Guideline For 4th Year MBBS: Afaq Naeem (Aimc Batch 2k20)
Guideline For 4th Year MBBS: Afaq Naeem (Aimc Batch 2k20)
Guideline For 4th Year MBBS: Afaq Naeem (Aimc Batch 2k20)
MBBS
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1 Welcome to 4th Year 11
2 Why Conceptual Study is Important? 13
3 Special Pathology 16
4 Ophthalmology (Eye) 61
5 Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 101
6 Community Medicine 144
7 Viva & Practical Exam 183
8 4th Year-The End Game 186
9 How to Become an E cient Learner 191
10 Few Advices/Stress Coping Strategies 195
ffi
Afaq Naeem 3 Patho-Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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A SPECIAL PATHOLOGY
1 Overview 19
2 Table of Speci cation 24
3 Respiratory System 25
4 Gastroentology 28
5 Liver, Pancrease & Gall Bladder 30
6 Endocrinology 32
7 Renal Pathology 34
8 Musculoskeletal System 37
9 Male Reproductive System 40
10 Female Reproductive System 42
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Afaq Naeem 4 Patho-Table of Contents
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11 Breast Pathology 44
12 Cardiovascular System (CVS) 46
13 Hematology-RBC 49
14 Hematology-Platelets 50
15 Hematology-WBC 52
16 Central Nervous System(CNS) 53
17 Clinical Chemistry 56
18 Skin 60
Afaq Naeem 5 Eye-Table of Contents
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B OPHTHALMOLOGY
1 Overview 64
2 TOS 68
3 Eyelid 70
4 Lacrimal System 72
5 Conjunctiva 73
6 Orbit 75
7 Error of Refraction 77
8 Cornea 78
9 Lens 80
10 Glaucoma 82
Afaq Naeem 6 Eye-Table of Contents
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11 Sclera 84
12 Uvea 85
13 Vitreous 87
14 Retina 88
15 Visual Pathway 90
16 Optic Nerve 91
17 Strabismus 93
18 Ocular Injuries 95
19 Pupil 96
20 Red Eye 97
21 Differential Diagnosis 98
22 Ward Test 99
Afaq Naeem 7 ENT-Table of Contents
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C Otorhinolaryngology(ENT)
1 Overview 103
2 TOS 106
3 Nose 109
4 Ear 119
5 Throat 131
Afaq Naeem 8 Cmed-Table of Contents
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D Community Medicine
A Overview 148
1 Field Trips 148
2 Presentation 149
3 Poster & Brochure 150
4 Research 151
5 Journal 152
6 Marks Division 154
B TOS 156
C TOPICS
Afaq Naeem 9 Cmed-Table of Contents
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13 Nutrition 169
14 Occupational Health 171
15 Disaster Management 172
16 Hospital Waste Management 173
17 Non Communicable Diseases 173
18 Mental Health 175
19 Social & Behavioural Sciences 176
20 IMNCI 176
21 Environment 177
22 Radiation 179
23 Medical Parasitology 179
24 Communicable Diseases 180
Afaq Naeem 11
Assalam o alikummm
Welcome to 4th Year
First ov all i would like to congratulate all ov you who managed to pass 😇
Alhamdulilah YOU HAVE SURVIVED THE WORST AND THE BEST IS WAITING FOR YOUU 😍
And for all those who got unluckyyy , i will always be there for youu
Trust mee , Allah has HIS ways ov testing uss
Trials!
Waqt hmesha bura nahi rehta or hr acha waqt hmesha persist nahi kartaa
Soo those who are blessed with distinctions and positions etc
Plzz plz always remember k apki mehnat k sath sath Allah ka karam b taa
Mehnat or b bohat log kartee heinn
Soo kabii kisi ko degrade ya khud ko koi superior thing na smjhein or bs shukar kreinn or Allah apko deita chala jaye
gaaa
Jinki 1 mark , 2 mark and aese distinctions rehgayi hein
they should never be disappointed
Aap is per b Allah ka shukar kreinn and ap deikhein ge k jo Allah ka shukr kr ra or phir effort continue rakhta usey
Allah future me inshaAllah bohat nawaze gaa
Contentment is the keyy
Jinho ne try ki or unfortunately unlucky raheyyy
They still have 40-50 days
and trust me trust me forth yeaar me apk pass kafi zada time heyy
Sports week tk tw wese hi 50-60% bachey kuch b ni prhte
Soo bs isey Allah ki trial smjhein , himmat krein and inshaAllah you will be soon with your fellows
ap kisi se kum nahi hein , bus Allah apko azma raha hey or inshaAllah ap bot strongly comeback krein ge
“FROM THE ASHES WE WILL RISE InshaAllah “ 😇
Afaq Naeem 12
FEW THINGS ABOUT 4th YEAR
1-unlike third yeaar , there will be hardly any tests in 4th yeaar , you people will be taking two tests ov pathology and two
tests ov community medicine and usi trh spring vacations k bad 1st term and summer vacations k bad 2nd term
2-There will be community medicine k field trips , research, posters, presentations etc and you people actually gonna enjoy
them alot end pee , its more like k practical work zada hoga
3-Community k field trips or EYE , ENT k wards koi na chorey , aek aek din bot imp hey and community k har field trip ka
one mark hotaa hey and end pe jo field trip ki ospe hoti wo b bot imp
4-Try to attend Medicine , surgery , gynae and paeds k atleast one one ward and get
your ward books signed( year k start waley lazmi lelijiye ga and terms sendups waley chordijiye ta)
5-Saturday ko jo integrated pathology and friday ko jo CPC hota hey wo lazmi attend karna since uski patho me double
attendance hoti or uski waja se kafi bachon ki attendance short hogi ti
4th-YEAR- A YEAR FULL OF JOYS
if anyone would ask me k apka sb se acha yeaar konsa ta then i will say forth year and most ov my class fellows will say
the samee
You being second most senior class will enjoy the sports week at its fullest
Tests hardly honge and ramzan tk sb time bot acha hogaa and you can get underground for studies ramzan k bad and 4-5
months will be enough usk ilawa tests or terms jb ayein beshak just uney acha prhlein
jinho ne bot acha score krna wo sath sath b prhlein
Proxy scene full time hota hey just patho k lectures me issue hota
Departments are soo amazing and 4th yeaar k departments , vivaz , Ospez and everything were easiest as compared to rest
ov years since departments bot zada cooperate kratey har cheiz me
Subjects are interesting as well and you actually like studying them (Cmed is exception lol 😂 )
And college lifee , wards everything is lot fun as compared to third year jisme ap patho k tests hi prepare karte rehjate tey
Alhamdulilah you people have managed to get through second year ki anatomy and third year ki pharmacology and
microbiologyyy
Nothing gonna Stop you guys nowww inshaAllah and inshaAllah i will always be there to guide youu har step pe 😇
For now , just cherish your success and thank Allah for everything He has blessed you with 😇
And plz pray for my result too 😇
Afaq Naeem 13
Afaq Naeem 14
Ospe station ho , viva ho , written ho
jo student basic principles apne mind me bna k rakhey and achey concepts k sath prha ho tw He /she
will be matchless
I know ubi apko sb ajeeb lgri hongi batein and apk mind ki yogurt hori hogi but once you adopt
proper approach and us way se topics ko proper study krna start krdein ge tw life k hr exams me
inshaAllah you will do great
Koi student special ni hotaa
hardwork and smart work
Dats all wot matters in the end
Lemme explain dis with few examples
Like how to create basic principles based on concepts
first of all patient ki Age(umar) is very important
mere 50% diagnosis Age pe hotey
Like 50 years above patient-tw apk mind me cancers ane chahie sb se pehle (phr if weightloss,
anorexia ,anemia type symptoms ) tw beshak koi b organ/system ho think for cancers first
Hmari proff patho ospe me aek scenario ta jisme 60year old male bloody diarhea and weightloss k
sath ta and bot se bchay usey ulcerative colities likh aye te halankey wo Age group hi cancer ka ta
isi trh jese acute otitis mediaa, ya polio ya aesi bot si diseases jo just bachon me hoti hein wo apne
Age k sath lazmi correlate krni
jese celiac disease heyy,wo child and young me hoti and history malabsorption ki hogi
30-40 year old female -Always go for autoimmune diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis,IBD, Grave
disease)
Phir secondly always go for most frequent cases like jo diseases clinically bot common and exams me
bot ari hon
so if doubts hon tw always go for most frequent disease
Afaq Naeem 15
Agar vague scenario tw is trh se likhein (k most probable diagnosis is Disease XYZ(jo apko lagri ho) but it can be
disease A , Disease B , Disease C (jo jo possible hon us scinario pe )
Isi trhh
Basic princples nikalne har jaga har cheiz me based on concepts
Cornea pain sensitive hota tw cornea ki diseases me pain hogi and conjuctiva me pain ni hogi
Optic nerve k function(visual acquity, colour vision, Contrast enhancement, Visual field)
Eye ki koi b disease me jb optic nerve damage ya compress tw ye sb symptoms honge and investigations me hmesha
ap optic nerve function check krein ge
isi trh jitni b posterior segment of eye ki diseases(Vitreous,retina,macula) us sb me apne fundoscopy lazmi kranii
Jo b Ocular muscles ka masla tw muscle ki movements,cover uncover lazmi krana
isi trh basic principles bnaleine
books ko cram kitna krskta insan?
kitne topics ki investigations management yad rakh skta ?
