Mureed Hussain Jasra 03335601593

MUREED HUSSAIN JASRA
40TH Common
Mureed Hussain Jasra

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 CSS Result Statistics: 2015 - 2018
 Course Introduction
 Reasons of Failure: Analysis of Examiners‟ Reports 2000 -
2018
 What is an Essay?
 Components of an Essay : Structure, Content, Grammar,
Expression and Arguments
 Types of Essays: Descriptive, Factual, Expository,
Argumentative, Literary and Persuasive
 Fields to Cover: Key Topics
 Time Management
 Recommended Sources/Books

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CSS Result Year 2015
Registered: 24123
Appeared: 14771
Failed in English 14344 (97 %)
Passed English Papers: 0427
Qualified for Interview: 0359
Registered: 16732
Appeared: 9966
Failed in English 9692 (98 %)

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Registered: 23005
Appeared: 9391
Failed in English 8932 (95%)
Registered: 24124
Appeared: 11677
Failed in English 10517 (90%)

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 Reasons of failures
 Basic concept building (Alphabet, words including parts of
speech, phrases, clauses, sentences and its types, paragraphs and its
types, essay and its types)
 Essay its Types (Descriptive, Socio-
economics, Factual, Narrative, Expository, Literary, Persuasive and
Argumentative) and components
(Structure, content, grammar, expression and arguments)
 Diagnostic Test
 Common Sentence Errors
 Introduction (General statement, supporting statements and thesis
statement) with class test
 Introduction test along with home assignments

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 Outline of descriptive essay (Universal heading, primary
heading and secondary heading) and its class test with home
assignments
 Outline for argumentative essay (Universal heading, our stance
and opponent stance) and its class test with home assignments
 Body paragraph (Topic sentence, supporting sentences,
coherence, unity, organization and concluding sentence) and its
class test with home assignments
 Body paragraphs class test
 Conclusion with class test
 Content and its sources ( Foreign policy)

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 Democracy, Governance, Women Rights, Women Empowerment,
Climate Change/Global Warning, Education System of Pakistan and
United Nation
 Media, Socio-economic Problems of Pakistan, Image of Islam in West
and etc
 Mock test
 Grammar (Use of articles and common sentence errors)
 Grammar (Punctuation and narration)
 Expression and techniques to improve it
 Selection of topics and time management
 Mock tests

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 Some basic spellings mistakes
 Poor sentence construction;
1. Fused
2. Grammatical Incorrect
3. Meaningless Sentences
 Punctuation (Use of capital letters, comma, semicolon and inverted
commas )
 Present Simple Tense (Where to use s or es with verb of singular noun
or pronoun)
 Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past tense
 Past Perfect can never appear alone
 Difference between Continuous and Perfect Continuous tense
 Inappropriate content (Irrelevant and repeated)

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 Faulty structure
 Use of a and an with countable and uncountable nouns and excessive use
of the
 Poor presentation
 Candidates‟ inability to understand the crux of any topic
 Often word limit is not followed
 Outlines are not well developed or relevant
“They make lengthy outlines with very little relevant material.
Rarely, outlines are quite relevant and extensive, but they are not well
organized and have not been followed in essay.”

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 Any argument, no matter how strong, needs
sufficient support/justification
(Quotation, saying, reference, examples, facts
, figures, arguments and compare and
contrast).

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Incorrect Correct
Illetarcy Illiteracy
Fullfill Fulfill/Fulfil
Breaucrac Bureaucracy
Violance Violence

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 Muslims of India have migrated from India to
Pakistan in 1947.
 Muslims of India had migrated from India to
Pakistan in 1947.

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1. He delivers a lecture on essay writing.
2. They play this game in order to make them active.
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1. He has delivered a lecture today.
2. He has delivered a lecture.
3. He has delivered a lecture yesterday.
4. He delivered a lecture yesterday.
5. He had delivered a lecture yesterday.
6. He already delivered a lecture when his friends had reached.
7. He had already delivered a lecture when his friends reached.

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1. Pakistan is facing many problems since its inception.
2. Pakistan is facing many problems.
3. Pakistan has been facing many problems since its inception.
4. I have been teaching for last three hours.

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A set of words that is typically containing
a subject and predicate ( verb and/or object
), conveying single idea .
It consists on a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
It can be divided in two ways.
Issues in Sentence Formation
1. Fused
2. Grammatical Incorrect
3. Meaningless

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Fused Sentences
1. Ali is my student and Pakistan is a beautiful
country.
2. Some students think that they can pass CSS only
by maximum reading all course they are probably
wrong in their approach
Comma Splice
Ali is my student, his father is a kind person.

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 Faulty Sentence Formation
 Subject Pronoun Agreement`
 Punctuation
 Tense
 Meaningless

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1. Pakistan is my country, who is rich in resources. (Grammatical
Incorrect: Faulty Sentence Formation)
2. Pakistan is my country is rich in resources. (Grammatical Incorrect:
Faulty Sentence Formation)
3. He has passed CSS last year. (Grammatical Incorrect: Tense)
4. Awais has been reading since three hours.(Grammatical Incorrect:
Tense)
5. Hsseb is happy and Akbar is sad. (Grammatical Incorrect: Faulty
Sentence Formation)
6. Everyone focus on their studies. (Grammatical Incorrect: Subject
Pronoun Agreement)
7. Corruption has affected many ways.(Meaningless)

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1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Compound
4. Compound Complex

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A simple sentence structure contains one
independent clause and no dependent
clause.
Ali is a student. He is my friend as well. He is
also a wise student.

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A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
 Who has passed CSS.
 Although Awais has master degree.
Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence,
complex sentences must also have at least one independent clause.
 Awais is my student who has passed CSS.
 Awais works as a store keeper although he has master degree.
It needs a Relative Pronoun (who, which, when and that) or Subordinate
Conjunction (until, if, although and after) to combine two clauses

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 Ali is my friend and is also my student.
 Ali is my friend who is also my student.
 Pakistan is my country rich in resources.
 Pakistan is my country that is rich in resources.
 When new products are available.
 There will be some promotion when new products are available.
 Although Awais has master degree.
 Although Awais has master degree, he works as a store keeper

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 When we reached, the train had already left the place.
 The train had already left the place when we reached.
 Although Awais has master degree, he works as a store
keeper.
 I read what she wrote.
 Awais , who has passed CSS, is my student.

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A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent
clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are
joined by a Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS require comma
and remaining do not), a Semicolon that functions as a
conjunction and a Transition word.
Ali is a student, but he is liked by his teachers due to his
wisdom.
Ali is a student ;however, he is liked by his teachers due to
his wisdom.

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 Awais is happy because Akbar is sad.
 Awais is happy; Akbar is sad.
 He cold not attend the lecture, so he decided to record it.
 The pen is vey beautiful, but it is not available in my city.
 Students want to visit Lahore in June; however, it is not

advisable due to its weather in summer.
Note: FANBOYS do not require comma every time. They only
require when need to join two independent clauses.
The pen is vey beautiful but expensive.

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 Akbar and Ali are my students.
 The pen is vey beautiful but expensive.

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I love to live in the city. I have an apartment in the city. I have a
wonderful view of the entire city. I can see Golden Bridge. I
can see many cargo ships pass under the bridge every day. I
like restaurants in Clifton. I can find wonderful food from
every country there. But I do not like traffic in the city.
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I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the entire city
from my apartment window. In addition, I can see Golden
Bridge under which many cargo ships pass each day. I also
like Clifton because I can find wonderful food from just about
every country; however, I do not like the traffic in the city.

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My love for urban life has landed me in an
apartment to have a full amazing city view from its window.
Not only I see cargo ships creeping under the Golden Gate
Bridge, but also watch Clifton from my balcony where
multinational cuisines demonstrate their
deliciousness, despite the traffic congestion I hate the most.

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My penchant for urban lifestyle finally brought me to an
apartment in Karachi, having a full view of the amazing urban
activities. On the one side, I see from my window creeping
cargo ships in the blue waters under the Golden Gate Bridge,
and on the other side, I see delicious exotic eatables emitting
appetizing aroma. However, the slowly creeping congested
traffic disheartens me.

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 Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) joins
Independence Clauses in Compound Sentences.
 Subordinate Conjunctions introduce Depended
Clauses and Relative Pronoun join Independent
Clauses with Dependent Clauses in Complex
Sentences.

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“Terrorism in Pakistan”
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Introduction.
A society achieves highest level of progress
when all individuals works together.

