This international standard was de veloped in accordance with inter nationally recognized principles on standardi zation established in the

Decision on Principles f or the

De velopment of International Standards, G uides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec hnical B arriers to Trade (TB T) Committee.

Designation: E543 − 15

Standard Specification for

Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E543; the number immediat ely following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´ ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This specification has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and

1.1 This specification covers minimu m requirements fo r Tubing
agencies performing nondestructive testing (NDT). E215 Pract ice for Standardizing Equip ment and Electro mag-
netic Examination of Seamless Aluminu m-A lloy Tube E243
1.2 When using this specification to assess the capability of, Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-
or to accredit NDT agencies, Guide E1359 shall be used as a tion of Copper and Copper-Alloy Tubes
basis for the survey. It can be supplemented as necessary with E273 Pract ice for Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Zone of
more detail in o rder to meet the auditor’s specific needs. Welded Pipe and Tubing
1.3 This specification can be used as a basis to evaluate E309 Practice for Eddy Current Examination of Steel Tubu-
testing or inspection agencies, or both, and is intended for use lar Products Using Magnetic Saturation
for the qualify ing or accrediting, or both, of testing or E317 Pract ice fo r Evaluating Perfo rmance Characteristics of
inspection agencies, public or private. Ultrasonic Pu lse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
1.4 The use of SI or inch-pound units, or combination without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
thereof, will be the responsibility of the technical committee E376 Pract ice fo r M easuring Coat ing Th ickn ess by
whose standards are referred to in this standard. Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electro magnetic) Test-
ing Methods
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the E426 Pract ice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) Examina-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tion of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titaniu m,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar A lloys
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E427 Pract ice for Testing for Leaks Using the Halogen Leak
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Detector Alkali-Ion Diode (Withdrawn 2013)3
2. Referenced Documents E428 Practice for Fabricat ion and Control of Metal, Other
than Aluminu m, Reference Blocks Used in Ult rasonic
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
Testing
E94 Gu ide for Radiographic Examination E431 Gu ide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semicon-
E114 Pract ice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
ductors and Related Devices
Contact Testing
E432 Gu ide for Select ion of a Leak Testing Method
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica- E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
tions on Ferrous Castings
tion
E127 Pract ice for Fabrication and Control o f Alu minu m
E479 Gu ide for Preparation of a Leak Testing Specification
Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks (Withdrawn 2014)3
E164 Pract ice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weld ments
E493 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
E165 Pract ice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Leak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing Mode
Industry
E494 Practice for Measuring Ult rasonic Velocity in Materi-
als
1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
E498 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.09 on
Nondestructive Testing Agencies. Leak Detector or Residual Gas Analyzer in the Tracer
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2015. Published March 2015. Originally Probe Mode
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E543 - 13. DOI: E499 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass Spectrometer
10.1520/E0543-15.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on

the ASTM website. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

1
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
Leak Detector in the Detector Probe Mode E1030 Pract ice for Rad iographic Examination of Metallic
E515 Pract ice for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques Castings
E545 Test Method for Determining Image Quality in Direct E1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination o f Weld-
Thermal Neutron Rad iographic Examination ments
E566 Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Cu rrent) Sort ing of E1033 Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) Exami-
Ferrous Metals nation of Type F-Continuously Welded (CW) Ferro mag-
E569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc- netic Pipe and Tubing Above the Curie Temperature
tures During Controlled Stimu lation E1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-
E570 Pract ice for Flu x Leakage Examination of Ferro mag- glass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
netic Steel Tubular Products E1118 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Rein-
E571 Pract ice for Electro magnetic (Eddy-Current) Examina - forced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
tion of Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tubular Products E1139 Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic
E587 Pract ice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing Emission fro m Metal Pressure Boundaries
E592 Gu ide to Obtainable ASTM Equ ivalent Penetrameter E1211 Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using
Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1⁄4 to 2 in. (6 to Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
51 mm) Thick with X-Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) E1212 Practice for Quality Management Systems for Non-
Thick with Cobalt-60 destructive Testing Agencies
E650 Gu ide fo r Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission E1254 Gu ide for Storage of Rad iographs and Unexposed
Sensors Industrial Rad iographic Films
E664 Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenu- E1312 Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) Exami-
ation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion nation of Ferro magnetic Cylindrical Bar Product Above
Method the Curie Temperature
E690 Pract ice fo r In Situ Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) E1315 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel with
Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger Tubes Convex Cylindrically Curved Entry Surfaces (Withdrawn
E703 Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Cu rrent) Sort ing of 2006)3
Nonferrous Metals E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E709 Gu ide for Magnetic Particle Testing E1359 Gu ide for Evaluating Capabilit ies of Nondestructive
E746 Pract ice fo r Determining Relat ive Image Quality Re- Testing Agencies
sponse of Industrial Rad iographic Imag ing Systems E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
E747 Pract ice fo r Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
E1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Used for Rad iology
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
E748 Gu ide for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials
E1496 Test Method for Neutron Radiographic Dimensional
E749 Pract ice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During
Measurements (Withdrawn 2012)3
Continuous Welding
E1571 Pract ice for Electro magnetic Examination of Ferro-
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
magnetic Steel W ire Rope
mentation
E1606 Practice for Electro magnetic (Eddy Current) Exami-
E751 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During
Resistance Spot-Welding nation of Copper and Alu minum Redraw Rod fo r Electri-
cal Purposes
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ult ra-
E1629 Practice for Determining the Impedance of Absolute
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Ex- Eddy-Cu rrent Probes
amination of Electronic Devices E1742 Practice for Rad iographic Examination
E803 Test Method for Determin ing the L/D Ratio of Neutron E1774 Gu ide for Electro magnetic Acoustic Transducers
Radiography Beams (EMATs)
E908 Pract ice for Calibrating Gaseous Reference Leaks E1781 Practice for Secondary Calib ration of Acoustic Emis-
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic sion Sensors
Emission Sensor Response E1816 Practice for Ult rasonic Testing Using Electro mag-
E999 Gu ide fo r Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio- netic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques
graphic Film Processing E1888/ E1888M Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination
E1001 Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinui- of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced
ties by the Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores
Using Longitudinal Waves E1901 Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinui-
E1004 Test Method for Determin ing Electrical Conductivity ties by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic
Using the Electro magnetic (Eddy-Current) Method Methods
E1025 Pract ice for Design, Manufacture, and Material E1930 Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmo-
Grouping Classificat ion of Hole -Type Image Quality In- spheric and Lo w-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology Acoustic Emission

