(Dmit) : Debre Markosuniversity Institute of Technology

Debre MarkosUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(dmiT)
FACULITY OF TECNOLOGY
Civil ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
DEFENCE
CONSTRUCTION
NAME =Yeshiwondim Eniyew
ENTERPRISE Id Ter/1300/08
Duration of internship program
march 10/03/2019-july 28/08/2019
“LIFE IS NOT PERFECT. LIKE A ROAD,IT
HAS MANY BENDS,UPS AND DOWNS,BUT
THAT`S ITS BEAUTY” Submitted to MR. yehenew
Submission date 18/09/2019
BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY
DECLARATION AND APPROVAL

I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this report paper is my original work and has not
been presented for any sort of fulfillment in any university besides the AKIR construction
gives a certificate for the months I have been working with the company cooperatively with all
employers and for my assertive , hardworking and disciplined fellow at the work place. All the
sources of materials used for the paper have been duly acknowledged.
Approval of Supervisor Mr. Tizazu A. --------------------------------------

Approval of Mentor Mr. Mengistu G. ---------------------------------------
Student Signature Amanuel Mengistu ---------------------------------------
Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page I

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ABSTRACT
Internships are seen by college students as potentially valuable tools to explore
general career avenues and secure good work experience. With this regard, I have been working
at AKIR Road Construction P.L.C, Debark-Buahit Road upgrading project from October
14/2015 to February 6/2016. AKIR Road Construction PLC, is one of the local construction
companies focusing and specializing on road construction, airport and other building
construction works. Since its establishments, the company has been marking maximum effort in
contributing its fair share in the development of national road infrastructure.
The design is done based up on ERA design manual. Also other highway handouts and
books were used as a reference. Based on terrain type of the route corridor and the traffic
volume, DS4 road which function as a link road is designed.
I spent the four months of the internship program at this company performing
various activities. The major ones were designing of structures, laboratory tests, office work and
compiling reports. I was also carrying out practical activities such as performing field tests,
surveying activities and field works.
The program was tremendously helpful that I gained experience that will be useful in my
professional and even personal future, developed technical and interpersonal skills, strengthen
social and professional links, improved the perspectives of my study, adapted to the work
environment and valued differences that exist between co-workers.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
firstly, my gratitude and an endless thanks goes to work inspector MR.TIZAZU
ABDU YASIN who helped me for the project to reach the final stage without any restriction
entirely with his valuable guidance, encouragement, respected hospitality, fatherly and energetic
approach. And he also share his life style how to communicate with others and give respect for
other workers.
Secondly, I would like to say thanks office engineer MR. HABTEYESUS who helped me
to do different office works related to the site activities and other software’s which related to the
road works.
I am ineffably indebted to my advisor MR. MENGISTU for conscientious guidance and
encouragement to accomplish this report.
Above all thanks to GOD he makes me stronger to face obstacles through my whole life.
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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
This report includes my overall internship practice in AKIR road Construction PLC in the
2008 EC academic year. It is important inputs for the intended program in order to know how I
perform the program of the institution properly. It consists of four major sections with brief
description.
The first part contains about introduction to internship and the profile of the hosting
company such as its capacity, establishment, and company related issues.
The next part is fully dedicated to the overall internship experience includes the way how I
joined in to the company, works that I have been participated, and the organizational work flow
of the company as a whole including my performance and challenges I have been facing. And
also general description of the project is described here.
The third part includes the whole advantage of internship in terms of aspects like
practical skill, work ethics, leadership skill, team playing skills, upgrading in theoretical
knowledge, communication skills, entrepreneurship skills etc.
Recommendation and conclusion are included at the last part of the paper. Reference parts are
also included here.
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List of Figures page

Figure 1location of the project map.............................................................................................................5
Figure 2rataining wall construction and some parts...................................................................................13
Figure 3 pad before and after fill with the concrete..................................................................................13
Figure 4 mixing box made from wood.......................................................................................................14
1m height and 1.63m width rectangular ditch Figure 5 U-type of ditch or rectangular ditch.....................15
Figure 6 curb stone formwork and fill with the concrete respectively......................................................16
Figure 7 bridge structure before constructing girder beam and fill the girder beam.................................17
Figure 8 pipe installation and outlet constructing....................................................................................18
Figure 9 common excavation.....................................................................................................................21
Figure 10 embankment fill.........................................................................................................................22
Figure 11showering/watering/...................................................................................................................22
Figure 12 compaction of sub base layer.....................................................................................................23
Figure 13 borrow material.........................................................................................................................23
Figure 14earth work equipment’s..............................................................................................................25
Figure 15 dumping....................................................................................................................................29
Figure 16 setting out points using total station..........................................................................................31
Figure 17 casting concrete and compressive test after 7 days...................................................................34
Figure 18process of proctor test and recording..........................................................................................36
Figure 19CBR after soaking and depth of penetration...............................................................................38
Figure 20 process of plastic limit test........................................................................................................38
Figure 21 process of LL test......................................................................................................................39
Figure 22process of shrinkage limit test....................................................................................................40
Figure 23LAA No of sphere and their grading..........................................................................................40
Figure 24process of LAA test....................................................................................................................41
Figure 25 types of sieve used to determine the FI.....................................................................................42
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List of tables
Table 1 alignment passing towns and villages name...................................................................................3
Table 2 mean monthly max.and min.temprature of the project area............................................................3
Table 3 organization work flow...................................................................................................................7
Table 4 No of equipment and machineries...............................................................................................19
Table 5No of man power...........................................................................................................................20
Table 6 earth work flow chart....................................................................................................................26
Table 7 sub base work flow.......................................................................................................................28
Table 8 specification for different type of material....................................................................................43
Table 9 specification requirement for sub base material............................................................................44
Table 10 requirement for base course material..........................................................................................44
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Abbreviations
 ERA Ethiopian Road Authority
 AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials
 AACRA Addis Ababa City Road Association
 CBR California Bearing Ratio
 FI Flakiness Index
 PI Plastic Index
 PL Plastic Limit
 LL Liquid Limit
 LAA Los Angles Abrasion
 FDT Field Density Test
 ACV Aggregate Crushing Value
 TFV Ten Percent Fine Value
 RW Retaining Wall
 OMC Optimum Moisture Content
 MDD Maximum Dry Density
 DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment
 ETB Ethiopian Birr
 DS5 Design Standard 5
 Bd Bulk Unit Weight Of Sand
 WS Weight Of Soil
 PS Unit Weight Of Clean Sand
 MC Moisture Content
 Dd Dry Density
 NMC Natural Moisture Content
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration and approval…………………………………………………………………..I
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………II
Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………………III
Executive summary ………………………………………………………………………….IV
List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………...V
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………..VI
Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………VII
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………...VIII
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………....1
1.1. Brief history of the company……………………………………………………………...1
1.1.1.back ground of hosting company………………………………………………………..1
1.2. Location of the project…………………………………………………………………….2
1.3. Overall organization and work flow………………………………………………………5
1.3.1. Organization set up………………………………………………………………….5
1.3.1.1. Particular data of the project…………………………………………………….6
1.4. AKIR project organization chart…………………………………………………………..7
CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall internship experience………………………………………………………………9
2.1. How do I get in to the company………………………………………………………...9
2.2. Office work activities…………………………………………………………………...9
2.2.1. Office crew………………………………………………………………………….10
2.3. Site activities categories…………………………………………………………………11
2.3.1. Structural work…………………………………………………………………….12
2.3.2. Earth work………………………………………………………………………….18
2.3.3. Earth work equipment’s…………………………………………………………....24
2.3.4. Pavement works……………………………………………………………………..26
2.3.5. Surveying activities………………………………………………………………….29
2.4. Field and laboratory tests…………………………………………………………………..31
2.4.1. Soil test……………………………………………………………………………….32
2.4.2. Laboratory test………………………………………………………...……………..34
2.4.3. Aggregate test………………………………………………………………………..40
CHAPTER THREE
3. Benefit, performance and challenge ………………………………………………………….45
3.1. Benefit I have got from the internship……….…….…………………………………..45
3.1.1.improving my personal skill……….…….………………………………….................45
3.1.2. Upgrading theoretical knowledge……….…….
………………………………….........46
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3.1.3. Improving inter personal communication skill………………………………………..46

3.1.4. Improving work ethics……….…….………………………………….........................47
3.1.5. Team playing……….…….…………………………………...................................47
3.1.6. Leadership ……….…….………………………………….......................................47
3.2. Performance……..……………………………………………………………………….47
3.3. Challenge…………………………………………………………………………………48
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Conclusion and recommendation……………………………………………………………..49
4.1. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...49
4.2. Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………49
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..51
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Brief history of the company
Akir construction plc is one of the leading Construction companies in Ethiopia Registered as General
Contractor Grade I, established in 1990.
Since its establishment, AKIR has played an enormous role in the nations endeavor to bring a change in
the construction sector by delivering various construction projects of high magnitude in all administrative
regions of the country. The wide range of infrastructure development activities include: Roads, Buildings,
air ports and Irrigation schemes. Until now AKIR Construction has completed Road projects (large
airport) in azezo.
AKIR is a reliable and competent construction firm, and if given the chance pledges to execute the
construction of structures to the best quality within the scheduled time and budget.
Vision
AKIR PLC envisions growing in to a share company so as to become an internationally reliable and
leading company in the construction sector.
Mission
Our mission is to meet the expectation of our clients and stakeholders by constructing high quality roads
at reasonable cost and within the contract period.
In order to achieve this, the company will
 Put in place strong and modern construction management systems and technologies to grow in to
a financially sound construction company;
 Take a long term perspective by implementing important changes, more effectively and
efficiently than our competitors, to improve the quality of road construction management in the
country;
 Engage in a business of construction related supplies to ensure reliability and delivery of
construction works on time and within stated quality standards.
Values
 Foster improved staff motivation & retention.
 Cultivate life-long learning and employee team spirit.
 Model and reward good behavior (honesty, loyalty, resourcefulness)
 Focus on staff to gain their full support and commitment
Contractor is carrying the site preparation activity with the following resources :
A
1.1.1. Background of the internship hosting company
KIR construction plc. is one of the leading company in Ethiopia registered as grade-1
construction companies and established in 1990 E.C. in Ethiopia. This company have been
involved in different type of construction projects and play active developmental role in the
construction sectors such as: construction of buildings, depot, undertaking gravel and asphalt road, air
field and others.
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The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) as part of its Road sector
Development program intends to adopt road-upgrading policies as a major element of road
management. To this effect, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) represented by the
Ethiopia Roads Authority has tendered for the procurement of the design and built works on the
Debark – Buahit-Dilyibza Road Project, lot-1,Debark-Buahit(with an assumed length of ±65 km) and
awarded the contract to AKIR Construction P.L.C. Accordingly, a Contract Agreement was signed on
the 29thof March 2011 between the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) and AKIR Construction P.L.C
to perform the design and construction of the Project. Subsequently, a notice to commence the works
was issued to the Contractor on July 04, 2011.
On the other hand, PANAFRICAN Consultants P.L.C in JV with YIDIDYA CONSULTANTS
P.L.C has won the consultancy service for the Construction Supervision of this project and the Contract
Agreement was signed between the Ethiopian Roads Authority and the Consulting JV on the 13 rd of June
11. The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) funds the Project.
Now the FDRE, represented by Ethiopian Roads Authority, has allocated sufficient budget to finance
payments for the design and construction works of Debark- Buahit Road Project.
The work under this contract consists of Design and Construction (Design and Build) of new road, to
Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST) road standard and construction of minor and major
drainage structures.
Hence, ERA intends to construct the road from Debark to Dilyibza lot I: Debark to Buahit using the
services of a Contractor experienced in the investigation, design and Construction of Roads engaged
under the Contract.
The project involves new construction of road to DS5 Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST
standard). The works includes and construction of new culverts and Bridges if required .
1.2. Location of the Project