So basic schemes mind me hon and unko improvise kr k har cheiz attempt hoskti
Like jb b tumour ho tw uski biopsy lazmi krwani (and imaging like CT Scan for extent and MRI for soft tissue
involvement)
jb b temperature ho patient ko tw infection ka sochein and jb b infection ho tw culture lazmi krayein and treat hmesha
antibiotic se krein
jb b disease autoimmune ho tw uski investigations me hmesha autoantibodies level krane and immune reaction ko
steroids rokein ge wo na rok skey tw cytotoxic drugs
Jb b recurrent seasonal disease ho tw allergy test lazmi krayein( skin test,IgE levels)
allergy me avoidance lazmi heyy allergen ki
Ap ko ye thora sa btane k maqsad k plz approaches develop krein k kese comparisons nikalne
Hundreds of principles hein i cant even mention here
i just dont want you people to be ordinary students 🥺
I wish kash me apki is sb me help krskta but i cant cover itna sb kuch
So you have to learn how to corelate things and improvise
Special Pathology
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
SPECIAL PATHOLOGY
1 Overview 19
2 Table of Speci cation 24
3 Respiratory System 25
4 Gastroentology 28
5 Liver, Pancrease & Gall Bladder 30
6 Endocrinology 32
7 Renal Pathology 34
8 Musculoskeletal System 37
9 Male Reproductive System 40
10 Female Reproductive System 42
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Afaq Naeem 18 Table of Contents
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11 Breast Pathology 44
12 Cardiovascular System (CVS) 46
13 Hematology-RBC 49
14 Hematology-Platelets 50
15 Hematology-WBC 52
16 Central Nervous System(CNS) 53
17 Clinical Chemistry 56
18 Skin 60
Afaq Naeem 19 Special Pathology-Overview
and jo bchay seniors ko follow kr k pathoma or past papers se cheizein cram krte te
Jb year k end pe 11 topics ikathe hue tw zero concept k sath jo cramming ki hui ti wo sb mix
hone lgaa and patho fear bngyaaa
Secondly , they hadnt very strong concepts tw uney mcqz me b issue arey te and jo seqz me
scenario hotey unme b morphology k hints hotey jo robin ki morphology se grasp hote
Mjhe or kuch friends ko jinhe robin se topic sort out krne pree
it was really really tough for us
k kia robin se prhna hey or kia nahii
hmara bot zada time waste hota ta isi cheiz mee
but in the end , it was all worth ittt
The purpose of sharing all dis experience with you is k i know aplogo ko kahan se prhna kese
prhna ye sb bot zada preshan krey ga patho k barey meee
I can guarantee you k jo topics mene bari mehnat se sort out kie te sb topics ko if ap wo
medium robins se krlein
and baki pathoma bot achey se krlein
and end pe past papers krlein
tw inshaAllah inshaAllah ap ka end pe aram se aek topic one day me prepare b hojaye ga and
mcqz , seqz and vivaz sb achey se hojye ga
agar apne pathoma or just past pprs krne tw wo b apki choice hey (but past ppr me woi sb
cram kro ge jo me robin pe mark krwa chuka hunga )
Kuch topper girls ne just robin b ki tiii complete and if apki speed bot achi tw ap puri robbin
krlein
1-RespiratORY SYSTEM
there will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this section in your proff (10 marks )
usk ilawa 1-2 stations ospe me b is topic se atey (4-8 marks)
This topic is very important since jo new HOD hein (Dr amina ) unka ye favourite topic hey or wo is topic
se lazmi sunti hein
First ov all tw you should go through pathomaa
and Then robins se imp topics
and trust me kuch hi imp topics hein jin se bar bar questions atey and this rule will apply to all chapters of
pathology
TOPICS OF LUNG PATHOLOGY dat Should be prepared FROM ROBINS
Atelectasis and morphology of ARDS
Emphysema complete (vvvvvvv.imp)
Clinical feature kisi b disease k ni prhne hotey and wo pathoma se hi krne hotey
Chronic bronchitis morphology
Ashtma - pathogenesis and morphology(vvvvvv.imp)
bronchioectasis -morphology
morphology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and flowsheet of its pathogenesis
Only morphologies of other restrictive diseases
Classification of pneumonia (fig 13.5),morphology (vvvvv.imp)
Lung abscess complete
Table 13.6(classification) and morphology of lung cancers and table 13.7(d/w small cell and non small cell)
morphology of malignant mesothelioma
ISK BAD APNE PAST PAPERS LAZMI DEIKHNE HEIN SINCE 90% QUESTIONS SCENARIOS
HOTE HEIN AND IF AP Scenario Wrong pick krlein tw sare marks loose hojatey
E-OTHER TOPICS
11-Define atelectasis and enumerate its types
12-ARDS(associated clinical disorders? pathogenesis)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-TB(picture)
2-Lobar pneumonia(gross pic)
3-Anthracosis specimen
4-Lung abscess(pic)
5-Lung cancers (big robin pictures)
6-Emphysema (specimen or pic)
Ospes bot zada repeat hoti hein and ini topics se mostly station ata heyy
GOODLUCK 😇☺
2-GASTROENTOLOGY
This topic is most imp topic of your fourth year pathology
There will be 2 seqs and 9 mcqz from this section in your proff (19 marks)
Also this is one ov the favourite topics of examiners
PATHOMA sari karni heyyy
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
morphology of squamous cell carcinoma
Table of salivary gland neoplasm and pleomorphic and mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Reflex osophagitis , barret esophagous , morphologies of adeno and squamous cell carcinoma
of esophagous
Stomach (chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer complete and then morphology of
gastroadenocarcinoma plus carcinoid tumour
Intestine ( celiac disease complete ,morphology of sigmoid diverticulum ,inflammatory bowel
disease (table plus morphologies plus colitis associated neoplasm)
Table of polyposis syndromes and morphology of adenomas
table of polyposis syndromes and adenocarcinoma complete (v.imp)
Morphology of acute appendicitis
IMP QUESTIONS
A-SALIVARY GLAND & ESOPHAGOUS
1-Enumerate 4 malignant neoplasms of salivary glands.Morphology of Pleomorphic adenoma
2-Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tongue (Pathogenetic factors,Risk Factors,Morphology)
4-EndoCRINOLOGY
there will be one seq and 5 mcqz from this topic in your proff (10 Marks)
this topic is important for viva and ospe as well
HOW TO STUDYYY
same pattern
First pathoma then imp topics from robin and then past papers
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
PITUITORY
Classification of pituitory adenoma (table) ,morphology of pituitory adenoma
THYROID
Causes of thyrotoxicosis(table), Causes of hypothyroidism(table) ,Hashimoto thyroiditis complete
(vvvv.imp) ,Grave disease complete(vvvv.imp)
Goitre complete
morphologies of all thyroid neoplasms
PARATHYROID
Causes of hypercalcemia(Table 20.4)
DIABETIS
Diagnosis(vv.imp)
Classification of diabetis (Table)
Metabolic actions of insulin (figure)
Metabolic derangements leading to coma (figure)
Acute metabolic complications complete
5-RENAL PATHOLOGy
There will be one seq and 5 mcqs from this topic in your proffs ( 10 marks)
Imp topic for written and viva
Clg walo ko ye topic bot pasand and 2nd term me b is se kafi seqs tey and sendups me b
HOW TO PREPARE
We will be following same scheme
Pathoma and then robins se imp topics
Is topic ka robin wala content zada hey and past pprs pe ghalat morphologies etc prepare karne
se behtar hey k jo
topics me robin se kahu ap wahin se prepare krlein
TOPICS FROM ROBINS
Tables of Glomerular diseases
Mechanism of glomerular injury
Pathogenesis and morphologies of all glomerular diseases (ye bot imp hein for seqs and
pathoma/past papers pe insufficient and ghalat likhi huin)
Pathogenesis and morphology of pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis
Hydronephrosis (complete)
Table of Renal Cystic diseases
Renal cell carcinoma (complete)
Wilms tumour (robin page 290)
IMP SEQS
A-GLOMERULAR DISEASES
1-Nephrotic syndrome (v.imp-4 characteristic manifestations ? 4 Causes?
2 chronic diseases which cause nephrotic Syndrome? Causes of secondary glomerular
diseases ? Mechanisms of glomerular injury
2-Membranous glomerulopathy (morphology ?) Minimal change disease (v.imp-Morphology?
Remember if kisi b glomerular disease ki morphology aye tw ap three headings bnayein gey
(1-Light microscopicfindings 2-Electron microscopic findings , 3-Fluoroscopic findings)
3-Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis (v.imp - Cause ? pathogenesis? Morphology ?)
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ( clinical course? morphology?)
4-Define nephritic syndrome ? Causes of nephritic syndrome ?
B-RENAL TUBULAR And INSTERSTITIAL DISEASES
5-Pyelonephritis (imp- Pathogenesis? Morphology ? Complications? )
6-Acute Tubular necrosis (Causes? Pathogenesis ? Morphology ?)
7-Chronic kidney disease (vvvvv.imp- Pathoma - Causes ? Fluid and electrolyte anomalies ?
Type of acidosis which occurs in CKD ? )
8-Causes of tubuloinsterstital nephritis
C-RENAL CYSTIC DISEASES, OBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHIES & RENAL
CANCERS
9-Classification of renal cystic diseases( robin table)
10-Causes of obstructive uropathy ? Causes of painless hematuria
6-Musculoskeletal System
There will be one seq and 5 mcq from this topic in your written proffs (10 Marks)
The beauty of this topic is dat there are only few important questions and they are
repeatedly asked in your proff exams
You dont need to waste time by preparing is topic ki sari robins since ye viva k lie b itna
important topic ni hey
Jo topics robin se btayu wo lazmi krli jiye ga
HOW TO STUDY?
Samee pattern as you adopted for rest of your topics
Pathoma lectures and then pathoma book followed by important topics from robin and
finishing it off with past papers
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
Osteoporosis( morphology plus flowsheet of pathophysiology)
Paget disease(Morphology and pathogenesis)
Morphology of Osteomyelitis
Classification of bone tumours(Table)
Giant cell carcinoma , osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma
Rheumatoid Arthritis( Pathogeneis flowsheet and Morphology)
Osteoarthritis( Morphology and pathogenesis figure)
Gout (Pathogenesis figure , clinical course and morphology)
IMP Questions
1-Osteoporosis(Pathogeneis?Investigations)
2-Paget disease(Imp-Morphology? lab investigations? Complications)
3-Osteomyelitis (involucrum and sequestrum? Causative agents ?)
4-Classification of bone tumours ? Enlist Bone forming tumours?
Remember Bone tumours k scenario kafi mushkil hosakte hein diagnose krna
usme apne robin k table pe jo AGES di hui unko bot achey se mind me rkhna hey woi
apko diagnosis me helpout krein ge
secondly their location
Exam me just bone pain ka hi btayein ge so tb apka osteomyelitis , osteoporosis etc sb ki
trf mind jara hoga
but tumour will involve only one bone and osteomyelitis me there will be fever and
leukocytosis
Ewing sarcoma , Giant cell tumour and osteosarcoma hi exams me bar bar ata hey
5-Osteosarcoma (vvvvvvv.imp-Sites ? Defining feature? and morphology?Codman
triangle ?
6-Ewing sarcoma (v.imp-Morphology and genetic variations ? Giant cell tumour ?
7-Osteoarthritis (imp-Def? Predisposing factors ? morphology)
8-Rheumatoid arthritis (vvvvvvvv.imp
Pathogenesis? Lab tests ? (isme apne RH factor k sath ESR and anticitrullinated protein
antibody bhi likhni and its more specific) Morphology-vvvvvv.imp)
IMP SEQS
TESTES
1-Classification of testicular neoplasm (vvvv.imp-Came in our proff too),Risk factors
of testicular neoplasm? Their tumour markers and their importance? (imp)Mode of
spread of testicular neoplasm?
