Test 39087)

Test #2: Outline
Unit 3-Lesson 1 and 2

Pages- 120-145
Vocabulary
1. Solar System
2. Heliocentric
3. Geocentric
4. Parallax
5. Astronomer
6. Celestial
7. Gravity
8. Orbit
9. Aphelion
10. Perihelion
11. Centripetal force
12. Solar Nebula
13. Planestimal
The solar system
Before Galileo, astronomers did not have the use of telescopes.

How do you think they made their observations?
They used the background stars and the motions of objects in the sky.
They were very careful observers, drawing and measuring sky changes
from night to night.
What is an "astronomer?"
An astronomer is a scientist--physicist--who studies celestial bodies
such as planets, stars, and galaxies.
What is "celestial?"
Of or relating to the sky.
Evolution of solar system models

CORE CONCEPT
What was the difference between Copernicus's model of the
solar system and Kepler's model of the solar system?
Copernicus's model of the solar system suggested that the planets
moved in circular orbits. Kepler correctly determined that the planets
move in elliptical orbits.
What was the difference between Galileo's model of
heliocentrism and Copernicus's model of heliocentrism?
Galileo had data from telescope observations to back up his model.
Why couldn't Aristarchus get people to support his heliocentric
model even though, as we know now, it was closer to the truth
than the geocentric theory?
He had no data to back it up.
How did Copernicus explain the apparent, occasional backward
motion of planets?
Copernicus realized an inner planet revolving more quickly around the
Sun on a smaller orbit than an outer planet revolving more slowly on a
larger one could explain the apparently irregular, backward, motion of
the planets.
VOCABULARY
What is "parallax?"
Parallax is an apparent change in the position of an object, such as a
star, caused by a change in the observer's position that provides a
new line of sight.
What does it mean to "remain stationary?"
It means to stay in one place.
Model misconceptions (Ptolemaic Model-Copernicus

Model) Classifications
Parallax
CORE CONCEPTS
Why couldn't early astronomers see star parallax, as they would
have expected to if the Earth was rotating around the Sun?
The stars were too far away to observe the parallax without a
telescope. They didn't know this, so they reasoned there was no
parallax, and therefore Earth must be standing still.
Galileo's discoveries
EXTEND AND REFLECT
What other observations did Galileo make with his telescope that
helped to prove the heliocentric theory?
Discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter.
List each astronomer studied in this lesson and state his contribution
to developing a model of the solar system.
1. Aristotle was an early developer of the geocentric model.
2. Aristarchus was an early developer of the heliocentric model,
but he had no proof for this theory.
3. Ptolemy supported the geocentric model and developed an
explanation for the apparent backward movement of planets.
4. Copernicus was the first scientist to develop a heliocentric
model with complete mathematical explanations.
5. Galileo developed the telescope to make further observations.
6. Kepler proved elliptical orbits with mathematical equations.
7. Sir Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley helped to confirm the
heliocentric model when they predicted that the gravitational pull
would cause Halley's comet to return in its orbit around the Sun.
What keeps the planets in the solar system from flying off in all
directions?
Gravity and centripetal force are what keep the planets in place.
Kepler's first law

LEARNING ALERT
What is an ellipse?
An ellipse is an oval-shaped figure.
VOCABULARY
What is the difference between aphelion and perihelion?
Aphelion is the point in a body's orbit around the sun that it is furthest
from the sun, and perihelion is the point that it is closest to the sun.
Kepler's second law

EXTEND AND REFLECT
How did mathematics help Kepler figure out that orbits are
elliptical?
Kepler compared observed data on when and where planets appeared
to the geometric qualities of the figure by using calculations of area.
CORE CONCEPTS
Why does a planet speed up as it moves toward the sun and slow
down after it has passed the sun?
As the planet moves toward the sun, the distance, or line, between it
and the sun becomes shorter, causing the path around the ellipse to
become longer in order that area remains constant for any given time
interval. Because the planet must cover that increased distance in the
same amount of time, it must move faster along the ellipse when close
to the sun. After passing the sun, the distance (of the line) increases
and the path along the ellipse decreases.
Kepler's third law
EXTEND AND REFLECT
Why would someone trying to launch a satellite want to know
about Kepler’s third law?
If you were aiming the satellite at a particular orbit, you would want to
know how fast the satellite would have to travel to achieve it.
EVALUATE
Why is Kepler's third law important to the study of the solar
system?
The orbit and behavior of every planet in the solar system conforms to
Kepler's third law.
Force and gravity

