Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction:

Fishing is the activity of catching fish and other aquatic animals for food, sport, or

commercial purposes. It is an ancient practice that dates back to prehistoric times when

humans began to depend on fishing as a primary source of food. Fishing can be done in

various bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and ponds, and can be carried

out using different methods, such as angling, netting, trapping, and spearfishing. Fishing

can serve various purposes depending on the context in which it is carried out. In

subsistence fishing, fish are caught to provide food for the fishermen and their families,

while in commercial fishing, fish are caught on a large scale for sale and distribution in

markets. In recreational fishing, fish are caught as a sport or leisure activity, and then

often released back into the water.

In recent years, there has been growing awareness of the need to protect and

conserve marine resources through sustainable fishing practices that promote

environmental conservation while ensuring the livelihoods of fishermen. Sustainable

fishing practices aim to maintain the balance between the use of marine resources and the

conservation of marine ecosystems and such practices include the use of eco-friendly

fishing gear, the implementation of fishing regulations and policies, and the promotion of

community-based approaches to fisheries management. However, the practices that

account for unsustainable fishing have led to the depletion of fish populations and

inflicted damage to the marine environment which can take years or even decades to

recover. A couple of examples of the contributors to the damages are as such; The use of
harmful fishing gear, such as bottom trawling or ghost fishing nets, can cause damage to

the seabed and harm non-target species, including endangered or protected species, the

discharge of pollutants, such as oil or chemicals, can also harm the marine environment

and contribute to the degradation of marine ecosystems. Achieving sustainability on our

overexploited planet is one of the grand challenges of our time (Rockström et al., 2009).

This global challenge has local expressions that are both social and ecological in form,

because people and nature are linked and interdependent (Fischer et al., 2015). Such

strong social–ecological relationships are especially apparent in resource-dependent

settings such as coastal fisheries, where unsustainable use of natural resources can lead to

serious and tangible impacts on both ecosystems and the people that depend on them

(IPBES 2019; Ostrom, 2009).

In this study, we aim to identify and evaluate environmentally friendly fishing

methods. We will look at how these activities affect fish populations, marine ecosystems,

and fishermen's livelihoods. We hope that this research will aid in the creation of efficient

and environmentally friendly fishing methods that support environmental protection and

the long-term viability of fisheries and the communities that depend on them.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored to a theory known as "The tragedy of the commons,"

which states that individuals acting in their own self-interest will ultimately deplete a

shared resource to the detriment of everyone. In the context of fishing, unregulated or

poorly regulated fishing can lead to overfishing and the collapse of fish populations,
resulting in the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons occurs when it is

difficult and expensive to keep out potential users from common-pool resources that

produce finite flows of benefits. When individual fishermen or fishing businesses

participate in unsustainable or unregulated fishing tactics, which can result in overfishing

and the depletion of fish stocks, the tragedy of the commons can happen. While taking

more fish than one's fair share by one fisherman or firm can seem like a minor concern, if

many people behave in the same way, the effects on fish populations and the larger

marine ecology can soon build up and become very detrimental. As a result, these

resources will be used up by logical, utility-maximizing individuals rather than being

conserved for the benefit of all. The pervasive central control of common-pool resources

is the result of skepticism over the likelihood of users willingly collaborating to prevent

misuse. Yet, such control has frequently led to resource misuse on its own. Users

frequently establish regulations that restrict resource usage and promote resource

conservation in practice, particularly in areas where they can interact (Ostrom, 2008).

Fish populations are a shared resource that is frequently prone to overexploitation

when they are not managed effectively. Hence, the “Tragedy of the commons” is a notion

that may be applied to fishing. To address this issue, conservation efforts must focus on

establishing and enforcing sustainability.

Statement of the Problem:

Generally, this study aims to investigate local fishermen’s sustainable fishing

practices and environmental conservation efforts, what obstacles they encounter in

adopting these practices, and what motivates or impedes their adoption of sustainable

fishing practices and environmental conservation efforts

Specifically, this seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the fishermen’s perceptions of sustainable fishing practices and

environmental conservation?

