REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MATERIAL OF PRISM

FORMULA:
 A + Dm 
sin  
Refractive index of the prism  =  2  No units
A
sin  
2

Where 𝐴 = angle of the prism in degree

𝐷𝑚 = angle of minimum deviation in degree

TABLE :- To determine the angle of minimum deviation

Angle of incidence Angle of deviation

Sl. No.
𝑖 in degree 𝑑 in degree
1 30 44
2 35 40
3 40 37 ( 𝐷𝑚 )
4 45 39
5 50 42
6 55 46

Angle of minimum deviation 𝐷𝑚 = 37 degree

CALCULATION :

 A + Dm 
sin  
 =  2 
A
sin  
2
 60 + 37 
sin 
 2 
 =
 60 
sin  
 2 
sin 48.5
=
sin 30
= 1.497 ( No Units)

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Angle of minimum deviation from graph = 37°
2. Angle of the prism = 60°
3. Refractive index of the prism = 1.497 ( 𝑁𝑜 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 )

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 1

SCALE :
On X – axis 1 unit = 10 degree
On Y – axis 1 unit = 10 degree

Sl. Angle of Angle of

No incidence deviation
𝑖 in degree 𝑑 in degree
1 30 44
2 35 40
3 40 37
4 45 39
5 50 42
6 55 46

RESULT:
Refractive index of the prism = 1.497 ( 𝑁𝑜 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 )

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 2

 TANGENT GALVANOMETER

FORMULA:
Strength of electric current flowing in the circuit i = K Tan A
10rH
Where K is reduction factor K = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
2 n
𝑟 = radius of the coil
𝐻 = horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field = 0.38 𝑂𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑛 = number of turns
𝜃 = Average deflection of T .G in degree

TABLE : Determine the strength of electric current in the circuit

Sl. Ammeter reading Deflections in T.G Mean θ
No 𝑖 amp 1 2 3 4 degree Tan θ i = K Tan
1 1.4 30 30 30 30 30 0.5773 1.38
2 1.6 36 36 32 32 34 0.6745 1.59
3 1.8 39 39 35 35 37 0.753 1.81
4 2.0 41 41 39 39 40 0.839 2.01
5 2.2 45 45 40 40 42.5 0.913 2.20
6 2.4 47 47 43 43 45 1 2.4

CALCULATION :
10 r H
Reduction factor K= A
2 n
10  7.95  0.38
= = 2.404 A
2  3.14  2

OBSERVATIONS:
50
1. 𝑟 = radius of the coil = 𝑐𝑚 = 7.95 𝑐𝑚
2
2. 𝑛 = number of turns = 2

RESULT:
Strength of electric current is calculated and verified using ammeter
Reduction factor of TG 𝑘 = 2.404 𝐴

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 3

 OHMS LAW
FORMULA:
To verify the Ohms law ( R+B+G ) Tan θ = constant
Where R = resistance in resistance box in Ω
B = resistance of battery in Ω
G = resistance of tangent galvanometer in Ω
θ = Average deflection in T G in degree

TABLE : To verify ohms law

Resistance in Deflections in T G
Sl. Mean θ in
resistance degree (𝑅 + 𝐵 + 𝐺)𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃
No degree 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃
box 𝑅 Ω 1 2 3 4 = constant
1 2 52 52 58 58 55 1.428 0.7 18.56
2 4 48 48 53 53 50.5 1.2 0.824 18
3 6 45 45 50 50 47.5 1.091 0.916 18.547
4 8 43 43 48 48 45.5 1.017 0.982 19.33
5 10 40 40 43 43 41.5 0.884 1.130 18.56
6 12 36 36 40 40 38 0.781 1.279 17.96

OBSERVATIONS:
From graph value of (B+G ) = 11 Ω

RESULT :-
Ohms law is verified

Resistance in
Sl.
resistance
No 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃
box 𝑅 Ω
1 2 0.7
2 4 0.824
3 6 0.916
4 8 0.982
5 10 1.130
6 12 1.279