EXTEND AND REFLECT
Can you think of two examples of bodies in the solar system
exerting gravitational pull on Earth?
The sun, of course, holds Earth in orbit. The moon, though small, also
exerts gravitational pull on Earth's watery surfaces in the form of
tides. In fact, every object in the solar system exerts a gravitational
pull on Earth, though most are very slight.
What is the difference between gravity and centripetal force?

Gravity is a force that acts in all directions everywhere. We experience
it mostly in the “downward” direction because we are being pulled
toward the center of a much larger mass (Earth). Centripetal force is a
force of circular motion; it is a force that makes a body follow a curved
path. Unlike gravity, centripetal force is always directed toward the
center of the curvature of the path.
EXTEND AND REFLECT

Gravity is everywhere and affects everything. How might it have
played a role in the formation of the solar system?
There is no up or down with gravitational force, and it acts on
everything in the universe, no matter how small or far away. At some
point, gravity was strong enough to pull some matter together to
begin forming the solar system.
How might gravity affect particles of dust or gas in space?
Gravity will draw the particles together.
The origins of the solar system

ENGAGE
How was the solar system born?
The solar system began as a solar nebula. Gravity caused the nebula's
center to collapse and this helped form the solar system.
What was the solar nebula?
The solar nebula was a rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the
sun and planets formed.
Here comes the sun

CORE CONCEPTS
What caused the center of the solar nebula to collapse?
Gravity caused the collapse of the solar nebula.
What role does gravity play in the formation of a new star?
Gravity causes nebular material to collapse and contract toward the
center to eventually form a star.
When does a proto-star become a star?
A proto-star becomes a star when its center becomes so dense and hot
that fusion begins. Energy is released, the proto-star ignites, and a
star is born.
The protoplanetary disk

VOCABULARY
What is a planetesimal?
A planetesimal is a small body from which a planet originated in the
early stages of development of the solar system.
Forming the inner and outer solar systems

EXTEND AND REFLECT
What role did heat play in the formation of the solar system?
Heat from the sun caused inner planets to become rocky, whereas the
outer planets were able to remain gaseous.
Has our sun begun the fusion process?
Yes. It has become a star, and fusion is the source of its heat and
light.
What planets are in the inner and outer disk?
Terrestrial Planets (Inner disk)
1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
Gas giant Planets (Outer disk)

1. Jupiter
2. Saturn
3. Uranus
4. Neptune
EXTEND AND REFLECT

Could life exist on a planetesimal in a protoplanetary disk?
It is very unlikely, as planetesimals are small, lack atmosphere, and
are either too hot or cold, depending on location, to support life as we
know it.

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Test #2: Outline

Unit 3-Lesson 1 and 2

The solar system

Before Galileo, astronomers did not have the use of telescopes.

Evolution of solar system models

Model misconceptions (Ptolemaic Model-Copernicus

2. Aristarchus was an early developer of the heliocentric model,

but he had no proof for this theory.

3. Ptolemy supported the geocentric model and developed an

explanation for the apparent backward movement of planets.

4. Copernicus was the first scientist to develop a heliocentric

model with complete mathematical explanations.

5. Galileo developed the telescope to make further observations.

6. Kepler proved elliptical orbits with mathematical equations.

7. Sir Isaac Newton and Edmond Halley helped to confirm the

heliocentric model when they predicted that the gravitational pull

Kepler's first law

Kepler's second law

Force and gravity

What is the difference between gravity and centripetal force?

EXTEND AND REFLECT

The origins of the solar system

Here comes the sun

The protoplanetary disk

Forming the inner and outer solar systems

Gas giant Planets (Outer disk)

EXTEND AND REFLECT

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