Unit 1 - Single-Phase Transformers
Unit 1 - Single-Phase Transformers
Unit 1 - Single-Phase Transformers
Primary & secondary coils are electrically isolated but
magnetically linked through a low reluctance path (iron core).
TYPES based on
• Generally, the following types of transformers
exist:
– Transmission (unit)
– Distribution (substation)
– Service (distribution)
– Circuit
– Voltage sampling (potential transformer)
– Current sampling (current transformer)
– Impedance transformation (auto transformer)
TRANSMISSION TRANSFORMER
16 kV/330 kV
DISTRIBUITION TRANSFORMER
330 kV/33 kV
SERVICE TRANSFORMERS
33 kV/415 V
CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS
230 V/12 V
CONSTRUCTION
In its simplest form, a
Laminated cores are used The lamination strips are
transformer is made up
to minimize the effect of grouped in layers to form
of a laminated core with
eddy current losses. a compact core.
two coils.
In the grouped layers,
The coil on the input side
staggering is employed Between the coils and the
is called the primary,
(alternate layers) to avoid core, insulation is
while the one on the
narrow gaps across the provided.
output side, secondary.
cross‐section.
Insulation is the most
critical aspect in
construction of
transformers because it
determines the lifespan.
CONSTRUCTION (Contd.)
Core‐type: laminations cut in “L”
Generally, the construction of shape and grouped
transformers is broadly categorised
Shell‐type: laminations cut in “E”
as: shape and grouped
The choice of Core‐ or Shell‐type depends mostly on cost,
because the function remains the same, and factors which
determine this include voltage and kVA rating, mass, insulation,
cooling, etc.
BASIC COMPONENTS Reduce
eddy
current
losses
TRANSFORMER COOLING
The main source of heat generation in transformer is its copper
loss or I2R loss. Although there are other factors contribute heat
in transformer such as hysteresis & eddy current losses but
contribution of I2R loss dominate them.
If this heat is not dissipated properly, the temperature of the
transformer will rise continually which may cause damages in
paper insulation and liquid insulation medium of transformer.
TRANSFORMER COOLING…
So, it is essential to control the temperature within
permissible limit to ensure the long life of transformer by
reducing thermal degradation of its insulation system.
In electrical power transformer we use external
transformer cooling system to accelerate the dissipation
rate of heat of transformer.
There are different transformer cooling methods available
for trans former:
TRANSFORMER COOLING…
• ONAN Cooling of
Transformer
– This is the simplest
transformer cooling system.
– The full form of ONAN is
"Oil Natural Air Natural".
TRANSFORMER COOLING…
• ONAF Cooling of
Transformer
– The full form of ONAF
is "Oil Natural Air
Forced".
TRANSFORMER COOLING…
• OFAF Cooling of
Transformer
– OFAF means "Oil
Forced Air Forced"
cooling methods of
transformer.
TRANSFORMER COOLING…
• OFWF Cooling
– OFWF means "oil forced water forced".
• ODAF Cooling
– ODAF means "oil directed air forced".
• ODWF Cooling
– ODWF means "oil directed water forced".
SINGLE‐PHASE TRANSFORMER
• A single‐phase transformer is a type of transformer
which operates on single‐phase power.
• The single‐phase transformer contains two windings,
one on primary and the other on the secondary side.
They are mostly used in the single‐phase electrical
power system.
• It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or
decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between circuits.
• A single‐phase transformer consists of a magnetic iron
core serving as a magnetic transformer part and
transformer cooper winding serving as an electrical
part.
• They operate as a step‐down voltage transformer and
decrease the home voltage value to the value suitable
for electronics supplying. On the secondary side, a
rectifier is usually connected to convert an AC voltage
to the DC voltage which is used in electronics
applications.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• Transformer works on the principle mutual induction.
There is an iron core which links windings of transformer.
The flux in the core links both primary and secondary
winding due to which voltage induced in the windings.
The working principle of transformer can be described as
follows. The alternating voltage is applied to the primary
winding due to which magnetizing current flows through
the primary winding and as a result magnetizing flux
produced and concentrated in the closed low reluctance
magnetic core path. This flux links with both primary and
secondary winding. Voltage is self‐induced in the primary
winding and mutually induced in the secondary winding.
