UNIT -1

Concepts of Object Oriented programming: Object oriented paradigm-differences between

Object Oriented Programming and Procedure oriented programming, Basic concepts of Object
Oriented Programming,Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Benefits of OOP .Structure
of a C++ program, namespace, Data types, C++ tokens, identifiers, variables, constants, operators,
control structures & loops.

Overview of C language:
1.C language is known as structure oriented language or procedure oriented language
2.Employs top-down programming approach where a problem is viewed as a sequence of tasks to
be performed.
3.All program code of c can be executed in C++ but converse many not be possible
4. Function overloading and operator overloading are not possible.
5. Local variables can be declared only at the beginning of the block.
6. Program controls are through jumps and calls to subroutines.
7.Polymorphism, encapsulation and inheritance are not possible.
For solving the problems, the problem is divided into a number of modules. Each module is a subprogram.
8. Data abstraction property is not supported by procedure oriented language.
9. Data in procedure oriented language is open and can be accessed by any function.

Overview of C++ language:

1. C++ can be considered as an incremental version of c language which consists all programming
language constructs with newly added features of object oriented programming.
2.c++ is structure(procedure) oriented and object oriented programming language.
3.The file extension of C++ program is “.CPP”
4. Function overloading and operator overloading are possible.
5. Variables can be declared in inline i.e when required
6. In c++ more emphasis is give on data rather than procedures
7.Polymorphism, encapsulation and inheritance are possible.
8. Data abstraction property is supported by c++.
9. Data access is limited. It can be accessed by providing various visibility modes both for data
and member functions. there by providing data security by data hiding
10.Dymanic binding is supported by C++
11..It supports all features of c language
12.It can be called as an incremental version of c language
Difference Between Procedure Oriented Programming (POP) & Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Procedure Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming

1 program is divided into small parts program is divided into parts called objects.
called functions.
Importance is not given to data but to Importance is given to the data rather than
2 functions as well as sequence of procedures or functions because it works
actions to be done. as a real world.
3 follows Top Down approach. OOP follows Bottom Up approach.
4 OOP has access specifiers named
It does not have any access specifier.
Public, Private, Protected, etc.
5 Data can move freely from objects can move and communicate with
function to function in the system. each other through member functions.
 To add new data and function in POP is not OOP provides an easy way to add new data
6
so easy. and function.
Most function uses Global data for sharing In OOP, data can not move easily from
7 that can be accessed freely from function to function to function,it can be kept public or
function in the system. private so we can control the access of data.
It does not have any proper way for hiding OOP provides Data Hiding so provides more
8
data so it is less secure. security.
In OOP, overloading is possible in the form of
9 Overloading is not possible. Function Overloading and Operator
Overloading.
Example of Procedure Oriented
Example of Object Oriented Programming are :
10 Programming are : C, VB, FORTRAN,
C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.
Pascal.

Principles( or features) of object oriented programming:

1. Encapsulation
2. Data abstraction
3. Polymorphism
4. Inheritance
5. Dynamic binding
6. Message passing
Encapsulation: Wrapping of data and functions together as a single unit is known as encapsulation. By
default data is not accessible to outside world and they are only accessible through the functions which are
wrapped in a class. prevention of data direct access by the program is called data hiding or information
hiding

Data abstraction :
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the
back ground details or explanation. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of
attributes such as size, weight, cost and functions to operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all
essential properties of the object that are to be created. The attributes are called as data members as they
hold data and the functions which operate on these data are called as member functions.
Class use the concept of data abstraction so they are called abstract data type (ADT)

Polymorphism: Polymorphism comes from the Greek words “poly” and “morphism”. “poly” means
many and “morphism” means form i.e.. many forms. Polymorphism means the ability to take more than
one form. For example, an operation have different behavior in different instances. The behavior depends
upon the type of the data used in the operation.
Different ways to achieving polymorphism in C++ program:
1) Function overloading 2) Operator overloading
#include<iostream>
using namespace
std; int main()
{int a=4; a=a<<2;
cout<<”a=”<<a<<endl;
return 0;
}

Inheritance: Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of another.
Inheritance is the most promising concept of OOP, which helps realize the goal of constructing software
from reusable parts, rather than hand coding every system from scratch. Inheritance not only supports
reuse across systems, but also directly facilitates extensibility within a system. Inheritance coupled with
polymorphism and dynamic binding minimizes the amount of existing code to be modified while
enhancing a system.
When the class child, inherits the class parent, the class child is referred to as derived class (sub
class) and the class parent as a base class (super class). In this case, the class child has two parts: a derived
part and an incremental part. The derived part is inherited from the class parent. The incremental part is
the new code written specifically for the class child.
Dynamic binding:
Binding refers to linking of procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call.
Dynamic binding(or late binding) means the code associated with a given procedure call in not known
until the time of call at run time.