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1. He delivers a lecture on essay writing.
2. They play this game in order to make them active.
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1. He has delivered a lecture today.
2. He has delivered a lecture.
3. He has delivered a lecture yesterday.
4. He delivered a lecture yesterday.
5. He had delivered a lecture yesterday.
6. He already delivered a lecture when his friends had reached.
7. He had already delivered a lecture when his friends reached.

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1. Pakistan is facing many problems since its inception.
2. Pakistan is facing many problems.
3. Pakistan has been facing many problems since its inception.
4. I have been teaching for last three hours.

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Language is the method of human
communication, either spoken or written
which is consisting of the use of words in a
structured way. Every language has its
different units.

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Followings are the components of English writing;
1. Alphabet
2. Word
3. Phrase
4. Clauses
5. Sentence
6. Paragraph
7. Essay

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 A combination of symbols to reflect some specific sound of a
language
 They are divided into two types;
 Consonant
 Vowel
‫پاکستان‬
पाकिस्तान

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 A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used
with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and
typically shown with a space on either side when written or
printed
 It has 8 different types and its division is called Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

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 Common**
 Proper
 Collective**
 Abstract
 Material

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Common
Singular (Boy) Plural (Boys)
Countable Uncountable
A boy Light

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A. Plural (Police/People)
o Police are searching for criminals.
o Police department is searching for criminals.
B. Both Singular and Plural (Public/ Committee)
Some Collective Noun requires a Singular Verb when it conveys
a unanimous action or concurrent opinion. The same
Collective Noun will take a Plural Verb while
conveying difference in opinion.
o The committee has taken the decision unanimously.
o The Public is up in arms against the politician.
o The Committee have been divided on this matter.
o The Public are divided in their opinion regarding the ruling party.
C. American vs. British Style

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 What is the difference between a Plural and a
Collective Noun?
 As they both refer to more than One Noun!

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 The word that replaces noun is called
pronoun. It has some types;
1. Personal (I, he, she, they and etc)
2. Indefinite (Everyone, all, some, anything, nobody etc)
3. Relative (Who, which, whom, that and etc)
4. Demonstrative (This, that, these and those)
5. Interrogative (When, why, where, who and etc)
6. Reflexive (Himself, herself, myself and etc)

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Subjective Possessive Objective
I MY/MINE ME
First
Person
WE OUR/OURS US
Second
Person YOU YOUR/YOURS YOU
Your‟s obediently,
HE HIS HIM
Third SHE HER HER

Person
IT ITS IT
The dog is loyal to it‟s master.
THEY THEIR THEM

 Pakistan is my country and ----- weather is
beautiful. (Its/It‟s)
 Pakistan is my country and --- located in
South Asia. (Its/It‟s)

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 Pakistan is my country facing many problems.
 Pakistan is my country who is facing many
problems.
 Pakistan is my country that is facing many
problems.

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Function of Interrogative Pronouns
 How Pakistan is poor in management ?/.
Simple Interrogative
Complex Interrogative
Are you listening me?
Why are you listening me?

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 Action (Present form, Past form, Past
Participles form and Present participle form)
 Auxiliary/Helping (Be, Do, Has and Will)
◦ Construct tenses
◦ Make questions
◦ Use as a main verb
 Modal (Can, May, Use to, Has to, Must, Should
and Ought to)

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Sr. Present Past Past Present
No Participial Participial
1. Play Played Played Playing
2. Send Sent Sent Sending
3. Come Came Come Coming
4. Go went Gone Going
5. Read Read Read Reading

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Types;
o Be: Is,am,are,was,were,being and been (
o Do: Does and did
o Has: Have and had
o Will: Shall and would
Functions;
o Construct tenses
o Make questions
o Use as a main verb

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 I am teaching.
 I am a teacher.
 He has three books.
 Has he taken a lunch?
 He has had lunch now./ He has taken
lunch now. (Take/Finish)

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 Awais has had a wonderful experience in banking sector
(Enjoy and Take)
 Awais had had a worst dream when his friend knocked the
door. (See and visualize)
 They have had three surgeries in this year. (Undergo)
 I am not feeling well because I have had a problem all day.
(Face)

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o Can and could Ability
o Should/Should have and ought to Suggestion
o Must Obligation
o Has to, have to, will have to & had to Obligation
o May and might Probability
& prayer

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Government should provide basic facilities in education
sector. Government should enhance budget allocation.
Government should announce scholarships in different
disciplines to promote education.
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Basic education facilities must be provided by the
government which is a constitutional obligation. In addition,
government should enhance budget allocation to improve
infrastructure. However, maximum scholarship for higher and
technical education by government can promote education in
the country.

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Articles are adjectives that define a noun as
specific or unspecific.
 Indefinite (A and An)
 Definite (The)
Note: Articles are only allowed with nouns.

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1. Common Noun A. Singular B. Plural
a. Countable b. Uncountable
He is studying in a university.
I am an hour late. *****
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Use of „The‟ with Common Noun
1.When you repeat some common noun/ to talk about previously
mentioned things
This is a book. The book is very interesting.
2.When talk about some specific common noun
Where is the pen?

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Honest Europe
Honor University
MA Union
MSc Utopia
Heir
Herb
Homage

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2. Proper Noun
We also use the with proper noun as well in the following conditions;
1.With all geographical characteristics (Name of oceans, seas, rivers,
mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts)
Indus is Pakistan‟s river.
They are moving towards the Indian Ocean.
2. Heavenly bodies, name of newspapers & magazine
3.With abbreviations
United Arab Emirates/The UAE

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3. Collective Noun
The people of Pakistan are hard working.
People of Pakistan are hard working.
4. Abstract Noun
The honesty is the best policy.
Honesty is the best policy.
5. Material Noun
Note: The is always used with superlative degree of an adjective.

Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan.
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 An honest person is always liked by all.
 An honest persons are always liked by all.
 A Lahore livestock department official is here to

inspect animals.
 A Lahore livestock department officials are here to
inspect animals.

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A group of words that does not have both a
subject and a verb;
1. They are playing on the road.
2. Mass poverty
3. Political stability

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A group of words with both a subject & verb
that cannot convey full meaning. Every
clause has its own subject and verb. It has
two types;
1. Dependent
2. Independent

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Simple Sentence:
Pakistan is my country. It is rich in resources.
Complex Sentence:
Independent + Relative Pronoun + Dependent
Pakistan is my country that is rich in resources.
Compound Sentence
Independent + Conj/; + Independent
Pakistan is located at very strategic location because
it is situated near oil producing countries.

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1. Although Awais works as a store keeper.
2. Who has achieved first position in CSS.
3. He/She is my student who has achieved first position in CSS.
4. He/She is my student achieved first position in CSS.
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1. Pakistan is my country facing many problems.
2. Pakistan is my country that/which/who is facing many
problems.
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1. Amar is sad. Farhan is happy
2. Amar is sad ;/because Farhan is happy.

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i. Education brings knowledge in a society. It
also ensures awareness in a society.
ii. Education brings knowledge, awareness and
insight in a society.
iii. Education is a tool which brings quality
knowledge, mass awareness and practical
insight in a society.

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• Poor law and order situation, poor economic
growth and poor leadership are key causes of
poverty. (Ordinary Expression)
•Poor law and order situation, minimum
economic growth and inefficient leadership are
key causes of poverty. (Good Expression)

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A set of words that is typically containing a subject and
predicate ( verb and/or object ), conveying a single idea .
 It has different functions: statement/action, question,
command, exclamation and prayer/wish.
 It consists on a main clause and sometimes one or more
subordinate clauses. It can be divided in two ways;

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1. Ali is my friend and Pakistan is my country. (Fused)
2. He has passed CSS last year. (Grammatical Incorrect: Tense)
3. Pakistan is my country is rich in resources. (Grammatical
Incorrect: Faulty Sentence Formation)
4. Everyone must focus on their studies. (Grammatical
Incorrect: Subject Verb Agreement)
5. Hasseb is happy, Akbar is sad. (Grammatical Incorrect:
Punctuation)
6. It has affected many ways. (Meaningless)

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Assertive (Statement or action)
 He is my student.
 They have learnt many things.
 They play with words.
Interrogative (Question )
 How Pakistan is poor in management?/.
 Are you going?
 Why are you going?
 Why you are going.
Imperative (Order, request, advice & suggestion)
 Get out from this room.
 Please leave this room.
 Leave this room.

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Exclamatory (Happiness, sadness, praise, wonder and surprise)
 Alas! we have lost this match.
 We have lost this match, alas! We shall play well next time..
 This is a huge dog!
 What a horse you have bought!
Optative (Wish and prayer)

May you live long.
Would that the Quaid were alive to see our fate today.
If he were there yesterday….
If he are here today…
If he is here today…..