Debark - Buahit Road Project is located in Amhara National Regional State in North Gondar Zone
particularly in Debark and Janamora Woredas. The start of lot I begin at Debark (a capital of Debark
Woreda which is an important commercial and administrative center of the Woreda).
The start of the project, Debark can be reached from the capital Addis Ababa, through the Addis – Debre
Markos 300 km asphalt road and via 523 km Debre Markos – Bahir Dar – Gondar – Debark asphalt road.
The project has a design length of ±65km. Upon completion of construction, the road will connect the
Debark woreda to Janamora and Beyida woredas up to buahit.lot 2 starts from buahit to beyeda is done by
other construction company called SATCON.
The project has been tendered in National competitive bidding (NCB) and is being awarded to Akir
Construction Plc. with a Total Lump Sum cost of ETB 699,465,650 including 15%VAT.
Because of the decline in the number of native animals and plants in Semen Park, a new alignment was
recommended form the park gate on wards to have a minimum park intervention. The original primary
control points identified in the TOR of the project, the proposed route of which supposed to touch, are
Debark – Park Gate – Belegez River – Enchetkab – Denkoloko – Buahit.

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The request of Janamore Administration and consideration of the same by the Employer results in a
change in the control points from the original project requirement so that the proposed route shall touch
Mekanebirhan Town, capital of JanamoreWereda.As a result of the request of Janamore Administration,
the Employer has changed the primary control points to Debark – Park Gate – Belegez River –
Mekanebirhan – Denkoloko – Buahit and the Contractor has also been instructed to propose alternate
routes of the same.
I. No. Town/Village Chain age

1 Debark Town (Start of the Project)0+000-2+000
2 Sawre Village 5+300 – 6+400
3 MekanbrihanTown 31+000 – 33+700
4 Buahit End of Project 65+000
Table 1 alignment passing towns and villages name
A. Length
The Project road starts just at Debark town from the main route to Shire adjacent to the Mosque with a
total estimated length of ±65 km and ends at Buahit.
B. The Topography
The project area is part of a high mountain massive in northern Ethiopia with altitude ranging at the
beginning from 2800m to 1875m amsland at the middle of the project from 1875m to 4300mamsl.
C. Climatic Nature of the Project

The project area annually undergoes a long wet period followed by a dry one. The main rainy season
occurs from June to September and dry season occurs between October and May. The mean annual
rainfall is about 1500mm. The area is classified as KUR or cool. The effective temperature is being
<14˚C; which is very cool and most of the time uncomfortable. The moisture index (p/et) of the area is
greater than 1.0 and this is classified as humid.
At the beginning and end of the project area, around Buahit, the mean rainfall is maximum between
the months of June and August which is between 150mm and 400 mm. The minimum rainfall is recorded
in February which is 1mm. The rain of the project area is summarized and presented in the following
table.
In the project area, the maximum temperature is recorded between March and April which is 20 oc. And
minimum temperature of 0oc is recorded for most of the months. The monthly maximum and minimum
temperature is presented in the table below.
Mar Aug
Month Jan. Feb. Apr. May June Jul. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
. .

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M.M rainfall,
10 1 25 50 100 150 400 400 100 100 25 10
mm
Table 2mean monthly max.and min.temprature of the project area
(D) Geology of the Project Route

The preliminary Geotechnical investigation based on the Geological Map of Ethiopia (Mengesha et al.
1996), and field observation of the route corridor indicates that the geology of the project area (Which
includes the geology along the alternate routes) is situated in the northern – western plateau, belongs to
the strap series made up of tertiary flood basalt sequence with intercalation of silicic rocks which forms
the north-western and south –western plateau and attain a thickness of up to 3km. The major rock types
belonging to this sub group and found in the general project area include Aiba basalts, TarmaberGuss
formation and Alajae formation.
E. Brief Description of the Work to be executed

The work shall consist of furnishing all design plans, documentation, equipment, materials, labor and
incidentals necessary to successfully complete the project in compliance with the contract provisions.
Design work Items are Topographic Survey, geotechnical investigation, geometric and pavement design,
bridge design, culvert design, retaining wall design, permanent signing, pavement marking, design
document, Quality management program of implementation, Record drawings of As Built plans.
Construction work Items
 Construction of the roadway to DS5 standard,
 Demolish and removal of substandard structures Fords and Vented Causeways, if any
 Constructing Bridges and culverts (if required)
 providing wing wall for most of the existing bridges
 Clearing and maintaining the existing structures and improving its flow direction
 Constructing Double Bituminous Surface Treatment (DBST) for the traffic given in
the Employer’s Requirement.
 Constructing Retaining Walls.
 Pavement Markings and Erecting Traffic Signs
 Other ancillary works
Project Location and Location Map

The Debark- Buahit Deign and Built Road Project is located in Amhara National Regional State in the
North Gonder Zone particularly in Debark and JanamoraWoredas. The start of the project, Debark town is
an important commercial and administrative center for the Debark Woreda.

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Figure 1location of the project map

To sherie
BUAHIT
DEBARK Park gate
TOWN
Donkoloko village
Dabat
town
Mekanebirhan
To Gondar village
1.3. Overall Organization and Workflow

1.3.1. Organizational Setup
AKIR Construction plc. Is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization capable of handling a
number of projects at a time The Company uses the combined knowledge and experience of personnel,
from directors to skilled workers, for consistent quality project delivery.
The qualified, well-trained and committed workforce also enables it to uphold project schedules, even
under adverse circumstances. All the achievements of the company have been made possible by the
dedicated efforts of executives and qualified personnel.

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Employees at AKIR construction plc. Are working towards continuing success with the help of a
committed leadership and highly motivated workforce by enduring close relationships with clients and
alliance partners.
The Company is highly increasing its manpower in all levels of responsibility and professional practice
pertaining to construction work. This has created a relaxed and easy handling of a number of significant
projects at a time.
In order to develop the culture of organizational pride and a climate of success, AKIR construction Plc.
appreciates and recognizes the commitment, loyalty and faithful service of its employees.
1.3.1.1. Particulars Data of the Project
Project: - Debark-Buahit-Dilyibza Design and Build Road Project:-Lot 1: Debark-Buahit
Location: Amhara Regional State North Gondar
Client: - Ethiopian Roads Authority
Consultant: - Construction Design S.Co
Commencement Date: 4th July, 2011
Contract Duration: 1096 Cal. Days
Completion date: 4th July 2014
Type of work : Double Surface treatment Road
Type of Contract :Design and Build Project
Project Value : 699,465,650.00 ETB
Project Length: ±65 Km AND Mobilization period: 120 calendar days

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1.4. AKIR CONSTRUCTION PLC.

Debark-Buahit Design and Build Project
Project Organization Chart
Table 3organization work flow

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Project Manager: - is the person who manages and controls the overall activities in that
project. All the departments are responsible to the project manager and they should present weekly and
monthly performance report.
Construction engineer: - Is a person who directly manages and controls the man power and
construction activities on the site. The construction engineer controls the activities of the site engineers,
foreman’s, and other persons who have direct contact with the construction activity.
Office Engineer :-The main responsibility of this staff is preparation of weekly and monthly
reports of the activities on the project and reporting to the project manager and to head office. Some of
the thing that should be included in the weekly and monthly reports are:-
 Profit gained
 expense of the project
 amount of work
 problem faced
Some of the responsibilities of the Office Engineer Staff are:-
 Preparation of Direct Cost
 Preparation of weekly and monthly expense for
 Manpower
 Machine and equipment
 Material
 Preparation of Cross Sectional Working Drawing(Template)

 Preparation of working drawings
 Payment certificate preparation.
Administration head: - is a staff in which its responsibility is directly to the project manager.
The main activity of the Administration are solving conflicts between employees,
Administrating the comp, communication with the local government and providing food.
Equipment administration: - Controls the activities of all rental and owned

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CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1. How Did I Get To the Company?
I get this opportunity to in AKIR construction plc.to do my internship program is when we finish
the 3rd year academic year am going to the AKIR camp with my friends migb and abel and give our
internship request paper to the project manager of the company at the time we arrived. The project
manager was Mr. Anduamlak and he told us no one is come and asking us about the intern ship program
so you are lucky and I will announce you the acceptance paper after three days so you can come back
after three days. Then we are going back to the site and meet Mr. Anduamlak he gives us the acceptance
paper immediately. After that he told us about the brief background of AKIR Construction Company and
the activities that have done before we are coming to the site and works those are will be working for the
next seasons.
But before am going to AKIR construction plc. I have got a chance to get in the ERA road project which
is located on northern part of Gondar particularly in adi-arkay woreda. But they told me that already the
project is attended on the finishing part of the project so you can not perceive or get knowledge what you
have got on the intern program. This is the reason why I have choice the AKIR construction plc. Not only
this I have many advantages when am working on AKIR construction. Those are: - I spent the intern
program months with my family because my home town is debark town, this helps me to save my money.
And also it was not difficult to adapt the weather condition of the site because am familiar to the weather
condition before.
As I have mentioned before I spent four months on the company doing different work activities
 Office work
 Site work activities
 Laboratory different tests
 Mix design and gathering information
2.2. Office Work Activities