Induced voltage per turn in both primary and secondary
winding is the same. The voltage across the windings
depends on the number of turns in the winding.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION (Contd.)
AC AC
POWER POWER
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
• (winding resistance)
• No leakage flux
• No core losses
• (high permeability)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS (Contd.)
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS (Contd.)
𝒅∅ 𝒅∅
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐 𝒎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒎 𝟐 𝒎
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒎 𝟏 𝟐 𝒎 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS (Contd.)
Power
Conservation
𝑰𝟏 𝑬𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
MMF
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 Conservation
IMPEDANCE TRANSFER
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 Secondary Primary
𝟐 Impedance Impedance
𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝒂𝑽𝟐 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 /𝒂 𝑰𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
IMPEDANCE TRANSFER (Contd.)
𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
TYPES
• Depending on the voltage level
– Step-up and Step-down
• Depending on the use of transformers
– Power, distribution, instrument.
• Depending on the design criteria
– Two winding and auto transformer
• Depending on the insulation system
– Oil immersed and dry type
• Depending on operating phase
– Single-phase and three-phase
TRANSFORMER RATING
• Transformers have four major ratings as shown on
their nameplates:
o Apparent power (kVA or MVA)
o Limits current flow (cooling)
o Primary and secondary voltage (V)
o Protect windings (insulation)
o Frequency (Hz)
o Per‐unit resistance and reactance
TRANSFORMER RATING (Contd.)
10 kVA
1100/110 V
Two winding step – down transformer
HV winding rated at 1100 V while LV winding at 110 V
Each winding is designed for 10 kVA
𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
The current rating for HV winding is 𝟗. 𝟎𝟗 𝑨
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
The current rating for LV winding is 𝟗𝟎. 𝟗 𝑨
𝟏𝟏𝟎
TRANSFORMER RATING (Contd.)
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Position of dots indicates like Position of dots indicates unlike
polarity (in – phase voltage case) polarity (out of phase voltage case)
TRANSFORMER POLARITY (Contd.)
TRANSFORMER POLARITY (Contd.)
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟒
If 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟒 then 1 and 4 are identical
If 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟒 then 1 and 3 are identical
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMERS
𝒍𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒍𝟏 𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER (Contd.)
Primary Winding Secondary Winding
Magnetic Core
A practical transformer is equivalent to an ideal transformer +
external impedances that represent losses of an actual transformer.
PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER (Contd.)
KVL KVL
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 Impedance Transfer 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
EXACT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝟏 𝒎𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝟏
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Shunt branch can be moved to the supply terminal
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT (Contd.)
It is possible to remove the shunt branch
Transformer Approximate
Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary
APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT (Contd.)
𝒆𝒒𝟏 𝒆𝒒𝟏
𝒆𝒒𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝒆𝒒𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Transformer Approximate
Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Secondary
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
Transformer Voltage Regulation
𝐼
ΔV
𝟏
NO – LOAD OPERATION
𝟐 𝑵𝑳
UNDER LOAD OPERATION 𝟐 𝑳 𝟐 𝑵𝑳 𝟐
Transformer Voltage Regulation (Contd.)
𝑽𝑵𝑳 𝑽𝑳
VOLTAGE REGULATION (UP) x 100%
𝑽𝑳
𝑽𝑵𝑳 𝑽𝑳
VOLTAGE REGULATION (DOWN) x 100%
𝑽𝑵𝑳
Transformer Voltage Regulation (Contd.)
Approximate
Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary
𝟐 𝑵𝑳 𝟐 𝑳
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝟏 𝒆𝒒𝟏
𝟐 𝑳
𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
𝟐 𝑵𝑳 𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
Transformer Voltage Regulation (Contd.)
Approximate
Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Secondary
𝟐 𝑵𝑳 𝟐 𝑳
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
𝟏 𝟐 𝑳
𝟐 𝑵𝑳 𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
Transformer Voltage Regulation (Contd.)
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE 𝟐 𝒆𝒒
REGULATION
∅ ∅ ∅
∅ ∅ 0
VOLTAGE REGULATION (Contd.)
• The drop in voltage is caused by the transformer
coil internal resistance and leakage reactance.
• Depending on whether the load is leading or
lagging, the secondary voltage can either increase
or decrease.
• By regulating the primary voltage based on a
transformer’s voltage regulation for a given load,
the output voltage can be kept constant.