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 May you live long.
 May you live long!

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I was there yesterday.
If I ----- there yesterday. (Was/were)

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 If he are here today……
 If he was there yesterday……..
 If he were there yesterday……..

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1. Simple
2. Complex
3. Compound
4. Compound Complex

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I love to live in the city. I have an apartment in the
city. I have a wonderful view of the entire city. I can see Golden
Bridge. I can see many cargo ships pass under the bridge every
day. I like restaurants in Clifton. I can find wonderful food from
every country there. But I do not like traffic in the city.
-----------------------------------
I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the
entire city from my apartment window. In addition, I can see
Golden Bridge under which many cargo ships pass each day. I
also like Clifton because I can find wonderful food from just
about every country; however, I do not like the traffic in the city.

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My love for urban life has landed me in an
apartment to have a full amazing city view from its
window. Not only I see cargo ships creeping under the
Golden Gate Bridge, but also watch Clifton from my
balcony where multinational cuisines demonstrate
their deliciousness, despite the traffic congestion I
hate the most.

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My penchant for urban lifestyle finally brought
me to an apartment in Karachi, having a full view of
the amazing urban activities. On the one side, I see
from my window creeping cargo ships in the blue
waters under the Golden Gate Bridge, and on the
other side, I see delicious exotic eatables emitting
appetizing aroma. However, the slowly creeping
congested traffic disheartens me.

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A simple sentence structure contains one
independent clause and no dependent
clause.
Ali is a student. He is my friend as well. He is
also a wise student.

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A complex sentence has one independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses.
Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as
a sentence, complex sentences must also have at
least one independent clause.
Who has passed CSS.
Although Awais has master degree.
Awais is my student who has passed CSS.
Awais works as a store keeper although he has master
degree,
It needs a Relative Pronoun (who, which, when and
that) or Subordinate Conjunction (until, if, although
and after) to combine two clauses

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 Ali is my friend and is also my student.
 Ali is my friend who is also my student.
 Pakistan is my country rich in resources.
 Pakistan is my country that is rich in
resources.
 There will be some promotion when new
products are available.
 Although Awais has master degree, he works
as a store keeper.

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 When we reached, the train had already left
the place.
 The train had already left the place when we
reached.
 Although Awais has master degree, he works
as a store keeper.
 I read what she wrote.
 Awais , who has passed CSS, is my student.

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A compound sentence is composed of at least
two independent clauses. It does not require a
dependent clause. The clauses are joined by
a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS require
comma and remaining do not), a semicolon
that functions as a conjunction and a transition
word.
Ali is a student ;however, he is liked by his teachers due
to his wisdom.

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 Awais is happy, and Akbar is sad.
 Awais is happy because Akbar is sad.
 Awais is happy; Akbar is sad.
 He cold not attend the lecture, so he decided to record it.
 The pen is vey beautiful, but it is not available in my city.
 Students want to visit Lahore in June; however, it is not

advisable due to its weather in summer.
Note: FANBOYS do not require comma every time. They only
require when need to join two independent clauses.
The pen is vey beautiful but expensive.

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 Please bring a paper for Akbar and Ali.
 Awais, and Akbar are my student.
 Pakistan and China have written---- to UNO
(a letter/ letters)
 Pakistan, and China have written---- to UNO
(a letter /letters)
 Awias is happy ,and Akbar is sad.

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It is combination of 4-9 sentences on
some single topic or idea and indicated by a
new line with indentation.
 However; it is divided into two parts
1.Usual paragraph
2.Unusual paragraph

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• It is an opinion of the writer on some given topics in 18-22
paragraphs or 140-300 sentences in comprehensive way.
• The word essay originally means a first attempt or practice.
• An essay has five components;
1) Structure 20
2) Content 20
3) Grammar 20
4) Expression 20
5) Argument 2o

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 High School English Grammar by Wren and Martin
 Practical English Usage by Swan (OUP)
 The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty: Why
Nations Fail by Acemoglu and Robinson
 Pakistan Beyond the Crisis State by Maleeha Lodhi
 GRE Vocabulary
 Dawn Newspaper (Opinion Writing, Editorial and
News of Policies)

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 Research Magazines (IPRI, Strategic Studies,
GWT and Defense Journal)
 Government Documents (Economic Survey 17-
18, Brief of Budget 17-18, National Action Plan
16,Vision 2025, Water Policy 2018, CPEC Review
and Education Policy 2018 Review)

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• It is an opinion of the writer on some given topics in 18-20
paragraphs or 150-200 sentences in comprehensive way.
• The word essay originally means a first attempt or practice.
1) Structure 20
2) Content 20
3) Grammar 20
4) Expression 20
5) Argument 2o

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It is an over all arrangement of sentences
and paragraphs in the essay. In simple words
this is a way/plan in which different parts of
an essay are combined together. It has three
parts:
 Outline 5%
 Unusual paragraph 20%
 Usual paragraph 75%

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It is combination of 4-9 sentences on
some single topic or idea and indicated by a
new line and indentation.
 However; it is divided into two parts
1.Usual paragraph
2.Unusual paragraph

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 The paragraph that cannot follow the said
definition which is combination of 4-9
sentences on some single topic or idea
 This serves as a map of the essay, outlining
to your reader the main argument and points
in the form of a summary, abstract and
preface
 However, some time it works to connect
different parts of body paragraphs

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 It has following three kinds;
1.Introduction
2.Conclusion
3.Transitional /Connecting

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 Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan
 Terrorism in Pakistan, its Causes and
Consequences
 Coeducation its Merits and Demerits
 Meanings of Education
 Is Gender Equality a Myth?
 Gender Equality is a Myth

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 An introduction should be like a map to introduce and
identify the topic, inform surrounding context and route
the essay to final conclusion. It always covers 10 % of an
essay.
 It is consisted on 10- 18 sentences
 In one continuous paragraph
 Complete summary
 It has three components;
Opening/General Statements 06 sentences
Supporting/Additional Statements 10 sentences
Thesis Statement 01 sentence

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1. My Best Friend
2. My First Day in School
3. Unemployment in Pakistan
4. Can Meaning be fixed?

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1. Descriptive
2. Narrative
3. Socioeconomic
4. Expository
5. Argumentative
6. Literacy
7. Persuasive

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1. Descriptive/ Expository
2. Argumentative

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Argumentative Descriptive
Nature of Statement/quotation,
mostly in the form of
Statement/Fact/Issue
topic question
Requirement Stance is required.

Prove with Yes/No
Describe/Explain in
headings
Knowledge Diversified Average
Failure Maximum (90%) Average (50%)
Length Short (1200-1400) Average (1500-2000)
Marks Highest (50-80) Average (40-55)
Criteria Knowledge with Extra-

ordinary language
Minimum Knowledge
with good language

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 Open Ended
 There are some Hurdles in the way of a Truly Independent
Country
 War on Terror has Contributed to Growing Human Right
Abuse
 Gender Equality is a myth
 Close Ended
 Terrorism its Causes and Consequences (Descriptive)
 Coeducation its Merits and Demerits (Descriptive)
 Can Meaning be fixed? (Argumentative)
 Is Gender Equality a Myth? (Argumentative)

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1. Opening Statement a. General Statement 3
6 sentences b. Specific Statement 3
a. Primary Statements
2. Supporting Statements
10 sentences b. Secondary Statements
3. Thesis statement Concluding Statement 1

01 Sentence

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Consequences

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 It refers to the first 1-3 sentences of an essay. It
consists of an intriguing opening that is designed
to grab your reader's attention. A good attention
getter will invoke your reader's curiosity and
pique their interest in the rest of the essay. It has
usually four popular ways;
1. Background information
2. Quotation/Verse
3. Story
4. Question

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“This modern era does not belong to the
people who still believe on conflicts and use
of force to settle boarder issues, but it
belongs to individuals who trust on
cooperation and dialogue”, Bill Clinton.

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 A thesis statement is one or more sentence that expresses the
main idea /arguments/stance of an essay.
1. Objective: To summarize the whole essay in the form of plans
or stance. It also connects the introduction with coming
paragraphs.
2. Location: Ideally it appears at the end of introduction and at
the start of conclusion.
3. Length: A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or two
sentences. It should present the topic of your paper and also
make a comment about your position in relation to the topic.
Your thesis statement should tell your reader what the paper is
about and also help guide your writing and keep your
argument focused.
4. Types: It has two types: Faulty, Ordinary and Extraordinary

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Topic: Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles
Simple: This essay will describe democracy in
Pakistan, its hurdles and hopes in coming
paragraphs.
Complex: It is a fact that despite daunting
hurdles of democracy in Pakistan, if it is allowed
to evolve, there are considerable prospects that
democracy can flourish in Pakistan.