2-Morphology of seminoma (vvvvv.imp), Morphology of teratoma and yolk sac
tumour (v.imp), morphology of spermocytic seminoma(imp)
PROSTATE
3-BPH (v.imp-hormonal mechanism?-v.imp , Histology?(imp), Complications ?
Secondary changes in lower UTI and kidney?-imp)
4-CA PROSTATE( imp-Morphology ?Grading system? Site of metastasis?)
LOWER UTI
5-Transitional Cell Carcinoma(imp-Risk factors? Morphology? 4 Types? Staging?
Grading ?)
IMP QUESTIONS
CERVIX
1-CERVICAL CANCER (vvvv.imp- Risk factors ? Role of virus ? Screening for
Cancer ? Spectrum of precancerous lesions ? Carcinoma in situ ? Staging ? Most
common cervical neoplasm ?)
UTERUS
2-Endometriosis(vvvv.imp-Characteristics? Theories of origin? Sites ? Morphology)
3-Leiomyoma(vvv.imp , Hormonal influence? Ste ? Morphology ? D/w leiomyoma
and leiomyosarcoma)
4-Endometrial hyperplasia (Types? Morphology?)
OVARY
5-Ovarian tumours (vvvvvvvvv.imp-Classification? Risk factors ? Morphology of
serous and mucous epithelium tumour ? imp of CA 125 ? Tumour associated with
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 ?)
PLACENTA
6-Preclampsia ( Pathogenesis ? Morphology?
9-Breast Pathology
There will be 1 Seq and 5 mcqz from dis topic in your proff (10 Marks)
4th year patho ka sb se chotu and sb se high yield topic
Sometimes there is one Ospe station from dis section too
Imp for vivas as well
HOW TO STUDY
i will advice you to prepare dis topic from robin
Only 7-8 pages of robins will guarantee you 10 Marks
hmari class me kafi bchon ne is topic ko b pathoma se hi kia ta and they werent
able to attempt questions from this topic properly
So you have to be smart k kis topic ko kese prepare krna
Stromal , Bening tumours and carcinoma are very very imp
Baki sb read hey
IMP QUESTIONS
1-Fat necrosis breast ?
2-Name benign tumours of breast ? Fibroadenoma(vvvvvvv.imp, Morphology?
Factors contributing to its development)
3-Fibrocystic Change (imp-Types? Risk of developing cancer? Atypical
Hyperplasia ? )
10-CVS PATHOLOGY
there will be one seq and 5 mcqz from this topic in your proff
it is a very extensive topic and involves both HEART PATHOLOGY & VASCULAR
PATHOLOGY
It can be treated as “adjustable”
There are almost 100 pages in robin and you dont need to prepare dis whole topic from robins
Otherwise you should be ready to devote 4-5 days to this topic in proffs
Good thing is questions are repeatedly asked from few topics
Most of the topics arent dat imp ( not even for Vivas and Ospe)
Anyhow
HOW TO PREPARE
Pathoma completee
Its almost 20 pages in pathoma and you need to read them all
TOPIC FROM ROBINS
BLOOD VESSELS
Hypertension (Classification Table and pathology)
Atherosclerosis( Diagram, morphology and pathogenesis)
Aortic Aneurysm (Types)
Aortic dissection(Morphology )
HEART
Endocarditis(complete -V.imp)
Rheumatic Fever(complete-v.imp)
11-Hematology
There are three chapters of blood
1-RBC
2-WBC
3-Platelet
And there will be 1 seq and 5 mcqz from this section in your proff (10 marks)
As you can see dats lot ov syllabus with relatively little weightage
Smarties usually ignore this topic in written proff
I myself prepared whole patho and left only WBC for written proff considering the fact
k only 10 marks ka paper and usk b me two parts out of three kr k jara
But unfortunately WBC se hi question or 2-3 mcqz agaye te
Secondly , you will see k apk academic session me kafi dair tk wo hematology hi
krwatey rahein gey and labs me b
Iski aek reason hey
Me apko ubi se btadeita
Proff ki OSPE ka 1/4(5 stations out of 20) ,Hematology se atey hein and eventually
there is no escape and blood achey se ata ho tw hi attempt hota hey exam
B-PLATELETS
Pathoma me ye chapter “Hemostasis and Related Disorders “k name se hey
apne wo chapter selective krna hey since usme die gaye kuch topics apki third year pathology
ka part tey
Ap start se lekr disorders of fibrinolysis tk wo chapter krein ge (thrombosis se pehle tk since
thrombosis and embolism apki third year patho ka part taa )
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
usually is topic ka almost sb kuch pathoma se cover hojata hey so you can leave this topic
from Robin
DIC is very important topic and mostly is chapter se woi topic proff me ata hey so ap robin se
prhlijiye gaaa
12-CNs pathology
There will be one seq and 2 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (7 marks )
This chapter is “ADJUSTABLE”
is topic me kuch hi imp topics hein and uni se hmesha seq ata hey and most ov
the times mcqs atey hein so ap just woi few topics kr k baki chor skte
Not that imp for viva
and Ospe me b kbi kbaar hi is topic se station ata
HOW TO STUDY
Sb se pehle apne isk imp topics robin se karne hein
I repeat - Robin se
since pathoma shaed un topics k seq hi cover na kr skey
secondly jb wo topics ap krlein tw baki topics ap pathoma se krskte ya chor skte
Unko robin se prhne ki bilkul zrurat ni
Past papers lazmi karne hein since is topic k past papers kafi repeat hotey
Proff me time kum ho tw apne just imp topics kr k baki chordeina hey
TOPICS FROM ROBIN
A-Cerebrovascular diseases (only stroke (cerebral ischemia))
B-Cerebrovascular Trauma (morphology and table only)
13-Clinical Pathology
there will be one seq and 3 mcqs from this topic in your proffs
Best thing about dis topic is k you dont need to prepare it as a seperate topic 😅
This topic is automatically covered when you are done with all other topics of special
pathology
And funny thing is k if ap apne seniors se poochein gey tw un me se kuch logo ko pta b ni
hoga k ye b koi topic taaa since kuch students na TOCS deikhte or na smart work krtey and
iska portion baki topics se hi cover hojata or exam k bad b ni pta chalta k iski b alag weightage
ti 😅
Na hi past papers me iska alag se section bna huaa
BUT
jo smart workers unko pta hona chahie k is topic ki domain me kia kia ata so ap easily isme
8/8 score krein
and unko proff written karte hi pta chal jaye ga ye question clinical chemistry se aya huaa
Even mere apne senior mjhe kehte te k yawr liver achey se krleina usme se two seqs agaye te
hmari bari me
but mene jb year k end pe notice kia tw wo liver se two nahi blkay one question clinical
chemistry se taaa
Thora sa apko google work b krna chahiee
but minor level kaa
so is part k marks na waste hon
14-Skin
is topic se kbi kbaar aek mcqs ajata
agr ajaye tw apne uska answer basal cell carcinoma lga deina Allah ka name lekr 😂
since mene b yei seniors se suna ta lol 😂
Is topic se kbi seqs ni aya
but kuch log jo smart work and TOCS ni deikhte wo is topic ko b full prepare kr leite
Anyhow its your choice
OPHTHALMOLOGY(EYE)
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
OPHTHALMOLOGY
1 Overview 64
2 TOS 68
3 Eyelid 70
4 Lacrimal System 72
5 Conjunctiva 73
6 Orbit 75
7 Error of Refraction 77
8 Cornea 78
9 Lens 80
10 Glaucoma 82
Afaq Naeem 63 Eye-Table of Contents
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
11 Sclera 84
12 Uvea 85
13 Vitreous 87
14 Retina 88
15 Visual Pathway 90
16 Optic Nerve 91
17 Strabismus 93
18 Ocular Injuries 95
19 Pupil 96
20 Red Eye 97
21 Differential Diagnosis 98
22 Ward Test 99
Afaq Naeem 64 Eye-Overview
OVERVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
I believe i should discuss all the necessary details about ophthalmology first and inshaAllah it will help you
throughout the yeaar.
OPHTHALMOLOGY!
As i can remember , our class found ophthalmology quite troublesome
And sb se zada supplies b Eye me ayin ti
There are some reasons for it
1-First of all tw Eye ki terms me just mcqz hotey hein
and students eye prhte hi just terms me hein and jb prhte tw just mcqz k view se brief reading deite and
memorize ni krte
so yeaar k end pe jb sendups ka time ata tw they go for memorizing ophthalmology and unfortunately if baki
subjects pe grip achi na ho tw eye phr compromise hojatii
2-Secondly, its like second year ki anatomy and third year ki pharma
you have to be really smart to memorize it
and should have good memorizing skills.Year k end pe sb mix up hora hota and sb kuch retain karna kafi
mushkil
hojata , so apko cheizein conclude kr key basic principles work out krne prtey and un basic principles pe ap
sb ki investigations and treatments improvise krskte
3-Hmara Eye ka exam kafi zada tough aya ta so people suffered
BOOKS?
Jatoi is best book
But kuch cheizein apne jogi se b deikhni hein and wo me apko sath sath btadu gaa
Mainly apne try krna k jb jatoi krlein tw jisne bohat achey marks leine wo bad me jogi k tables and chapter k
end wale
1-Eyelid
There will be 1 seq and 2 mcqz from this section in your proffs
Eyelid is something jispe koi b disease ho tw sb apparent hota and puri
OPHTHALMOLOGY me jo jo cheizein apparent hoti hein unse ospe ka station zrur hota
hey soo eyelid se atleast 1 station lazmi ata hey proff ki OSPE me
HOW TO STUDY?
as i told you pehley b k Eye me kuch topics important hotey hein and uni se bar bar apka seq
ata heyy and unk hi apne treatment , investigation ,D/D and Complications bot achey se yad
karni
Signs and Symptoms Diagnose krne ane chahie
Baki topics apne just brief si read marni for
Jisne bot acha prhna wo jogi k differences wale tables (like d/w chalazion and stye ,d/w
types of blepharitis etc ) and mcqz lazmi krey warna jatoi bhi enough for getting good marks
Jatoi apne sari karni hein
Ub me topic wise btata hun
IMP TOPICS
1-Chalazion(imp) 2-Hordeolum,3-Blepharitis, 4-trichiasis,5-Entropion(imp) ,6-
Ectropion(imp) ,7-Ptosis (v.imp),8-Basal Cell carcinoma
TOPICS for Mcqs
1-Anatomy,2-Meibomianitis,3-Phthiriasis, 4-Tumours k jo 4-5 pages usme bs squamous and
basal cell achey se prhna baki beshak chordein ya aek nazar mcqz k lie read bs
IMP SEQS
1-Chalazion(complications?Difference from style(iska table jogi se krli jiye ga),treatment,D/
D-imp)
2-Blepharitis (complications, treatment?)
