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    Lesson 2 Variables and Types of Data-1

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    Nathaniel Hallig Dulay
    This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics, including different types of variables and levels of measurement. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables, and gives examples. The document also provides historical context, noting that Karl Pearson introduced discrete data analysis and nominal variables, Frederich Mohs developed the ordinal hardness scale for minerals, and Stanley Stevens further divided continuous data into interval and ratio levels of measurement.

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    Lesson 2 Variables and Types of Data-1

    Uploaded by

    Nathaniel Hallig Dulay
    18 views25 pages
    This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics, including different types of variables and levels of measurement. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables, and gives examples. The document also provides historical context, noting that Karl Pearson introduced discrete data analysis and nominal variables, Frederich Mohs developed the ordinal hardness scale for minerals, and Stanley Stevens further divided continuous data into interval and ratio levels of measurement.

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    This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics, including different types of variables and levels of measurement. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables, and gives examples. The document also provides historical context, noting that Karl Pearson introduced discrete data analysis and nominal variables, Frederich Mohs developed the ordinal hardness scale for minerals, and Stanley Stevens further divided continuous data into interval and ratio levels of measurement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views25 pages

    Lesson 2 Variables and Types of Data-1

    Uploaded by

    Nathaniel Hallig Dulay
    This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics, including different types of variables and levels of measurement. It discusses nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables, and gives examples. The document also provides historical context, noting that Karl Pearson introduced discrete data analysis and nominal variables, Frederich Mohs developed the ordinal hardness scale for minerals, and Stanley Stevens further divided continuous data into interval and ratio levels of measurement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Elementary

    Statistics
    BENJAMIN L. AMBROSE
    INSTRUCTOR
    CHAPTER 1:
    THE NATURE OF STATISTICS
    Lesson 1-3:
    Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
    Quantitative and Qualitative Data
    Types of Variables
    Identify the types of data. OBJECTIVES
    1

    Identify the measurement level for each


    2 variable.

    Recognize examples of data


    3 and the level for each variable.

    4
    TRY THIS!
    TRY THIS!
    HISTORICAL NOTES
    When data were first analyzed statistically by Karl Pearson and Francis
    Galton, almost all were continuous data. In 1899, Pearson began to analyze
    discrete data. Pearson found that some data, such as eye color, could not be
    measured, so he termed such data nominal data.

    Ordinal data were introduced by a German numerologist Frederich Mohs in


    1822 when he introduced a hardness scale for minerals. For example, the
    hardest stone is the diamond, which he assigned a hardness value of 1500.
    Quartz was assigned a hardness value of 100. This does not mean that a
    diamond is 15 times harder than quartz. It only means that a diamond is
    harder than quartz.

    In 1947, a psychologist named Stanley Smith Stevens made a further


    division of continuous data into two categories, namely, interval and ratio.
    HISTORICAL NOTES
    Karl Pearson was an English mathematician and
    biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the
    discipline of mathematical statistics.

    He founded the world's first university statistics department


    at University College, London in 1911, and contributed
    significantly to the field of biometrics and meteorology.
    Pearson was also a proponent of social
    Darwinism, eugenics and scientific racism.

    Pearson was a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.


    He edited and completed both William Kingdon
    Clifford's Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (1885)
    and Isaac Todhunter's History of the Theory of Elasticity,
    Vol. 1 (1886–1893) and Vol. 2 (1893), following their deaths.
    HISTORICAL NOTES
    Sir Francis Galton was an English Victorian era polymath:
    a statistician, sociologist, psychologist,[1] anthropologist,
    tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-
    geneticist, psychometrician and a proponent of social
    Darwinism, eugenics, and scientific racism. He was knighted
    in 1909.

    Galton produced over 340 papers and books. He also


    created the statistical concept of correlation and widely
    promoted regression toward the mean.

    He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of


    human differences and inheritance of intelligence, and
    introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys for
    collecting data on human communities, which he needed for
    genealogical and biographical works and for
    his anthropometric studies.
    HISTORICAL NOTES

    Frederich Mohs was a


    German chemist and mineralogist. He was
    the creator of the Mohs scale of mineral
    hardness. Mohs also introduced a
    classification of the crystal forms in crystal
    systems independently of Christian
    Samuel Weiss.
    HISTORICAL NOTES
    Stanley Smith Stevens was an American psychologist who
    founded Harvard's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory,
    studying psychoacoustics, and he is credited with the
    introduction of Stevens's power law. Stevens authored a
    milestone textbook, the 1400+ page Handbook of
    Experimental Psychology (1951).

    He was also one of the founding organizers of


    the Psychonomic Society. In 1946 he introduced a theory
    of levels of measurement widely used by scientists but
    whose use in some areas of statistics has been criticized.

    In addition, Stevens played a key role in the development of


    the use of operational definitions in psychology.
    TRY THIS!
    THANK YOU!

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