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Topic: Is Gender Equality a Myth?
Simple: It has proved that gender equality is a
myth.
Complex: Male is dominating every where on
this globe which indicates that gender
equality is still in illusion.

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Consequences

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The argumentative/Literary /Persuasive
essay is a type of essay that requires the
student to investigate a topic -
collect, generate, and evaluate evidence - and
establish a stance/position on the topic in a
concise manner. It has three different styles.

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 Can meaning be fixed?
 Is colonial mentality impeding progress of
Pakistan?
 Man is born free and everywhere he is in
chains.
 Information technology: blessing or curse.
 Not economy but politics is a key to success.

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a. Your Stance 10
10 sentences

01 Sentence

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Opening Statement a. General Statement 3
a. Your Stance /Thesis 7

Supporting Statements b. Others Opinion/Anti Thesis 3
10 sentences c. Refute/ Synthesis 1
Thesis statement Concluding Statement 1

01 Sentence

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a. Opponent (Antithesis)
b Opponent (Antithesis)
2. Sporting Statements
10 sentences

01 Sentence

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1. Do we really need literature in our lives.
2. Women universities as agents of change.
3. Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause.
4. Polarized politics: the issues and challenges of
democracy in Pakistan.
5. Global power dynamics and Pakistan's foreign policy.
6. Pakistan's informal economy: the way forward.
7. Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and
challenges.
8. I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend
to the death your right to say it.
9. Is Pakistan ready for digital revolution?
10. IMF bailouts: roads to stability or recipes for disaster.

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THERE ARE SOME HURDLES IN THE
WAY OF A TRULY INDEPENDENT
COUNTRY

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 General statement 2
 Specific statement 3
 Key characteristics of a truly independent state 3
 Hurdles in the way of a truly independent state 6
 Way forward to get the status of a truly
independent state 4
 Thesis statement 1

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War on Terror has Contributed to
Growing Human Right Abuse

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 General statement
2
 Specific statement
3
 Basic human right
3
 Human rights abused by WoT 5
 Way forward to Protect Hr 3
 Thesis statement
1

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 General statement
3
 Specific statement
3
 Key characteristics of a truly independent state
4
 Hurdles in the way of a truly independent state
6
 Way forward to get the status of a truly
independent state
4
 Thesis statement
1

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It is combination of 4 - 9 sentences on
some single topic or idea and indicated by a new
line and indentation and you can never leave a
line among paragraphs. It must has following
characteristics;
1. Topic sentence
2. Development/Supporting Sentences
3. Coherence
4. Unity
5. Organization
6. Concluding sentence

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It is very first sentence or a catch line of a
paragraph which determines the direction of
the paragraph. It has following three
requirements;
1. Discourse marker of structure
2. New idea/ Central idea
3. Topic of the Essay

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Introduction
1.
2.
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
1. Mass illiteracy: demographic and cultural
2. Mega corruption
3. Gender discrimination
Consequences of Poverty in Pakistan
1. Poor economic growth
2. Increase in crime rate
3. Extreme unemployment
Solutions to Reduce Poverty in Pakistan
1. Quality education
2. Mass level of development
3. Dispensation of justice
Conclusion

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 To start with ,it is mass illiteracy that
promotes poverty in Pakistan……………
 In addition, poverty also emerges due to
corruption in a society…………………………
 Lastly, gender discrimination is another cause
of poverty in Pakistan………………………

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 It is mass illiteracy that is a first cause which
promotes poverty in Pakistan……………………
 Poverty also emerges due to corruption in a
society…………………………………………………
 Along with mega corruption, gender
discrimination is final cause of poverty in
Pakistan…………………

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 Firstly, poor economic growth is the foremost
consequence of poverty in Pakistan.
 Secondaly, poverty in the country also leads
to increase in the crime rate.
 Lastly, extreme unemployment is a result of
extreme poverty in the country.

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 It is quality education that is the first method
to reduce poverty from a society………………
 Poverty also be curtailed by dispensation of
social justice at different level…………………
 Along with dispensation of social justice,
finally mass level of development provides lot
of opportunities for work and this is the best
way to minimize poverty……

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 Firstly, history has proved many times that
nothing great was ever achieved without utmost
enthusiasm.
 Lastly, Bill Gates was a boy of middle class family
of Washington and at his adult age he was
interested in computer programming and he
changed the course of human being on the basis
of his passion and zest.
 On the other hand, there were many human who
have tried to attain something special but could
not because they had not a fine passion and zest.

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It is the art of converting your topic
sentence into a comprehensive paragraph. It has
four objectives: Define/Describe, Justify and Link.
It can be achieved by applying following tools;
1. Topic sentence 1
2. Supporting sentences (Illustration of new ideas ) 3
3. Justification (Quotation , Saying , Reference , Examples
,Facts , Figures, Arguments, Observation and Compare
and Contrast ) 1
5. Conclusion sentence 1

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It is the art of converting your topic sentence
into a comprehensive paragraph and it can be
achieved by applying following tools;
1. Topic sentence 1
3. Antithesis 1
4. Justification (Quotation , Saying , Reference , Examples
,Facts , Figures, Arguments, Observation and Compare
and Contrast ) 1
5. Conclusion sentence 1

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 It is the last sentence of a paragraph to
conclude the discussion which has started
with topic sentence. It has following
requirements;
1. Concluding discourse markers
2. Idea of the topic sentence
3. Repeat topic of the essay

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 Hence ,it can be stated that mass illiteracy
promotes poverty in Pakistan…………………
 In short, it is proved that poverty also
emerges due to corruption in a society……
 So, it is gender discrimination which is
another cause of poverty in Pakistan………

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It is an attachment and connectivity
among ideas and sentences of a paragraph
and essay to create flow, rhythm and beauty.
Furthermore there must not seem a gap
among ideas, sentences and paragraphs. It
has two types;
 Logical coherence (among ideas)
 Verbal coherence (sentences and paragraphs)

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It is mass illiteracy that is a cause which
promotes poverty in Pakistan. Illiteracy refers to
the inability of a person to read and write. In its
simplest form, it can be defined as lack of any
or sufficient education. Illiteracy is both a
social-evil and a national problem for Pakistan.
Pakistan is a country where rate of illiteracy is
very high. According to Economic Survey of
Pakistan 2017-18 illiteracy rate in Pakistan is
41%. However , illiteracy is more common
among women and in rural areas of Pakistan. In
short it can be stated that illiteracy is a social
evil which has affected economic growth of
Pakistan. (8 Sentences)

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It is mass illiteracy that is a cause which
promotes poverty in Pakistan. Illiteracy refers to
the inability of a person to read and write. In its
simplest form, it can be defined as lack of any or
sufficient education. Illiteracy is both a social-evil
and a national problem for Pakistan. Such situation
also creates problems to secure employment in
government as well in private sectors and thus
leads to poverty. According to Economic Survey of
Pakistan 2016-17 illiteracy rate in Pakistan is
41%., therefore 24.3% people of total population is
living below the poverty line. It is also fact that
illiterate people, in era of technology, are unable to
do any business to improve the economic condition
of their families. In short it can be stated that
illiteracy is a social evil which always leads to
poverty. (8 Sentences)

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National Integration: Ills and Remedies
It is quality education which can fasten
national integration in a society and country. It
equips an individual with knowledge, awareness and
insight. Furthermore; it enhances an individual with
variety of skills to earn employment in public or
private sector and in foreign countries. It is quality
education which makes a citizen to develop its
cognitive abilities which is a best tool to
differentiate between right and wrong and due to
this, individuals can not deviate from social and
national norms of a society. As Sir Syed has rightly
said, “Educate, educate and educate, cure the roots
and the tree will flourish.” Moreover; an educated
person is always a great source of inspiration for
others and he can convert anti state elements to
work for national building. Hence; this is proved
that quality education is an effective tool to
strengthen national integration.
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1. Relevant content
2. Do not repeat the content
3. Logical connection among new ideas and
topic of essay

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1. Discourse marker/Connectors/Transitional
devices
2. Use of Pronoun
3. Synonyms and variation in words
4. Transitional paragraph (Join different parts of
body paragraphs of an essay)
5. Thesis statement

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Introduction
1
2
3
Pleasures of Reading
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
Conclusion

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Introduction
1
2
3
Causes of Poverty
1
2
3
4
Consequences of Poverty
Solution to Address to Poverty

I. Technical
II. Vocational
Case Study of Pakistan being a Poor Country

Conclusion

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ADDING SEQUENCING ILLUSTRATING CAUSE and
EFFECT
and first, second, for example

third… because
also such as
finally so
as well as for instance
next therefore
moreover in the case of
meanwhile thus
too as revealed by…
after consequently
furthermore illustrated by
then hence
additionally
subsequently

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COMPARING QUALIFYING CONTRASTING EMPHASISING
similarly but whereas above all

likewise however instead of in particular
as with although alternatively especially
like unless otherwise significantly
equally except unlike indeed
in the same way.. apart from on the other notably
hand..
as long as
conversely
if

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 A transitional paragraph is a paragraph in an
essay, summary, composition, or report that
signals a shift from one section, idea, or
approach to another. It only appears among body
paragraphs.
 Usually short - usually as short as one or two
sentences - a transitional paragraph is most
commonly used to summarize the ideas of one
part of a text in preparation for the beginning of
another part.
 It is strictly prohibited at the end of introductions
and beginning of conclusions.