In office engineering section there are different activities to be done which include
 Designing various structural and highway section
 Preparing working drawing for site use
 Quantity estimation and budget allocation
 Preparing work schedule and progress report
 Payment preparation
Working drawing means make or prepare drawing those are related to a site. In other words make
drawing those can give a full information what we have on the site area about different structures.
Quantity work means make a calculation about the amount of the worked structures how much amount
volume of the structure will excavate, fill before and after the structure has built.
 Preparation of action plan and weekly plans for the fiscal year.
 Excavation of cost analysis for the excavated work

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 Income vs. excavated and Excavated vs.

standard output
 Preparation of weekly, monthly reports.
 Preparation of revision in design on both structure and highway works.
2.2.1.Office Crew
From office crew stuff members, office designers has a boundless role in designing process of a highway
project. Here are some of the important tasks that are performed by office designers.
 Scheduling: - Sequential order of work flow. Scheduling has grate role to accomplish the
desired task on time, with the allocated resource and without bankrupting.
 Evaluating the schedule and daily reports: - Checking weather all activities of the
construction are taking place based on the schedule made.
 Preparing weekly and monthly reports: - Summarizing all reports based on the
accomplished tasks and material used.
 Designing template’s and structures: - Designing and making working drawings by using
software’s named AutoCAD and eagle point.
 Preparation of payment certificates:-Payment certificate is made by using the approved
tasks. This task is done by using the software’s called AutoCAD, Excel and eagle point.
 Quantification of the designed templates and structures: - Enumerating the designed
template and structures in terms of costs depending up on the unit cost.
 Cost break down: - Preparing unit cost for different activities and tasks.
On my apparent time on the first three weeks I was engaged on preparing a calculation on quantity work
by using different software like AUTO-CAD, EXCEL and EAGLE PONT, MS PROJECT
A quantity work can be done for different pavement layers for sub-base and base course to determine or
to know the volume of excavation and fill for the payment. And also this can be done for different
structures like for pipe culvert, retaining wall, ditches, slab culvert, box culvert etc.
(A) When We Cut Or Fill The Earth Structure?
We cut the earth structure when there is a highly mountain those are out of the design of the alignment or
when it is difficult for the construction of alignments and for leveling of the road.
If we cut above 25% of the earth we have to use cut bench method. This is mainly used for protecting
The sliding of the soil on the other hand we use fill bench method when the earth surface fill above 25%
of the earth.
Mainly those two methods are used for protect sliding of the soil and safety for the pavement.
The Use of Making Quantity Work
 To determine how much amount volume of soil, rock and other material will
ex0cavate.
 To determine how much amount volume of soil, rock and other material will fill.
 To determine the bill quantity of work. i.e how much money will pay for this work?
 To make profit and loss analysis
(B) How To Prepare A Quantity Work Using Cad

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Steps
1. By using topography surveying data (northing, easting and elevation) put the stream line and
bank
2. Draw a contour line on the EAGLE POINT using the topography data, this shows us the top view
of our alignment including all terrains and water bodies
3. Draw the template of the alignment at 20m difference of the station by section view but this
station is not obvious for all type of alignment because it might be on 10m difference if the
alignment is curve. It shows the different section of the pavement layer.
4. By using area-volume method we can calculate the quantity of the alignment at different station.
Volume=area*length where volume in m3
Area in m2
Length in m
(C) How To Use Excel And Auto-Cad Simultaneously
We can use excel and auto-cad simultaneously for different works. For example to determine the
OGL of different cross sections, to draw the top view of the structure, and its elevation from different
sides and for different purposes.
Steps to draw OGL of the cross section
 First data’s are given by the surveyor those data’s include northing, easting and
elevation of the topography.
 From this data we have to calculate different equations those helps us to draw the OGL
on the cross section of the alignment like concatenate and make a distance calculation
then make copy the concatenate value (elevation and distance) from the excel to the
auto cad and paste the value on the drawn cross section. But the cross sections were
drawn by eagle point because they are very tedious to draw each cross sections in
different cross sections.
On the same procedure we can draw top view of different structures. This is drawn on the top view of the
alignment after that those all data are given to the surveyor and the surveyor starts his work.
Office work mainly concern to know the profit of the company. Before we have to know the list below
 Daily evaluation
 Direct cost analysis
 Cost break down (unit rate)
 IPC
2.3. Site Activity Categories
 Structural work
 Earth work
 Earth work equipment’s
 Pavement work

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 Surveying activities
2.3.1. Structural Works

(A) Retaining Wall Structure
Simple procedure for the construction or building of retaining wall
 Excavate up to the original ground level (OGL) but when we excavate we
may find some soil those are not suitable or not safe for the retaining wall so
we have to take a remedy action like undercut until we find suitable soil type
for the retaining wall or fill with the rock.
 Use lean concrete for the safety of the retaining wall, this means when we use
lean concrete under the retaining wall this prevent the pad reinforcement bar
from contacting with soil and from corrosion of bars. But we can also use
spacer to away bars from the earth surface.
 Formwork for pad. This helps for erecting the pad with its thickness.
 Bar placing this can be done by a simple calculation to know the number of
bars used for the pad.
 Profile erection for constructing retaining wall masonry structure. When we
start constructing the masonry structure it must be 20cm away from the pad
this prevents retaining wall from erosion of water until the erosion reaches to
the retaining wall it attains its serviceability year.
When we construct a retaining wall a small hole must be constructing to drain out the seepage water
in to the back fill material of the retaining wall. Those hole structures are called weep hole. The weep
hole width is up to 10cm.
Retaining wall may construct 5m-10m difference the gap between the retaining wall is called
expansion joint.
Expansion joint is a gap between the retaining wall. This gap has its own function on the retaining wall
to resist the next retaining wall from cracking and failure.
Expansion joint might to be constructing between 5m-10m depending on the load applied on the retaining
wall, soil type and difficulty of the place.
Construction joint is also another type of joint this means when we stop working of filling the concrete
in one structure we did not leave it on straight this is recommended make it angled and then when we
continue the work it can bind well. This joint is called construction joint.

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CONSTRUCTION
JOINT
WEEP HOLE
COURSE SIZE
Ropes used to erect the 30X30cm
retaining
Figure 2rataining wall construction and some parts
PAD is one of the structures of retaining wall it differ from the above structure by its reinforcement bar.
Mostly we use Φ 16 bars.
After we construct the pad the next step is constructing the retaining masonry. The masonry course stone
size is 30cm x 30cm.
The mortar mix design used for retaining wall is 1:3 (1 bag of cement and 3 box of sand)
Pad bar placing
Formwork for
pad
Figure 3 pad before and after fill with the concrete

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Simple Calculation to Check the Top Width of Rw

1/2.5=0.4*5.18=2.07
1/10=0.1*5.18=0.518
1 1 2.07+0.518=2.59
10 2.5 5.18 3.2-2.59=0.6m the top width of RW
3.20
This is a box used to make mix for masonry V=20cmx40cmx50cm=40000cm3
Made from wood

Used to measure the
mixing ratio value
Figure 4 mixing box made from wood
(B) Ditch Construction

Ditch is one of the structures that I have pursuit on my intern program. This is used to drain
water which comes on the side of asphalt and which drains out from the asphalt surface. Mainly there are
different types of ditch structures on different terrain but they have the same function
Namely: - V-ditch
- Nike type
- U- ditch
Mainly use U-ditch on the rural areas for drain out water comes from asphalt surface.
We use NIKE type of ditch when the back slope of the ditch is the same as to the slope of the
terrain
How to Construct U-Ditch
Steps to construct U-ditch

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 Erect the profile by using surveying data. Those surveying data are located on the
ground or the starting point of the masonry work and also to set out the profile.datas
are from the office.
 After they erect the profile the top of the ditch point is also given by the surveyor by
using leveling instrument
 After that they start working or built the masonry work using their drawing.
 Mostly the design height of the ditches is 1m and the asphalt sides of the ditch have a
small battering (slope) 1:1.3 but the other sides have no slope.
 The first courses of the ditches are paved. This is used for transporting water and
flood that comes from different catchment and from the asphalt surface. And its width
is mostly 0.6m only the inner part of the ditch. But the whole width of the ditch is
1.63m.
 Above the first course they start to construct the side of the ditch. One side of the
ditch width is 0.3m but the other sides have different width at the bottom and the top.
The bottom width of the ditch is 0.6m and the top width is 0.3m.
The other structure constructed with the ditch is called curb stone
Curb stone is the structure which is constructed with the side of the ditch. This is used for
to give strength for asphalt and protect the ditch from erosion of water which percolates from the asphalt.
And it resist the force which comes from the asphalt laterally. Mostly this structures were built on U-type
(rectangular) ditches and on the side of cobblestone works .
V-ditches are mostly constructed if the amount of flood which comes from different catchment is
small.
Figure for both Ditches and Curbstones
10cm height for
ditch cover
Curbstone
30cm thickness for

Water flowing
1m height and 1.63m width rectangular ditch

Figure 5 U-type of ditch or rectangular ditch

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Formwork for
curbstone
Figure 6 curb stone formwork and fill with the concrete respectively
(C) Bridge
Bridge is one of a major structure that is built around the wide river for crossing the highway.
Bridges may be categorized according to their main use, such as highway bridges, railway Bridges,
pedestrian bridges, etc. They may also be sorted according to the material used in their construction, such
as reinforced concrete bridges, steel bridges, stone bridges, timber Bridges, etc.
They may also be sorted into rigid, removable and floating bridges. In this manual, the type of
design is used to categorize the bridges: slab bridges and girder bridges, which are called framed if the
slabs or beams are rigid at the supports, tube bridges, Arch bridges, truss bridges, cable bridges and
suspension bridges.
Apart from these means of grouping bridges, there are a great number of combinations and
Variations depending on purpose, economy, and site condition.
Basically on the site the constructing type of bridge is framed structure which is a combination of
both the slab and girder beam. This bridge contain different structures those are
 Slab
 Girder beam
 Abutment
 Pier
 Wing wall
 Deck
 bearing
But the above listed structures can be categorized under sub-structure and super-structure from those
deck, girder and slap are the super-structures and the rest are sub-structures.
Super-structures are the main part of the bridge because they are used to carry the load of the vehicles
and the pedestrians and they transfer the load to the abutment and the pier.
Sub-structure those are used for to transfer the load to the foundation which comes from the super
structure.
Slab is the structure which is found before the girder beam which transfer its load to the abutment and it
have different bar arrangement to that of the girder beam.
Girder Beam is the middle part of the bridge which transfer its load to the pier. And it has its own bar
arrangement.
Abutment which is construct from masonry and it support the slab and the deck is construct on it.