2. What are the existing fishing methods used by the fishermen?

3. What are the factors that enable or hinder the adoption of sustainable fishing

practices in coastal communities?

Through the answers to these research questions, we aim to contribute to the

development of effective and sustainable fishing practices that promote environmental

conservation and support the long-term sustainability of fisheries and the communities

that depend on them.

Significance of the Study

The study has significant and far-reaching implications for a variety of

stakeholders, including local fishermen who depend on the ocean for their livelihoods,
fish vendors who supply seafood to markets and restaurants, consumers whose diets

depend on sustainable fish populations, government agencies in charge of overseeing

fisheries, and future researchers looking to build on this study's findings.

Fishermen. The results of the study could guide the development of more sustainable

and environmentally friendly fishing methods. In turn, this might enhance their way of

life and long-term economic viability.

Fish Vendors. The study might help them better understand market trends and consumer

preferences, which might help them make more intelligent judgments about what kinds of

fish to carry, how to price them, and how to handle customers’ safety.

Consumer. The results of the study may influence their seafood consumption choices

and assist them in making more informed choices regarding the dietary advantages of

various fish varieties. This might lead to better outcomes in terms of public health.

Government. The study may influence fishing industry policy and rules, such as those

governing fishing quotas and limitations, encouraging sustainable fishing methods, and

regulating the quality of seafood sold in markets. The research may also help public

health and nutrition regulators make informed choices about dietary advice and medical

interventions including seafood consumption.

Future Researchers. The study's conclusions could be used to guide future research in

the area, expanding the body of knowledge and possibly yielding fresh insights and

learnings.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research study will focus on fishing practices and their impact on

environmental conservation. Specifically, it will examine the following areas: (1) the

types of fishing practices being used, (2) the ecological impact of these practices, (3) the

awareness and attitudes of fishermen towards environmental conservation, and (4)

potential solutions and strategies to mitigate negative impacts on the environment.

Delimitations:

The following factors will be delimited in this research study:

Geographical Scope: The study will focus on a specific region, namely [insert name of

region/country], to limit the scope of the research and ensure the findings are applicable

to a specific context.

Time Frame: The study will cover fishing practices and their impact on environmental

conservation in the last 5 years to provide a recent snapshot of the current situation.

Participant Selection: The research will be conducted on a sample of fishermen who are

actively engaged in fishing practices in the study area. Other stakeholders such as

policymakers, NGOs, or consumers will not be included in the study.

Language: The study will be conducted in [insert language] to facilitate communication

with the study participants and ensure accuracy in data collection.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fishing: This term refers to the act of catching fish for human consumption, either

through commercial or recreational means.

Overfishing: This term refers to the practice of catching more fish than can be

replenished naturally, leading to a decline in fish populations and potentially to the

collapse of entire fish stocks.

Sustainable fishing: This term refers to fishing practices that are designed to maintain

the long-term health and productivity of fish populations, while also ensuring that the

fishing industry remains economically viable.

Environmental conservation: This term refers to the protection and management of

natural resources and ecosystems in order to maintain their long-term health and

productivity.

Ecosystem: This term refers to a complex system of living organisms and their physical

environment, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as soil, water, and

air.

Marine protected areas: These are designated areas of ocean or coastal waters that are

managed for the conservation and protection of marine ecosystems, habitats, and species.

Fishery management: This term refers to the regulation and management of fish

populations, usually by government agencies or international organizations, to ensure that

they are used sustainably and that the fishing industry remains economically viable.

Aquaculture: This term refers to the farming of fish and other aquatic organisms, usually

in tanks, ponds, or other controlled environments, as an alternative to wild-caught fish.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses the related literature and studies that assisted the

researchers in carrying out the study. It also aids them in drawing conclusions from the

results and data gathered.