3-Entropion (Causes and treatment (imp))
4-Ectropion (Causes? Treatment-vvvvv.imp)
5-Ptosis(vvvvvimp-Complete (Classification? Causes? Clinical tests ?Marginal reflex
distance(past pprs),Investigations and treatment)
6-Basal cell carcinoma (risk factors and treatment?)
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
Remember Ospe me just diagnose krna hota picture deikh k and baki 4 marks k questions apk
theory se hi hotey hein
1-Chalazion
2-Hordeolum
3-Blepharitis
4-Entropion
5-Ectropion
6-Ptosis
7-Capillary Hemangioma
8-BCC
2-Lacrimal System
there will be two mcqz from this chapter and rarely seq bhi ajata isme se but
mainly two three hi seqs k topics hein so baki sara chapter apne just read karnaa
Its one of the easiest topic of the book and first sitting me b maximum three
hours me aram se achey se hojataa
IMP TOPICS FOR SEQS
1-Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction(v.imp-D/D? Complications and
Treatment? Age of Surgical Intervention)
2-Dry Eye Syndrome (imp-Signs ? Investigations and Treatment ?)
3-Chronic Dacryocystitis (Is k agar apse wo investigations poochein tw apne sari
wo chp k end wali likhni jo epiphora ki diagnosis me likhi hui and if they ask for
D/D tw apne lacrimation and epiphora k sarey causes likhne)
Baki sara chapter apne just mcqz k lie prhna
IMP TOPICS FOR OSPE
1-Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
2-Dacryoadenitis
3-CONJUNCTIVA
There will be one seq and two mcqz from dis topic in your proff
This is one ov the most extensive topic of your 4th year Ophthalmology
And the good thing is k its one ov the ADJUSTABLES since isme 4-5 main topics hein and 99%
uni me se Seq ata hey and proff me just 2 mcqz k lie ispe 3-4 hours lgana worth it ni hota so you
do only important stuff isme se tb and mene khud proff me isme se just three questions kie tey
last hour me and uni me se alhamdulilah agya ta question 😅
This topic is important for Ospe and usually two stations ajatey isme se but isme b usually ini
3-4 topics se station hotaa
This topic is quite easy tooo
HOW TO STUDY?
jo me imp topics btayu ga unko apne detail se achey se yad karna hey even with dosages since
those topics are very very imp
Baki pura chapter apne just aek nazar se guzarna hey
Kuch topics ko ap even chor bhi sktey hein and i am mentioning them too
IMP TOPICS
1-Gonoccocal Conjunctivitis
2-Trachoma(vvvvvvvv.imp-Came in sendups)
3-Ophthalmia neonatorum (vvvvvvvv.imp- Came in proffs)
4-Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis(vvvvv.imp)
90% apka seq ini topics me se ata hey so apne iney bot achey se karna hey
4-ORBIT
this topic is veryy important
The beauty of this topic k ye chotu sa chapter and isme se 2 mcqz and one seq(7 Marks) and
its very easy
So i always started my prep with this topic during sendups and proffs
HOW TO STUDY?
Proptosis tk apne pehle read krleina (mam uzma usually asks causes of proptosis in ward test)
IMP TOPICS
1-Preseptal cellulilits
2-Orbital Cellulitis (vvvvv.imp, came in our sendups)
3-Thyroid Ophthalmopathy(vvvvvv.imp, Came in our proffs)
95% in three topics me se aek question must ata heyy
Isk ilawa Dermoid cyst and Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis askta
Topics for Mcqz
(IOID,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Optic Nerve Glioma,Meningioma ) ye sb topics ubi aek dafa nazar
se guzaar li jiye ga
proff me time kum honey pe iney chor bhi sakte hein
JOGI se apne Cavernous sinus thrombosis, Orbital Cellulitis and Endophthalmous k
difference wala table deikhleina hey
IMP SEQS
1-Proptosis(Causes? ,Causes of bilateral proptosis?)
2-Orbital Cellulilits(vvvv.imp-Clinical Signs? Investigations? Complications and
Treatment ?)
Ap ko isk scinarios diagnose krne me bot mushkil hogi since jb ap eye ki puri book
pe apko test krein ge tw tb is trf mind e ni jata
Jb b apk pas proptosis ka patient hoga or usk sath TEMPERATURE hoo and SINUS
INFECTION ki HISTORY ho tw you always Go for orbital Cellulitis
Endopthalmous ka patient b same symptoms and signs k sath aye gaa
usme apne deikhna k external cause ki history hogi( like bahir se trauma , ya lens
implantation k bad etc)
And cavernous sinus thrombosis ka patient b same presentation k sath aye ga but
usme sath systemic signs bot severe honge like rigors and sky high fever and
cavernous thrombosis usually bilateral hota and mastoid k peeche tenderness hoti or
nerve palsies
3-Thyroid Ophthalmopathy (vvvvvv.imp-Most imp topic of your book
Signs? Complications? Investigations, Treatment? )
Iska scinario b diagnose krna mushkil hjata since kae dafa bs proptosis ki history
hoti
Key hey hey k middle age women hogi (30s mey) and BILATERAL Proptosis
hogaa
5-Errors of Refraction
This topic isnt dat important for written exams and apk TOS k acc just one mcqz aye ga is topic
se
But this topic is very important for vivaz
Apk ward test me b kafi viva isi topic se hoga plus Proff VIVA/Practical me if visual Acuity ka
method ajaye tw us station ka viva bhi isi topic se ata heyy
HOW TO STUDY?
Soo FOR WRITTEN EXAMS and VIVAZ
apne is topic ko mainly viva sunaney k lie read karna hey
Proff me even jb time kum ho tw ap ye topic chordeite hein since is topic ka na b revise kia ho
tw ap previous readings pe isko attempt krskte
IMP SEQ
1-Myopiaa (just yei topic two times proff me aya hua is chapter se and hume sendup me b aya ta
Myopia ki complications,degenerative changes (mam uzma ka fav question in ward
test),complications amd treatment (vvv.imp)
Hypermetropia and astigmatism b achey se prh lijiye gaa
OSPE
is chapter se kbi ospe station nahi aya or na hi askta hey
MCQS
apne Mcq k lie sb Achey se prhna hey
6-CORNEA
there will be one seq and 3 mcqs from dis topic in your proff (imp chapter)
Usually there is one ospe station from dis chapter too
Cornea k scenarios b at times pick krne mushkil hojatey so jo key features me sath btayu unko ubi book
pe note down krlijiye ga
HOW TO STUDY
Anatomy ko just for mcqz prhnaa
IMP TOPICS for SEQS
Bacterial cornea ulcer ( v.imp) , fungal keratitis (v.imp), Acanthamoeba keratitis(imp), Herpes simplex
keraritis(imp) , Herpes zooster ophthalmicus (v.imp) , exposure keratopathy(imp), keratoconus
(vvvvvv.imp)
TOPICS for mcqz only (you can even leave these topics if proff exam me time kum ho)
Mooren ulcer,insterstitial keratitis , neurotrophic keratopathy, Filamentary keratitis, Corneal
degeneration, Corneal dystrophies , keratoplasty
IMP SEQS
First of all jb ap puri book krlein ge tw cornea , conjuctiva , uvea sclera and even uvea ki diseases me
se exam me exact disease diagnose krna mushkil hjata
since typical red eye, irritation, discomfort etc ki findings hotin
Corneal ulcer ka specific feature ye k first of all tw cornea pain sensitive hota and conjuctiva ni hota
So pain conjuctiva ki just un diseases me hogi jisme cornea b involve ho
Secondly cornea ulcer pe fluorescene staining postive hoti
Baki apko pta hey k cornea has role in refraction so corneal damage pe some degree of visual loss bhi
hoga
and cornea pe visible lesion hoga
7-LeNS
there will be one seq and 3 mcqz from dis chapter
Imp chapter for written and viva
there will be one ospe station from dis chapter too and good thing is k sb se
easy Ospe station hota jisme simply opacity pe ap cataract likh deite 😂
HOW TO STUDY
Jatoi se apne sara chapter read krna hey
Lens ki anatomy just read karni and proff me beshak chordijiye ga
cataract tk complete yad krna
usk bad jo (preop evaluation types of cataract extraction, anaesthesia, types of
intraocular lens )
ye sb least imp
unko just aek nazar read krlijiye ga and proff me chor b skte time k acc
Phacoemulsification is very important and usko achey se karna hey
Complications of cataract surgery (vvv.imp)
Aphakia and Ectopia Lentis are imp too
IMP SEQS
1-Congenital Cataract (vvv.imp-Etiology?D/D of white pupillary
reflex(vvvvv.imp), Investigations?(Lab tests plus ocular Exam),Treatment
(imp)? )
2-Causes of acquired cataract?(imp).Rosette cataract?
3-Senile cataract(imp-Stages? Complications? investigations? Procedure of
choice ?(phaco))
4-Advantages of Phacoemulsification? Surgical Options for cataract extraction?
Phacoemulsification ko detail me prhiye gaa since hmare examiners ka fav topic
hota ye
5-Complications of cataract surgery? (vvvvvv.imp) .Signs of aphakia ? (imp)
6-Methods of Visual Rehabilitation after cataract extraction ?
7-Ectopia lentis (imp-Define marfan syndrome? Wot are its ocular
manifestations?)
8-GLAUCOMA
There will be 3 mcqs and may be one seq from dis chapter (50% probability)
Apk TOCS k acc is topic se seq ni hey
but supply k exam me mostly and annual exams me occasionally seq ajata glaucoma se
Typical se kuch seqs hein and woi bar bar ateyyy
Baki chapter apne viva and mcqs k lie prhna
imp chapter for viva and ospe
HOW TO STUDY
Applied anatomy waley pages ko just read
and proff me beyshak chordijiye ga
Glaucoma ki definition , classification , pathogenesis and investigations read krni hein for concept
and mcqs
Visual field defects are imp
And imaging techniques k beyshak just names krlijiye ga
Primary angle glaucoma se ye chapter ka imp part start hota and proff me yahin se apne start krna
if time kum ho
Sb glaucoma ki investigation and treatment bohat imp hey
Apne basic scheme bnaleini strabismus waley chapter ki trh
Primary open angle ,Acute primary angle closure
Ye dono most imp hein and ini ki management pe seqs aye ga
causes and Clinical findings b achey se ani chahie
Baki glaucomas read krlijiye ga beyshak
Secondary glaucoma k causes k beyshak just names krli jiye ga and inki details related
chapters me di hui and management read krli jiye ga
Congenital glaucoma is very imp and isko bot achey se prepare krna each and everything
Surgical procedures in glaucoma -woi sari batein end pe dobara headings k sath di hui and
bot easy hey if ap prhein gey tw
IMP SEQS
As i said there is 50% probability that a question may come from dis chapter
and 90% chance dat if question comes from dis chapter it will be Primary open angle
glaucoma , acute angle closure glaucoma or congenital glaucoma
1-Perimetry (define ? normal visual field dimensions ? Visual field defects in glaucoma ?