2
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
E1932 Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small 3. Terminology
Parts
3.1 Definitions—Additional definitions are contained in the
E1961 Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth
specific specificat ion or in Terminology E1316.
Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search
Units 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E1962 Practice for Ultrasonic Surface Testing Using Elec- 3.2 .1 agency—the public, independent, or in-house nonde-
tromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Techniques structive testing organization selected by the authority to
E2001 Gu ide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for perform the examination(s) required by the purchase order or
Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts specification.
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of A E-Sensor 3.2 .2 authority—the owner, prime contractor, engineer,
Response Using an Acrylic Rod architect, or purchasing agent in responsible charge of the
E2076 Test Method for Examination of Fiberg lass Rein- work, or duly recognized or designated representative.
forced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission 3.2 .2 .1 Discussion—The agency and the authority may be
E2096 Pract ice for In Situ Examinat ion of Ferro magnetic the same in some cases.
Heat-Exchanger Tubes Using Remote Field Testing
E2191 Practice for Examination of Gas -Filled Filament- 4. Significance and Use
Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emis- 4.1 This specification is applicable where the systematic
sion assessment of the co mpetence of a nondestructive testing
E2192 Gu ide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics agency by a user or other party is desired.
E2223 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
4.2 It is intended that the requirements specified in this
Steel Pressure Vessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics
specification apply to independent, public, o r in-house agencies
E2261 Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alter-
to the extent required by the purchase order o r specification.
nating Current Field Measurement Technique This specification does not apply to in-house equipment,
E2338 Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Con- methods, and examinations used for the exclusive purpose of
formable Eddy-Current Sensors without Coating Refer- internal process control. It is intended that this specification
ence Standards apply to all examination(s) used for the final acceptance
E2373 Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time o f Flight examination(s) if such examinat ion(s) are required by the
Diffraction (TOFD) Technique purchase order or specificat ion.
E2374 Gu ide fo r Acoustic Emission System Performance
Verification 4.3 Criteria are provided for evaluating the capability of an
E2375 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products agency to properly perform designated examinations and
establishes essent ial characterist ics pert ain ing to the
E2479 Practice for Measuring the Ultrasonic Velocity in
organization, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the
Polyethylene Tank Walls Using Lateral Longitudinal
agency. This specificat ion may be supplemented by more
(LCR ) Waves specific criteria and requirements for particular pro jects.
E2491 Gu ide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems 5. Organization of the Agency
E2534 Practice for Process Compensated Resonance Testing
Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts 5.1 The following informat ion concerning the organizat ion
E2580 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Flat Panel Co mpos- of the agency shall be provided by documentation:
ites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace 5.1 .1 A description of the organization including:
Applications 5.1 .1 .1 The complete legal name and address of the main
E2700 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds office,
Using Phased Arrays 5.1 .1 .2 The names and positions of the principal officers and
directors,
2.2 Other Documents:
5.1 .1 .3 The agency’s ownership, managerial structure, and
ASNT Reco mmended Pract ice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel
principal members,
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4
5.1 .1 .4 The functional description of the agency’s organiza-
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
Cert ification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel4 tion structure, operational depart ments, and support depart-
--` ,,` ,` `,` `, ,`` `` ,`, `` `,` ,, ,,` -` -`, ,` ,,` ,` ,,` -- -

ments and services. This may be demonstrated in the form of

NAS-410 Certification and Qualificat ion of Nondestructive
charts that depict all the d ivisions, departments, sections and
Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)5
units, and their relat ionships,
5.1 .1 .5 All relevant organizat ional affiliates of the agency
and the principal officers of affiliates and directors of the
4 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
affiliates where applicable,
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5 Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 5.1 .1 .6 External organizations and organizational compo-
Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org. nents and their functions that are utilized for significant
technical support services, and