Related Literature

Climate Change

The effects of climate change on the earth's environment and in human

groups were increasingly profound (Wang et al. 2018). Nations in the Asia-Pacific area

are more vulnerable to recurring and severe disasters brought on by climate change than
their Western counterparts (Seidler et al. 2018). In fact, climate change is thought to have

an impact on the fisheries industry in nations like the Philippines that are largely

dependent on fish but also susceptible in terms of food supply, security, and way of life

(Ding et al. 2017).

Likewise, the research by Suh and Pomeroy (2020b) has shown that,

depending on the mitigation and extreme scenarios used, the impact of climate change on

Philippine marine capture fisheries is anticipated to result in a reduction in fisheries GDP

of 9% and 18%, respectively. For urban and rural households, respectively, these effects

may also result in a 0.36% and 0.38% drop in household income. Coral reef bleaching

has also been brought on by global warming, and Goreau and Hayes' hotspot analysis of

the Great Barrier Reef, Palau, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, China, Guam, and the entire

Caribbean Sea foresaw major coral bleaching. According to a recent evaluation of 206

bordering reefs in the nation, a third of their hard-coral cover is damaged, and none are in

good condition. (Licuanan 2020). The total maximum catch potential at the world's

exclusive economic zones (EEZs) is also anticipated to decline by 2.6-12.1% by 2050 in

comparison to the year 2000, according to Food and Agricultural Organization (2018).

Similar difficulties with processing methods, flooding of roads, decreased transportation,

as well as movement of people and diversification of livelihoods, will have an impact on

fish trading and processing.

Loss of aquatic habitat due to environmental degradation and pollution has a

negative impact on the region's fishing industry (Pomeroy et al. 2016). Marine pollution

is largely caused by land-based emissions, such as atmospheric pollutants brought on by

expanding urbanization, human settlements, and tourism (Williams 1996), which have
negative economic effects. According to studies, the annual economic impact of marine

litter, for instance, ranges from $3300 to $33,000 per ton of marine plastic (Beaumont et

al. 2019). Moreover, pollution density is probably going to have a detrimental influence

on fisheries since it will reduce the ocean's biological growth capacity, which will have

an effect on the biomass of inland fish, according to Bergland et al. (2019). (Allan et al.

2005). Moreover, environmental contamination and global warming both have a

deleterious impact on coral reef ecosystems (Goreau and Hayes 2021). As a result, there

has been a widespread agreement to adopt policies and programs on mitigation and

adaptation measures that emphasize vulnerability, sustainability, and resilience in order to

address the effects and dangers of climate change on the fisheries industry (Miao 2018).

Environmental Management

An ecosystem-based management (EBM) strategy is necessary for the long-term

sustainability of coral reef resources and the achievement of conservation objectives at

the same time (Obura et al., 2019; Hattam et al.,2020). EBM is a comprehensive

management approach that guarantees human activities are managed sustainably to

provide resource advantages to serve both the present and future generations while

preserving ecosystems that are robust, productive, and healthy (McLeod and Leslie,

2009; Long et al.,2015; Wondolleck and Yaffee, 2017). EBM investigates how people

behave the importance of cultural variety for ecosystems, and hence crucial to the

dimension of resource management and conservation. EBM offers a number of

advantages, including the examination of the full system makes it possible to identify

shared problems and potential solutions (i.e., win-win interventions), and a strong focus

on stakeholder involvement ensures that all systemic voices are heard (Wondolleck and
Yaffee, 2017; Cooke et al., 2021). This inclusive strategy encourages buy-in to the

suggested actions and resource management in the future; prevents unforeseen outcomes

brought on by failing to properly (Yee et al., 2015; Hattam et al., 2020; O'Leary et al.,

2020) Taking into account all components of the larger system. Working with scientists is

essential for EBM working in tandem with a cross-section of the host country's players,

such as reef resource users, community associations, non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), enterprises, and for local communities' conservation initiatives to be successful,

it is the responsibility of the government (Smith et al., 2009; Yaffee and Wondolleck,

2017).