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This is singleness of ideas and one
idea must be presented in one sentence and
one paragraph. In addition there must not be
any kind of deviation from your topic of the
essay and topic sentence of the paragraph.

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Order among sentences, ideas and
paragraphs is called organization. The most
important leads to less important and you
proceed from international to national and
national to local

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Global Warming
Firstly, nuclear radiation is a key cause of
global warming.
Gender Equality is a Myth
Unlike the previous arguments,
Constitution of Pakistan 1973 article 25 (2)
ensures that gender equality is a fact.

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Poverty in Pakistan
Lastly, minimum participation of women in
nation‟s building is another cause of poverty
in Pakistan.
-------------------------
Social Media: A Blessing or A Curse
On the other hand , many people believe
that social media always wastes the time of
its users.

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Lastly, minimum participation of women in nation building
is another cause of poverty in Pakistan. Women, who constitute
almost half of the country’s population, are kept away from
participating in the public welfare and it results in an increase in
poverty. Exclusion of female labor force impacts the country’s
economy negatively and as a result living conditions of overall
population are worsening day by day. Moreover, it is commonly
observed that the rural areas people are comparatively poor
because of absence of women participation. The burden of
whole family is on the shoulders of men; therefore, it is difficult
for families to meet the basic requirements of their lives. The
direct outcome of female isolation is more and more people are
falling below the poverty line. Hence, minimum participation of
women in nation building is a cause of poverty in Pakistan.

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On the other hand, many people believe that social media always
wastes time of its users. Individuals, instead of studying spend a
significant amount of time scrolling through social media applications.
Further according to common observation, people now waste time using
social media which can used in meaningful conversation with their
family, friends and peers. Although social media has a reputation for
wasting the time of its users, it also has many meaningful purpose for a
numbers of people. Businesses, entrepreneurship and blogging are done
via social media that generate an income for many people. Individuals
advertise their skills, niche talent and earn their bread and butter using
this platform instead of wasting their time. This claim can be further
justified by the fact that social media has been a platform for users to
raise their voice and bring change. Hence, social media does not always
waste time of its users and serves more meaningful purposes.


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This is the last paragraph of your essay which
outlining to your reader the main argument
and points. A conclusion starts with specific
information and becomes more general.
One continuous paragraph that is consisted on 12-16
sentences
Reflect an abstract, summary or preface but don‟t use the
same wording.
 In simple words it is reproduction of your introduction in
some different diction
It has following key components;

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1. Concluding Discourse Marker
2. Thesis statement: Complete Plans
3. Additional Statements: Primary and Secondary
4. Opening: Specific and General Statement

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1. Concluding Discourse Marker
2. Thesis statement: Clear Stance
3. Additional Statements: Opponent
Stance, Antithesis and Your Stance
4. Opening: Specific and General Statement

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1. Opening Statement a. Concluding DM
2. b. General Statement 3
6 sentences c. Specific Statement 3
a. Primary statements
12 sentences b. Secondary statements

01 Sentence

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1. Opening Statement a. CDM
2. b. General Stat 3
6 sentences c. Specific Statement 3
a. Your Stance 7
2. Supporting Statements b. Others Opinion 3
10 sentences c. Antithesis 1
3. Thesis statement Concluding Statement

1
01 Sentence

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 Democracy its Hurdles and Hopes in
Pakistan
 Has War on Terror Contributed to
Growing Human Right Abuse?
 Corruption and its impacts on Pakistan
 Women Universities an Agent of Change
 Poverty in Pakistan its Causes and
Consequences

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Consequences

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• It is an opinion of the writer on some given
topics in 18-20 paragraphs or 150-200
sentences or 2500 – 3000 words in
comprehensive way.
• The word essay originally means a first attempt
or practice.
1) Structure 20
2) Grammar 20
3) Content 20
4) Expression 20
5) Argument 20

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It is an over all arrangement of sentences
and paragraphs in the essay. In simple words
this is a way/plan in which different parts of
an essay are combined together. It has four
parts:
 Outline
 Introduction
 Body Paragraph
 Conclusion

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 Graph
 Table
 Review
 Executive Summary
 Preface
 Foreword
 Introduction
 Outline

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6
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

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GDP Growth 2014 - 2018

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2014 5.3 %
2015 6.5%
2016 4.5 %
2017 4.5 %
2018 3.1 %

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 What is GDP?
 Growth in year 2014 was 5.3 %
 It increases in next year and reaches to 6.5 %

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 Helps to write faster
 Categorizes parts of an essay into sections
 Gives direction
 Maintains focus
 Saves time for editing
 Enhances coherence

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 An outline provides overview of an essay
and it has followings objectives;
Organization of random ideas and thoughts is
known as an outline.
Categorize the main points in headings or sections
to organize the paragraphs in an order that makes
sense and to make sure that each paragraph/idea
can be fully developed.
Helps to prevent a writer from getting stuck when
the writer is performing the actual writing of the
essay.
 Two types of Outline: Key Words Outline and
Sentences Outline

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1. Comprehensive image
2. Divide the topic in headings (Universal, primary and secondary )
3. Use the key words of your essay in headings
4. Every heading must be self explanatory
5. Capitalize every key word of title/topic/headings/subheadings
expect preposition, articles, helping verb, pronoun and
conjunction
6. Illustrate the headings with points in the form of phrases
7. Every point can be divided in sub points in order to explain the
content of the paragraph but on sub points separate paragraph
are not required
8. Sentences are not recommended except interrogative
9. Flawless
10. Beautiful presentation

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Introduction.
1.Emergence of Sovereign state
2.What does mean by an Independent state?
Origin of independent sates
Characteristics of a Truly Independent State
1.Political stability is a key reason.
2.Visionary foreign policy
Hurdles in the Way of a truly Independent State
1.Mass Illiteracy
2.Poor Economic Growth
Consequences due to Dependent States
1
2
Solutions to get the Status of an Independent State
1.Quality education cam improve the status.
2.Practical foreign policy
3.Sustainable economic growth
Conclusion

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 Introduction
 Merits of coeducation
 Demerits of coeducation
 Conclusion

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Introduction
a.
b.
c.
Causes of Climate in Pakistan
a.
b.
Consequences of Climate Change on Economic
Growth in Pakistan
a.
b.
Conclusion

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Introduction
1
2
How Education Decides the Future of a Nation
1
2
3
4
Solutions to Improve Education
1
2
3
Conclusion

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 Introduction
 Causes of Climate Change
 How Climate Change is a Threat for Economic
Prosperity of Pakistan
 Solution to Minimize Threats of Climate
Change
 Conclusion

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◦ Gathering of information (30)
 Heading
 Free writing
 Looping
◦ Organization of information (15)
 Selection
 Categorization
 Placement/ranking
 Outline

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 Introduction
1. General Statement
2. Specific Statement
3. Thesis Statement
 Part 1 (Primary Heading)
1
a.
b.
2
3
4
5 Mureed Hussain Jasra
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 Part 2 (Primary Heading 2)
1
2
3
4
5
 Part 3 (Secondary Heading)
1
2
3
4
5
Conclusion
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A. Introduction
1. Evolution of societies
2. Occurrence of conflicts a natural phenomenon
3. Thesis statement
B. Causes of Terrorism in Pakistan
1. Poor law and order;
a. Situation in FATA
b. Insurgency in Balochistan
2. Mass illiteracy
3. Foreign involvement

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C. Consequences of Terrorism in Pakistan
1. Poor economic growth: decrease in exports and surge in
imports
2. Human loss
3.
D. Way forwards to Reduce Terrorism in Pakistan