SCALE:
On X – axis 1 unit = 2 
On Y – axis 1 unit = 0.1

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 4

 METRE BRIDGE
FORMULA:
Dis tan ce moved on pitch sca le 5mm
pitch of the screw = = = 1mm
No. of rotations 5
Pitch of the screw 1mm
Least count = = = 0.01 mm
No. of divisions on head scale 100

l 
Resistance of the given wire x = R  1  
 l2 
 r2
Specific resistance of the wire  = x  cm
l
Where
𝑥 = Resistance of the unknown wire Ω
𝑅 = Resistance in the right gap Ω
l1 = Balancing length from left in cm
l2 = Balancing length from right in cm
r = Radius of the wire in cm
l = Length of the wire in cm
Rs + Rs2 − 4 Rs Rp
Individual resistance of 1st wire R1 = 
2
Rs − Rs2 − 4 Rs Rp
Individual resistance of 2nd wire R2 = 
2
Where
𝑅𝑠 = Effective resistance when 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 are connected in series in Ω
𝑅𝑝 = Effective resistance when 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 are connected in parallel in Ω

TABLE : To determine the radius of given wire

Error : + 1 Correction : − 1
Sl Pitch scale Head scale reading Fraction Total
No reading Observed Correction 𝑏 = 𝑛 × 𝐿. 𝐶 (𝑎 + 𝑏) mm
a mm n mm
1 1 5 4 0.04 1.04
2 1 5 4 0.04 1.04
3 1 4 3 0.03 1.03
4 1 5 4 0.04 1.04
5 1 4 3 0.03 1.03
6 1 5 4 0.04 1.04

Average diameter of the wire 𝑑 = 1.0366 𝑚𝑚

= 0.10366 𝑐𝑚
Radius of the wire 𝑟 = 0.05183 𝑐𝑚

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 5

TABLE: Determination of resistance of the wire

Resistance in the gaps Balancing lengths Resistance of the wire

Sl.no From left From right l 
x=R  1 
Left 𝑥 Ω Right 𝑅 Ω
l1 cm l2 cm  l2 
1 𝑥 2 75 25 6
2 𝑥 4 60 40 6.08
3 𝑥 6 50.2 49.8 6.048
4 𝑥 8 43.8 56.2 6.09
5 𝑥 10 37.5 62.5 6
6 𝑥 12 33.5 66.5 6.04

Average resistance of the wire 𝑥 = 6.043 Ω

CALCULATION :
 r2
Specific resistance =x  cm
l
6.043  3.141  ( 0.05183 )  10 − 4
2

=
100
= 0.0005098  cm.

TABLE: Determination of individual resistances of each wire

Resistance of
Resistances in gaps Balancing lengths
combination
Sl. Combination From left From right l 
no of the wires Left 𝑥 Ω Right 𝑅 Ω x=R  1 
l1 cm l2 cm  l2 
1 𝑥 10 54.9 45.1 12.17
2 Series 𝑥 12 50.3 49.7 12.14
3 𝑥 14 47.4 52.6 12.61

4 𝑥 2 59.3 39.7 2.987

5 Parallel 𝑥 3 49.7 50.3 2.964
6 𝑥 4 42.7 58.3 2.92
Average resistance in series combination Rs = 12.30 Ω
Average resistance in parallel combination Rp = 2.957 Ω

CALCULATION :
Rs + Rs2 − 4 Rs Rp
Resistance of 1st wire R1 = 
2
12.30 + 12.302 − 4 x 12.30 x 2.957
=
2
= 7.354 Ω

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 6

 Rs − Rs2 − 4 Rs Rp
Resistance of 2nd wire R2 = 
2
12.30 − 12.302 − 4 x 12.30 x 2.957
=
2
= 4.945 Ω

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Pitch of the screw = 1 𝑚𝑚
2. Least count of screw gauge = 0.01 𝑚𝑚
3. Resistance of the wire 𝑥 = 6.043 Ω
4. Radius of the wire 𝑟 = 0.05183 𝑐𝑚
5. Length of the wire 𝑙 = 100 𝑐𝑚
6. Specific resistance of the given wire 𝜌 = 0.0005098 Ω cm

RESULT :-
Resistance of the given wire 𝑥 = 6.043 Ω
Specific Resistance of the given wire 𝜌 = 0.0005098 Ω cm.
Individual resistances of two wires 𝑅1 = 7.354 Ω
𝑅2 = 4.945 Ω

S B S ( 8500 142 144 ) page | 7