3
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
5.1 .1 .7 A brief h istory of the agency including its relation- 7.1 .3 Records or resumes that document the qualificat ions,
ship with its organizational co mponent affiliations and other work experience, and training history of each person in a
supporting information. position described in 7.1.2.
5.1 .2 A general description of the type of users of the 7.2 The agency shall make available a description of its
agency’s services. means of ensuring the continued co mpetence of its personnel to
5.1 .3 A listing of the relevant technical services offered. perform NDT, including the maintenance of written records to
5.1 .4 A list giving applicable dates of the qualifications, document the results.
accreditations, and recognition of the agency by others.
8. Personnel Qualification/ Certifications
6. Responsi bilities and Duties
8.1 Nondestructive testing (NDT) personnel shall be quali-
6.1 A nondestructive testing agency’s capabilities should fied and certified in accordance with a nationally or interna-
include, but not be limited to, one or more of the fo llowing tionally recognized NDT personnel qualifications practice or
methods : magnet ic part icle, pen et rant , rad iog raph ic/ standards such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-
fluoroscopic, ultrasonic, eddy current, and leak testing. 410, or a similar document. The practice or standard used and
NOTE 1—A comparison of selected NDE Methods is provided as
the applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual
Appendix X1. agreement between parties.
6.2 It is the responsibility of the agency to ensure that:
6.2 .1 It performs only examinations for which it is ad- PROCEDURE MANUAL
equately equipped and staffed.
6.2 .2 Its employees perform only examinations for which 9. Mi ni mum Requirements
they are adequately qualified.
9.1 Each agency shall have prepared a written Procedures
6.2 .3 Its equipment is calibrated and personnel are certified Manual for the type of work for which the agency is con-
in accordance with applicable specifications.
tracted. The manual shall be prepared in accordance with the
6.2 .4 All equip ment is properly maintained. requirements of Practice E1212. Additional requirements or
6.2 .5 It informs the authority of any discrepancy or limita- clarifications are contained in 9.2 through 9.6. The manual
tion imposed on the testing accuracy by such factors as surface shall be of sufficient detail to provide complete guidance for
fin ish, form, shape, or procedure. their use by the agency’s personnel.
6.3 The following duties are those usually performed by the 9.1 .1 The agency management shall designate a person or
agency: persons within the agency who has responsibility for maintain-
6.3 .1 To perform all examinat ions in accordance with speci- ing the agency’s quality system. Th is person(s) shall have
fied standards or quality-control criteria, o r both. (The neces- direct access to top management. Th is person shall conduct and
sary documents shall be furn is hed by the authority, or the document an internal audit at least once every year to verify
agency, or both, as specified in the applicable purchase that the quality system is functioning properly.
agreements.) The agency should call to the attention of the 9.2 Process Control (Operational Procedures)—This sec-
authority at once any irregularity or deficiency noted in the tion shall contain the informat ion necessary to control the
documents. various activities necessary for the examination of materials.
6.3 .2 To submit pro mptly to the authority formal reports of Items covered shall include receiv ing and preparing material,
all examinations that indicate comp liance or noncompliance of identification and marking, test procedures and specifications
the material with 6.3.1. The agency should be prepared to to use, reports, and return of material.
substantiate examination results when required.
9.3 Personnel Qualification—The requirements, procedures
6.4 The agency may, in accordance with an agreement with for training, certification, and recertificat ion for each level of
the authority, report only compliance or noncompliance with qualification.
the applicable specificat ions or control documents. The author-
9.4 Equipment Maintenance and Calibration—This section
ity reserves the right for disposition of noncomply ing material.
shall contain all of the fo llo wing:
6.5 The authority may, at its discretion, inspect the 9.4 .1 Inventory Listing—All availab le equip ment shall be
procedures, equipment, and personnel program o f the agency. listed with the follo wing informat ion noted:
9.4 .1 .1 Name of the manufacturer.
7. Personnel 9.4 .1 .2 Equip ment model and serial nu mber.
7.1 The agency shall document the following: 9.4 .1 .3 Characteristics subject to calibration.
7.1 .1 Written outline or chart defining operational personnel 9.4 .1 .4 Range of operation and range of calibration.
positions and their lines of responsibility and authority. 9.4 .1 .5 Reference to recognized standardization procedures
7.1 .2 Summary job description for each professional, acceptable to the authority, if applicable.
scientific, supervisory, and technical position category, docu- 9.4 .1 .6 Frequency of calib ration.
menting the required education, train ing, or experience, o r a 9.4 .1 .7 Allowab le tolerances or maximu m sensitivity.
combination thereof. 9.4 .1 .8 Source of verification.

4
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
9.4 .2 Calibration—Each instrument or machine, when cali- 9.5 .2 .6 Indications and their evaluations.
bration is required, shall have either a calibration sticker 9.5 .2 .7 Recording of test results.
affixed, or record o f cert ification on file, containing the 9.6 Records and Documentation:
following: 9.6 .1 Records—All applicable records pertaining to 9.2
9.4 .2 .1 Instrument calibrated. through 9.5 shall be maintained in a central file and in other
9.4 .2 .2 Serial nu mber. accessible files as necessary, and should be available for
9.4 .2 .3 Calibrat ion date. examination by the authority.
9.4 .2 .4 Calibrat ion next due. 9.6 .2 The internal process forms or job record forms shall be
9.4 .2 .5 Name of individual who performed last calib ration. filed with the written report to the authority and become a part
If calibration is not required, a sticker, stating no calibrat ion is of the permanent record. They should include the following
necessary shall be affixed, or a record shall be on file to this minimu m informat ion:
effect. 9.6 .2 .1 Order and reference nu mbers.
9.4 .3 The equipment shall be calibrated against currently 9.6 .2 .2 Specification.
certified standards calibrated by accepted government or in - 9.6 .2 .3 Type of test and procedure identification.
dustrial agencies (or shall indicate that it is calibrated as used, 9.6 .2 .4 Serial or part nu mbers, alloy nu mbers, heat and lot
or that no calibration is necessary) at least at the intervals numbers, as applicable.
specified in the written procedure which shall also specify who 9.6 .2 .5 Special instructions from the customer.
is to calibrate each equip ment type. 9.6 .2 .6 Customer’s (authority’s) name.
9.4 .4 Written records of the results of the checks and 9.6 .2 .7 Results of the examination.
calibrat ions are to be maintained at a central location. The 9.6 .2 .8 A notation of all known deviations from any stan-
required checks are minimu m and do not relieve the responsi- dard test method(s) referenced and all requirements of the test
bility of constantly checking and immed iately repairing any method(s) that were not performed by the agency.
item which may affect test results. A history of the repairs, 9.6 .3 All applicable internal reports should be signed by the
modifications, or substitutions shall be maintained. technician performing the work and by Level II or Level III
9.5 Equipment Operation and Technique File: personnel. A p rocedure for auditing of reports by Level III
9.5 .1 Each type of equipment in use shall have a co mplete personnel must be included.
manual which contains all information necessary to operate 9.6 .4 Personnel qualificat ion records should be developed in
and maintain the equip ment in accordance with applicab le accordance with 8.1 and be available in an active file as long as
codes and specifications. The manual shall include the main - emp loyment continues. When personnel leave the agency, the
tenance procedures and schedules for each type of equipment records may be transferred to an inactive file but should not be
and the calibration schedule of each type of equipment. discarded for a period of five years or as otherwise specified.
9.5 .2 A technique file should be maintained for each type of 9.6 .5 Specification File—The company should maintain an
equipment. It should be available for the guidance of the orderly file containing all codes, specifications, and amend-
technician. The manual shall include: ments under which it is performing work. The co mpany does
9.5 .2 .1 Summary of test procedure. not have to possess codes and specifications for wh ich it has no
9.5 .2 .2 Step-by-step preparation of material for examina - use.
tion.
9.5 .2 .3 Reference standard. 10. Keywords
9.5 .2 .4 Control o f essential variables, such as the time 10. 1 equipment calibrat ion; laboratory evaluation; NDT
required for each test step (if applicable). laboratories; personnel certificat ion; quality control; quality
9.5 .2 .5 What indications should appear at each step. manual