Socio-ecological vulnerability

The food security, way of life, employment, and income of coastal communities

around the world are significantly impacted by marine artisanal fishing. While

populations are affected and become more vulnerable to other stressors like climate

change as a result of resource variability brought on by variations in oceanographic

conditions like sea surface temperature or wind stress. The economy and food security of

Peru depend heavily on small-scale fishing. Also, they are among those who are most

affected internationally by cyclical variations and could be influenced by climate change.

The sustainability of the industry and the livelihoods of many depend on determining

their present and potential susceptibility as well as developing adaption solutions. Three

fishing settlements in Peru's Huaura province, each with a significantly different

socioeconomic profile, are the subject of this study that evaluates local vulnerability.

In the Huaura area of Peru, where three fishing communities with very varied

socioeconomic characteristics use the same fishing field, this study evaluates the local
vulnerability. The area is extremely susceptible to changes brought on by El Nio. In order

to identify the primary causes of vulnerability, we evaluate the ecological and

socioeconomic vulnerability using local and governmental data. We observe dramatic

disparities between communities: Carqun exhibits a high reliance on artisanal fishing for

revenue and a low ability for adaptation, whereas Huacho, with a larger and more

diversified economy, offers more options for artisanal fishers to make a living. The

analysis of future vulnerabilities underlines the need to put adaptation mechanisms into

place, such as economic diversification, methods to enhance artisanal fishing, sustainable

management of fishing grounds, and strategies to handle shocks. (Jara et al. 2020).

Economic Viability

For an economic system to be viable, it must be able to accommodate restrictions

of scarcity and strike a balance between supply and demand (Aubin 2011). Profitability is

the primary objective of most economic institutions; the greater the profit, the more

successful the entity is. So, when a private entity makes a profit, it is said to be

"financially viable". However, when examining economic viability, the researchers take

into account not only the individual (or entity's) own profit but also the overall well-being

of society or the public sector. As a result, economic viability is achieved when an

activity's net contribution to society is positive.

To evaluate the economic success of a system, metrics like the return on

investment (net cashflow/investment) are frequently employed as an indicator. Profit is

required for a system to be economically viable, but it is not always the only criterion,

especially given that a system that is profitable today might not be so tomorrow (Tisdell

1996; Baumgärtner and Quaas 2009). Moreover, SSF are frequently ingrained in the
culture and traditional values of their community, where the participants' goals are not

always only financial success (Kronen 2004; Pollnac and Poggie 2008; Hospital and

Beavers 2012; Berkes et al. 2012). Particularly for SSF, analyzing the fishery's pure

financial performance does not provide enough information to establish if the fishery can

be regarded economically viable or not. The term viability indicates a system's long-term

survival. As a result, determining the SSF's economic sustainability is difficult because it

requires considering more than just the sector's financial status. For example, the amount

of fisheries subsidies this industry receives must be taken into account. As a result, this

thesis makes a distinction between financial viability, fundamental economic viability,

and extended economic viability. Net advantages to a private entity (profit), which

includes the government subsidies it receives, are the definition of financial viability. The

definition of basic economic viability is the net benefit to society that is founded on the

true, undisturbed value of inputs and outputs. The expanded economic viability broadens

this fundamental strategy by integrating other critical attributes in the evaluation.

Challenges during Pandemic

Almost every element of life had been impacted by this pandemic,

including families of fishermen (Bennett et al., 2020; Demirci et al., 2020). Due to

regulations making it more difficult for fishing families to go about their regular business

during the epidemic, the price of fish plummeted (Hidayati et al., 2021). The majority of

fishermen continued to fish every day despite the economic disruption and failed to

consider how it would affect their health and fishing expenses (Kaewnuratchadasorn et

al., 2020). This is due to the lack of a backup source of income for them (Avtar et al.,

2021). For the family of the fisher, the closure of educational facilities also seems to be
an issue (Chaturvedi et al., 2021). As a result of the school closings, learning quickly

moved from the physical world to the digital one (Kapasia et al., 2020). Online education

is increasingly a viable substitute for traditional education (Bestiantono et al., 2020).

