distribution
- is used when the range of the data
set is large
 Data must be grouped into class
whether it is categorical data or interval
data
Categorical Frequency Distribution
- is used to organize nominal level or
ordinary level of data.
Applicable:
 Gender
 Business
 Political affiliation
 SWS survey
Application:
The scores were obtained from the output of the
Math 101 midterm examination.
71 77 90 83 70 94 89 75 91
85 81 60 84 91 61 85 81 65
79 88 84 72 69 88 78 93 86
64 94 80 88 80 92 74 95 83
73 67 79 86 62 87 80 66 77
Construct the group frequency table
using 2k rule and determine the
following:
a. Range
b. Number of classes
c. Class interval
d. Class limits
e. Frequency
f. Cumulative frequency
g. Relative frequency
h. Percentage
i. Midpoint
j. Class boundaries
Solution:
a. Range = Highest value – Lowest value
= 95 – 60
= 35
b. Total # of observation= 45
Using the 2k:
Try k = 5
25 = 32
Not enough. 32 < 45
Try k = 6
26 = 64
Above 45
 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
c. Class intervals =
# 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝟑𝟓
=
𝟔
= 5.83
=6
d. Class limits
SCORES
60 - 65

66 - 71
72 - 77
78 - 83
84 - 89
90 - 95
e. Frequency
SCORES TALLY FREQUENCY
60 - 65 5
66 - 71 5
72 - 77 6
78 - 83 10
84 - 89 11
90 - 95 8

Total 45
f. Cumulative frequency
Class Limits Tally Frequency Cumulative
(Scores) Frequency
60 - 65 5 5
66 - 71 5 10
72 - 77 6 16
78 - 83 10 26
84 - 89 11 37
90 - 95 8 45
g. Relative Frequency
Class Limits Frequency Cumulative Relative
(Scores) Frequency Frequency
60 - 65 5 5 0.11
66 - 71 5 10 0.11
72 - 77 6 16 o.13
78 - 83 10 26 o.22
84 - 89 11 37 0.24
90 - 95 8 45 0.18

Total frequency: 45
h. Percentage
Class Limits Frequency Cumulative Relative Percentage
(Scores) Frequency Frequency
60 - 65 5 5 0.11 11%
66 - 71 5 10 0.11 11%
72 - 77 6 16 o.13 13%
78 - 83 10 26 o.22 22%
84 - 89 11 37 0.24 24%
90 - 95 8 45 0.18 18%
i. Midpoint
To determine the midpoint , the gap
difference between the upper class limit
of one interval and the next lower class
limit divide by 2
Midpoint = 66 – 65 / 2
= 0.5
= - 0.5 or + 0.5
j. Class Boundary
Class Frequency Cumulati Relative Percentag Lower Class Upper Class
Limits ve Frequen e boundary Class Boundary
(Scores) Frequenc cy boundary
y
60 - 65 5 5 0.11 11% 59.5 65.5 59.5 - 65.5
66 - 71 5 10 0.11 11% 65.5 71.5 65.5 - 71.5
72 - 77 6 16 o.13 13% 71.5 77.5 71.5 - 77.5
78 - 83 10 26 o.22 22% 77.5 83.5 77.5 - 83.5
84 - 89 11 37 0.24 24% 83.5 89.5 83.5 - 89.5
90 - 95 8 45 0.18 18% 89.5 95.5 89.5 - 95.5
Graphing Statistical Data
 Graph is a common method to visually
illustrate relationship in the data.
 Purpose of a graph is to present data
that are too numerous or complicated to
be described adequately in the text and
in less space
 Do not use a graph for small amounts
of data
Common Statistical Data:
a. Histogram or Bar Histogram
- is a graph in which the classes
are marked on the horizontal axis (x-axis)
and the class frequencies on the vertical
axis (y-axis)
 Height of the bars represents the class
frequency and are drawn adjacent to
each other.
Example:

12
10
8
Frequency 6
4
2
0
60-65 66-71 72-77 78-83 84-89 90-95
Class Limits or c lasses
Frequency Polygon
- is a graph that displays the data using
points which are connected by lines.
 Frequencies are represented by the heights
of the points at the midpoints of the class
limits
 Vertical axis represents the frequency of the
distribution while the horizontal axis
represents the midpoints of the frequency
distribution
Example:

12
10
8
Frequency 6
4
2
0
60-65 66-71 72-77 78-83 84-89 90-95
Class Limits or c lasses
Cumulative Frequency (Ogive)
- is a graph that displays the cumulative
frequency for the classes in a frequency
distribution.
o Vertical axis represents the cumulative
frequency for the classes in a frequency
distribution
o Horizontal axis represents the upper class
boundaries (real upper limits) of the
frequency distribution.
Example

50
Cumulative 40
Frequency 30
20
10
0
65.5 71.5 77.5 83.5 89.5 95.5
Real Upper Limits o Upper Class Boundaries
Pareto Chart
- is a graph used to represent a frequency
distribution for a categorical data (Nominal Level)
and frequencies are displayed by the heights of
vertical bars which are arranged in order from
highest to lowest
 Arrange the frequency from highest to lowest of
the sales
 Make a bar with the same width and draw the
height corresponding to the frequencies
Example:
The table contains the data of the most
favorable can goods from 730 house holds.
Construct a pareto chart, bar chart and pie
chart
Products Sales
Century tuna 150
Mega sardine 70
Argentina corn beef 230
Bay tuna 100
CDO Beef loaf 180
Solution
Arrange the data from highest to lowest

Products Sales
Argentina corn beef 230
CDO Beef loaf 180
Century tuna 150
Bay tuna 100
Mega sardine 70
Pareto Chart:
250
200
Sales 150
100
50
0
Corn Beef Century Bay Sardinrs
Beef Loaf Tuna Tuna
Products
Bar Chart or Bar Graph
- is similar to bar histogram.
- applicable for categorical data or nominal
level
 The bases of the rectangle represents the
arbitrary intervals whose centers are the codes.
 The height of each rectangle represents the
frequency of that category
 250
200
Sales 150
100
50
0
Century Sardines Corn Bay Beef
Tuna Beef Tuna Loaf
Products
Pie Graph or Circle Graph
- is a circle divided into portions that
represent the relative frequency (or
percentage)of the data belong to different
categories.
 The data in a pie chart should be
categorical or nominal level
Pie Graph Relative
Product Sales Frequency Percentage
Century tuna 150 0.21 21%
Mega sardine 70 0.10 10%
Argentina corn beef 230 0.32 32%
Bay tuna 100 0.14 14%
CDO Beef loaf 180 0.25 25%
Total 730
Century tuna
Mega sardines
Corn beef
Bay tuna

Beef loaf
Time Series Graph
- represents data that occur over specific
period of time under observation
- it shows a trend or pattern on the
increase or decrease over the period of time.
Example:
Foreign Exchange Rate
Inflation Rate
Pictograph or Pictogram
- immediately suggests the nature of the
data being shown
- is a combination of the attention-getting
quality and the accuracy of the bar chart
- is an appropriate pictures arranged in a
row (or sometimes in column) present the
quantities for comparison
EXAMPLE
Scatter Plot
- is used to examine the possible
relationships between two numerical variables
 Two variables are plot in x-axis and y-axis
Example