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. EQUIPMENT FOR NONDES TRUCTIVE TES TING

5
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
A1.1 General required, to rectify it. The equip ment should contain an
A1.1.1 The agency responsible for nondestructive examina- ammeter to indicate the magnetizing amperage, suitable
tion of material should be equipped with, or have access to, at switches, and, when required, timers to control the length of
least the equipment listed for the applicab le processes. time that the current is applied. If d ifferent amperages are
required, the equip ment shall produce the maximu m required
A1.1.2 Nondestructive testing systems can include mult iple amperage with a suitable control for reducing the amperage to
examination stations with extensive supporting mechanis ms the required lower levels. Cables should be of adequate but not
and controls. Others may be simply utilizing only manual excessive length and large enough to carry the required
application of a basic instrument. amperage.
NOTE A1.1—Sections A1.2 through A1.8 of this specification are A1.2.1.4 Magnetic particles may be applied either wet or
intended to be educational although they do contain some mandatory dry. Dry particles should be applied uniformly with a dusting
requirements. Section 2 provides a list of documents which include or light blowing action. Wet particles should be applied by
specific requirements in the applicable test methods.
aerosol cans or by hosing. Provisions should be available to
A1.2 Magnetic Particle Equi pment ensure that the required amount of particles are in suspension
when the spray is applied and to periodically check the
A1.2.1 Equipment for Magnetization of Parts shall be
concentration of the solution.
capable of inducing a flu x density of sufficient intensity and
direction to perform the required examination. Either a-c or d-c A1.2.1.5 Adequate lighting shall be available when the parts
(fullwave or half-wave rectified) equip ment or permanent are viewed for indications. When fluorescent dyed particles are
magnets shall be used as specified by the contract, purchase used, ultraviolet light (3200 to 3800 Å (320 to 380 n m)) must
order, or specification to produce the required magnetizat ion. be available. Adequate white light must be availab le when
A1.2.1.1 The part or a section of the part may be magne- viewing visible dyed particles and should be availab le for use,
tized by induction or by passing current through the part or as needed, when viewing fluorescent dyed particles.
section by permanent conductors, contact plates, clamps, or A1.2.2 Equipment for Demagnetization should be capable
prods. After proper cleaning of the part, the magnetic particles of demagnetizing all part configurations, to the min imu m
may be applied either wet or dry. residual field specified in the specificat ion or purchase
A1.2.1.2 The magnetic field is induced in the part by the use document, regardless of size and configuration. Demagnetiza-
of any of the following: tion is normally acco mplished by stepping down a-c or d-c
(1) Yoke—Used to magnetize sections of parts. It is a U- voltage while the direction of the d-c is changed between each
shaped iron core with a coil around the cross bar or a U- step, or by withdrawing the part fro m an a -c field. Demagne-
shaped or flexible permanent magnet. The magnetic field tizat ion can be accomp lished by induced fields or by passing a
across the open ends is used to induce a magnetic field in the current through the part. Induced fields using coils are gener-
part or section. The yoke’s fixed or movable legs are used with ally the most effect ive method. Facilities should include a coil,
the open ends in contact with the part. The yoke is normally cables (when required) and equipment to produce adequate
operated by line voltages (110 or 220 V). voltages and amperages, reversing and stepdown switches, and
(2) Coil—Used to magnetize parts or sections. It is a a meter to indicate residual external magnetic fields.
current-carrying conductor formed into a coil of several turns.
The magnetic field inside the coil is used to induce a magnetic NOTE A1.2—See Guide E709, Reference Photographs E125, T erminol-
ogy E1316, and Practice E1444 for other requirements for magnetic
field into the part or section.
particle inspection.
(3) Prods—Used to magnetize sections of parts. They are
rods, normally 1⁄2 to 1 in. (12.7 to 25.4 mm) in diameter and 8 A1.3 X- and Gamma-ray Radiographic Equi pment
to 10 in. (203 to 254 mm) in length, made of copper with a
A1.3.1 Radiation Source—The radiation source shall be
handle on one end. The ends of a pair of p rods are placed on
capable of producing sufficient energy and intensity to examine
the part and current passed fro m one prod to the other through
materials in accordance with required specificat ions. Either X-
the part. The magnetic field is produced in the area between the
rays or gamma rays may be used unless otherwise specified
prods.
by the contract, specification, or purchase order.
(4) Clamps—Used to magnetize sections of parts. They are
spring-loaded clamps with braided copper pads on the inside of A1.3.1.1 X-ray equipment should contain voltage and am-
the jaws. The clamps are clamped onto the part and a current perage controls (when applicable) and meters, a timer to t ime
is passed from one clamp to the other through a part. the length of the exposure, or other approved controls, and
(5) Pads—Used in stationary equip ment to magnetize provisions for positioning the tube head and the part being
parts. They are braided copper or lead pads placed at each end X-rayed (when applicable). The voltage and amperage range of
of the part. Current is passed fro m one pad to the other through the equipment must be adequate to penetrate the thickness of
the part. Pads are normally used with stationary equipment and the material to be evaluated and produce acceptable film
rigged so that the pads are in contact with the part under densities.
pressure. A1.3.1.2 Gamma rays are p roduced by rad io act iv e
A1.2.1.3 The coils, prods, clamps, and pads are energized materials, such as cobalt-60 and iridiu m-192. Different iso-
with high-amperage low-voltage currents. Therefore, equip- topes emit gamma rays in a specific energy range. The isotope
ment must be available to t ransform line current and, when (size, energy level, and strength) should be selected in view of

