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Darkness Detector Circuit'

- Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of change of temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between the object's temperature and the ambient temperature. This can be modeled using a differential equation. - The differential equation derived from Newton's law of cooling is: dT/dt = -k(T-Ta), where T is the object's temperature, Ta is the ambient temperature, and k is a positive constant of proportionality. - This differential equation can be solved to find the temperature of an object at a given time, given its initial temperature and the ambient temperature. Examples are provided to illustrate solving the equation.

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Divya Patil
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29 views

Darkness Detector Circuit'

- Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of change of temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between the object's temperature and the ambient temperature. This can be modeled using a differential equation. - The differential equation derived from Newton's law of cooling is: dT/dt = -k(T-Ta), where T is the object's temperature, Ta is the ambient temperature, and k is a positive constant of proportionality. - This differential equation can be solved to find the temperature of an object at a given time, given its initial temperature and the ambient temperature. Examples are provided to illustrate solving the equation.

Uploaded by

Divya Patil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A PROJECT ON

‘DARKNESS DETECTOR CIRCUIT’


Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awards
Diploma in COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION , MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY :

SR.NO STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.


1. Disha patil Y-1248
2. Pranav lohar Y-1233

GUIDED BY :-VAIJAYANTI YEOLE


Y.B. PATIL POLYTECHNIC PUNE
2023-2024

-CERTIFICATE-
IT IS CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT ON A SUBJECT ‘EEC’ ENTITIED
“DARKNESS DETECTOR CIRCUIT” WAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
BY
STUDENTS OF SECOND SEMESTER DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER
ENGINEERING.

SR.NO STUDENT NAME ROLL NO.


1. DISHA PATIL Y-1248
2. PRANAV LOHAR Y-1233

PARTIEL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD


OF DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING SUBNITED TO DEPARTMENT
Y.B.PATIL POLYTECHNIC WORK CARRIED OUT DURING PERIOD FOR
ACADEMMIC YEAR 2023-2024 AS PER CURRICULUM.

MR.M.D.WALHEKAR Prof: VAIJAYANTI YEOLE


(HOD) (GUIDED TEACHER) -

-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-

WE WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS OUR SPECIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE


TO OUR TEACHER :-Prof. VAIJAYANTI YEOLE WHO GAVE US THE
GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC “DARKNESS DETECTOR CIRCUIT” WHICH ALSO HELPED US
IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND WE CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO
MANY NEW THINGS AND EXAMPLES WE AREREALLY THANKFUL TO
THEM. SECONDLY WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK OUR FRIENDS
WHO HELPED US A LOT IN FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIN
THELIMITED TIME FRAME.

GROUP MEMBERS

Applied Mathematics
*Prepare models using the concept of differential equation for
thermal cooling*
Isaac Newton studied cooling of bodies. Experiments showed that the
cooling rate of temperature between the heated body and the
environment. This fact can be written as the differential relationship.

Newton’s law of cooling states constant rate of change of temperature of


the body and the surrounding medium.

Newton’s Law of Cooling Derivation


For small temperature difference between a body and its surrounding, the rate of cooling of the
body is directly proportional to the temperature difference and the surface area exposed. dQ/dt
∝ (q – qs)], where q and qs are temperature corresponding to object and surroundings.
From above expression , dQ/dt = -k[q – qs)] . . . . . . . . (1)
This expression represents Newton’s law of cooling. It can be derived directly from Stefan’s law,
which gives, k = [4eσ×θ3o/mc] A . . . . . (2)
Now, dθ/dt = -k[θ – θo]

Sometime when we need only approximate values from Newton’s law, we can assume a constant
rate of cooling, which is equal to the rate of cooling corresponding to the average temperature of
the body during the interval.
i.e. dθ\dt = k(<q> – q0) . . . . . . . (4)
If qi and qf be the initial and final temperature of the body then,
<q> = (qi + qf)/2 . . . . . (5)
Remember equation (5) is only an approximation and equation (1) must be used for exact values.

EXAMPLES:
Example 1. A body at temperature 40ºC is kept in a surrounding of constant temperature 20ºC. It
is observed that its temperature falls to 35ºC in 10 minutes. Find how much more time will it
take for the body to attain a temperature of 30ºC.
From Newtons law of cooling, qf = qi e-kt
Now, for the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to 35oC.
(35 – 20) = (40 – 20) e-k.10
e-10k = 3/4 k = [ln 4/3]/10 .
. . . (a)
Now, for the next interval;
(30 – 20) = (35 – 20)e-kt e-
kt
= 2/3 kt = ln 3/2 . . . . (b)
From equation (a) and (b); t = 10 ×
[ln(3/2)/ln(4/3)]= 14.096 min
Aliter : (by approximate method)
For the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to 35oC
<q> = (40 + 35)/2 = 37.5ºC
From equation (4); dθ/dt =
k(<q> – q0) (35 – 40)/10 =
k(37.5 – 20) k = 1/32 min-1
Now, for the interval in which temperature falls from 35oC to 30oC
<q> = (35 + 30)/2 = 32.5oC
From equation (4);
(30 – 35)/t = (32.5 – 20)
Therefore, the required time t = 5/12.5 × 35 = 14 min.
Example 2: The oil is heated to 70oC. It cools to 50oC after 6 minutes. Calculate the time taken
by the oil to cool from 50oC to 40oC given the surrounding temperature Ts = 25oC.
Solution:
Given:Temperature of oil after 6 min, T(t) = 50oC,

• Ts = 25oC,
• To = 70oC,
• t = 6 minOn substituting the given data in Newton’s law of cooling formula, we get;
T(t) = Ts + (Ts – To) e-kt
[T(t) – Ts]/[To – Ts] = e-kt -kt
ln = [ln T(t) – Ts]/To – Ts k
= – (-0.555/6) = 0.092
If T(t) = 45oC (average temperature as the temperature decreases from 50oC to 40oC)
Time taken is -kt ln e = [ln T(t) – Ts]/[To – Ts]
-(0.092) t = ln 45 – 25/[70 – 25]
-0.092 t = -0.597 t = -0.597/-
0.092 = 6.489 min.

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