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Neuroanatomy: Chapter 5: Introduction To The Brainstem

This document provides an overview of the brainstem, which is located inferior to the thalamus. It discusses the three main divisions of the brainstem - midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem is important as it acts as a conduit for ascending and descending tracts, and contains nuclei that are involved in functions like respiration, cardiac function, and wakefulness. Injuries to the brainstem can cause problems with breathing and consciousness. The document also describes the locations of nuclei for various cranial nerves within the different parts of the brainstem.

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ANGELI SIAOTONG
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149 views4 pages

Neuroanatomy: Chapter 5: Introduction To The Brainstem

This document provides an overview of the brainstem, which is located inferior to the thalamus. It discusses the three main divisions of the brainstem - midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem is important as it acts as a conduit for ascending and descending tracts, and contains nuclei that are involved in functions like respiration, cardiac function, and wakefulness. Injuries to the brainstem can cause problems with breathing and consciousness. The document also describes the locations of nuclei for various cranial nerves within the different parts of the brainstem.

Uploaded by

ANGELI SIAOTONG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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NEUROANATOMY: CHAPTER 5

Introduction to the Brainstem


Lesson Deliverd by Dr. Ty Alekzander F. Talamera, MD, FPNA

CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE BRAINSTEM


Inferior to thalamus
Pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
Injured brainstem ->> Abnormality in CNS
Bridge form cortex and spinal cord

3 FUNCTIONS:
CONDUIT of ascending and descending tracts.
CENTER for respiration, cardiac fxn and wakefulness
NUCLEI of CN III to CN XII.

Patients with stroke in brainstem


= problems with breathing and wakefulness
Brain as an organ we know
Memory SIGNIFICANCE OF BRAINSTEM:
Decision Where nuclei of cranial nerves are located
Command motor function
DIVISIONS
Interprets Sensation
CN III - CN IV: MIDBRAIN (2)
CN V - CN VIII: PONS '
E.g., SIGHT
Enters eye - lens- optic nerve - occipital lobe CN IX - CN XII: MEDULLA Yai
Any disease affects Cerebral Hemisphere affects brain
There are only 10 true cranial nerves
OCCIPITAL LOBE CN I and CN II = direct extensions
comprehension/interpret

FRONTAL LOBE
Inhibition
Personality (changes in personality)

GRAY MATTER
Nucleus

WHITE MATTER
Supporting cells
Not a brain cell

GLIA
Support scaffold
Majority

CORPUS CALLOSUM
No ability to transmit or store memory, just a cable
Connects left and right brain

THALAMUS CEREBELLUM
Receives all info except smell For balance and coordination
Pain, temperature, etc. Lesion in the Cerebellum will causes:
Sensation, emotion Inability to point on nose
Wide base gait; prevents from balance loss

PINEAL BODY
Situated between the thalamus

Espino, J.R., & Sartaguda, R.Y.


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NEUROANATOMY: CHAPTER 5
Introduction to the Brainstem
Lesson Deliverd by Dr. Ty Alekzander F. Talamera, MD, FPNA

CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA PONS

SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
tapers forward connect lateral geniculate body

INFERIOR COLLICULUS
connects medial geniculate body

Inferior to inferior colliculus= CNS EXIT EXCEPT CN


IV TROCHLEAR
Exits Posteriorly

SUPERIOR BRACHIUM: Vision


BASILAR GROOVE = Contains basilar artery
INFERIOR BRACHIUM: Auditory
CN V - VII: inferior to pons (arrangement: Med-Lat)

Inside facial = nucleus of Abducens


Anterior to Abducens = Nucleus of Facial Nerve
CN VI and VII = will meet and exit ANTERIORLY

FRONT VIEW OF BRAINSTEM


CN III: Between Midbrain and Pons
CN IV: Lateral to CN III

Espino, J.R., & Sartaguda, R.Y.


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NEUROANATOMY: CHAPTER 5
Introduction to the Brainstem
Lesson Deliverd by Dr. Ty Alekzander F. Talamera, MD, FPNA

MEDULLA CUT MIDBRAIN

- Red Nucleus
ANTERIOR CRUS CEREBRI
- Fibers

- Cerebral Peduncle
MIDDLE TEGMENTUM
- Nuclei

POSTERIOR TECTUM - Colliculus

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Produces DOPAMINE
Lack of DOPAMINE=
Tremors
Pill-rolling action
Mask Faci (no emotions)
Short Shuffling Gait

LEFT CN IV
Fibers exit to the right (opposite)

CN III
ANT. OF MEDULLA: PYRAMIDS Exits ipsilateral (same side)
When cut = PYRAMIDAL TRACT
Corticospinal Tract RETICULAR FORMATION
Cortex down to spinal cord Between medulla, pons, and midbrain
Pass anterior portion of medulla
Wakefulness
Lesion = PARALYSIS
CUT= COMA
Lateral to the Pyramids = OLIVE IF THIS AREA IS AFFECTED BY STROKE= COMA
Forms 2 columns (L and R)
FASCICULUS CUNEATUS AND GRACILIS
Carry position and vibration
POST. OF MEDULLA: VAGAL TRIANGLE
Includes vagal nuclei
FASCICULUS CUNEATUS
position and vibration from upper limbs and
* TRACT = line that transmits information neck
* BULBO = fnx swallowing and speaking
FASCICULUS GRACILIS
CN IX - XI: lateral to olives position and vibration from the legs
CN XII: between olive and pyramid
LIMBIC SYSTEM
- Emotions

Espino, J.R., & Sartaguda, R.Y.


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NEUROANATOMY: CHAPTER 5
Introduction to the Brainstem
Lesson Deliverd by Dr. Ty Alekzander F. Talamera, MD, FPNA

DIRECT LIGHT REFLEX


Exposure to light = Constriction of Pupil
CN II (sensory) and CN III (motor)

CONSENSUAL LIGHT REFLEX

Pupil on the other side will also constrict; even if only


the other pupil is exposed to light

LIGHT ->> CN II ->> BACK ->> CN III contralateral -


>> BOTH PUPILS CONSTRICT

MONOCULAR BLINDNESS
Impaired one optic nerve

MEDIAL SIDE OF THE EYES


Fibers cross with each other
CONTRALATERAL

LATERAL SIDE OF THE EYES


IPSILATERAL

BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPSIA BLINDNESS


Lesion on Optic Chiasm ( medial fibers are
affected )
HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA
Lesion on Optic Tract

QUADRANTANOPSIA
Lesion on Optic radiation

*in Optic Radiation= everything is opposit


- L Superior Optic Radiation = R Inferior
- ¼ Blindness

Espino, J.R., & Sartaguda, R.Y.


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