6
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
the application (material, thickness, required image quality A1.3.5.3 When automatic processing equipment is used, it
indicator, sensitivity) and a reasonable exposure time. must be clean and time/temperature relat ionships and replen-
A1.3.2 Safety and Monitoring Equipment consistent with ishment rates must be maintained.
good practice and current regulations should be available and A1.3.5.4 Facilities for viewing the radiograph and for mea-
normally includes safety switches, survey meters, film badges, suring photographic or optical density must be available. The
viewing equipment should include both high - and normal-
dosimeters, signs, ropes, lead-lined roo m, and so forth, as
applicable. Also, lead sheet, shot, or leaded rubber should be intensity lights or separate viewers. A light transmission-type
available to control or reduce scattered radiation. densitometer should be available to measure film density. A
reflection-type densitometer should be available to measure the
A1.3.3 Radiographic Quality Level and Identification density of X-ray paper.
Equipment. Image Quality Indicators (IQI’s) are used to
A1.3.6 Reference Standards—Reference standards must be
evaluate the sensitivity of both setup and processing tech-
in acco rdance with autho rity-fu rn ished standards or
niques. They must be made fro m material that is rad iographi-
specifications, or both, and when possible, should be estab-
cally similar to, and that represents the specified percentage
lished by the use of the applicable set of ASTM reference
thickness of the material to be evaluated. The IQI’s must be
radiographs.
clean and properly identified. Blocks shall be available on
which the IQI can be placed during the exposure, if required. NOTE A1.3—See Guides E94, E431, and E592, Practices E747, E801,
The thickness of the blocks should be approximately equal to E1025, and E1742, T est Methods E746, E1030, and E1032, and T ermi-
nology E1316 for additional information concerning radiographic
the thickness of the sections being radiographed and radio- examination, and Guides E999 and E1254 for information on film
graphically similar. When exposing nonhomogeneous speci- processing and storage.
mens such as electronic components or other complex struc-
tured devices, IQI’s shall be selected to produce similar image A1.4 Neutron Radi ographic Equi pment
densities to that of the area of interest of the device being A1.4.1 Neutron Beam— The neutron beam shall consist
radiographed. Lead nu mbers and letters of adequate size and mainly of collimated thermal neutrons, free of excessive
thickness should be available for film identification purposes. scattered neutrons and, for the direct exposure method as
There should be a sufficient number of each letter and nu mber defined in Practices E748, free of excessive gamma radiat ion.
to put all required identification on the film. However, alter- The degree of collimation, (L/D ratio) and neutron to gamma
native methods of permanent film identification are permitted. ratio shall be sufficient to provide clear images of objects in the
Examples are light box exposures and permanent white ink. area of interest. Other standards or Method E545, or co mbina-
A1.3.4 Imaging Systems—The imaging system, that is, film, tions thereof, should be used as appropriate to verify sensitivity
fluoroscope, and so forth, shall be capable of recording or and beam quality.
displaying an image to the sensitivity and contrast required by A1.4.1.1 The neutron source shall provide adequate neutron
the applicable specification, purchase order, or contract. Film, flu x to produce the specified radiographic quality in a timely
or paper if permitted, should be stored in a cool, dry place that exposure. The source aperture or other method of collimat ion
is completely protected from direct or scattered radiation must be well defined to provide the image sharpness required.
(background radiation excluded). Various types of intensifying Method E803 can be used to make an analytical evaluation of
screens are used in industrial applicat ions, with the most the effective L/D ratio. The neutron source may be a reactor,
common being lead co mpound (or lead o xide) and fluorescent. accelerator, or rad ioisotope provided the requirements of the
When intensifying screens are employed, they should be clean specification can be met.
and free of scratches, wrin kles, surface contamination, and any A1.4.2 Safety and Monitoring Equipment, consistent with
other conditions that may interfere with the production of a good practice and current regulations should be available and
quality radiograph. normally includes area mon itors, safety switches, survey
A1.3.5 Processing and Viewing Equipment—Processing meters, film badges, dosimeters, signs, personnel barriers,
adequate gamma and neutron shielding, etc., as appropriate to
equipment, such as darkroom facilities, densitometers, and so
ensure the safety of operating and visiting personnel.
forth, shall be adequate to ensure that the quality intent of the
applicable specifications is maintained. A1.4.3 Imaging System—Normally, only single-emulsion
A1.3.5.1 A darkroom or other suitable facility must be film is used for direct neutron exposures. Other films that meet
available to handle film when loading exposure holders, cutting the requirements of the specification may be used. The film
preloaded strip film, and when removing the film fro m the should be stored in a cool, dry p lace free of stray radiation.
holder for processing. The darkroo m should be equipped with Conversion screens should be maintained in a clean condition.
both safe and white lights and a work area to handle the film. Vacuum cassettes are usually used to obtain uniform pressure
A1.3.5.2 When hand-processing equipment is used, facili- t ies contact between the film and conversion screen. Fin ished films
must be available to process the film, in developer solution, should be free of lint images and excessive film or foil flaws in
stop bath or fresh water rinse, in fixer, and in a final fresh water areas of interest with no scratches or mottling. A dust-free
rinse (preferably not the rinse used between develop and fix), atmosphere, such as a filtered laminar flow work bench, is
and should include the use of a film dryer and a timer with an recommended for loading film into the cassette.
alarm. A time/temperature relationship for film processing A1.4.4 Processing and Viewing—Processing equipment,
must be maintained. such as darkroo m facilities, densitometers, etc., shall be