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Pier which is reinforced and it is construct like column it support the girder beam and transfer the load to
the foundation.
Deck it has L shape structure which holds the girder beam and the bearing on it.
Bearing is act like a support to minimize the vibration of the bridge .
Handrail
Slab
deck
Girder beam
Scaffolding
Abutment
Pier
Figure 7 bridge structure before constructing girder beam and fill the girder beam .
(D) Pipe Culvert

Pipe culvert is also one of the structure that can built on different site conditions to drain
out water which comes from different catchment area and it is a minor type of structure.
The pipes used for the culvert are pre-fabricated and they are reinforced because different heavy
vehicle are pass through the pipe culvert so to resist those loads and transfer the loads well to the ground
we have to provide reinforced bars.
Those pipes have different diameters based on the amount of the water flow through the pipe.
When we construct the pipe culvert we have to consider different conditions like ……..
1. the soil type to place the pipes if the soil is black cotton soil ERA
recommend under cut up to 60cm from the normal ground level
2. Hydraulic data that show the amount of water pass through our pipe this
helps us to determine the diameter of the pipes.
3. The width of the alignment. This helps to determine the number of pipe use
for the culvert because each pipe has 1m length if the length is not whole
number we have to extend or minimize the length of the pipe culvert .
Procedure to Build Pipe Culvert
1. Data’s are taken from the office those show the excavation layout, pipe culvert layout (invert)
to the surveyor.
2. The surveyor put the points on the site first the excavation layout then the invert layout after
excavation.
3. Build the inlet part by masonry.
4. Compact the soil up to 30cm for the pipe bed this is used for to safe our pipe from cracking

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5. Test should undertake after compaction this test is compaction test. To know the compaction
strength of the pipe bed.
6. Put the pipes closely and plaster it by cement.
Note after we put the pipes other stone materials around the pipe are not allowed to put
because if we put stone around the pipe they crush the pipe when the load is applied (vehicle pass above
the pipe).
7. Build the outlet by masonry
8. After those all action are done the last step is back fill of the pipe.this can be done by man
power to compact the backfill material by using compactor.
Figure 8 pipe installation and outlet constructing
(E) Slab Culvert

Slab culvert is single reinforced concrete. The
reinforced concrete slab is laid at deep depth below
the asphalt concrete layer. So the traffic load reaches
to the slab in a small extent. This is the reason why
the slab culvert is single reinforced slab.
Slab culvert has different parts. The two side walls
are stone masonry wall. The bottom of the culvert is
mass concrete which is laid on the lean concrete.
The top of the culvert is reinforced concrete slab. Wing walls are constructed at the outlet and inlet of the
culvert to preserve the soil from erosion. The two side walls are constructed with some inclination at the
back fill side. This is done to avoid over turning of the structure.
2.3.2. Earth Work
Earth work means excavation of materials from cutting and the construction of embankments and
other pavement layers up to the natural sub base layer.
Earth work is conversion of natural condition to required section and grade. The term earth work
includes all clearing, grubbing, road way and drainage excavation, excavation for structures, detour
construction, embankment construction, borrow, Cutting, waste, overhaul, compaction, finishing
operation, and all operation of preparing the sub grade foundation for high way or runway pavement.
It is the most common item of work encountered in high way project.
The quantity and cost of earthwork are calculated in terms of cubic meters of excavation in its original
position on the basis of cross section notes from field measurement. The quantity of work in
embankment and cuts are computed by the help of software programs.
(A) Clearing and Grubbing
This part of the major construction work consists of clearing and grubbing of the road corridor within the
given slope stake limits, construction and maintenance of diversion roads , demolishing and disposing of
different types of obstructions within the right of way limits. Clearing of the site and grubbing necessary
for the construction of the works consists of removal of all trees, brushes, vegetations, rubbish, fences, all
stumps and root and all other objectionable materials including disposal of all materials resulting from
clearing and grubbing.

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Before commencing the clearing and grubbing works, the following operations will be carried out under
the supervision of the Engineer:
 Re-surveying of the road,
 Inventory of trees and properties,
 Identification of right of way problems and resolve.
 Preparations and approval of cross section drawings (templates) and quantities.
 Getting consent as to the limits of clearing and grubbing,
 Setting out the road reserve that fall within the limits of the road prism,
 Arrange dumping area for disposal of excess or unsuitable cleared and grubbed materials.
All clearing and grubbing works will be done immediately before the subsequent construction activities in
order to avoid re-clearing works. The disposal of material will be executed after written authorization
from concerned authority for the use of the land for this purpose.
Following thorough investigation of the scope of the works, contractor noted that the volume of works
involved in site preparation is insignificant and therefore not critical.
Contractor is carrying the site preparation activity with the following resources:
Equipment and Machineries
Type No
Dozer D8R, 305Hp 1
Grader 140K, 185Hp 1
Total station 1
50 meter steel meter 1
Vehicle 1
Table 4No of equipment and machineries
Manpower No
Earthwork Forman 1
Surveyor 1
Chainman/ Grade checker 2
Dozer & Grader Operator 2
Operator helper 2
Mechanic 1
Driver 1
Unskilled laborers 3
Table 5No of man power

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The above machineries are not expected to be engaged in this activity full time. Three fourth of their
capacity will be sufficient to carry this activity and hence their one fourth capacities will be utilized in
other activities, like temporary diversion.
(B) Common Excavation
Common excavation work includes common excavation to waste, common excavation to stock, free
hauling, embankment placing, road bed preparation, sub grade preparation & road widening, fill
activities. All these activities will be executed according to the specifications and with the consent and
approval of the Engineer. The quantity of earth work in this project is significant.
Wasting of surplus or unsuitable materials will be carried out by dozers and excavators where nearby
disposal area is available and/or hauled to disposal area using dump trucks as per the requirement of the
contract.
Excavated and stock pilled materials will be used for embankment material by dozing to nearby cut to
fill areas using dozers and excavators. This material will be spread, watered, mixed and compacted using,
graders, water trucks and compactors. Free hauling of stockpiled material to fill areas will be carried out
using Excavator and dump trucks.
Placing of hauled embankment material will be placed in conformity with the specifications using
graders, compactors and water trucks. Embankment construction will be under taken by spreading,
watering, mixing and compaction as per the specification. Quality tests, level check, close supervision
will be conducted to assure quality control and approva
BENCH CUT
This alignment is the junction to
sawre village
Height of the pavement

layer placing
Figure 9 common excavation
(C)Embankment
Embankment is a portion of road prism composed of approved fill material (by the consulting
engineers), which lies above the original ground level and is bounded by the side slopes, extending
downward and/or outwards from the outer shoulder breakpoints(outer edge of the shoulder) and on which
the pavement is constructed.
And when we say embankment work it means placement of material from cut section or any other
selected material that is imported to the work site on undisturbed ground to obtain the desired elevation.
Embankment is classified as

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 earth embankment
 rock fill embankment
Embankment is constructed as follows
 The surveyors fix the slope stake limits according the design data
 Removal of any unsuitable material and with appropriate materials as per the engineer’s
Recommendation.
 preparation of the road bed
 Field density test is done to check whether the necessary compaction have been attained at the
optimum moisture content
 After water showering the road bed the calculated volume of fill material is dumped
 The dumped fill material is mixed and placed at moisture content near the Optimum
Moisture Content (OMC) using grader.
 The mixed and placed material is compacted using roller to attain 95% compaction on the field.
Whereas when there is high fill, it will not be economical to use normal fill material with
20cm fill depth per layer, so if it is allowed by the engineers, rock fill embankment can be used with
higher depth of fill per layer (up to 50cm). Unlike normal, fill placing of rock fill material is done using
doze and mixing and smoothing id done using grader.
The material to be used for embankment work should have CBR of greater than 5% and PI value of less
than 30, when determined using AASHTON method.
The embankment fill until it reaches the sub

grade level
Figure 10 embankment fill
(D) Watering/Showering/
Watering , shall consists of providing and spreading over water required in the compaction of
embankments, road way beds, back fill, special sub base, course and surface course. We use watering
when the pavement layer is not attain the compaction or to

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Figure 11showering/watering/
(E) Compaction
Compaction is defined as a procedure that increases the density of a particular material by expelling air
from the voids in the material and there by bringing the particles into more intimate contact with each
other
 Compaction is the cheapest and simplest method of improving the shearing resistance of the soil
and minimizing future settlements. Therefore, soils in embankments and subgrades in cuts are
usually always compacted using special equipment (rollers, vibrators, tampers, etc…).
 The result of compaction work depends on moisture content of the soil, type of soil, equipment
used and the energy applied.
Figure 12 compaction of sub base layer
(F) Borrow