2. Provision of social and economic justice
3.
4.
E. Conclusion

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Pakistan is Rich in Resources
but Poor in Management

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Introduction
1. Evolution of human civilization
2. Role of resources for prosperity and
development
3. Thesis statement
Resources of Pakistan
1. Abundant human resource
2. Fertile agricultural lands
3. Geographical location
4. Varity of natural resources

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Causes of Poor in Management
How Pakistan is Poor in Management
1. Mass illiteracy
2. Corruption at every level
3. Bad governance
Way forwards to Get Advantages from
Resources of Pakistan
2. Rule of law
3. Political stability
Conclusion

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International Organizations have Failed to
Protect Humanity

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 Introduction
1. Evolution of concept of sovereign states
2. what does mean by international organizations?
 Objectives of International Organizations

1.Maintaining peace
2.Reduction of poverty
3.Protection of human rights
4
5
 Evidences of their Failure
1.War every where
2.Deaths due to hunger and poverty
3.Violation of basic human rights even in developed
countries
4
5

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Causes of Their Failure
1.Lack of any implementation force
2.Financial dependency
3.Faulty structure
4
5
 Consequences of Their Failure

1.Proxy and cold wars
2.Natural calamities
3
4
5

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Solutions to Make These Organizations
Effective
1.Structural reforms
2.Financial dependency
3.Availability of
implementation force
4
5
 Conclusion

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1. Introduction
2. War every where especially in Syria, Iraq and
Afghanistan is the failure of international
organizations
3. Deaths due to hunger and poverty indicate the
reality of international organizations
4. Violation of basic human rights even in developed
countries
5. Non-resolution of regional issues :Kashmir and
Palestine
6. Inability to implement policies/decisions: Kyoto
protocol
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7. Peace keeping delinquencies
8. Rampant pollution and global warming;
a. Increase in world temperature
b. Melting of glaciers
7. Rise in terrorism : emergence of ISIS and other
terrorist organization
8. Proliferation of nuclear weapons as 8 countries got
nuclear weapons after 1945
9. Monopolization of security council (5 Permanent
Members)
10. Minorities are suffering due to failure of international
organization
11. Financial support for under developed and
developing countries has brought more corruption
12. Conclusion

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 There are Some Hurdles in the Way of a
Truly Independent State
 Has War on Terror Contributed to
Growing Human Right Abuse?
 Real Features of Democracy

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Introduction
1.Emergence of sovereign state
2.What does mean by an independent state?
Origin of Independent States
Characteristics of a Truly Independent State
1.Political stability
2.Visionary foreign policy
Hurdles in the Way of a Truly Independent State
1.Mass illiteracy
2.Poor economic growth
1
2
1.Quality education
Conclusion

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Hurdles in the Way of a Truly Independent State
1.Mass illiteracy
2.Poor economic growth
3
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
2
1.Quality education
Conclusion
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War on Terror has Contributed to
Growing Human Right Abuse

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 Introduction
1. Occurrence of a conflict a natural
phenomenon
2. What does mean by war on terror?
3. Short history of war on terror
 Basic Human Rights
1. Freedom of speech
2.Right of life
3.Right of justice

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 Introduction
1. Occurrence of a conflict a natural
phenomenon
2. What does mean by war on terror?
3. Short history of war on terror
 Basic Human Rights

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 Human Rights Abuse due to War on Terror
1. Huge displacement
2. Unauthorized search
3. Mass level of killing
4. Right of education denied
5. Restriction on movement
6. Harassment of women and children
 Solutions to Protect Human Rights during War on Terror

1.
2.
3.
 Conclusion

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 Causes of War on Terror
 Human Rights Abuse due to War on Terror
1. Huge displacement: internal and external/
a. Internal
b. External
1. Unauthorized search
2. Mass level of killing
3. Right of education denied
4. Restriction on movement
5. Harassment of women and children
 Solutions to Protect Human Rights during War on Terror

1.
2.
3.
 Conclusion

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Corruption is the Mother of
all Evils in our Society

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Introduction
1
2
3
First Heading
1
2
3
Second Heading
1
2
3
Conclusion

03335601593
Introduction
1
2
Key Causes of Corruption
1
2
Consequences of Corruption
1.
2
Impacts of Corruption
1
2
Solutions to Minimize Corruption
1
2
3
Conclusion

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Introduction
1
2
1
2
How Corruption is Mother of all Evils
1.
2.
3.
4
1
2
3
Conclusion

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Impacts of Corruption
1. Increases in crime rate
2. Promotes unemployment
3. Deprives talented people from their right
2. Accountability at all level
3. Strong accountability mechanism
4. Mass awareness
5. Visionary leadership
Conclusion

03335601593
Introduction
1. Evolution of civic life
2. Role of accountability for development and
progress
3. What does mean by corruption?
How Corruption is the Mother of all Evils
1. Increases in crime rate
2. Promotes unemployment
3. Deprives talented people from their right

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4. Infuses provincial and ethnic rift
5. Promotes clashes among institutions
6. Restricts economic growth
7. Enhances lawlessness in a society
2. Accountability at all level
3. Strong accountability mechanism
4. Mass awareness
5. Visionary leadership
Conclusion

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Crisis of Governance in Pakistan
Needs Institutional Reforms

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 Introduction
1.Evolution of concept of governance
2.Role of governance for development
3.What is crisis of governance?
 Characteristics of Good Governance
1.
2.
3.
 Reasons of Crisis of Governance
1.
2.
3.

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Needs of Institutional Reforms to Improve
Governance
1.
2.
3.
Conclusion

03335601593
 Introduction
1.Evolution of concept of governance
2.Role of governance for development
3.What is crisis of governance?
 Characteristics of Good Governance
1.
2.
3.
 Nature of Crisis of Governance
1.
2.
3.

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Needs of Institutional Reforms to Improve
Governance
1.
2.
3.
Conclusion

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World as a Global Village: Learning
to Live Together

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1.Introduction
a. Evolution of World Trade Organization (WTO)
b. What does mean by globalization?
2. Key Characteristics of Globalization
a. Global connectivity
b. Advance and efficient mode of transportation
c. Highly efficient communication networks
d. E-banking and e-marketing does not require
physically interaction
e. Global and regional cooperation

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3.Globalization Helps to Live Together
a. Minimize tariff on imports
b. Reduce boarder restriction
c. Facilitate trade
d. Helps to adopt good practices for prosperity and
betterment of human beings
e. Promotes interfaith harmony
f. Brings peace among different civilizations and
communities
g. Assists to identify conflicts at different levels
h. Ensures dialogue to promote peace
i. Encourages cultural diffusion
j. Guards individuals‟ respect and states‟
sovereignty
4. Conclusion

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1.Introduction
a. Evolution of civilization
b. What does mean by global village?
2. Key Characteristics of Global Village
a. Global connectivity
b. Advance and efficient mode of transportation
c. Highly efficient communication networks
d. E-banking and e-marketing does not require
physically interaction
e. Global and regional cooperation

03335601593
3.Global Village Helps to Live Together
a. Helps to adopt good practices for prosperity and
betterment of human beings
b. Promotes interfaith harmony
c. Brings peace among different civilizations and
communities
d. Assists to identify conflicts at different levels
e. Ensures dialogue to promote peace
f. Encourages cultural diffusion
g. Guards individuals‟ respect and states‟
sovereignty
4.Conclusion

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Classrooms Decide the Future
of the Nation

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1. Introduction
1. Evolution of human societies
2. Role of classrooms for prosperity and development
2. Key Features of Real Classrooms

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How Classrooms decide the Future of the Nation
1. Brings discipline
2. Promotes gender respect
3. Encourages learning of new disciplines
4. Classrooms act as a think tank
5. Creates consciousness among students about social evils
6. Produces opinion leaders like Karl Marx
7. Infuses culture of innovation and research
8. Reduces extremism and violence from societies
due to cultural exchange
9. Provides equal opportunities for leaning to all
stakeholders
10. Challenges orthodox dogmas in the societies
11. Ensures positive political participation
Conclusion
03335601593
 Democracy and Illiteracy cannot move
together
 Water crisis and national integration
 War of terror has contributed to human right
abuse