2-Primary open angle glaucoma (imp-Risk factors , Investigations ? Management ? )
3-Acute angle closure glaucoma (v.imp-Clinical signs ? immediate management ?
Management options ?D/D?
4-Congenital Glaucoma (v.imp-Clinical findings ? D/D? Investigations ? Treatment ?)
5-Name surgical methods for glaucoma. Enumerate causes of secondary glaucoma
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
usually aek e station jo is chapter se ata usme fundus ki pic hoti and clearly apko pale optic
disc and cupping nazar ari hoti and ap glaucoma diagnose krleite
9-SCLERA
Usually 1 or 2 mcqs ajatey is topic se and past papers me just one time is se seq
aya hua
This chapter is adjustable so you can leave it in proff exams if time manage na
hora ho
IMP SEQ
1-Scleritis(clinical feature? Complications ? Treatment?)
IMP TOPIC FOR OSPE
Episcleritis
Aksar students is chp ko ospe k point of view se consider ni karte and they end
up paying the price
Remember jo topics pic visualize karne se hi diagnose hosakein wo sb chapters
ospe k lie imp like eyelid, conjuctiva, lacrimal, cornea, sclera, lens, squint etc
-in se aksar station ata and one station means 5 marks
and jo topics zada theoretical like visual errors,uvea ,vitreous,optic nerve ,optic
pathway etc unse rarely station ata
So you have to be smart..
10-UVEAL TRACT
there will be 3 mcqs and occasionally 1 seq from dis chapter (30-40% probability dat
question may come from dis chapter)
This chapter is “ADJUSTABLE”
Adjustable doesnt mean dat you can leave dis chapter altogether
Adjustable means dat in sendups or proffs when you will be facing severe syllabus deficit
with little time at hand then you can prepare only imp topics of dis chapter in an hour or
soo
you must cover imp seqs at all costs
occasionally one non observed station from dis chapter
not imp for observed station and viva
HOW TO PREPARE?
Ubi first time k lie ap anatomy read krein gey and then type of uveitis memorize krein
gey , endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis bot achey se prepare krein gey and difference
wala table prepare krein gey
Ubi k lie behtar hey ap sympathetic ophthalmicus, toxoplasmosis and Tuberculous uveitis
b read krlein
and baki topics chordein
warna trust me jino ne just achey marks se pass hona unko is chapter me se Types of
uveitis,endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis k ilawa kuch read bhi krne ki zrurat nahi
11-VITREOUS
Ye chapter usually retina k sath hi consider hota
and jo 2 seq and 7 mcqz retina se hein unme se 1 mcq vitreous se hskta and
rarely seq b ajata is topic se
This chapter is also adjustable
Persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous and Vitreous haemorhage ye dono topics
apne har surat proff me kr k janey hein and they are potential seqs
Baki chapter you can leave in proffs if time manage na hora and ubi aek dafa
pura chapter prh li jiye ga
IMP SEQS
1-Vitreous haemorhage (vvvv.imp-Causes? Complications ? Treatment.
ITS HIGHLY UNLIKELY K IS CHP SE OSPE STATION AYE
12-RETINA
there will be two seqs and 7 mcqz from dis chapter in your proffs(17 Marks)
It is most imp topic of ophthalmology but its one ov the toughest topics of
ophthalmology
Imp topic for viva as well and there will be one Ospe station from dis chapter too
HOW TO STUDY?
Anatomy ko just mcqz k lie prhlijiye ga and proff me beshak chor di jiye ga
IMP TOPICS
Diabetic Retinopathy,Hypertensive retinopathy,Retinal Artery occlusion, Retinal
vein occlusion,Retinal Detachment,Retinitis pigmentosa , retinoblastoma
TOPICS for Mcqs
Toxemia of pregnancy,Retinitis of prematurarity, Age related macular degeneration
TOPICS DAT YOU CAN LEAVE
Central serous chorioretinopathy, Macular Hole
IMP SEQS
1-Diabetic retinopathy(vvvvvv.imp-Risk factors? Pathogenesis? Clinical
Classification(imp) ,Investigations and diagnosis (imp), Treatment modalities(imp),
Most common cause of sudden painless visual loss in Diabetic retinopathy-Vitreous
Haemorhage
13-VISUAL PATHWAY
this is a very imp chapter
Sendups and proffs me atleast 2-3 mcqz is topic se hongey and hmari dafa tw sendups and
proff me is chapter se seq b aya ta though its only a two page chapter
This chapter is usually considered with optic nerve wala chp under the heading of
NEUROPHTHALMOLOGY
And inme se one seq lazmi ata
NEVA EVA DARE TO LEAVE DIS CHP IN PROFF EXAM...
Otherwise you will have to face the consequences..
ONLY 2 pages hein and dono achey se understand krne hein
Question usually indirect ata and most of the students get it wrong
hmari class k 75% bchon ka is chp waley seq ka diagnosis wrong ta proff me
Prolactinoma and papilloedema k features die ve tey
Bchon ne optic nerve ka question smjh k papilloedema diagnose kr k beith gaye
Halankey question me usne clearly visual defects ka hint dia ta
so apne relate krna hey k pituitory ka tumour bitemporal hemianopia krta and sath if
pituitory k tumour k systemic symptoms hon like acromegaly,prolactinoma and ya koi bhi
Tw diagnosis should be the disease
Not the clinical findings
MOST OV THE TIMES THERE IS NO OSPE STATION FROM DIS CHAPTER
14-OPTIC NERVE
I have already told you dat dis chapter is considered along with visual pathway
under the heading of “Neuro Ophthalmology “
Both chapters are very imp
There will be 1 seq and 2-3 mcqs from these two chapters
1st priority chapters for sendups and proff prep
i have already discussed about visual pathway
OPTIC NERVE
Almost complete chapter karna hey
First page -reading
Papilloedema & optic neuritis are very important
Optic neuropathy -not dat imp for seqs but you should read it (AION is imp)
Optic atrophy-Try to learn dis topic too
IMP SEQS
Is chapter k scenarioz b mushkil hotey hein and usually overlap hota retina waley
chapter k sath
1-Papilloedema (v.imp-Clinical findings ? Signs ? D/D ? Investigations?
Treatment?
Usually apko space occupying lesion ki history di hogi like koi brain tumour ya
15-Strabismus
There will be one seq and three mcqs from dis chapter (8 marks )
1st priority chapter for sendups and proffs
To be honest dis chapter is tricky and your concepts should be very clear
Imp chapter
apk two methods bhi isi chapter se related so observed station pe bhi is se viva hosakta
And if you see TOCS tw wahan har chapter ka idea dia hota k kitna tough question aye ga
though it isnt always correct
but strabismus ka level 4 hey (baki kisi chapter ka level 3 se uper nahi)
so in order to attempt its seq and mcqs your concepts should be strong
There is will be one non observed ospe station from dis chapter too
HOW TO STUDY
almost complete chapter karna hey
They will ask you to diagnose and write investigations and treatment
Good thing about dis chapter is k isme three schemes bnein gi apki and usi pe sarey topics
ki investigations and treatment ap improvise karakte
one scheme for phoria ,one for comitant squint and one scheme for incomitant squint
Topics for concept building and mcqs are
Anatomy , BSV , Amblyopia , Duane retraction syndrome
Remaining topics are for seqs
19-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
mjhe is chapter ka written exam k bad pta chala ta k ye chapter b exist krta 😂😂😂
and pta aise chala k seniors told k dr nadeem hafeez butt isi se viva leitee
And mera sara viva isi chapter se huaa taa
He asked k isk D/D btayo and isk D/D btayooo
and jb i told him sarey k sarey D/D nonstop tw wo bot impress hogaye te 😂
though marks phr b 80 hi aye te (courtesy of having Viva in Eye 2 🤦)
And jb i read dat chapter for first time tw mje realize hua k past ppr and proff written me is se
seqs b atey hein
usually wo baki chapters ki knowledge pe improvise hojate so apko pta hi ni chalta
but this chapter is beautiful summary of other chapters
Isme apne woi causes karne jo me btayu gaa and unki list me type kr ra
1-Sudden painful loss of vision 2-Sudden painless loss 3-Gradual painless loss 4-Gradual
painful loss of vision
5-Amourosos Fugax 6-Halous around light 7-Night blindness 8-Floaters 9-Red eye 10-painful
red eye 11-leukocoria 12-Affarent pupillary defect 13-Cherry red spot 14-Central scotoma
Total Marks#90
WARD TESt OPHTHALMOLOGY
PATTERN
1-Non observed stations=5*10=50 marks
2-Observed stations=2*10=20 marks
3-Viva 20 marks
NON OBSERVED STATIONS
there will be ten non observed stations each carrying 5 marks (50 Marks)
Non observed Stations
Isme usually 2-3 stations intruments & drugs s related hotey
Intruments ka usually USE poocha hota & identify krna hota
Drugs me b mainly USE btana hota or they can ask side effects etc
Instruments and drugs ko prepare karne k lie pdfs hein
Jo mere data me b hein
Or me group me b share krdeita
Chp#26 jatoi sey uses krlijiye ga
Mere data me aek 222 pages ka pdf hey & usme se intruments /drugs & Kafi non observed
stations cover hojate
pdf krlein ya phr jatoi ki sari pictures krlein ta k diagnosis kr skein & treatment and complications
usually sath poochi hotin
pdf me Akhrar saeed wali retina wali pics beshak rehne dijiye ga
And secondly mostly uni topics se pictures ayein gi jo apko ward and class me prha chuke hongey
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY(ENT)
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
2 TOS 106
3 NOSE 109
4 EAR 119
5 THROAT 131
Afaq Naeem 103 Otorhinolaryngology
Overview
Most ov you will find ENT as the most interesting subject of 4th Year 😀
you will prepare it well and is subject ki tiari apki sb se achi hogi before proff inshaAllah
Morever, those who wanna get DISTINCTION should prepare it welll 😉
According to Dr Umair Wahab (Warden Boys Hostel 3 ) ,Dr Kashif gave distinctions in vivas(85+\100)to
around 77 students jinka exam ENT 2 me viva hua ta (out ov around 160 Students)
Although only around 20 students managed to convert it into distinctions with their written exams
Morover , there is only one book for ENT
DHINGARA
sara exam usi me ata heyy and Uhs ki referred book hey
Plus DHINGARA is soo beautifully written k ap happily bar bar ENT ko prhte ho
Now i am gonna tell you stuff jo apne start se focus krna
Trust me hume ye sb cheizein Year k end pe pta chalin ti and if ap start se isk acc chalein gey tw it will be
lot easier for youu
WHEN TO STUDY ENT ?