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Where sufficient quantities of suitable material are not available from roadway excavation as
planned, additional materials shall be excavated from borrow pits indicated on the plans or approved
by the Engineer.
Where is the location of borrow material?
- The location of borrow material (i.e. approved borrow pit) is predetermined by the designers. Site
engineers can easily find the borrow pits from designed plans.
How can we obtain borrow material?
- Borrow materials is not obtained from roadway excavation but secured by widening cuts, flattening
back slopes, excavating from sources adjacent to the road within the right-of-way, or from selected
borrow pits as may be noted on the plans.
Figure 13 borrow material
(G) Waste
Material excavated from roadway cuts but not required for making the embankment. Here in our
project, sometimes the waste can be used to construct access road for quarry sites, alternative earth
road for the farmers and also it can be used as a flattening material for side fill.
2.3.3. Earth Work Equipment’s
Bull Dozer
 Clearing and grubbing
 Removal of unsuitable material
 Construction, maintenance and repairing of temporary diversion(i.e. detours)
Motor Grader
 Preparing the road bed for compaction
 Placing of different materials and blending
Wheel/Chain Loader
 Loading of materials
 Volume=2.0-2.5m3
Rollers/Tempers …

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 Compaction (14-20 tone)

 Road bed preparation for compaction
Wheel/Chain Excavator
 Borrow material production
 Excavating of materials
 Structure excavation (demolishing)
 Excavating for drainage structures
 Loading the materials
 Volume 1.0-1.5m3
Dump Trucks
 Selected material hauling
 Dumping materials
 Volume 14-16m3
Water Truck
 Showering
 Volume >20,000 liter
Pictures of earth work equipment’s respectively
Loader
GRADER
Water truck
Dump
truck

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EXCAVATOR ROLLER
Figure 14earth work equipment’s
Earth Work Flow Chart
DUMP TRUCK

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Earth Work
Check & establish control point Locate borrow material sources
Survey of original ground cross section Test borrow/excavated material
Preparation of template Check and approval by the Engineer
Check and approval by the Engineer
Clearing & grubbing
Excavate roadway & borrow

Road bed preparation
Road bed preparation Embankment
Approval of density Subgrade
Table 6 earth work flow chart

2.3.4. Pavement Works
Pavement work means the order of the pavement layers starting from the natural subgrade
level to the asphalt layers. But before starting the layers we have to cut the normal ground level 20cm to
avoid unwanted materials like huge stones, grass, roots and other small plants. And then by using
surveying data that comes from the office engineer we put the level of OGL.
After we find the OGL we start put the grade of each pavement layer by using total station and other
instrument.
Pavement layers are

 Subgrade
 Sub-base first layer and second layer

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 Base course
 Bituminous asphalt surface
Subgrade is the last layer if the pavement layer.

The sub grad is prepared by either filling or cutting so as to meet the design level. If the design
approved necessitates cutting, the existing ground is excavated using any suitable equipment
(dozer, excavator, and grader) until the finished sub grade level is reached.
As sub grade is the final layer of the embankment in fill section and in cut section this is the layer just
above road bed on which the pavement layers finally rest, it should be carefully constructed.
Sub-base is the second layer of the pavement layer.

The sub base is an important load spreading layer which enables traffic stress to be reduced to
acceptable level on the sub grade. It also acts as a working plat form for the construction of the upper
pavement layer separating the sub grade/capping/layer and base course.
Sub base is produced from an area which has good quality of material identified by the
contractor and approved by the engineers (consultant).
(A) Selected Sub Base Material

This section covers the construction of sub base layer from an approved sub base material. It includes
the use of natural gravels that satisfy the requirement of the specifications or otherwise screened gravels,
crushed and screened gravels, and/or crushed stone in accordance with the specifications and in
conformity with lines, grade, thickness, and typical sections shown on the drawings and/or as directed by
the Engineer. This task mainly includes production, hauling and placing of sub base material. Before
preparing the roadbed or sub-grade for placement of the pavement, the entire roadway should be carefully
checked to see that the earthwork conforms to the required cross section and grade within the accuracy of
the tolerances established by the Specifications. The sequences of sub base construction include:
- Material investigation,
- Quality tests and approval as per the specifications,
- Material production upon close inspection and supervision,
- Hauling and dumping sub base material on an approved surface,
- Spreading, watering, mixing, placing and compaction,
- Level check, compaction test, correction work and approval.
Sub base Work Flow Chart

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Sub grade layer Locate subbase

Approval mat. source
Hauling subbase Test the

matetial material
Check and
Spreading,mixing ,Plac approve the
ing and Compaction mat. by the
Engineer
Check and approve by Subbase

the Engineer material
production
Table 7sub base work flow
(B) Dumping
Dumping means placing a material of the layers which comes from the production of materials. For
different layers we have different type of materials
 For the first layer the dumping material is borrow which means only a soil without any stone
material.
 For the second layer the dumping material is aggregate below 4.75mm sieve size ( for 1 st and 2nd
layer of sub base)
 For the third layer the dumping material is crushed stone aggregate<=50mm.
 For the asphalt 00 aggregate mix with range material
Calculation for Number of Dumping and Its Volume
Procedure
 read the thickness of the pavement on the right, center and left side from the surveyor
data
 take average of the three reading
L+C+R = thickness where L= left side cut or fill elevation
3 C= center cut or fill elevation
R= right side cut or fill elivation

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Width= length of carriage way up to shoulder

Length= length of station ready for dumping
 calculate the volume of dump
Volume (V) =L*W*T*15% where L=length

W= width
T=thickness and15% is wastage due to hauling.
 Calculating number of dumping amount
No- of dumping=V
Vtruck
But 1dump truck can carry 16m3 of the material but it might not fill well due to its speed
and hauling so we have to use 12m3.
Figure 15 dumping
Tests should undertake for the pave0ment layers

 FDT
 CBR
 Density
 Moisture content
 PI
2.3.5. Surveying Activities

Surveying plays an extremely important role in any construction project. Construction surveying can take
many forms. It is used to establish the location and alignment of highways, bridges, buildings, pipes, and
other man-made objects.
The role of surveyors in a highway alignment is described as follows.
Topographic surveys should have to be conducted before ERA granted the contract to the contractor.
The main purpose of Topographic Survey is to:-
 Establish control points and bench marks;
 Collect detail topographical data for man-made and natural features.

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In order to apply topographic survey, suitable position have to be selected for control points on
which GPS observation are made. The positions have to be free from any obstruction and that will help to
obtain a good quality signal.
In our project, there are several GPS Points have been established along the project at 3km intervals. .
Each GPS contains
 Northing
 Easting
 Elevation
After the GPS’s are installed, bench mark points are known and detail engineering designs are carried out
by Associated Engineering Consultants.
* Associated Engineering Consultants is the company which secured the design bid proposed by
ERA*
After ERA granted the contract to the contractor, the surveying crew of contractor will cross check
either the grounded GPS or the bench mark data’s are correct or not. This is done by running traversing
and differential leveling. If there is anything wrong with the coordinates of the GPS and the benchmark,
ERA will install a new GPS and make a new benchmark.
The first task after cross checking, is to identify the center line of the route, gather cross-sectional data
and prepare well organized data.
Before any construction activities, all survey data and results will be submitted to the office engineers in
well-organized format. Then after, the office engineer will approve the data and order them to start a new
activity called setting out.
Based on surveying data, office engineers will design a template [i.e. cross sectional working drawings]
by using the software called Eagle Point. Next to this, the template will be approved and the surveyors
immediately begin setting out works.
Before any construction activities begin, the surveyor’s will provide the following data to the Forman.
 Boundary of earthwork activities;
 Depth for cut and fills;
 Center line, Fixing and locating position for any structures
The information that are provided for the Forman can be written on the:-
 Peg;
 Buried rocks;
 Features etc…
The essential data are listed as follows: -
 Offset distance from centerline;
 Slope ratio;
 Depth of cut and fill;
 Station.
Generally, the tasks that are performed by surveyors during a highway constructions are;
 Cross check the grounded GPS;
 Establish Bench marks;
 staking out the center line;
 Gathering of cross-sectional topographic data;
 Editing data’s;

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 Slope Staking;
 Staking out of structure;
 Blue top works;
 As built Readings.
The data is collected using total station and leveling. The total station works either in resection
method which is free on a sector to set out the instrument at a place or from known azimuth which is
based on benchmark. The output of the data may be extracted from the instrument using cable or cards.
The extracted data is then edited and submitted to the office. The office engineer process it and prepares
working drawings. Then the surveyor setout required points using design template
Leveling: is a surveying operation in which height of objects and points are determined relative to a
specific datum usually the mean sea level.
Total station: Using total station the following tasks were performed. These are setting out of excavation
and structural layout for culverts, Stake out of centerline for the road and for cross sectional survey.
CUT BENCH
Figure 16 setting out points using total station
2.4. Field and Laboratory Tests

There are so many tests on the construction of high way. I joined the laboratory which is used by
the contractors and consultants in common. On high way construction material is tested to avoid failure of
pavements and structures before design period.
Generally material test can be classified as;
- In situ test;
Field density and
Slump test (for concrete)
- Laboratory test;
On this crew tests for:
Embankment fill
 Sub base
 Base course and
 Wearing course and
 Concrete work were done.
 Aggregate

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2.4.1.Soil Tests
(A) Field density test (FDT)
This test is done to determine the actual in site density of embankments, structural back fills, sub
grade layer, sub base layer, and base course layers. If the work field FDT the engineers may recommend
rapping and reworking or if the material found to be unsuitable replacement of material may be
recommended.
The field density requirement for any earth work is specified as the percentage of the maximum dry
density (MDD) found in laboratory test as compared to the field dry density.
Procedure for FDT
Sand cone (replacement) method
Calibrated and standardization of density sand
1. Wash the sand to clean dust particles.
2. Dry it and sieve the washed sand using sieve size 600mm and 300mm and use sand passing sieve
size 600mm and retained on sieve size 300mm.
3. Determine mass of calibrated sand to require filling the cone.
Mass of jar + sand before pouring = a
Mass of jar + sand after pouring = b
Mass in cone=c=a-b
Volume of cone=v—from given data
Bulk unit weight of sand (Bd) =c/v (ps)
pI=w/v
Procedure of FDT
 Inspect all density apparatus and assemble the density jar apparatus.
 Select allocation that is representative of the area.
 Place the material plate centrally hole plate on the leveled surface.
 Nail it in four positions.
 Excavate the hole through the center hole.
 Carefully trim the sides of excavation and continue excavation to a depth of 15 cm.
 Clean the sides and bottom of test pit.
 Weigh the removed sample using benzene to determine moisture content.
 Weigh calibrated sand and the jar before pouring and port the sand on the test when it being stops
pouring into test pit close the density value.
 Weigh the remaining sand and jar.
 Clean all the used apparatus
-After all: determine the volume of test hole.
Volume of hole (V) = ws/ps
Where: ws-wet of soil
Ps- unit weight of clean sand
-Determine the in place bulk density (Bd)
Let M1-wet weight of soil form hole container
M2- mass of container