Owing to this sudden shift, pupils from less affluent homes were more negatively

impacted because of the COVID19 outbreak's drop in family income, which also made it

more difficult for them to access expensive internet connections and other digital

resources (Aucejo et al., 2020; Lee, 2020).

Due to the aforementioned factors, fishermen must make a difficult choice by

putting their lives in danger in order to provide for their families, even though doing so

leaves them susceptible to sickness (FAO, 2020a). The purpose of this study was to

comprehend and evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on the small-scale fishers in Davao

Gulf, Mindanao. This study's particular goals were to evaluate how COVID-19

restrictions affected small-scale fishermen's catch per unit effort (CPUE) and to identify

the variables that might have an impact on the quantity of their catch during the

pandemic. Also, they looked into how COVID-19 rules affected fishermen and their

families.

RELATED STUDIES

INTERNATIONAL
Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are an important source of livelihood, food, and wellbeing for

coastal communities globally, including 2.5 million households in Indonesia. A study by

(N. Stacey et al. 2021) says that the sustainability of SSF-based livelihoods is challenged

by a range of factors and processes. These include overfishing and destructive fishing

practices, inappropriate coastal development and land-based pollution; all of which can

threaten the productivity of the resource base. Poor fish handling and post-harvest

practices, as well as the absence of, or poorly developed, infrastructure, lead to high

discards and post-harvest losses. SFF livelihoods are also being affected by the

cumulative impacts of a changing climate, resulting in shifts in species abundance and

range, increasing ocean acidity and deoxygenation, as well as increasing weather

turbulence, making fishing activities less certain and more risky. In addition, highly

productive SSF overlap with globally valuable ecosystems across the equatorial tropics,

increasing tension between growth-oriented domestic fisheries policies and the

international conservation movement. Given these challenges, considerable investment

has been directed to enhance, diversify and/or develop alternative livelihoods for rural

coastal households engaged in SSF, including in Indonesia.

However, (N. Stacey et al. 2021) states that due to environmental degradation and climate

change, these households are facing increasing poverty and vulnerability. To address

these challenges. Their study analyzed 20 SSF intervention programs implemented in

coastal communities across the Indonesian Archipelago over the last two decades. The

study found that successful programs utilized inclusive and holistic approaches,

participatory capacity development, and collaboration with stakeholders such as local

government, non-government organizations, and the private sector. However, the study
also found that there was a lack of longer-term sustainability assessment, monitoring

data, and consideration of women's work and non-commercial exchanges, which made it

difficult to evaluate the overall impact of these programs. Therefore, the study

recommends a review of longer-term impacts using the Sustainable Livelihoods

Framework to improve SSF livelihood-focused interventions and achieve socio-economic

equity and environmental goals.

The majority of the world’s fishers engage in small-scale fisheries (SSF) in tropical

developing countries. A study by (Johnson et al. 2020) states that SSF in wealthy nations

are frequently left out of discussions on how to improve them for global food security.

The authors claim that this is a lost opportunity because learning about the difficulties

experienced by small-scale fisheries in industrialized nations can help them become more

ecologically and economically sustainable. They notably use Japan as an illustration of a

developed nation with small-scale fisheries that are frequently disregarded in global talks.

The authors emphasize the significance of small-scale fisheries in developed countries

being discussed globally to ensure that their challenges and potential solutions are heard

and considered.

Moreover, (Chanrachkij et al. 2022) also conducted a preliminary assessment to

determine the effects of COVID-19 on Thailand's fisheries industry, specifically the

marine capture fishery. Fishers in both small-scale fisheries (SSF) and industrial fishery

(IDF) along the Gulf of Thailand experienced the similar impacts of COVID-19, which

include the decrease in number of market channels, price of fish, and revenue from catch.