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Argumentative Essay Outline
Nature of topic Statement/quotation, mostly in the
form of question
Requirement Stance is required. Prove with Yes/No
Knowledge Diversified
Failure Maximum (90%)
Length Short (1200-1400)
Marks Highest (50-80)
Criteria Knowledge with Extra-ordinary

language
Mureed Hussain Jasra 03335601593

03335601593
1. Stance of readers is required in the form of yes /no.
2. Comprehensive image
3. You can select Heading Outline or Sentences Outline
A. Heading Outline: Divide it in headings: Universal, yours
and opponent‟s stance.
B. Sentences Outline: Occasionally you may illustrate or
justify your stance with points in the form of
phrases/sentences as sentences can be used in
Argumentative Essay
4. Ideally every argument should be taken from different
field.
5. Flawless
6. Beautiful presentation

03335601593
 Introduction
1. Evolution of civic life
2. What does mean by gender equality?
1. Male dominance in societies manifests the
reality of gender inequality
2. Cultural attachment
3. Orthodox religious practices
4. Conservative social norms
5. Economic dependence of women
6. Limited political participation by women

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 Limited job opportunities all over the world
 Plato called women, property of state
 Frailty thy name is woman
• How Gender Equality is a Fact
 Women equality in West
 Article 25 (2) Constitution of Pakistan 1973
ensures equality
 Biological equality of men and female
• Conclusion

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 Introduction
 Male dominance in societies manifests the
reality of gender equality
 Cultural attachments reflect males supremacy in
many societies
 Orthodox religious practices restricts women
equality
 Conservative social norms make women equality
a distant dream
 Economic dependence of women is still in
illusion
 Limited political participation by women conveys
the reality

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 Women equality can be seen the Western
culture
 Article 25 (2) Constitution of Pakistan 1973
ensures equality
 Biological equality of men and women supports
the concept of equality
 Conclusion

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 Has Democracy Failed to Deliver in
Pakistan?

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Introduction
 Evolution of different forms of governance
 Democracy and its key objectives
Characteristics of Real Democracy
Failure of Democracy to Deliver in Pakistan
 Extreme poverty confirms the failure of democracy;
a. 27 % of total population is living below poverty.
b. 48% citizens do not have access to clean water.
 Absence of transparency and accountability manifests the
reality of democracy in Pakistan.
 Freedom of speech can never denied in real democratic
states: kidnapping and torture on civil society activists.
 Rise in inflation

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 Prevalence of gender inequality shows the worth of
democracy.
 Restoration of democratic government has failed to build
confidence of foreign direct investors: decrease in FDI.
 Failed to ensure national integration: insurgency in
Balochistan and FATA.
 Failed to provide basic necessities of life;
a. Food
b. Shelter
c. Education
Area Where Democracy Remains Successful
 Political parties introduce devolution of power to ensure
provision of basic necessities: 18th amendment.
 NFC award 2010 a step by democratic government toward
nation integration: division of resources on diverse formula
 Freedom to press: emergence of social median and private
channels.
Conclusion

03335601593
1. Introduction
2. Democracy and its key objectives
3. Extreme poverty confirms the failure of
democracy;
a. 27 % of total population are living below poverty.
b. 48% citizens do not have access to clean water.
4. Absence of transparency and accountability
manifests the reality of democracy in Pakistan
5. Freedom of speech can never denied in real
democratic states: kidnapping and torture on
civil society activists
6. Rise in inflation

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 Prevalence of gender inequality shows the worth of
democracy
 Restoration of democratic government has failed to build
confidence of foreign direct investors: decrease in FDI
 Failed to ensure national integration: insurgency in
Balochistan and FATA
 Failed to provide basic necessities of life;
a. Food
b. Shelter
c. Education
 Political parties introduce devolution of power to ensure
provision of basic necessities: 18th amendment
 NFC award 2010 a step by democratic government toward
nation integration manifests its success: division of
resources on diverse formula
 Freedom to press: emergence of social median and private
channels
 Conclusion
03335601593
 Heading
 Free writing
 Looping
 Selection
 Categorization
 Outline

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Content is a compilation of
information, ideas, stuff and messages that
are translated into some kind of written
material or an essay. Furthermore; Valuable
content is the focus of all successful writings.
Followings are qualities of a good content;
1. Unquestionable
2. Must mention your source
3. Universal reputation
4. Definite knowledge

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 Universal topics
 Emerging topics
 Literary topics

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 Democracy
 Education
 Socio-economics Issues
 Media/Social Media
 UNO
 Climate Change/Global Warming/Water Crisis
 Feminism/Women Empowerment/Right of
Women in Islam

03335601593
1. Forms of Democracy
2. Features/Characteristics/ Culture
3. Hurdles/Reasons of Failures/ Issues/
Challenges
4. Impacts/ Consequences / Repercussion due
to Failure of Democracy
5. Remedies/ Solution / Way forward
6. Future/ Hopes

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 Polarized Politics: the Issues and Challenges
of Democracy in Pakistan
 Features of Real Democracy
 Democracy is Culture rather than a Process
 Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles
 Future of Democracy in Pakistan
 Democracy and Illiteracy can never move
together

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 Polarized politics: the issues and challenges
of democracy in Pakistan

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1. What is education?
2. Types of education
3. Merits/ benefits / advantages /
changes/Agent/meaning/purpose
4. Causes of failures/ hurdles/ ills / reasons /
issues / problems
5. Failures/ repercussions / consequences
6. Remedies/ Solution / Way forward
7. Online Education
8. Single National Curriculum

03335601593
1. Fake news and cyber propaganda: the use
and abuse of social media.
2. Social Media is a toll to create unrest in a
society.
3. Role of Social Media for good governance.
4. Social Media is a weapon for fifth generation
war.
5. Role of Social Media in COVID-19 Pandemic.
6. Limitation/ Regulation of Social Media.

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1. The fear of Islam – a reality in the west.
2. Growing Islam phobia and the role of OIC.
3. Is Ummah an outdated ideology?
4. Rise in populism has further escalated
Islam phobia.
5. Challenges to religious pluralism in Europe.

03335601593
1. Obligations of UNO to counter health
challenges in 21st century.
2. The global indifference towards right of
self-determination.
3. Obligations of UNO in 21th century.

03335601593
1. Socio-economic implication of Covid-19.
2. COVID-19 has pushed the world towards
deglobalization.
3. By taking Corona virus seriously world has
faced more trouble than it might face if
taken normally.
4. COVID-19 has questioned the progress
made b humanity so far.

03335601593
 Women universities as an agent of change.
 Higher education: Ills and remedies.
 Higher science education in the developing countries.
 Higher Education as an agent of change.
 Privatizing higher education-generating knowledge or making more money
for the opulent.
 Pleasures of reading.
 Education makes people easy to lead, but difficult to drive, easy to
govern, but impossible to enslave.
 Education ahs for its object the formation of character.
 Need for serious planning in technical education in Pakistan.
 Reforms in Examination systems.
 The present system of Education must assume some of responsibilities of
our failure.
 Co-education , Merits and Demerits.
 A Critical Analysis of Education Systems in Pakistan.
 Meaning and purpose of education.
 There should be colleges and schools just for men/boys and some just for
women/girl.

03335601593
1. Global Warming/ Climate Change and our Preparation to
Counter it/ Climate Change is a real threat for economic
prosperity of Pakistan
2. Making of new Provinces in Pakistan: Challenges and
Prospects
3. Rights of Minorities in Pakistan: Issues and Solutions
4. Education/ Education System of Pakistan has Failed to
Produce Efficient Human Resource/ Illiteracy breeds
Extremism in the Society
5. „Dharna‟ against the State: Freedom of Speech or
Question on the Writ of the State
6. Democracy/Features Of Democracy/ Future of
Democracy in Pakistan/Election Reforms/Why is
Democracy Failed to Deliver in Pakistan?
03335601593
7. Emerging Powers of Social Media and its role for
Good Governance/Limitation of Free
Speech/Demise of imperial Media
8. Image of Islam in West and responsibilities of
Muslim Umha
9. Energy Crisis/ Water Crisis/Water is Essential for
Economic Stability of Pakistan/Water Crisis and its
impacts on National Integration
10. Critical Analysis of United Nation
11. Urbanization and Its Hazards
12. Accountability Reduces Corruption and This Leads
to Peace, Stability and Prosperity
13. Socio-economic Problems of Pakistan

03335601593
1. Gender Equality/ Female Education/ Rights of
Women in Islam/ Gender Equality is a
Myth/Feminism/Women empowerment
2. Deglobalization and its impacts on modern world/
Populism / Nationalism
3. Artificial Intelligence: Blessing or Curse
4. Youth/Population bulge: Dividend or boom
5. Primary health care and poverty are two main
reasons of Pakistan backwardness
6. Covid 19

03335601593
Serial# Page
Topic
1 Education 1-15
2 Democracy 16-30
3 United Nation and Foreign Policy of 31-45

Pakistan
4 Socio-economic Problems 46-60
5 Feminism/ Women Rights 61-75
6 Global Warming/ Climate Change 76-90