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V –volume of hole
Bd=m1-m2/v
-Determine the in situ moisture content
Let a-wet weight of soil + container
b- Dry weight +container
Mc=a-b/b-c*100
-determine the in situ dry density
Dd=Bd/1+mc/100
-determine the percentage of compaction
MDD obtained from proctor test on the laboratory
C= DD/MDD*100
(B) Slump test
Objective- This test is used for determining the workability of fresh concrete. The method applies to
cohesive concrete of medium to high workability and with maximum aggregate size of 40mm.
Main principle- During the construction of the structures the freshly mixed sample is taken from
the mixed concrete and it is carried out by filling a specified mold shaped as the frustum of a cone in three
layers. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. Remove the mold; allow the concrete to
subside and measure the slump after removal of the mold.
Apparatus
- slump cone,
- hay
- metal rod (lamping rod)
- knife
Procedure - The slump cone is filled with 3 layers each with 25 blows per layer.
- Then trim the surface smoothly and press it to degree.
- Remove the slump cone from the sample carefully.
- Put the slump cone adjacent to the sample.
- Put the material rod on top of the slump cone.
- Measure the difference in height of the slump cone and that of the sample of /the
gap between the sample and the metal rod.
- Compare the result with the specification standards
- Specification limit; 25mm-75mm
(C) Compressive strength test
Objective- this covers to check the characteristics of the concrete that have we have used
in the construction of structures .The concrete strength is normally tested at the age of 28 days but, for
purpose of proceeding works it can be tested at the age of 7 days.
Main principle- During the construction of structure, the concrete was mixed with the ratio ;to
check the sample of the concrete was casted in the mold (15mm*15mm*15mm) and socked in the water
for 28 days /7 days then it is broken by the compressive strength machine. I f the concrete type is c-25,

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the compressive strength at the age of 7 days should attain 12 percent of its strength and 28 days should
attain 25 percent of its strength.
Figure 17 casting concrete and compressive test after 7 days
2.4.2. Laboratory Tests

- Proctor test, CBR, plasticity index, LAA, ACV, grading, classification etc.
(A) Proctor Test
Objective- this test is used to obtain the optimum moisture content (OMC) of a soil at which a
specified amount of compaction will produce the maximum dry density (MDD) .This test could be
standard penetration test and modified penetration test.
Standard penetration test-it is attest with light compaction, for light traffic road construction by
using 2.5kg rammer and 3 layer compaction.
Modified penetration test-it is heavy compaction for heavy load construction by using 4.5kg
and 5 layer compaction in case of this project the heavy compaction test (MPT) is used because of the
design standard of the road (DS5).
MPT is carried with the following parameter
Method “c” of mold 152mm
Weight of rammer=4.5kg
Height of rammer=18cm
No. of blows=56 and
Layer no. =5
Method of c 152mm diameter of mold, material passing 19mm sieve.
Apparatus:
- mold
- hammer
- balance
- knife
- graduated measuring cylinder
- cylinder
- metal tray
Procedures of proctor:
 First prepare sample of soil 6kg each passing sieve 19mm.

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 Then check the mold that it is clean and dry.

 Weigh the mold and record it.
 Adjust the moisture content to desired starting value and mix with sample of soil.
 Place some sample on the mold for the first layer and compact it with 56 blows.
 Repeat this up to 5th layer.
 Then trim the surface equally and small fragments at the surface should be filled with fine
material.
 Weigh the sample + mold and record.
Weight of mold=5100
Volume of mold=2124
 Extrude and breakup the sample
 Take small sample and let it oven dry for 18-24hrs.
 Repeat the above all process for the other two samples by increasing the amount of
water by 2 percent of the previous sample.
 If a decrease in weight is not noted. Prepare other sample and proceed with the same
steps until u get a decrease in weight.
Calculation
For each trial determine;
 Bulk density (Bd)= (m2-m1)/v
Where; M1- weight of mold
M2- weight of mold + sample
V- Volume of mold
 moisture content (Mc)= a-b/b-c*100
where; a- wet weight + container
b- Dry weight + container
c- Weight of container
 dry density (Dd)=Bd*100/Mc+100
From the above result, draw dry density vs. moisture content graph and take care not to
exaggerate the turning point of the graph.
Read maximum dry density (MDD) at the turning point of the graph and read if the
corresponding moisture content of that density that value is the OMC of the soil.

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Figure 18process of proctor test and recording
(B) California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR)

This test is used to develop by the California division of high way. It is used to evaluate
the penetration strength of sub grade, sub base, base course, and surfacing materials. In this test, material
samples compacted in a standard CBR mold at OMC/ tested to give a relative strength of the material for
pavement structure with respect to crushed rock, which is considered on excellent base material.
It is developed to measure the resistance of a material to penetration of standard plunger under
controlled moisture content and density. This test also used to know the value of swell when the soil is
affected by flood on the site.
Three samples of material, each 6kg prepared from either of the following condition met i.e.
 If all pass 19mm sieve.
 For sub base and capping, if retained on 19mm sieve is <10 percent, no correction is needed for
it’s removed.
 But if retained on 19mm sieve is >10 percent, it should replace by a similar mass passing sieve
19mm and retained on sieve 4.75mm.
Procedures of CBR test
 Determine the natural moisture content (Nmc) of the sample.
 Calculate the amount of water to be added from Nmc and OMC (from proctor test).
M= Omc-Nmc/Nmc+100*the sample weight of the soil (mostly in the AKIR company
use 6000g)
Where: M-amount of water to be added for CBR test
 Weigh 6kg of sample and add the calculated amount of water and the mix it.
 Weigh the mold and record.
 Place the first portion of the sample into mold and compact use modified and each layer have 5
partition
M1-10 blows
M2-30 blows
M3-65 blows

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For each blow we use the same amount of water.

 Weigh mass of mold + sample and record.
 Place a disk of coarse gutter paper on the perforated base plate.

 Invert the mold place gutter paper on it and then surcharge weights.
 Mount the dial gauge support on top of the extension on caller, fit the dial gauge and adjust the
level of the stem on the perforated plate so that the gauged reads value or any other convenient
value.
 Immerse the assembled mold in water allowing free access of water in top and bottom.
 Take the initial measurement of swell immediately and soak it for 4 days
 Take the final swell measurement after 4 days soaking
Calculation of swell;
% Swell=h2-h1*0.0245*100
Where: H-height of specimen
H1- initial dial reading
H2- final dial reading
Division of the swelling dial gauge=0.0245mm
Penetration procedure
-remove the sample and mold from tank and allow it to drain for 15min.
-remove surcharge, perforated plate and extension collar and weigh the mold + sample weight.
-place the mold with base contains the sample centrally on the CBR testing machine.
-Contact the plunger with top of sample surface.
-mount the penetration dial gauge on the bracket attached to the plunger.
-adjust the penetration dial gauge to read zero /same convenient datum reading
-switch on the power and record the load ring dial and penetration at 64mm up to 12.7mm i.e. (0.64, 1.27,
1.96, 2.54, 3.18, 4.45, 5.08, 7.62, 10.16, and 12.7
Recommended value to pass the test result for different soil material:
 For borrow material CBR>=8
 The same value for sub grade CBR>=8
 For sub-base material CBR>30
 For base course material CBR>=100

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Figure 19CBR after soaking and depth of penetration
(c)Plastic Index Test

From the atterberg limits we can determine plastic index (PI), which indicates the degree of
plasticity a soil. The greater the difference liquid limit and plastic limits, the greater is the plasticity of the
soil. A cohesion less soils has zero plasticity index such soils are termed non plastic.
Procedures of liquid limit determination

-prepare a sample which passes sieve no.40 (sieve size 0.425).
-soak it in water for 18-24hrs to get uniform soil mass.
-mix the sample in dish adding certain amount of water to form a uniform mass of stiff consistency using
spatula.
-place sufficient amount of mix in the cassagranda cap.
-Squeeze it well to avoid voids spaces.
-trim the placed sample carefully to create flat surface.
-divide the sample in the cup by affirm stroke of the grooving tool through the curve.
-rotate the handle of the cassagranda cap at a steady rate of 2rev/5.
-Stop running when the grooved sample is closed and register the no. of blows.
-Take small sample and weight for moisture content.
-repeat the steps varying the amount of water till you get no. of blows in the following range.
First trial= 25-35
Second trial= 20-30
Third trial 15-25
FILL THE TURN THE TAKE THE

SPLIT THE CASSAGRANDE UP
CASSGRAANDE WITH SAMPLE BY COLLAPSE FOR THE
THE SAMPLE TO THE SAMPLE TEST
USING COLLAPSE
Figure 20 process of plastic limit test
Procedure for plastic limit determination

- Prepare a small sample from the first trial of the liquid limit (LL) test.
- Roll the sample in to ball to reduce its moisture content.
- Roll the sample between finger and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the sample
in to a uniform thread of 3mm diameter and continue this until the thread crumbles.

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- After crumbling stage reached gather the pieces together.

- Divide the piece in to two containers and weight the container and the soil.
- Oven dries the sample for 18-24hrs and weighs the dried sample.
Calculation
Determine the moisture content of sample on each container and take the average water
content. This value sands for the plastic limit of the sample.
Then; PI=LL-PL
Figure 21 process of LL test
(D) Shrinkage Limit Test

This test is used to determine the cracking value of the sample. And this helps on the site when the
moisture is removed from the soil to know the amount of shrinkage. And also to know the number of
dumping on the site this means if the material have high value of shrinkage we have to add some amount
of number of dumps to replace the shrinkage wastage
N.B Shrinkage limit test is taken only for sub base material.
Apparatus
 Can
 Spatula
 Shrinkage mold
 caliper
Procedure for shrinkage limit
- Sieve the sample by 0.425mm sieve size and take pass through the sieve
- Soak for 24hr with small amount of water to make wet all the sample soils.
- Mix the sample with water by using spatula.
- Fill the shrinkage mold when the soil sample cassagrande reading is 25.
- Smooth the surface until the air bubbles removed from the sample
- Dry the sample for 24hr in air
- Place the sample in the oven for 16hr and more in 60˚C
- After that measure the cracking value using caliper.
Recommend value to pass the test

If the measuring value is >3mm…….pass the test
“ “ “ is <3mm…….fail.