7
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
adequate to ensure that the quality intent of the applicable A1.6.1.4 When immersion testing is required, a tank or
specifications is maintained. bubbler system is necessary to furnish a water path between the
A1.4.4.1 A darkroom or other suitable facility must be search unit and the part. The tank should be equipped with a
available to process film. The darkroo m should be equipped bridge and a manipulating system to hold the search unit. The
with both safe and white lights and a work area to handle the bridge should be of sufficient strength to provide rigid support
film. for the manipulator.
A1.4.4.2 When automatic processing equipment is used, the A1.6.2 Reference Standards:
time/temperature relationships and replenishment rates must be A1.6.2.1 When reference blocks using flat-bottom holes are
maintained. When hand-processing equipment is used, facili- required, the holes should be processed and monitored in
ties must be available to process the film. accordance with the requirements of Pract ices E428 o r E127.
A1.4.4.3 Facilit ies for viewing the rad iograph and for a A1.6.2.2 When contoured surfaces are to be examined,
light-transmission densitometer for measuring optical density reference standards conforming to the general geometry of the
should be available. part or section should be used.
A1.5 Li qui d Penetrant Equi pment A1.6.2.3 Reference standards must be in accordance with
authority-furnished standards or specifications, or both, and
A1.5.1 Liquid penetrant inspection equipment consists of when possible, should be established by the use of the
the necessary apparatus to apply the penetrant, wash the applicable ASTM standard.
surface of the part, dry the part, and apply a developer, and a
properly lighted area in wh ich the part can be inspected. There NOTE A1.5—See Practices E213, E273, E127, E114, E164, E317, E428,
E587, E664, E797, E1001, E1315, E1774, E1816, E1901, E1961, E1962,
are two basic liquid penetrant methods and three types of E2001, E2192, E2223, E2373, E2375, E2479, E2534, E2580, E2700,
penetrant systems. Each system requires slightly different Guide E2491, and T erminology E1316 for additional information con-
facilit ies and apparatus for proper processing of parts. The two cerning ultrasonic testing.
liquid penetrant methods are fluorescent and visible. The three
types of penetrant systems are water washable, post-emu lsified, A1.7 Leak Testing
and solvent removable (see Test Method E165). A1.7.1 Equipment:
A1.5.2 Equip ment generally consists of either immersion A1.7.1.1 Heliu m leak testing requires a mass spectrometer
dip tanks or spray apparatus (spray guns, aerosol cans, etc.) o r that is peaked for heliu m and that has a sensitivity of at least
brushing arranged in a logical order to allow for smooth flo w one decade less than the minimu m leakage rate being tested.
of parts when the applicable sequence of operations (penetrant Pressure chambers capable of withstanding positive and
application, dwell, penetrant removal, dry ing, developing, vacuum pressures may be required for so me methods.
examination) are followed as specified in Test Method E165 or A1.7.1.2 Radioisotope leak testing requires a tracer gas
other contract documents. pressurization system that has been approved and licensed by
the appropriate state or federal agencies, or both. Also scintil-
A1.5.3 Adequate lighting shall be available when the parts lation crystal detectors and Geiger Mueller counters are re-
are viewed for indications. When fluorescent dyed particles are quired wh ich are capable of detecting emissions of the tracer
used, ultraviolet light (3200 to 3800 Å (320 to 380 n m)) must being used.
be available. Adequate white light must be available when A1.7.1.3 Halogen leak testing requires a standard probe-
--` ,,` ,` `,` `, ,`` `` ,`, `` `,` ,, ,,` -` -`, ,` ,,` ,` ,,` -- -

viewing visible dyed particles and should be available for use, type halogen leak detector.
as needed, when viewing fluorescent dyed particles. A1.7.1.4 Bubble leak testing requires baths of the appropri-
NOTE A1.4—See T est Method E165, T erminology E1316, Reference ate size that are capable of heating the detector flu id to the
Photographs E433, and Practice E1417 for additional information con- specified temperature. Also, pressure vessels may be necessary
cerning liquid penetrant inspection. for pressurization of the test specimens prior to immersion in
the detector flu id.
A1.6 Ul trasonic Equi pment
A1.6.1 Ultrasonic Instrumentation—The ultrasonic instru- A1.7.2 Reference Standards:
A1.7.2.1 The heliu m leak standard shall have a leak rate at
mentation shall be capable of generating and detecting pulsed
least as small as the limit being tested.
ultrasonic energy over an adequate frequency and power range
A1.7.2.2 The Krypton 85 standard shall be encapsulated in
to ensure proper examination in accordance with the applicable
the same type glass, wall thickness, and geometrical shape as
governing specification. The instrumentation and accessories
the sample vials used to determine specific activity.
should include, when applicable, ultrasonic unit, search unit,
tank, bridge, recorder, couplant, and reference blocks. NOTE A1.6—See Practice E427, Guide E432, T est Methods E493,
A1.6.1.1 Ultrasonic Unit—This unit should include a pulser E498, E499, and E515.
circuit, receiver circuit, A-scan display or acceptable equiva- A1.7.2.3 The halogen standard, with the response correction
lent signal display. factor, shall be so contoured that the maximu m leak will read
A1.6.1.2 Search Unit—The cable, search unit, and search on the upper 9⁄10 of the scale.
tube (when immersion scanning is required).
A1.6.1.3 The ultrasonic unit and search unit as a system A1.8 Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Equi pment
should meet the performance requirements of the authority as A1.8.1 Electronic Apparatus—The electronic apparatus
determined by Practice E317. shall be capable of energizing the test coils or probes with