There will be no tests of ENT
apne just aek ward test deina hoga and two terms and sendups
First term me apka around half course hogaaa(Nose and pharynx)
Second term me apka baki ka half course (Ear and larynx)
So as the name indicates
“Oto” means Ear
“Rhino” means Nose
and “laryngology” means throat(pharynx plus larynx)
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO #A
NOSE
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
NOSE
As i told you pehle bhi k ENT me there are three sections
1-OTO-EAR
2-RHINO-NOSE
3-LARYNGOLOGY-THROAT
Each Section carries equal marks(30 marks-15 Mcqs and 3 seqs of 5 marks each)
As far as NOSE AND PNS section is concerned , its the most easiest and shortest section.Best thing
is k it easily consolidates in long term memory unlike EAR and THROAT jo comparatively
mushkil hein.In my written proff , both of the times i started my prep with NOSE (since hume two
bar exam k lie prhna pra ta as our batch was supposed to give ENT Exam twice lol 😂)
Soo Nose ko ubi se acha krna bot zruri hey since proff me ye wo topic hota k ap 8-10 Hours me kar
k free hojatey and you feel very confident k you are already done with 1/3 of the prepapration
HOW TO STUDY
ENT apne sari DHINGRA se karni
Rule woi hey jo mene apko sb clinical subjects me btaya k you read sign and symptom achey se for
diagnosis and apko Investigations and Management Yad karni hein for seqs
Like Ophthalmology , yahan b kuch topics hein jo exam me baar baar atey and paper attempt krte
wqt bhi apk mind me woi topics hone chahie and unko bot achey se karna and baki topics just mcqz
k lie read karneyy
Pehley me apko chapter wise sb btata hu or phir usk bad me apko btayu ga k sendups and proff me
apne kis sequence se chapters start karney
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO # B
EAR
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
EAR
There will be three seqs and 15 mcqz from dis section (30 Marks )
This is favourite section of our ENT 2 Department.Mostly viva , Ospe isi me se hoti ENT 2 ki. Ear
is relatively tough and isk scinario grasp krne me mushkil hojati hey aksr. Plus unlike Nose , iski
long term retention itni achi ni heyy so ap proff se pehle if three times isey krlein tw then things
will be easy for you.
It’s extensive and time taking too
But good thing is k you dont need to prepare all those chapter
4-5 Chapters are super important and cover most of the seqs
First 7 chapters are for concept building mainly and are important for ospe and practical point of
view
But baki chapters in se linked hein so first time jb ap ear start krein tw it will be better to start from
the beginning
Proff me i didnt take risk of reading them at all
Proff and sendups me i always started from chp no 8 and proceeded forwards
And first 7 chapters k lie just last pe one hour rkha ta jisme super imp seqs deikhlie te just
Ku k first 7 chapters k seqs b next chapters ki knowledge pe improvise hskte
Secondly first 7 chapters can waste your super imp hours and ruin your prep
My few classfellow did dat mistake k uno ne one day first 7 chapters pe hi waste krdia ta and they
ended up leaving one or more important regions
So as i always say you have to be smart right
Chp 8, Chp 10 , Chp 11, Chp 12(selective) ,Chp 13 , Chp 14(Selective) , Chp 15 and Chp 18
Ye jo 8 chapters mene btaye -90% seqs in 8 chapters me se atey hein
Mostlyy all three seqs
Examiners b yei topic sunte
Baki chapters mostly selective krne hotey hein and unpe zada time waste krne ki zrurat b ni
Ub jo me imp seq btayu ga un chapters se wo apne achi trh yad krleine
Baki just reaad
Ok now i am proceeding forwards towards detailed guideline of each topic
CHP 1 ANATOMY OF EAR
Honestly speaking i didnt read dat chapter at all 😂
Just one seq hey woi kia taa
Anatomy se mcqs ajatey
but this chapter is way too much creepy so behtar hey ap youtube se anatomy ki video deikhlein
baki har chapter se phle b uski thori si anatomy btayi hoti so smjh ajati
Mastoid Antrum, mastoid and its air cell system (ye topic lazmi prhna and very imp)
Imp seq
1-Enlist various groups of mastoid air cells
CHP 2 PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF AUDITORY SYSTEM
No need to study dis chap at all
CHP 3 AUDIOLOGY AND ACOUSTIC
No need to read dis chap at all
OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
SECTION NO # C
Throat
Guideline
by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
Throat
There will be three seqs and 15 mcqs from this section in your proffs (30 Marks)
It is most lengthy section of your ENT
But unlike ear and Nose , isme kafi kuch selective karna hota hey
secondly few chapters are way more important than other chps
It will be better if ap selective chapters ka selective content hi prepare krein
Since its already too much and end pe sari dhingra revise karna is quite impossible
Coz of these facts
I always prepared it end pe (after nose and ear) in proffs and sendups
BUT
Our college teachers have special obsession with this topic
1st term me nose and pharynx ta
And half paper nose and half paper pharynx se ta
2nd term me b half exam larynx and half exam ear se ta (so jino ne larynx ko light lekr ear pe focus
kia ta k majorly isi se aye ga they had to face serious consequences)
and sendups me tw akheer hi hogayi ti
Almost 3 seqs were from ear and Nose and baki 6 seqs were from throat
C-LARYNX
Larynx is most imp part of your throat section
There will be around 2 seqs from larynx
and proff me ap larynx lazmi prepare kr k jatey ho
Even if time kum hora ho tw larynx and baki throat k just imp seqs b krlo tw aram se manage
hojata
Larynx is very easy too
Isk scenarioz b sb se easy hotey hein
CHP 1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LARYNX
Just read karna hey ubi k lie
embryo,paediatric larynx and physiology chordi jiye ga
Baki chapter ubi concept k lie prh li jiye ga ya video deikhlijiye koi youtube se
proff me zrurat nahi
Nerve supply , blood supply and lymphatic drainage ani chahie and proff me b ise prepare kr k k
jayie ga since mcqs atey unse
Baki isnt imp for mcqs or seqs
CHP 2 LARYNGOTRACHEAL TRAUMA
is chapter ko just read karna
Etiology ,pathology and clinical feature ko just aek nazar prhna
Diagnostic evaluation,treatment and complications yad karni
20-Laryngotracheal Trauma (investigations? treatment? Complications?
1-DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
36-Direct laryngoscopy (Indications ?contraindications and complications ?)
viva me apko laryngoscope hold karne ka way present krne ko keh sktey
2-BRONCHOSCOPY
imp -Prepare everything
procedure isnt dat imp but read it
37-Bronchoscopy (Indications ? Complications?)
3-OESOPHAGOSCOPY
Prepare its indications,contraindications, position and complications
Read technique
4-TONSILLECTOMY
most imp operative technique of ENT
Prepare whole topic
38-Tonsillectomy (Indications ? procedure ? post op care ? Techniques ? complications ?
Type of haemorhages?
5-ADENOIDECTOMY
Imp-Prepare whole topic
39-Adenoidectomy (indication ? Complications ?)
Community Medicine
Guideline by
Afaq Naeem
(Aimc Batch 2k20)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
Community Medicine
A Overview 148
1 Field Trips 148
2 Presentation 149
3 Poster & Brochure 150
4 Research 151
5 Journal 152
6 Marks Division 154
B TOS 156
C TOPICS
Afaq Naeem 146 Table of Contents
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
SR NO TOPIC PAGE NO
13 Nutrition 169
14 Occupational Health 171
15 Disaster Management 172
16 Hospital Waste Management 173
17 Non Communicable Diseases 173
18 Mental Health 175
19 Social & Behavioural Sciences 176
20 IMNCI 176
21 Environment 177
22 Radiation 179
23 Medical Parasitology 179
24 Communicable Diseases 180
Afaq Naeem 148 Community Medicine-Overview
D-RESEARCH
Research is most important of all
isk almost 15 marks hoteyy
and research k kafi zada steps hote
like introduction, questionnaire, Data collection, Data analysis, Results , conclusions and abstract
For now just ap apne groups bnalein and topics decide krlein
Reseach Apki summer tk chaley gi
RESEARCH TOPIC?
