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    Hybridization

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    pinehas ngulu
    The document discusses hybridization in molecules. It explains that carbon in methane has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2 and uses its 2s and 2p electrons for bonding according to valence bond theory. However, the four bonds in methane are equal, so hybridization is introduced to explain this. Hybridization involves promoting one s orbital electron to the p orbital, resulting in four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. The degree of hybridization of a central atom can be determined by counting the number of bonds or lone pairs around it, following the rules listed. The hybridization then determines the electron pair geometry and molecular geometry/shape.

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    Hybridization

    Uploaded by

    pinehas ngulu
    30 views21 pages
    The document discusses hybridization in molecules. It explains that carbon in methane has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2 and uses its 2s and 2p electrons for bonding according to valence bond theory. However, the four bonds in methane are equal, so hybridization is introduced to explain this. Hybridization involves promoting one s orbital electron to the p orbital, resulting in four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. The degree of hybridization of a central atom can be determined by counting the number of bonds or lone pairs around it, following the rules listed. The hybridization then determines the electron pair geometry and molecular geometry/shape.

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    The document discusses hybridization in molecules. It explains that carbon in methane has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2 and uses its 2s and 2p electrons for bonding according to valence bond theory. However, the four bonds in methane are equal, so hybridization is introduced to explain this. Hybridization involves promoting one s orbital electron to the p orbital, resulting in four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. The degree of hybridization of a central atom can be determined by counting the number of bonds or lone pairs around it, following the rules listed. The hybridization then determines the electron pair geometry and molecular geometry/shape.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    30 views21 pages

    Hybridization

    Uploaded by

    pinehas ngulu
    The document discusses hybridization in molecules. It explains that carbon in methane has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2 and uses its 2s and 2p electrons for bonding according to valence bond theory. However, the four bonds in methane are equal, so hybridization is introduced to explain this. Hybridization involves promoting one s orbital electron to the p orbital, resulting in four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. The degree of hybridization of a central atom can be determined by counting the number of bonds or lone pairs around it, following the rules listed. The hybridization then determines the electron pair geometry and molecular geometry/shape.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    hybridization.

    Hybridization
    Let's start this discussion by
    talking about why we need the
    energy of the orbitals to be the
    same to overlap properly.

    Let's look at the bonds in


    Methane, CH4

    The Carbon in methane has the


    electron configuration of
    1s22s22p2. According to Valence
    Bond Theory, the electrons found
    in the outermost (valence) shell
    are the ones we will use for
    bonding overlaps. This will be the
    2s and 2p electrons for carbon.

    As you know, p electrons are of


    higher energy than s electrons.
    This means that the two p
    electrons will make shorter,
    stronger bonds than the two s
    electrons
    right? But this is not what we
    see. We see a methane with four
    equal length and strength bonds.
    So how do we explain this?
    Simple: Hybridization

    One of the s orbital electrons is


    promoted to the open p orbital
    slot in the carbon electron
    configuration and then all four of
    the orbitals become "hybridized"
    to a uniform energy level as 1s +
    3p = 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals.
    Identifying
    Hybridization in
    Molecules
    Figuring out what the
    hybridization is in a molecule
    seems like it would be a difficult
    process but in actuality is quite
    simple. Because hybridiztion is
    used to make atomic overlaps,
    knowledge of the number and
    types of overlaps an atom makes
    allows us to determine the
    degree of hybridization it has. In
    other words, you only have to
    count the number of bonds or
    lone pairs of electrons around a
    central atom to determine its
    hybridization.
    The following rules give the
    hybridization of the central
    atom:
    1 bond to another atom or lone
    pair  = s (not really hybridized)
    2 bonds to another atom or lone
    pairs = sp
    3 bonds to another atom or lone
    pairs = sp2
    4 bonds to another atom or lone
    pairs = sp3
    5 bonds to another atom or lone
    pairs = sp3d
    6 bonds to another atom or lone
    pairs = sp3d2

    This Video Explains it further:

    Practice Example:

    What are the hybridizations for


    each of the central atoms in the
    following molecule?
    See Answer

    As you can see from the


    example above, assigning the
    hybridization to each central
    atom is easy as long as you can
    count to 6. What is really cool
    about the hybridization is that
    each hybridization corresponds
    to an electron pair geometry. So
    if you know the hybridization of
    an atom you automatically know
    its EPG.

    Hybridization and
    Electron Pair Geometry
    For s and sp hybridized central
    atoms the only possible
    molecular geometry is linear,
    correspondingly the only possible
    shape is also linear:
    For sp2 hybridized central atoms
    the only possible molecular
    geometry is trigonal
    planar.  If all the bonds are in
    place the shape is also trigonal
    planar.  If there are only two
    bonds and one lone pair of
    electrons holding the place
    where a bond would be then the
    shape becomes bent.

    Sp2, Trigonal Planar, Trigonal


    Planar
    Sp2, Trigonal Planar, Bent

    For sp3 hybridized central atoms


    the only possible molecular
    geometry is tetrahedral.  If all the
    bonds are in place
    the shape is also tetrahedral.  If
    there are only three bonds and
    one lone pair of electrons holding
    the place where a bond would be
    then the shape becomes trigonal
    pyramidal, 2 bonds and 2 lone
    pairs the shape is bent.

    Sp3, Tetrahedral,
    Tetrahedral

    Sp3, Tetrahedral, Trigonal


    pyramidal l
    Sp3d,Trigonal bipyramidal,
    trigonal bypyramidal
    http://henson1.ssu.edu/~dfrieck/
    212/vseprpic/ax3e2.htm

    http://henson1.ssu.edu/~dfrieck/
    212/vseprpic/ax2e3.htm

    Sp3d,Trigonal bipyramidal,
    Linear

     
    For sp3d2 hybridized central
    atoms the only possible
    molecular geometry is
    Octahedral.  If all the bonds are
    in place the shape is also
    Octahedral.  If there are only five
    bonds and one lone pair of
    electrons holding the place
    where a bond would be then the
    shape becomes Square pyramid,
    4 bonds and 2 lone pairs the
    shape is square planar, 3 bonds
    and 3 lone pairs the shape is T-
    shaped. Any fewer bonds the
    shape is then linear:

    Sp3d2,Octahedral, Octahedral
    Sp3d2,Octahedral, Square
    pyramidal
    Sp3d2,Octahedral, Square
    planar

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