• Usually these values are between 1–3%; the
larger the transformer the smaller the regulation.
Transformer Phasors
Transformer Phasors (Contd.)
Lagging power
factor Load
Transformer Phasors (Contd.)
Unity power
factor Load
Transformer Phasors (Contd.)
Leading power
factor Load
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
• Losses in transformers are broadly categorized into two:
– Core losses: determined experimentally from no‐load tests.
– Copper losses: determined experimentally from short‐circuit
tests.
• N.B. There are no rotational losses (friction or windage
losses) because a transformer is a static device.
TRANSFORMER LOSSES & EFFICIENCY
• Core losses: are fairly constant irrespective of loading of a transformer
(varying from 1–3 %) and are made up of hysteresis and eddy current losses
as follows:
– Hysteresis loss: losses due to periodic disorientation of the internal
material properties in transformer cores, which results in the core
heating up. Because each core material is characterized by a so‐called
hysteresis loop, the larger the loop, the higher the hysteresis losses.
Hence to minimize it, core materials with smaller areas of hysteresis
loop are used.
– Eddy current loss: this loss results from the circulating currents in the
core of transformers due to induced back EMF in the windings. The
simple way to minimize them is by laminating the core i.e., use of thin
laminated sheets to form the cores. This increases the resistance of the
eddy current paths.
• N.B. The numerical evaluation of the core loss components is
beyond the scope of this class.
TRANSFORMER LOSSES
• Core losses: but we can devise analytically that
𝟐
𝟏
𝒄
• Copper losses: this is a variable loss which depends on the
transformer loading and emanate from the copper
conductors used in the windings of transformer, hence its
name. The effect is heating up of the windings. Certain
cooling measures are necessary to address them.
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝒆𝒒 𝟐 𝒆𝒒
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
• Efficiency is the factor of energy transfer in a device.
Like for other electrical machines, it is calculated as:
𝐏𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐏𝐨𝐮𝐭
o
𝐏𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
o losses = Copper loss + Core losses
• It can be shown that the condition of maximum
efficiency in a transformer is when
o
Transformer Efficiency (Contd.)
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝜂 x 100% 𝜂 x 100%
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑉 𝐼 cos ∅ 𝐼 𝑅
𝐼 𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅𝟐
𝜼 𝐼 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 𝑅
𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅𝟐 𝑰𝒄𝟏 𝑹𝒄 𝑰 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝟐
𝜂 𝐹 𝐼 , cos ∅
Maximum Efficiency
𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
Constant and 𝜂 𝐹 𝐼 , cos ∅
𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝐼 𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
𝑃 𝐼 𝑅 Core loss = Copper loss
For Full – Load
𝑃 𝐼 𝑅 Condition
𝐼 𝑃
Load Factor 𝑛 𝑃 𝑛 𝑃 𝑛
𝐼 𝑃
Constant and :
∅ 0 ⇒ cos ∅ 1 Resistive Load
Maximum Efficiency (Contd.)
Maximum efficiency occurs when the load power factor is unity
and load current is such that copper loss equals core loss.
Maximum Efficiency (Contd.)
Power Transformers operates
near its full – capacity and is
taken out of service when it is
not required.
Power Transformers are
usually designed for
maximum efficiency occurring
near their rated power.
Maximum Efficiency (Contd.)
Distribution Transformers are
connected to the power system
24 hours a day and operate well
below the rated power output
for most of the time.
Distribution Transformers are
usually designed for
maximum efficiency
occurring at the average
output power.
All – Day (or Energy) Efficiency
𝑺𝟑∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Per–phase base volt-ampere: 𝑺𝟏∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝟑
𝑺𝟏∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑺𝟑∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Base phase current: 𝑰∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑽∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑰∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝟑𝑽∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑽𝟐 ∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Base phase impedance: 𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑺𝟏∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
PER–UNIT SYSTEM (3 )
𝑺𝟑∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
3–phase base current 𝑰𝑳𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝟑𝑽𝑳𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑽𝟐 𝑳𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
3-phase base phase impedance: 𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝑺𝟑∅𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Per‐Unit Conversion from one base to another
75
Chapters covered in the Prescribed Text
• Chapter 2: Transformers
76
Other Sources
• https://www.electrical4u.com/electrical‐
engineering‐articles/transformer/
• Salsabila B. Ahmad, Lecture notes for Electrical
Machines & Application 1, UniMAP
77
THANK YOU