to be honest fourth year k level pe research publish hona is a miracle
Apko proper guidance hi ni hoti
and year k end pe apko realize hota k there were many flaws
So try kijiye k har step pe apne tutorial teachers se advices lijiye
they will help you outt
Try to choose simple topics like awareness, determinants etc
Incidence,prevalence, associations are not possible 4th year k level pe
College just expects k ap aek dafa research k procedure se guzar jayein and sare steps krlein
They wont blame you if apki research se koi b meaningful results na ayein
Try kijiye k disease related topic choose krein as dat would be easyyy for you
or daily life k topics like fast foods, cellphone , life style etc
Bus us topics pe previous researches hui hon since end pe apko references deine hotey previous
researches k
You can ask me for help wheneva you wantt
1-BASIC DEFINITION
Bohat hi easy chapter and just concept and definition karni and selective karna hey(jo me btara bs
woi karna)
1-Program and its types (seq)
2-Community diagnosis(def),Concept of disease control(definition sb ki),Epidemiological triad(imp)
and incubation period tk karna )
3-Agent factors me mainly headings karni just
4-Levels of prevention and levels of intervention(vvvvv.imp seq)
5-WHO k functions
Baki chapter ap chor sakte
4-BIostatistics
Jis chapter is very imp and there will be 1 seq and 4 mcqz from this topic in your proff(9 marks)
Is chapter se usually calculation ka question ata hey
atleast 1 ospe station b is chapter se ata and proff k viva k lie important topic hey
Start wale 4-5 pages (introduction se lekr scattered diagram tk mainly ospe or mcqz k lie hein so
apne concept leina hey just and unpe zada time waste ni karna
2-Measures of central tendency and dispersion se aksar question ajata (mainly calculate kr k
deina hota and kafi easy hota)
3-Chi square test(vvvv.imp , isme b usually calculation ka question ata hey and iska concept
thora mushkil hey , ap park se b is topic ko deikhlijiye ga if smjh na aye)
5-Epidemiology
There will be one seq and 5 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (10 Marks)
this chapter is very important for written/viva/Research and Ospe etc
Start wale pages k formulas ospe k lie bot important hein and hmari proff ki ospe me three stations ini
formulas se tey
Case control and cohert studies are super imp (70% question ini topics me se ata)
Usk ilawa blinding and investigating a case of epidemics is very imp too
in short apne pura chapter prhna hey
Observational and experimental studies ki mainly headings krli jiye ga beshak just
Proff me aksar time ni hota tw ap is chapter ko end pe rkhtey
like mene proff me is chapter k lie last me one hour rakha ta just and usme most imp topics krlie te just
since isme kuch hi topics se har saal question ata
1-Def,Components,Uses of Epidemiology(seq)
2-Approach,measures & tools ko just read krna for concept
3-Measures of mortality me usually calculation ka question ata(Case fatality date and
standardized mortality ratio are veryy very imp)
4-Measures of morbidity me Incidence,prevalence and secondary attack rate ki calculation se
usually ospe station and seq ajata
5-Observational Studies me mainly definations and headings karni hein and baki aek nazar
prhli jiye ga
6-Case Control and cohert studies (vvvvvvv.imp-Complete, isme mainly calculations ,
advantages, disadvantages and differences ka question ata)
7-Expermental ko just aek nazar read karna for mcqz (seqs ni ata isme se)
8-Blinding and its types(vvvv.imp)
9-Association ko achey se prhna
Criteria for judging Causality(v.imp seq)
10-Web of causation and types of epidemics(imp)
11-Basic step of epidemic investigation(vvvv.imp)
12-Bias ko b read karna and us se next two pages ap chor skte
6-Immunology
There will be one seq and 5 mcqz from dis chapter in your proffs(10 Marks)
Very imp chapter
ye chapter at times apk diseases wale topic ka seq b cover krleita hey jisme aksar EPI vaccine
schedule poocha hota
Ospe me b usually one station is chapter se hotaa
First two pages woi third year ki pathology hey and baki almost sara chapter karna hey
Immunizing agents ko mcqz k lie prhna
Some common vaccines ko b read krna and jo seqs btara wo yad krne
Cold chain,VVM,EPI schedule ka table and adverse effects of vaccines are very imp
Imp seqs
1-HERD Immunity(imp-Def)
2-Cold Chain and cold chain Equipments(v.imp-seq)
3-Vaccine Vial monitor (imp)
4-EPI Schedule (iska table ana chahie mainly-Table is very very very imp)
5-Hazards of immunization and jin vaccines k adverse effects die hue(imp)
6-Tetanus toxoid and tetanus vaccine in females (v.imp)
7-Polio vaccine schedule and causes of failure of polio eradication in pakistan (imp)
8-Post exposure prophylaxus of tetanus and Hepatitis(imp)
9-Immunization recommended for people traveling for hajj (imp)
10-Family planning
Ye chapter usually reproductive health wale chapter k sath consider hota hey and dono topics se mila k 6 mcqz and 1 seq atey
hein
But mostly seq is from reproductive health wala chapter and is chapter se usually 1-2 mcqs atey hein but at times seq b ajata
Not dat imp for viva though
But dis chapter is imp for your proff ospe and usually 1 station ajata from dis chapter
HOW TO PREPARE?
Almost sara chapter apne read karna hey
Cramming ki zrurat ni
Basic cheizein hein
Reading kr k basic idea lelijiye ga and you can write in your own words
First page apne read karna and then cafeteria choice and classification ko memorize krna and
barrier methods arent dat imp for seqs and unko b just read karna
IUCD are very imp for Ospe and seq, Orall pills are also imp for ospe and seq ,Depot
formulations and post contraceptive methods ko b just read, Miscellaneous and natural methods
me just calender method is imp and baki just concept leina ,Terminal methods are very imp ,
Health aspects wale topic ko b just read ,evaluation of contraceptive method is important
IMP SEQS
1-Cafeteria choice ? Classification of contraceptive methods?
2-IUCD (imp-Mechanism? Advantages ? Contraindication? Side Effects ?
3-Oral contraceptive pills (imp-Classification? Mechanism? Schedule? Use of iron pills?
Disadvantages (ye bot imp and disadvantages/side effects excel pe itne achey ni likhey hue and
google kr lijiye ga ), Uses (imp)
4-Terminal Methods (vv.imp)
5-Calender method of contraception? Pearl index (usually calculation ati isme)
11-Demography
This chap is one of the most imp chapters of community medicine
There will be 1 seq and 3 mcqs from this chapter in your proffs (8 marks)
Very imp chapter for viva and ospe too
HOW TO PREPARE
Almost sara chapter karna heyy
And formulas bot achey se karne hey since calculations kafi atin hein mcqz/Seqs and ospe
stations me from dis chapter
IMP SEQS
1-Calculate Doubling time and growth rate (v.imp). Growth rate ka formula vague sa dia hua so
apne calculation karte wqt usey population se divide and 100 se multiply zroor karna hey and tbhi
jaa k growth rate nikley ga(google se aek bar check krlijiye ga )
2-Determinants of fertility (imp) ? Causes of high fertility and how infant mortality affects
fertility?
3-Jo basic fertility measues usme se b calculations ajati aksar.
4-Population pyramid (vvvv.imp-Define ? Types ? and uses ?
Is ka bot acha concept hona chahie apko
5-Calculate dependency ratio and sex ratio , Virtual index (v.imp)
6-Demographic Transition? Stages of demographic cycle (v.imp)
7-Population momentum (imp-came in our proff and isko google kr k iski definiton achi si bna li
jiye ga ku k excel me proper definition ni di hui)
12-Reproductive health
There will be one seq and 5-6 mcqs from this topic
Imp topic for viva and Ospe too
HOW TO PREPARE
Almost sara chp imp hey
Excel pe almost sara hi read karna hota hey unless if me kahu k ap kuch chor sktey
and jo seq hon wo yad karne hotey and baki mcqs k lie read like a newspaper
IMP SEQS
1-Define maternal health.Maternal morbidity and mortality ki sb definitions and formula are imp
2-Causes of maternal mortality and measures to reduce MMR (imp)
3-High risk approach in pregnancy (v.imp)
4-Antenatal care (imp-Objectives? Components-ye sb achey se prhna hey and they can ask routine
visits, minimum visits ? or indirect questions like aek pregnant woman ayi hey tw ap usko kia advice
dein ge konse tests krwayein ge etc
5-Intranatal care (imp- Define? d/w domiciliary and institutional care
6-Care of the new born (imp). LBW (define ? Prevention and treatment ?
7-Growth chart (imp- define? uses? Pitfalls? )
8-Care of under fives (imp)
9-Breast feeding (advantages ? Contraindications ? What do you know about weaning (vvv.imp)
10-Indicators of MCH care(vvvvvv.imp- ye sb formulas apki finger tips pe hone chahie
seq mcqs and ospe sb me ye bot pooche jatey
usk ilawa causes of Infant mortality ? (imp) ,measures to reduce IMR (imp)
11-Safe motherhood(v.imp -WHO strategies?)
IMP SEQS
1-Dietery fibers (imp-Daily requirement ? beneficial effects on body?) Balanced diet ?
2-D/w food fortification and adulteration (imp)
3-How to humanize cow milk ? sources of adulteration of milk (imp)? Methods to render milk safe
(imp)
4-Assessment of nutritional status (v.imp)
5-Protein energy malnutrition (vvvv.imp)
Iska usually clinical scenario hoga and apne condition identify kr k related questions ka answer krna
hoga
(Etiological factors? Gomez classification?
D/w kwashiorkor and marasmus? Prevention (vvvvv.imp)
Is chapter me koi b disease /vitamin /mineral deficiency ki prevention aye tw apne same 4 headings
bnaleini
like improvise karna ana chahie
A-Health promotion me ap patient education,family planning etc likhdijiye ga , B-Specific protection
me food fortification etc and then C-Early diagnosis and prompt treatment, D-Rehab-jisme follow up
wgera
6-Nutritional anemia (vvvv.imp- Cutoff ? Management?)
7-Investigating a case of food poisoning (imp- iski just headings kr k apne words me likh sktey
8-Prevention and control of food poisoning (imp- ye b mainly headings )
9-Vitamin A/D/Calcium/Iron/Iodine (imp-Daily requirement ? Sources? Prevention of disease caused
by their deficiency?)
10-D/w cholera and food poisoning ?
11-D/w Food toxemia and food infection
14-Occupational Health
There will be one seq and 4 mcqs from this chapter (9 marks )
imp chapter as only few pages will guarantee you 9 marks
First page read karna
Occupational health ki definition and functions yad krne
Ergonomics and sickness absenteeism are imp
Occupational diseases read krni
Pneumoconiasis is very imp
Agey sara chapter is very imp and potential seqs
IMP SEQS
1-Define occupational health ? its Functions? What do you know about ergonomics and sick
absenteeism?
2-Pneumoconiosis (vvvv..imp-Usually isme uno ne scenario dia hota and they ask you to
diagnose, tell agent and write management plan/Prevention
Koi b disease ho usme apne management plan k sarey steps likhne (medical measures,
Engineering measures and legislative measures )
3-Measures for general health promotion and protection of workers ? Occupational Hazards ?
4-Lead poisoning (vvvv.imp-Clinical picture ? Investigations ? Prevention?(same steps) ,
management ?)
15-Disaster management
there will be one seq and 1 mcqs from this chapter in your proff (6 marks )
imp chp-Only 5-6 pages will guarantee you 6 marks
Very easy chapter
Usually no ospe station from dis chapter
Imp for viva
HOW TO STUDY
Almost complete chapter karnaa
Mainly headings hein and baki ap read kr k khud se bhi likh skteyyy
Last two pages only read
IMP SEQ
1-Define disaster ? Types of disaster ?
2-Steps in Disaster management (imp-isme predisaster ,during disaster and post disaster management
ki headings ajayein gi)
wo apse thora specify kr k b pooch skte k flood ya earth quake ko kese manage krein gey
3-Steps of Predisaster management ? What do you about disaster preparedness ? Disaster mitigation?
4-Disaster response ? Triage ?(vvv.imp)
5-Post disaster management (vvvvvv.imp-They may ask dis question as disaster relief phase /
Responsibility of health authority in recovery phase / Measures to prevent health problems in disaster
affected people)
6-Reasons for increased transmission of communicable diseases after disaster ? Measures in flood
disaster ?