7 Media/Social Media 03335601593 91-105
GDP Electricity Potential Population Growth
GNP Installed Capacity Literacy Rate
GDP on education Total Production -among males
GDP on health -Hyde -among females
GDP on debt service -thermal -provinces wise
GDP on defense -nuclear -higher education
FDI -solar
Remittances -others
Total Taxes Total Demands
Total Expenditures Short Fall
Budget Deficit
Natural Gas
Total Exports Potential
Total Imports Production
Trade Deficit Demand
Deficit
Inflation Rate
Poverty Line
Per Capital Income
03335601593
 Standard Books (Why Do Nations Fail by Acemoglu
and Robinson , Pakistan Beyond the Crisis State by
Dr Maleeha Lodhi ,and International Affairs by Dr
Safder Mahmood)
 Quality Periodical (IPRI, Strategic Studies and
Defense Journal)
 Dawn Newspaper (Opinion Writing, Editorial and News
of Policies)
 Government Documents (Economic Survey 2020-
16,Vision 2025, CPEC Review, Water Policy 2018
and Education Policy 2018 Review)
 Helping Books

03335601593
03335601593
The style of writing, selection of
words, combinations of phrases and
clauses, construction of sentences and
composition of paragraphs in an essay is
called expression. It must have following
qualities;

03335601593
An essay has following five
components;
1)Structure 20
2)Content 20
3)Grammar 20
4)Expression 20
5)Argument 2o

03335601593
The style of writing is The style of writing,
known as expression. selection of words,
It is also known as combinations of
selection of words. phrases and clauses,
Selection of phrases construction of
and clauses is also sentences and
expression. In addition composition of
selection of sentences paragraphs in an essay
and selection of is called expression.
paragraphs in an essay
is also called
expression.

03335601593
 Simple but flawless 40-42
 Complex but flawless 50-80
 Complex with mistakes 20-30
 Simple with mistakes 10-20

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 Diction/ Selection of words
 Sentence Style
 Punctuation
 Cohesion
 Coherence
 Figurative Language

03335601593
 Artificial Intelligence is watched by many as a product to
produce more goods and make the economy good. It can
enlarge the ability of things as how they are done and
vastly improve the process of how to make decisions after
analyzing large amounts of data. In a journal published by
the European Parliament, research launched by consulting
company Accenture covering 12 developed
economies, which together generate more than 0.5
percent of the world‟s economic production, states that by
2035, AI could increase twice the annual global economic
growth. AI will make this growth in three important ways.
First, it will lead to a strong increase in the production of
labor by up to 40 percent due to new technologies
enabling more able laborers. Secondly, AI will make a new
virtual workforce capable of solving problems and learning
itself. Third, the economy will also benefit from the spread
of innovation, which will affect different sectors and create
new fields of revenue.
03335601593
 Artificial Intelligence is seen as an engine of productivity
and economic growth. Yet its
unprecedented impacts are in efficiency with which things
are done in the post decision-making process through the
analysis of troves of data. In a journal published by the
European Parliament, Accenture forecasts that by 2035, AI
could double annual global economic growth rates. It
further states that AI will drive this growth in three
important ways; first, it will cause a robust increase in labor
productivity as much as 40 percent on account of innovative
technologies enabling more efficient workforce. Second, it
will create a new virtual workforce capable of solving
problems and self-learning. Third, the economy will benefit
from the diffusion of innovation, which will have serious
impacts on different sectors on account of its ability to
generate new revenue streams. Briefly put it, AI is going to
accelerate economic growth at an unprecedented rate.

03335601593
1. Clear stance
2. Punctuation marks
3. Definite knowledge
4. Flawless expression
5. Expressive not impressive
6. Proper structure
7. Use of discourse markers, adjectives and
synonyms
8. Valid arguments
9. Reasonable handwriting

03335601593
 Read quality books and literary piece of
writings (Unpopular Essays by Bertrand
Russell, Pakistan: A Hard Country by Paul
Liven)
 Work on your vocabulary
 Do maximum writing practice

03335601593
 Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to
express ourselves in the form of words
 The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can
monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and
others use language
 It can help foster precision, reduce ambiguity and exploit
the richness of expression available in English
 This includes: Tenses, Narration, Active and Passive, Use
of Article, Punctuation, Translation, Use of Preposition
and Sentence Correction

03335601593
 The Fragment: A number of different ideas should not be put
together in one single unit
a) He is my friend and Pakistan is a rich country.
 Incomplete Sentences
Pakistan is my country facing many issues.
Pakistan is my country who facing many issues.
Pakistan is my country that is facing many issues.
 Punctuation (Use of Capital Letters, Inverted Commas and etc)
 Use of Articles: A and an with countable are mostly missing
with excessive use of the
 Use of Tenses:
a. Present simple tense (where to use s or es with verb of
singular noun or pronoun)
b. Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past tense
03335601593
 The Fused Sentence: Sentences that run into each
other with no marks of punctuation are said to be
„fused.‟ Writing such sentences is not only a sign
of extreme carelessness or sheer ignorance of
the basic facts about sentence structure
Our club raised some money for the Red Crescent Society an
organization like this wonderful.
• Our club raised some money for the Red Crescent
Society, an organization like this is doing a wonderful work.
• Our club raised some money for the Red Crescent Society.
An organization like this is a wonderful thing.
 Presentation

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 An argument is an attempt to persuade
someone of something, by giving reasons for
accepting a particular conclusion as evident.
 Natural language, proper structure, beautiful
and flawless expression, accurate content and
correct grammar are the key for good
arguments

03335601593
 Descriptive
 Argumentative
 Socioeconomic
 Narrative

03335601593
Every productive work requires some
kind of planning. Essay writing is a creative
process; hence it requires planning as well. A
good essay writer plans it into following
stages;
 Selection of topic 05 m
 Pre writing stage 45 m
 Drafting stage 115 m
 Post drafting stage 15 m

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◦ Read all the topics
◦ Understanding of the topic
◦ Prepared structure
◦ Definite knowledge
◦ Interest
◦ Academic qualification

03335601593
 heading
 free writing
 looping
 selection
 categorization
 outline

03335601593
 Always follow the topic of your essay, do not miss its
basic requirements and questions.Your first task is to
fully understand the question being asked.
 Informal Language: Do not rather don‟t and four rather 4.
 Writing in First Person: Academic writing should be
written in third person, eliminating the personal use of I.
 Instead of “I think” always say “It can be argued”.
 Do not write incomplete sentences especially when you
combine two clauses
 Clear stance
 Try to meet number of words 1600-2200
 Definite knowledge
 Do not write incomplete paragraphs especially conclusion

03335601593
 Flawless expression
 Expressive not impressive
 Proper structure
 Use of discourse markers, punctuation marks, adjectives
and synonyms
 Valid arguments
 Reasonable handwriting

03335601593
It consists on
1. Revision
2. Edition

03335601593
This is recognization of your mistakes of
spellings, punctuation, grammar, sentence
structure and topic and concluding sentence
by revising following parts;
1. Outline
2. Introduction
3. First two paragraphs of body
4. Conclusion

03335601593
It is the process to correct the mistakes.
Furthermore mistakes can be corrected in
following ways;
1. Add
2. Reword
3. Cut/delete
4. Resentence

03335601593
Candidates will be required to write one
essay in English. A wide choice of subjects
will be given
The fields generally are:
1) Literature Related
2) Philosophy
3) International Politics
4) Economics related
5) Social issues
6) Religious issues

03335601593
 High School English Grammar by Wren and
Martin
 The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and
Poverty: Why Nations Fail by Acemoglu and
Robinson
 Pakistan Beyond the Crisis State by
Maleeha Lodhi
 GRE Vocabulary
 Dawn Newspaper (Opinion
Writing, Editorial and News of Policies)

03335601593
 Research Magazines (IPRI, Strategic
Studies, Global Image and Defense Journal)
 Government Documents (Economic Survey 16-
16,Vision 2025, CPEC Review and Education Policy
2009 Review)

03335601593
 Mureed Hussain Jasra CSP (Facebook page)

03335601593
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

03335601593

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 He cold not attend the lecture, so he decided to record it.

 The pen is vey beautiful, but it is not available in my city.

 Students want to visit Lahore in June; however, it is not

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Third SHE HER HER

THEY THEIR THEM

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Note: Articles are only allowed with nouns.

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Note: The is always used with superlative degree of an adjective.

Mureed Hussain Jasra

 A Lahore livestock department official is here to

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