8
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
alternating currents of suitable frequencies and power levels (b) Holes—Drilled holes may be used. Care should be
and shall be capable of sensing the changes in the electro mag - taken during drilling to avoid distortion of the piece and hole.
netic response of the sensors. Equipment may include a
NOTE A1.7—See Practices E215, E243, E309, E376, E426, E566, E571,
detector, phase discriminator, filter circu its, modu lat ion E690, E703, E1004, E1033, E1312, E1606, E1629, E2096, E2261, and
circuits, magnetic-saturation devices, display (recorder, scope E2338 for additional information concerning electromagnetic (eddy-
or meter, or both) and signaling devices as required by a current) examination.
particular application.
A1.9 Acoustic Emission Equi pment
A1.8.2 Test Coils— Test coils may be of the encircling or A1.9.1 Acoustic Emission Instrumentation—The acoustic
probe-coil type and shall be capable of inducing an electro - emission (AE) instrumentation shall be capable o f detection of
magnetic field in the test specimen and standard and sensing stress waves (acoustic emission) over an adequate frequency
changes in the electric and magnetic characteristics of the range and propagation distance to ensure a proper examination
specimen. in accordance with the applicable governing specification. The
A1.8.3 Standards: instrumentation should include, when applicable, sensors, pre-
A1.8.3.1 Sorting Standards—In sorting, known reference amp lifiers, filters, and a processing unit.
standard(s) are required. A1.9.1.1 Sensors—Sensors transform particle mot ion into
electrical signals that can be processed by the instrumentation.
A1.8.3.2 Coating Thickness Measurements Standards—
Acoustic emission sensors are typically piezoelectric devices,
Calibrat ion standards of uniform thickness are available in
but other types, for example, fiber optic or laser based, may
either of two types: fo il or coated substrate.
also be used.
A1.8.3.3 Conductivity Standards: A1.9.1.2 Pre-Amplifiers—Pre-amp lifiers are typically used
(1) Primary Standards—Those standards which have a between the sensors and the processing unit. Pre-amp lifiers
value assigned through direct comparison with a standard boost the AE signal fro m the sensor and provide the electronic
calibrated by the Nat ional Bu reau of Standards or have been drive necessary to assure signal integrity (through long cable
calibrated by an agency which has access to such standards or distances) to the processing unit.
have been calibrated using equipment/methods which are A1.9.1.3 Filters—Both analog and dig ital filtering can be
traceable to NIST such as d-c resistance measurement tech- used to eliminate noise and undesirable acoustic activity (for
niques. The primary standards are usually kept in a laboratory example, low-frequency mach ine vib rations), outside of the AE
environment and are used only to calibrate secondary stan- analysis frequency range. Filters can be used in both pre-
dards. amp lifiers and the processing unit.
(2) Secondary Standards—Those standards supplied with A1.9.1.4 Processing Unit—The processing unit includes 1
the instrumentation or standards constructed by the user for a or mo re AE processing channels, each typically consisting of:
specific test. These standards are used to calibrate the instru- a filter, amplifier, data acquisition circuitry, A E signal or
mentation during most examination of materials. feature processing, a user interface (for examp le, a keyboard or
A1.8.3.4 Discontinuity Standards: keypad input and display) and data storage or results output
(1) The standard used to adjust the sensitivity of the capability (fo r e xamp le, pass-fail indicator, bar graph, alpha-
apparatus shall be free of interfering discontinuities and shall numeric readout). The processing unit must be capable of
be of the same nominal alloy, heat treatment, and dimensions acquiring data and performing data analysis functions per the
as the products to be examined. It shall be of sufficient length examination specifications.
to permit the spacing of artificial discontinuities to provide
A1.9.2 Reference Standards
good signal resolution and be mechanically stable wh ile in the
examining position in the apparatus. Artificial discontinuities A1.9.2.1 Because of the large variability of acoustic emis-
sion sources, due in part to material and loading, reference
placed in the product to be examined shall be one or more o f
standards for acoustic emission examination should be specific.
the following types:
(a) Notches—Notches may be produced by Electric Dis- Material, geo metry and loading conditions should be carefully
controlled to provide reference signals for data analysis.
charge Machining (EDM), milling, or other means. Longitudi-
NOTE A1.8—See Practices E569, E650, E749, E750, E751, E976,
nal or transverse notches, or both, may be used. Orientation, E1067, E1118, E1139, E1211, E1419, E1781, E1888/E1888M, E1930,
dimensions, configuration, and position of the notches affect E1932, E2075, E2076, E2191, and E2374 for additional information
the response of the eddy-current system. concerning acoustic emission examination.

9
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. Comparison of Selected NDE Methods

Ty pical
Properties Sensed Representativ e Selected ASTM
Method Discontinuities Adv antages Limitations
or Measur ed Applications Standards
Detected
X and gamma Changes in density Voids, porosity , Castings, weldments, E94 E431 E592 Detects internal discon- Relativ e insensitiv ity to
radiograp hy f rom v oids, inclusions, inclusions, cracks, assemblies, explosiv es, E746 E747 E801 tinuities; usef ul on a thin or laminar f laws
material v ariations, corrosion. detection of corrosion/ E999 E1030 wide v ariety of materi- such as f atigue cracks or
placement of internal material loss, location/ E1032 E1316 als; portable; perma- delaminations which are
parts. dimension of internal E1742 nent record. perpendicula r to the ra-
structures. diation beam.

Neutron Compositional inhomo- Presence, absence, Ordnance, Castings, E545 E748 E803 Good penetration of Relativ ely unportable.
radiograp hy geneities or mislocation of com- O-Rings E1496 most structural metals; Thick sections of
ponents or v ariations high sensitiv ity to f av or- hy drogen-containing ma-
of suitable composi- able materials; perma- terials; limited f acilities
tion nent record. High spa-
tial resolution

Liquid pen etrant Surf ace openings. Cracks, porosity , laps, Castings, f orgings, E165 E433 Inexpensiv e; easy to Discontinuity must be
examination and seams. weldments, metallic and E1316 E1417 apply ; portable. open to an accessible
nonmetallic components. surf ace; f alse indications
often occur.