HOW TO STUDY?
Is chapter me seqs me mainly they will ask about preventions
Accidents .Coronary heart disease, Diabetis , Hypertension ,Obesity , Rheumatoc heart
disease and Snake bite are imp
Ye sara kuch apne kisi na kisi stage pe prha hua so mainly preventions pe focus kijiye ga
And prevention b chapter prh k apki orientation bn jaye gi k ap kisi b disease ki
prevention khud se improvise kr skte
Honestly speaking me ye chapter proff me chor k gya ta 😂
IMP SEQS
1-Accidents (Prevention?) How can you prevent blindness ?
2-Cancers (prevention ? Screening of breast cancer (asked in sendups)?)
3-Coronary heart diseases (risk factors ?Prevention?
4-Prevention of diabetes and HTN ?
5-Calculation of BMI? Classification on basis of BMI?Hazards of obesity ?
6-Rheumatic heart disease (Who criteria ? Risk factors ?)
7-Snake bite (vvvv.imp-complete )
18-Mental Health
Usually dis chapter is considered with social and behavioural sciences wala chapter
and there will be one mcqs and one seq from these two chapters
Mental Health wala chapter is very important and very easyy
will hardly take 2-3 hours
Prepare complete chapter from Excel
IMP SEQS
1-Define ? Classification of mental illness ? Etiology of mental illness?
2-Crucial points in life cycle ? Characteristics of mentally healthy person (imp) Warning signs
of poor mental health
3-Common mental health problems in pakistan ? Prevention?
4-Define Delusion? illusion ? Drug addiction ? Drug habit ? Drug abuse ? Drug dependence ?
5-Enlist dependence producing drugs ? Factors associated with high drug abuse ? symptoms
of drug addiction? Prevention and treatment (v.imp)
6-Alcohol (imp-Causes ? Related psychosocial and health issues ? Prevention and
managememt ?)
7-Tobacco smoking (imp-Chemical constituents ? Related health problems ? Tobacco
dependence syndrome ? WHO recommendations to combat tobacco smoking ?
20-IMNCI
dis chapter is important
Like excel chotu si book tw uspe usually important stuff hi hota 🙈
Situition of women and children in pakistan chordijiye ga
baki almost sb read karna
IMP SEQS
1-IMNCI ? Its components and advantages?
2-Diarhea (Imp-Management ? D/w ORS and ORT? Component of ORS?
3-Acute respiratory Infections (imp-Criteria of fast breathing ? classification ?
Management ? Tables of diagnostic signs and Treatment of ARI are very imp)
21-environment
there will be one seq and 5 mcqs from dis chapter in your proffs (10 marks )
Imp chapter for written and ospe
HOW TO STUDY
Honestly speaking mene ye chapter sendups k bad first time prepare kia ta
since is ki koi clinical significance ni hein
And apko prh k feel hoga k yawr hume ye sb ku prha rey
Fazool and basic sa chapter
jitna lengthy utna simple and easy
mene ye chapter selective kia taaa
ap selective bhi kr skte but jink pas time hey and wo acha score krna chahte wo complete kijiye ga
A-WATER
Topics you can leave -Cone of filtration ,Slow sand and rapid sand filtration ka just mene chapter k end
wala table kia ta , Horrocks apparatus ki just definition ,Double pot (ni karna ) ,surveillance of drinking
water
Baki topics read krlijiye ga
IMP SEQS
1-Classification of water ? Criteria for quality of water? WhO standards for safe water supply?
2-Purification of water on large scale ? (v.imp).
3-Chlorination( vv.imp-complete )
4-Purification of water on small scale ?(imp)
5-Steps in well disinfection (imp)
6-Health hazards associated with swimming pool (v.imp) , Sanitary measures ?
7-Water related diseases (complete -vvvv.imp)
B-AIR
Air almost sara read krna
Sampling and inspection mene read ni kia ta
Soil ,nitrogen and carbon cycle b mene ni prha ta
Imp seqs
8-Causes of air pollution ?(imp).Effects of air pollution/health hazards (imp)
9-Global warming (complete )
10-Purification of air (v.imp-complete )
Ink ilawa
Housing me criteria for healthful housing , housing standards & effects of poor housing read
karna
Hazards of multistoried building and places of temporary chor skte
Hazards of overcrowding (imp)
acceptable noise level (imp for mcqs)
Effects of noise exposure and control (imp)
Climate mene chordia ta sara
Effects of heat stress (v.imp) and cold stress (imp)
Humidity , rainfall sunshine ye sb chor skte
Methods of refuse disposal (imp)
Methods of excreta disposal (imp-mainly headings)
End wali definitions are imp
23-Medical parasitology
Is chapter ki sari batein ap kisi na kisi stage pe pehle prh k aye hue hein
Obviously they dont gonna ask you about pathogenesis or morphology or biochemical tests here
Yahan pe bs micro ki knowledge pe diagnose karna hoga and prevention likhni hogi
So ap khud se prevention k points bnali jiye gaa
like jo fecooral route se transfer hoti unki aek scheme bnaleina
Jo skin penetration se hotin unki prevention ki aek scheme bnaleina
one to two hours me first time me isey compile krleina
mene ye chapter sendups proffs me prha bhi ni ta since khud ap improvise kr skte
Aek dafa prhlijiye ga ubii
Mcqs ajatey and seq b askta
24-CommuniCable diseases
honestly speaking proff me diseases k two chapters or kafi extensive course se just 1 seq ata or
may be 2 seqs askte and wo b ap pathology ki knowledge se kuch na kuch likhleite
But ink barey me jitna knowledge apko chahie wo ap medicine and paeds final year me bot achey
way se prhlo gey jahan apki excel/park se bot acha likha hua and jo knowledge apko honi chahie
like kese diagnose krna ,treatment and prevention wo sb final year me hey
I am so so so sorry k me year k end pe aakr ub is topic ki post kr ra
Truth is k mene khud isko kbi sae se prepare kia hi ni ta
Mcqs thorey bot patho pe hjate thorey bot ghalat hojatey
Questions ap isk thora bot first two chapters se pattern deikhleite k kese attempt krna
Jese Primary prevention secondary tertiary
Sb diseases ki prevention me health education , improve quality of life and diet ,seminars , early
diagnosis ,vaccine , rehab jesi headings pe improvise kr skte
phr usk transmission source ko rokne k thore se points bna leite
and them immunology waley chapter me apne vaccines prhin hui mostly topics ki
Wahan se vaccine likhdein
EPI wali koi b disease ati tw uski vaccine ap likh sktey aram se
Tetanus hepatitis k prophylaxis apne us chapter me read kie hue
Its all about interlinking all the available knowledge and improvising
so if apne ye topic ni kia huaa
you dont need to worry at all
and dont panic about about it
Dengue agyaa
Mosquito control k bare me likhdein like mosquito repellents, Evening me bahir jane se
prohibit krdein, insecticides spray krwa dein , awareness kradein
Like question attempt hogya na ?
So smartly chalna hey 😏
Sb diseases ko isi pattern pe prhna
so if ub proff after few days and apne ubi tk is topic ko ni prepare kia
Wot to do ?
Past papers wali imp diseases krlein just
me imp diseases ki list b share kr ra
Hmesha most recent and prevalent disease ati ti
hmari bar dengue bot spread hua ta wo agya ta
apko shaed corona ki prevention ajaye
Imp topics
1-Corona Virus 2-Chicken pox 3-cholera
4-malaria 5-dengue 6-diphtheria
7-measles 8-mumps 9-polio
10-rabies 11-scabies 12-tetanus
13-TB 14-hepatitis 15-typhoid
Anyhoww these were the questions dat were repeatedly asked and like always i thought its high timee
to write one finaal post for your annual Fourth year Written proff
I will try to help you guys by providing baseline preparatory plan for each of your written exam and
will put forward some backup plans so we can eliminate the threat of failure and ensure maximum
2-OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
isko bari detail me mene chapter wise har region k end pe apk pdfs me btaya hua heyyy
If you ask me
I will suggest k you start nose first day pe and try to complete it by lunch of your day 2 (isme ap pdf me
details deikhlijiye ga kia cheizein ap proff me chor skte and konse chapter ko kis trh krna and then you
start EAR and prepare chp 8,10,11,13,14,15 and 18 by the end of your day 2
So when you go for sleep on day 2 you will have ensured your 5/9 seqs
DAY 3 - you adopt “ELIMINATE THE THREAT & GO for BIG “ approach
Now you start preparing selective topics
First of all you prepare all the imp topics of larynx (almost 2 seqs ) and then imp chapters of pharynx
like Tonsils and neck spaces
and last 4-5 hours for only imp seqs of remaining ear , oral cavity and osophagous
3-COMMUNITY MEDICINE
InshAllah it will be doable and you people should go for covering whole Cmed course
Communicable diseases and environment ko last pe 4-5 hours pe rkhiy ga and baki you should try to
prepare complete book
Chp 1,2,3,6,7,8,9,10,13,14,16,17,18,20,22,23
They should be covered first and will cover most of your high yield topics
4-EYE
Ummm dis exam can be distressing onee
But its totally doablee
“DAMAGE CONTROL Approach” should be adopted right from the start so dat your exam cant be
jeopradize
It will be very tough to cover whole course
Dats why i adviced you people to prepare it well before starting patho
Our target will be to cover max seqs
One day 1 -Try to prepare eyelid , orbit and optic nerve ( as i said damage control approach it means k apne
fazool topics ni prhne like eyelid k tumours ya Inflammatory orbital disease etc)
you will be done with 3 seqs on day 1 inshAllah
Day 2-Go for retina , lens , strabismus and Vitrous (you will be done with around 6-7/9 seqs)
Now some of you will think k yawr just 7 chapters hue and 9-10 chapter tw rhte
but it wont be like dat
Actual me you will have covered atleast 2/3 of your syllabus
Now on day three after ensuring 6-7 seqs
we will go for selective seqs
it will be naive to go for complete conjunctiva and cornea and leaving all other chapters
start with chotey chotey chapter and prepare only imp seqs given in pdf like three topics from injuries , halka
sa errors wala chapter read , two three topics from lacrimal, only three topics from uvea is trh se
You can leave sclera,pupil
and glaucoma ko two hours me blkl brief sa jese mere notes me te
Primary open angle , acute angle closure and infantile glaucoma lazmi prh k jana hey
Conjunctiva ko ap fajjar k bad rkhlein 2-3 hours me
And cornea ko dinner k bad 3 hours
InshAllah sb manage hojaye ga aram se
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