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AFTER
SHRINKAGE 24HOUR IN MEASUSRE
SHRINKAGE MOLD THE OVEN THE
MOLD FILLED WITH DRY SHIRNKAGE
THE SAMPLE BY CALLIPER
Figure 22process of shrinkage limit test
2.4.3. Aggregate Tests

Tests taken in the laboratory for aggregate are
 LAA
 ACV
 TFV
 Flakiness index
 Elongation
 Specific gravity and absorption of aggregate
 Soundness of aggregate
(A)Los Angeles Abrasion Test (ASTM Designtion-C-131-03)

Abrasion test is the test used to know how the aggregate is sufficiently hard to resist the abrasive
effect traffic over its service life. Los Angeles abrasion test involves the use of steel dram, revolving on
horizontal axis, into which the test sample of chippings is loaded together with steel balls of 46.8mm
diameter. The LAS is the percentage of fines passing the 0.0175mm sieve after the specified number of
revolutions of the drum is fitted with internal baffles casing the aggregate and the steel balls to be lifted
and then fall as a drum revolves. The test therefore gives an indication of the impacted strength in
combination with the abrasion resistance of the aggregate. The test has four grading and use their
corresponding number of steel ball spheres.
Grading Number of Mass of
spheres sample(gm)
A 12 5000
B 11 5000
C 8 5000
D 6 5000

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Figure 23LAA No of sphere and their grading
TAKE OUT THE SAMPLE FROM SEIVE THE CRUSHED SAMPLE BY

AFTER 500 REVOLUTION THE LAA MACHINE 0.0175 SIEVE SIZE
Figure 24process of LAA test
Calculation: % of LAA= Where: M1= mass of sample before test and M2=mass of sample after
test retained on 0.0175 sieve,
(B) Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)
Objective
The Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) gives a relative measure of the resistance or strength of
coarse aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied load. Aggregates used in road construction
should be strong enough to resist crushing under traffic wheel loads. If the aggregates are weak,
the integrity of the pavement structure is likely to be adversely affected .
Main Principles
The Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) was determined by measuring the material passing a
specified sieve (2.36mm sieve) after crushing under 400KN load. The test is applicable to a standard
fraction aggregates passing 14mm sieve and retained on a 10mmsieve. The method is not suitable for
testing soft aggregates with an ACV higher than30.
Calculation:
Calculate the Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) expressed as the percentage of the material
passing the 2.36mm sieve (in g) to mass of the test specimen (in g):
ACV= 100× (M2/M1), where M1= total test specimen (in g),
M2=the material passing the 2.36 mm sieve (in g).
(C) Ten Percent Fines Value (TFV)
Objective: Ten Percent Fines Value (TFV) gives a relative measure of the resistance of coarse aggregate
to crushing under a gradually applied load. Aggregates used in road construction should be strong enough

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to resist crushing under traffic wheel loads. If the aggregates are weak, the integrity of the pavement
structure may be adversely affected.
Main Principles: The 10% Fines Value (TFV) was determined by measuring the load required to
crush a prepared aggregate sample to give 10% of the material passing a specified sieve (2.36mm
sieve) after crushing. The test can be performed in both a dry condition and in a soaked condition. The
test is applicable to both weak and strong aggregates. The standard size fraction is passing a 14mm sieve
and retained on a10mm sieve. (The TFV test resembles the determination n of the Aggregate Crushing
Value (ACV), which requires a force equal to 400KN to be applied on the test sample).
Calculation:
Calculate the force F(in KN),to the nearest whole number , required to produce 10% fines for each test
specimen, with the percentage of material passing in the range 7.5%-12.5%, from the following
equation:
TFV= 14f/ (m+4), w/r f=is the maximum force (in KN),
m=is the percentage of material passing the 2.36mm sieve at the maximum force. Calculate the mean of
the two results to the nearest 10KN for forces of 100KN or more, or to the nearest 5KN for forces less
than 100KN and report the mean as T en Percent Fines Value (TFV).
(D)Flakiness Index (FI)
This test is done for base course and asphalt aggregate for this project.The flakiness index of an
aggregate is the percentage by weight of an aggregate whose least thickness is less than 60% of the mean
thickness. For base course and wearing course the presence of flaky aggregate is a desirable as they may
cause inherent weakness with possibility of breaking down under heavy loads.
The aggregate is gauged with thickness gauge each size fractions separately with hand so that the flaky
aggregate is separated.
Figure 25 types of sieve used to determine the FI
Particular Technical Specifications

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 Soils used for improved sub grade layers shall be non-expansive and non-
dispersive. They shall comply with the requirements shown in Table
below.
Material properties Required limits
CBR at 95% MDD(AASHTO T-180 D) Min 8
CBR-swell% Max 2
PI% Max 25
Compacted density 95% of ASHTO T180
Compacted layer thickness Max 200mm
Table 8specification for different type of material
 Selected fill materials for the construction of embankments shall fulfill the following
requirements:
 CBR……………………………………Min 8%(AASHTO T-193)
 Swell…………………………………..Max 2% (AASHTO T-193)
 Liquid Limit………………………….Max 60%(AASHTO T-89)
 Plastic Limit…………………………..Max 25%(AASHTO T-90)
 Max particle size: the fill material shall not contain particles a max dimension
exceeding two third of the specification layer thickness after compaction, except in the
case of rock fills.
 Compaction requirement: each layer of fill shall be compacted not less than 95% of the
MDD when determined in accordance with AASHTO-180.
 Max layer thickness: fills other than rock fill, shall deposited in layer not exceeding
200 mm compacted thicknesses. Each layer shall extend over the full width of the
embankments.
 Moisture content: the moisture content of fill material at the time of compaction shall
be the optimum for the equipment being used and not more than 2 % above the
optimum moisture content.
 Material source for sub bases
 Material used for the construction of sub base layers shall be either:
 Natural gravel
 Crushed gravel
 Crushed rock or crushed boulders
 Specification requirements for sub base material
Property Gravel sub base Crushed stone sub base
Grading limit ERAs standard Table ERAs standard

5104/1 Table5105/1

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Grading modulus Min 1.5 except where a Min 1.5, approved by

material having a lower grading engineer but not <1.2
modulus ,but not <1.2
Plastic index  Max PI 6-12 Shall not exceed 6

 PP=PI*% passing
0.075mm sieve,
product shall not be
>75
CBR CBR at 95 of modified

AASHTO
Density Shall Not be <30%
Swell Shall not exceed 1%
Compaction Min 97% of Min 97% AASHTO 180

requirements MDD,AASHTO T180 D
LAA <50%(AASHTO T-96) <45%(AASHTO T-96)
Flakiness index <35(BS812,part 105 or

ASTM D 3398)
Table 9 specification requirement for sub base material
 Material source of bas course

 Bas course material could be either:
i. Grade crushed stone(GB1)
ii. Natural occurring granular material(GB2)
iii. Boulder or weathered rock(GB3)
 Requirement for bas course material
Property GB2 GB3 &GB2
Grading limit ERAs standard ERAs standard

table5200/1 table5200/1
PI Np 6
CBR CBR AT 98% of CBR AT 98% of

modified AASHTO density modified AASHTO density
shall be>100% shall be>80%
ACV Not <29% Min 50 KN
FI <30% <30%

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Abrasion <45%
Crushed ratio <60%
Table 10 requirement for base course material

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CHAPTER THREE
3. BENEFIT, PERFORMANCE AND CHALENGE

3.1. Benefits I Have Got From the Internship
3.1.1. Improving My Personal Skill
The four months internship practice was very good in terms of developing strength of real time
engineering problem solving and gaining working knowledge. It also guides me to decide my future job
in which ways and companies The internship program contributes significantly and positively
towards enhancing the knowledge base and motivational level of students.
By Working in AKIR Construction Company I have improved my personal skill working in different
sector with different peoples.
Some of the practical skills I have improved in the internship program are
 Ways of testing materials in the lab
In this program I have got a practical skill of conducting many tests that which helped me to
understand how a test should be conducted to get a perfect result.
 Preparation and Evaluation of weekly schedule.
Internship has increased may knowledge of machine and manpower management which is
a crucial thing in construction in the construction work.
 Knowing how to use the EAGLE POINT software for preparation of cross sectional
working drawings (also templates). Eagle Point is a software which uses the AUTOCAD as
an interface for working area. The procedure for preparation of cross sectional working
drawing using eagle point is as follows
 Create a folder and within the folder create an AutoCAD which serve as an
interface between the Eagle Point and AutoCAD software.
 Import the data in terms of X,Y,Z in an CSV excel format
 Using the surface modeling triangulate the data and then create a contour map.
 Using the design data from the consulting engineers draw the vertical and
horizontal alignments.
 Draw the cross sectional profile
 Finally the consultants approve the prepared cross sectional working drawing.
Data’s used for to prepared cross section and template of the alignment in the EAGLE POINT are listed
below
 Horizontal alignment data which includes easting, northing, elevation and radius of the
curve
 Vertical alignment which also include length of curve, elevation on tangent and elevation
on curve

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 OGL data which comes from the surveyor