Eddy current Changes in electrical Cracks, seams, laps, Bars, rods, wire, tubing, E215 E243 E309 Moder ate cost; readily Conductiv e materials
examination and magnetic proper- v oids, and v ariations local regions of sheet E376 E426 E566 automated; portable; only ; shallow penetration;
ties caused by surf ace in alloy composition metal, alloy sorting, and E571 E690 E703 permanent record if geometry sensitiv e; ref er-
and near-surf ace dis- and heat treatment. thickness gaging. E1004 E1316 needed. ence standards of ten
continuities. E1606 E1629 necessary.
E2261 E2338

Micro wav e Anomalies in complex In dielectrics: dis- Glass-f iber-resin struc- Non contacting; readily No penetration of metals;
examination dielectric coeff icient bonds v oids, and tures; plastics; ceramics; automated; rapid ex- comparativ ely poor
surf ace anomalies in cracks; in metal sur- moisture content; thick- amination. def inition of f laws.
conductiv e materials. f aces: surf ace cracks. ness measurement.

Magn etic particle Leakage in magnetic Surf ace or near- Ferromagnetic products E125 E709 Stable; inexpensiv e Ferromagnetic materials
examination f ield flux caused by surf ace cracks, laps, such as weldments, E1316 E1444 only ; surf ace preparation
surf ace or near-surf ace v oids, and nonmetallic castings, f orgings, and may be required; f alse
discontinuities. inclusions. extrusions, and other ba- indications often occur.
sic steel products.

Magn etic f lux Leakage in magnetic Surf ace or near- Ferromagnetic products E570 E1571 Sensitiv ity to ty pical Ferromagnetic materials
leakage examina- f ield flux caused by surf ace cracks, laps, such as weldments, discontinuities; readily only ; proper magnetiza-
tion surf ace or near-surf ace v oids, and nonmetallic castings, f orgings, and automated; moderate tion of part sometimes
discontinuities. inclusions. extrusions, and other ba- depth penetration; per- diff icult when parts do
sic steel products. manent record, if not hav e unif orm cross
needed. section.

Ultrasonic Changes in acoustic Cracks, voids, Weldments, plates, tubes, E114 E127 E164 Excellent penetration; Requires acoustic cou-
examination impedance. porosity, lamination, castings, f orgings, extru- E213 E273 E317 readily automated; pling to surf ace; ref er-
delaminations, and sions; thickness gaging. E428 E494 good sensitiv ity and ence standard usually
inclusions. E587 E797 resolution; requires ac- required; highly depen-
E1001 E1315 cess to only one side; dent upon operator skill;
E1316 E1774 permanent record, if relativ e insensitiv ity to
E1816 E1901 needed. laminar f laws which are
E1961 E1962 parallel to the sound
E2001 E2192 beam.
E2223 E2373
E2375 E2479
E2491 E2534
E2580 E2700
Sonic examination Changes in acoustic Disbonds, Laminated structures; Simple to implement; Geometry sensitiv e; poor
impedance. delaminations, cracks, honey comb; small parts. readily automated; por- def inition.
or v oids. table.

10
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！
 E543 − 15
TABLE X1 Continued
Ty pical
Properties Sensed Representativ e Selected ASTM
Method Discontinuities Adv antages Limitations
or Measur ed Applications Standards
Detected
Ultrasonic Same as ultrasonic Used primarily f or Examination of a limited Produces a v iewable Cost; limited to small
holograp hy examination. ev aluation of region of the structure in image of discontinuities. regions of the structure;
discontinuities each image. poor def inition compared
detected by other to radiography .
methods.

Inf rared testing Surf ace temperature; Voids or disbonds in Laminated structures; Produces a v iewable Cost; diff icult to control
anomalies in thermal nonmetallics; location honey comb; electric and thermal map. surf ace emissivity; poor
conductiv ity or surf ace of hot or cold spots in electronic circuits; def inition.
emissiv ity, or both. thermally activ e insulated structures;
assemblies. ref ractory lined
structures and machinery.

Strain gauges Mechanical strains. Not used f or detection Stress-strain analy sis of Low cost; reliable. Insensitiv e to preexisting
of discontinuities. most materials. strains; small area
cov erage; requires
bonding to surf ace.

Brittle coatings Mechanical strains. Not commonly used Stress-strain analy sis of Low cost; produces Insensitiv e to preexisting
f or detection of most materials. large area map of strain strains.
discontinuities. f ield.

Optical holography Mechanical strains. Disbonds; Honey comb; composite Extremely sensitiv e, Cost; complexity;
delaminations; structures; tires; precision produces map of strain requires considerabl e
plastic def ormation. parts such as bearing f ield; permanent record skill.
elements. if needed.

Leak detection Pressure changes, Leaks in closed Vacuum sy stems; gas E427 E432 E479 Good sensitiv ity ; wide Requires internal and
bubbles, acoustic hiss, sy stems. and liquid storage E493 E498 E499 range of instrumenta- external access to sys-
or the passage of a v essels; piping. E515 E908 tion av ailable. tem; contaminants may
tracer f luid through a E1316 interf ere; can be costly.
pressure boundary .

Acoustic emission Stress wav e energy Cracks, structural Crack detection and loca- E569 E650 E749 100% v olumetric exami- Structure must be
generated by growing anomalies, leaks, also tion during proof testing, E750 E751 nation in real time, loaded, sensors must be
f laws, areas of high delamination, f iber crack propagation, complicated in contact with structure.
stress, leaks. f racture and matrix composite, structures, geometries, v ery high
f ailure in composite metal structures, rotating sensitiv ity, permanent
materials. equipment. record, accurate flaw
location.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Co mmittee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E543 – 13)
that may impact the use of this standard. (February 15, 2015)

(1) Subsections 9.4.3 and 9.4.4 revised.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item me ntioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determin ation of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringe ment of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your co mments are invited either for r evision of this standard or for add itional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Head quarters. Your co mments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical co mmittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Co mmittee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho hocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copi es) of this standard may be obtain ed by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-958 5 (phone ), 610-832-9 555 (fax), or [email protected] (e- mail); or through the AS TM website
(www.astm.org). Per mission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Ce nter, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

11
本资料由领翼NDT网校/领翼NDT商城整理，仅供个人学习交流使用，请勿用于商业目的！