They received support from the national government (i.e., financial assistance and fishing

gear), the local government and private sector (i.e., financial donations and subsistence
supplies), and the government banks (i.e., low-interest bank loan). However, 67.0 % of

fishers in SSF and 74.3 % of fishers in IDF requested additional government support, i.e.,

1) fishing vessel and gear technology, 2) workers onboard recruitment system, 3)

regulations, policies, and measures, 4) marine environment and fishery resources, 5)

investment and marketing system, 6) infrastructures, and 7) other support. The extension

of fishing technology and other support were discussed to address the additional

government support and sustain the marine capture fishery. It is crucial to continue

supporting fishers in both SSF and IDF during the persistence of COVID-19 pandemic

and consider the prevention or mitigation measures for other pandemics or disasters in

the future.

LOCAL

Philippines is an archipelagic country that has relied on fisheries for food security and

economic gains (Palomares and Pauly 2014; Santos et al. 2011). However, the advent of

climate change-induced effects has left the Philippines as one of the most exposed to

these consequences (Badjeck et al. 2010; Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations 2016) which is seen to impact food security and the entire economy of the

country (Suh and Pomeroy 2020a). With this, (Macusi et al. 2015) argue that the

consequences of climate change be addressed. In response to the importance of the

fisheries sector and the growing interest in examining the impacts associated with climate

change worldwide, studies have revolved around strategies on how to manage fishery

resources, build resilience, and improve current practices and policies concerning fishing

and climate change. Second, measurement tools and models were designed and utilized in

order to determine the extent of vulnerabilities and negative outcomes associated with
climate change in the fisheries sector. Third, papers have also explored on understanding

the attitudes and beliefs of various actors on their perceptions on climate change in the

context of fisheries. Subsequently, themes such as resource management, economy and

livelihood, governance and stakeholder participation, and community marginalization

have also emerged. For one, fisheries remain as an economic and income driver for the

entire Philippines. As it is challenging to reduce the total amount of fishers, it is

interesting to look at sustainable regional development approaches that focus on making

small-scale fisheries as sustainable as possible as well as taking the needs of fisherfolks

in the long term into account. This is because problems such as inequality and the social

relations that frame inequality in a given local context are major drivers of fisheries

governance outcomes (Fabinyi, Foale & Macintyre, 2015), as demonstrated before with

commercial fishers (e.g. Baticados, 2004).

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the step-by-step procedure of how the researchers conducted

the study. This also discusses the research design, research locale, research respondents,

research instruments, data collection procedure, data analysis procedure, validation and

reliability, and research ethics of the study.

Research Design

This study's primary goal is to identify fishermen's activities and environmental

preferences. The study will modify the phenomenological technique since it will do the

best job of providing adequate answers to the issues. Through participant observation,

conversations, and interviews, the phenomenological approach gathers rich data and

perspectives that are then interpreted from the viewpoint of the research study's

participants. It emphasizes the significance of personal perspective and interpretation and

is founded on the paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity. This strategy works

well for understanding participants' subjective experiences, motivations, and behaviors

(Lester, 1999). Understanding of the initiation of smoking among adolescents and how it

represents current trends will be achieved using the phenomenological approach.

The study was carried out in Dipolog City where respondents were chosen adult

fisherman ranging age from 18 years old and above. The researchers were able to gather

data in this manner to further examine the experiences and sustainable fishing practices

regarding environmental conservation as a factor that contributed to their daily life as a

fisherman and how being a fisherman is beneficial to them and ego boost as well as the

dangers that being a fisherman brings them. The researchers were able to obtain credible

responses, allowing them to provide the valid and dependable data.