 Hydrologic data
 Geo technical data
 Thickness of the pavement layers
 Process and method construction of earth work
I have got great experience in earth work construction. In the internship I have worked on the earth work.
I have got skill of construction on the ways of back slope construction, subgrade preparation,
production of sub base material (which material is suitable for the sub base material ) shoulder
preparation and cut and fill of the earth work . And I have got an understanding on ways of efficient use
of machine in construction.
 Construction of structures
I have observed construction of structures which are basic things in highway construction. For example
during construction of pipe culvert I have observed that how to prepare the invert bed of the pipe culvert,
how to prepare the pad and its bar placing when we construct the retaining wall, and some types of ditch,
curbstones and junctions.
3.1.2. Upgrading My Theoretical Knowledge
Working as an intern student in a construction company has increased my theoretical knowledge
on civil engineering subjects like soil mechanics and highway engineering. In my work time as an intern I
have increased my knowledge on selection of material criteria that a specific material should including to
be used for a specific construction purpose, example for sub base construction.
In addition to increase my theoretical knowledge on the engineering field; the internship has helped me
to know how to implement the theoretical knowledge in the university in to practical works.
The theoretical knowledge I have got from the internship program are
 I have got theoretical knowledge on the field of civil engineering like soil mechanics and
highway engineering.
 I have got an understanding on the properties of materials and differentiating between
materials that can be used for different construction purpose.
 I have observed the geometric alignment of roads on different features of land and I have got an
understanding on the design of the geometric alignments.
 Understanding things that can affect the structural and geometric design of highways.
 This internship program has increase my knowledge on software like eagle point and auto cad.
3.1.3. Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill
Skill of communication play a significant role not only in civil engineering constructions but also
every day to day activities of between individuals. I have said this because usually tasks that we perform
requires the involvement of other individual.
During my internship period it helped me to build good relationship with the other employees of the
company who guided me in the best possible manner. My interaction and dealings with the customers
helped me to expand my social network. This helps me am not afraid to ask a question for anyone
who works in the company.
Interpersonal skill is important to:-
 bring social interaction with the employees

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 build up self confidence

 improve our speaking and listening skills
 thought us to behave in the proper manner
 motivate us to see different problems and to find out solutions to them
 Exchange new ideas and knowledge etc.
3.1.4 .Improving Work Ethics
During my internship period I have learnt punctuality and the significance of time in any movement of
our life. I have realized that time management is an important element for one firm in order to achieve the
planned goals. The following are some ethical elements that I
Improve during this internship program.
 Punctuality
 Reliability
 Organization team participation quality as a team member
 Cooperation with colleagues
3.1.5. Team Playing Skill
The whole work is divided to the crews according to their profession.so if the members of the crews
have poor team playing skill, there might be some delay on performing tasks.
All the team members have to:-
 Interact for better solution of problems
 Suggest each other to fulfill a given task
 Concentrate on easy and fast way of solving procedure
As a team member everyone can improve the following
 Ability of problem identification
 Selecting the most appropriate method to solve the existing problem.
 Generating or forwarding flexible premises to solve the problem a rise.
 A good decision maker, ability to persuade others
3.1.6. Leadership Skills
Leadership is a way of focusing and motivating a group to enable them to achieve their aims.
It is also involves being accountable and responsible for the group as a whole.
Leadership must have a wide range of skill, techniques, and strategies. Lack of leadership ability
leads to the failure of the company and creates management disturbance. As a result I
have been searching the way of having good leadership skill in the company during my
internship period.
This ability is more advantage and I have good knowledge such as:
 Ability to inspire and motivate team members to do their best
 Listening the ideas and problems of operators and solving their problem
 The ability to solve problems by focusing on the solution
 Respecting team members differences and needs
 As a leader to have clear and defined goals, missions and visions

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3.2. Performance
The time I spent in AKIR Construction Company has offered chance for me to see mine own
performance level as a civil engineering student. I have spent the time learning new things,
gathering information, trying to learn from my mistakes and creating myself as a
professional.
At the beginning of the internship program I was learning different things from the
professionals and also revising many documents, to prepare myself for some real practical work.
As I was mainly focusing on the design works, I immediately started practicing on
different construction and design works of structures which are already constructed and under
construction. After my company mentors saw my works and become aware of my progress, they
have started to give me part in actual design .consulting some works with the consultant side and
construction works. Throughout the internship time with the help of my mentors, I have
managed to complete different works, Besides the design construction works, I have also
worked on some quantity works with the help of the office engineer. From these and other points, I can
say my performance level was great.
3.3. Challenges
Even if I can say that I have completed the internship time with a success of fulfilling its
objectives, it doesn‘t mean that there were no challenges during the time.
The first challenge that I have faced on the first month in my intern ship program was getting a service or
transportation to the camp of the AKIR construction on this month am so getting annoyed and I haven`t
initiation to go to the work because those consultants who give me a service are not voluntary to give me
a service.
The other challenge I have faced in the internship time was the fact that we haven‘t took some courses
focusing on road construction and those we took was given to us as Block Course. In my internship time
this problem has been a big obstacle on the works I have been participating in. This includes the difficulty
in the designing, laboratory testing and on the supervision part. In the first weeks of my internship
program, my best friend work inspector MR. TIZAZU ABDU was helping me to know the basic of
these techniques. As I proceed to work on actual works, I have started reading books with the aim of
improving my theoretical knowledge. These measures have helped me improve my understanding.
On the other side communicating with the employers was also my challenge on the intern program
this has its own effect during working time to ask a question but thanks to TIZAZU he introduce me to
different peoples those helping me the works I have been executing.
3.3.1. Problems and Remedial Solution on the Company I Saw
The first part is shifting the center line of the alignment. This problem is occurred due to
longitudinal crack of the alignment this longitudinal crack can cause sliding of the road so
they are taking a remedial action to shifting 4.5m of the center line of the alignment.
The second one is constructing a big retaining wall. This solution is taking for the soil
which have sliding effect before they start constructing the RW they are waiting the sliding

BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY
effect until it reaches its slope stability. After they know the slope stability start construction
of the retaining wall.
CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Conclusion
As I have mentioned earlier, I spent the last for months on an internship practice in AKIR
construction plc., with the aim of reinforcing my theoretical knowledge with practical works.
The fact that the company is currently taking part in design and supervision of variety of
active construction works has offered me the opportunity to achieve the objective of the
internship program.
During the internship time, I have got the chance to upgrade my knowledge about the
supervision of some activities. I also was able to learn working with design software‘s like EAGLE
POINT.
In the laboratory and inspection part, where I spent most of my time, I was able to apply the basic
design and construction concepts I have learnt theoretically into action on many different design and
construction works. The internship program has given me the opportunity to work on different simple
and more advanced design and construction works.
The internship program was a most valuable time during which I was able to improve my social and
ethical skills, beyond the professional skills I have stated. Socially, I was able to improve my skills on
making effective communications, working with the other employees as a team, managing
conflicts and taking responsibilities. I was also able to increase the level of my self-confidence.
Working in different conditions has also helped me to be able to easily adopt with the working
environment I will face in the future. Punctuality, accountability and honesty are also some of the
benefits I have gained during the internship time, behaviorally.
Considering the working I have been taking part, my performance on the tasks I was given in the
company, the responses I have been getting from the staff members I have been working with and the
benefits I have gained professionally, socially and ethically, I can conclude that I have completed
the internship program effectively and the program was totally productive and help full.
4.2. Recommendation
All the workers in this company were positive to help me during execution of my tasks. They also
taught me each and every steps of construction. So I would like to recommend all the workers to
continue their positive behavior for all the students they would get as an intern student in their future
working life.
Recommendation for AKIR construction plc.

BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY
 I would like to recommend AKIR Construction plc. That they have to reinforce the work flow
in section.
 I suggest that it is advisable compacting the fill right after showering and ripping.
 I think it is wise using crushed stones while constructing structures like culvert wing walls.
 I also like to recommend to the AKIR construction plc. To do their job responsibly and
honestly.
 I would like to recommend all the workers to continue their positive behavior for all the
students they would get as an intern student in their future working life.
 Finally, I would like to recommend the company to continue their assistance for the students
in order to create properly learned and experienced future generations
Most of the Forman’s are not working well they are also cheating on different structures those they are
given to supervise well. Like when they construct pad for retaining wall the mixing ratio was not well
proportioned and they do not use spacer for the pad bars away from the ground level.
And when they construct a retaining wall they used unwanted stones those are not fit to the structure and
not contact with the mortar. And I would like to recommend them do their job well.
I would like to recommend to the laboratory technicians they are cheating most of the time when they are
working a tests results like FDT they increase the bulk density of the test by adding some materials which
is out of the testing place. And other laboratory tests have also some kind of cheating.so I would like to
recommend them do not do it for the future and some supervision must have done by material engineers.

BAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY
1 Reference
 AASHTO “American Association of State Highway and Transportation
officials”.
 AAKRA, Addis Ababa City Road Authority, “Design and Construction
Standards and Technical Specifications” November 2003.
 AKIR construction company profile.
 ASTM
 Bahir dar university “lecture note”, Unpublished.
 Contract document of the company.
 Ethiopian road authority, “ERA technical specification and pavement
design manual volume 1”, 2002.

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Debre MarkosUNIVERSITY

DECLARATION AND APPROVAL

Approval of Supervisor Mr. Tizazu A. --------------------------------------

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page I

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page II

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page III

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page IV

List of Figures page

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page V

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page VI

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page VII

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page VIII

3.1.3. Improving inter personal communication skill………………………………………..46

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page IX

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 1

1.2. Location of the Project

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 2

I. No. Town/Village Chain age

C. Climatic Nature of the Project

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 3

Table 2mean monthly max.and min.temprature of the project area

(D) Geology of the Project Route

E. Brief Description of the Work to be executed

 Pavement Markings and Erecting Traffic Signs

 Other ancillary works

Project Location and Location Map

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 4

Figure 1location of the project map

1.3. Overall Organization and Workflow

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 5

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 6

1.4. AKIR CONSTRUCTION PLC.

Table 3organization work flow

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 7

 Preparation of Cross Sectional Working Drawing(Template)

Equipment administration: - Controls the activities of all rental and owned

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 8

2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.2. Office Work Activities

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 9

 Income vs. excavated and Excavated vs.

(B) How To Prepare A Quantity Work Using Cad

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 10

 Earth work equipment’s

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 11

2.3.1. Structural Works

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 12

Figure 2rataining wall construction and some parts

Pad bar placing

Figure 3 pad before and after fill with the concrete

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 13

Simple Calculation to Check the Top Width of Rw

10 2.5 5.18 3.2-2.59=0.6m the top width of RW

This is a box used to make mix for masonry V=20cmx40cmx50cm=40000cm3

Made from wood

Figure 4 mixing box made from wood

(B) Ditch Construction

Internship Report By Amanuel Mengistu Page 14

30cm thickness for

Volume (V) =LWT*15% where L=length