Message passing:
An object oriented program consists of set of object that communicate with each other.
Objects communicates with each other by sending and receiving information .
A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and there fore invoke
the function that is called for an object and generates result

Benefits of object oriented programming (OOPs)

  Reusability: In OOP‟ s programs functions and modules that are written by a user can be reused by

 other users without any modification. 
  Inheritance: Through this we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing classes.


Data Hiding: The programmer can hide the data and functions in a class from other classes. It helps the programmer to
 
build the secure programs.

Reduced complexity of a problem: The given problem can be viewed as a collection of different objects. Each object
is responsible for a specific task. The problem is solved by interfacing the objects. This technique reduces the
 
complexity of the program design.

Easy to Maintain and Upgrade: OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects
 
can be created with small differences to existing ones. Software complexity can be easily managed.
 
Message Passing: The technique of message communication between objects makes the interface

with external systems easier.


Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data representation or the procedures in an
OO program. Changes inside a class do not affect any other part of a program, since the only

public interface that the external world has to a class is through the use of methods.

BASIC STRUCTURE OF C++ LANGUAGE : The program written in C++ language follows this basic
structure. The sequence of sections should be as they are in the basic structure. A C program should have
one or more sections but the sequence of sections is to be followed.
1. Documentation section
2. Linking section
3. Definition section
4. Global declaration section & class declarations
5.Member function definition
6. Main function
section main()
{
Declaration section
Executable section
}
 1. DOCUMENTATION SECTION : comes first and is used to document the use of logic or
reasons in your program. It can be used to write the program's objective, developer and logic details. The
documentation is done in C language with /* and */ . Whatever is written between these two are called
comments.
2. LINKING SECTION : This section tells the compiler to link the certain occurrences
of keywords or functions in your program to the header files specified in this section.
e.g. #include<iostream>
using namespace std;

directive causes the preprocessor to add the contents of the iostream file to the program. It contains declarations

for cout and cin.

cout is a predefined object that represents the standard output stream. The operator << is an

insertion operator, causes the string in double quotes to be displayed on the screen.
screen

cout << “C++”

Object
Insertion Operator variable

The statement cin>>n; is an input statement and causes the program to wait for the user to type in a
number. The number keyed is placed on the variable “n”. The identifier cin is a predefined object in C++
that corresponds to the standard input stream. The operator >> is known as extraction operator. It extracts
the value from the keyboard and assigns it to the value variable on its right.

Object Extraction operator variable

cin >> 45.5

Keyboard

3. DEFINITION SECTION : It is used to declare some constants and assign them some
value. e.g. #define MAX 25
Here #define is a compiler directive which tells the compiler whenever MAX is found in
the program replace it with 25.
4. GLOBAL DECLARATION SECTION : Here the variables and class definations which are used
through out the program (including main and other functions) are declared so as to make them global(i.e
accessible to all parts of program). A CLASS is a collection of data and functions that act or manipulate
the data. The data components of a class are called data members and function components of a class are
called member functions
A class ca also termed as a blue print or prototype that defines the variable or functions common to
all objects of certain kind. It is a user defined data type

e.g.

int i; //this declaration is done outside and before main()

5. SUB PROGRAM OR FUNCTION SECTION : This has all the sub programs or the functions which
our program needs.
 void display()
{
cout<<”C++ is better that C”;
}
SIMPLE „C++‟ PROGRAM:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display()
{
cout<<”C++ is better that C”;
}
int main()
{
display()
return 0;
}

6. MAIN FUNCTION SECTION : It tells the compiler where to start the execution
from main()
{
point from execution starts
}
main function has two sections
1. declaration section : In this the variables and their data types are declared.
2. Executable section or instruction section : This has the part of program which actually performs
the task we need.

namespace:
namespace is used to define a scope that could hold global identifiers.
ex:-namespace scope for c++ standard library.
A classes ,functions and templates are declared within the namespace named
std using namespace std;-->directive can be used.

user defined name space:

syntax for defining name space is

namespace namespace_name
{
//declarations of variables.functions,classes etc...
}
ex:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace sample
{`
int m;
void display(int n)
 {
cout<<"in namespace N="<<n<<endl;
}
}

using namespace sample;

int main()
{
int a=5;
m=100;
display(200);
cout<<"M in sample name space:"<<sample::m;
return 0;}

#include<iostream>
This directive causes the preprocessor to add content of iostream file to the program.
some old versions of C++ used iostream.h .if complier does not support ANSI
(american nation standard institute) C++ then use header file iostream.h

DATA TYPES:
A data type is used to indicate the type of data value stored in a variable. All C compilers support a
variety of data types. This variety of data types allows the programmer to select the type appropriate
to the needs of the application as well as the machine. ANSI C supports the following classes of data
types: 1.Primary (fundamental) data types.
2.Derived data types.
3.User-defined data types C++ data types

Primary data types Derived data types User defined data types

int
Array
Pointer Structure
char Reference Union
Class
float enumeration

double

bool

void

Primary data types:

1.integer data type
2.character data type
3.float point data type
4.Boolean data type
5.void data type