Research Respondents

Research Instruments

Semi-structured interviews were employed in the study because they let the

researchers be more creative with their approaches. Due to the tiny sample size, this

procedure will result in usable results (Pathak & Intratat, 2012). Semi-structured

interviews, according to Langley (2002), do not strictly follow a prepared set of questions

but rather use open-ended inquiries that permit participants to respond in as much detail

as they wish. Participants will be able to openly express their thoughts as a consequence,

and researchers will get comprehensive impressions from them. To capture the

interviewing process, the researchers used mobile phones to take pictures and record

sounds.

Data Collection Procedure

interviewer and interviewee to interact personally and directly. Through the questions

they ask the students who are participating in the study and to whom we have explained

the goal of the study, the researchers are able to discern the participant's emotions,

feelings, and opinions through the interviews, which are private and semi-structured.

They received the proper guidance to complete the test effectively and efficiently. They

were simultaneously assured of the privacy of their responses.

In order to achieve the goal of this investigation, researchers gathered all the data,

tabulated and evaluated it with the assistance of a statistician, and then presented the

findings. To save their privacy and for ethical reasons, respondents' anonymity will be

guaranteed. The necessary and pertinent information will next be examined to add to the

previously obtained information.

The process for data collection will be as follows:

Step 1: The researchers will select 10-15 random possible participants that meet their

criteria set. This will be done by looking at their areas at Fish Port in Dipolog City. Prior

permission to obtain the data will be asked. The researchers will ensure that the data will

not be leaked to anyone outside the study.

Step 2: The selected possible participants agree to participate in the interview, they will

be given a copy of the interview questionnaire and help them prepare for the interview

and enable them to provide information/answers. The researchers will ensure that the
interview will be in private and quiet surroundings. The researchers will ensure that the

participants are not harmed in any way during the interview.

Step 3: Upon finishing the interviews, the researchers will thank and express their

gratitude to the participants for their cooperation.

Data Analysis Procedure

According to Braun and Clarke (2006), theme analysis is a core method analysis

that required to be defined and transcribed in order to firmly establish its place in

qualitative research. This is the form of analysis that the researchers utilize.

Subsequently, after the interview with the participants, the collected data that is

recorded by the researcher will be transcribed into written form. Once the data is

transcribed, the researcher will code the data gathered accordingly. The codes that will be

applied will enable the researchers to organize the data so it can be examined and

analyzed in a structured way. During the synthesizing, the researcher will discuss the

patterns that will be found at the point of synthesis. The data will be validated to ensure

that it is correct, accurate, and clean.

Validity and Reliability

Credibility

The information will be provided honestly and will be examined by researchers as well as

other specialists like the research adviser.

Transferability
In order for readers or other researchers to reproduce the study should the same

phenomenon occur in their area; the study's methods will be thoroughly and accurately

described.

Dependability

Although they could alter over time, the study's results will be analyzed and reported as

accurately as feasible. The study will adhere to and document the necessary procedures

for data collection and analysis so that, as appropriate, other researchers may repeat the

researchers' work.

Confirmability

The participant interviews conducted by the researchers are used in the study. The

perception and experiences of the participants serve as the foundation for the primary

data. The researcher will interpret the data with objectivity to prevent biases. The analysis

of the data will be documented. Biases, preferences, preconceptions, and relationships

that the researcher has with respondents (and how those relationships affect respondents'

responses to questions) will all be noted.

Research Ethics
 The relevance of research ethics was recognized during the study's development

to ensure the study's accuracy, dependability, and lack of bias. This was taken into

account to make sure the study's findings weren't made up.

In the review of linked literature and the whole study, the researchers

acknowledged and paid respect to the authors and previous researchers by citing their

work. In order to guarantee trustworthiness and accuracy, their work was also referenced

in the bibliography. When assessing and interpreting the data they will collect, the

researchers were impartial.

DATA ANALYSIS

CHANGE BRAUN AUTHOR SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

ADD FISHING METHODS TO RRL

CHANGE RESEARCH DESIGN TO DESCRIPTIVE, ITS NOT

PHENOMENOLOGICAL