Week 8

Indigenous Material
         Indigenous materials are materials naturally found in a specific place. If it is
unique to a site, it can even distinguish it, giving the place an identity. 

         The varied geological conditions and environment of a region can give rise to
different indigenous materials. The products made of these materials reflect the
people’s culture in the area and the crafts developed over time. In addition, indigenous
materials can be less costly since there is no need to transport them from distant
places.

         Indigenous materials in the Philippines are mainly composed of a range of timber,

canes, grasses, and palm trees. We have a wide variety of soft and hardwoods used by
the furniture and building industry, including the narra, kamagong, and yakal. Several
different kinds of natural fibers can be taken from a wide variety of plants in our
country, such as abaca and pineapple. The fibers from these plants can be spun and
woven together to create textile and fine clothing.

         There are also marine resources commonly found on our beaches, like seashells
and pearls used in crafts for decoration and fashion accessories. In addition, since the
country is found in the Pacific Ring of Fire, volcanic resources are available like lahar
and other igneous rock that people utilize in road and building construction.

A.   Abaca Fiber

         Often known as Manila hemp, the abaca fiber is derived from a sheath of leaves of
the abaca, an endemic banana species in the Philippines. The fiber was once used
primarily to make Manila rope. Today, they are pulped and used in tea bags,
banknotes, and paper. They are also used in handicraft products such as handbags,
shoes, hats, and clothing.

B.   Bamboo
         Kawayan is a general term for all species of bamboo in the Philippines. There are
62 species of bamboo in the Philippines, 21 of which can only be found in the country.
It regenerates quickly; hence, it can be harvested in three years. More than one shoot
can replicate one mother pole. Bamboo can be an excellent substitute for wood; its
durability is equivalent to mahogany and other medium hardwood species.
C.   Capiz
         Here in the Philippines, Capiz shells are abundant. During the Spanish
colonization, people used capiz shells to decorate homes. As a result, windows in capiz
shells are known as one of the old Philippine buildings’ most distinctive and beautiful
architectural features. Its translucent property makes it possible for the sunlight to
come in even if the window is closed.

D.   Rattan
         Rattan is a climbing palm that is native to Asia, Indonesia, and China. The
Philippines has been one of the biggest sources. Because it is light, flexible, and
durable, rattan is used for furniture and lighthouse construction. The outer bark of
rattan is used for caning, while the inner portion of the bark is used for weaving wicker
furniture. 

E.   Narra
         Narra is one of the world’s hardest wood. It is resistant to termites and is often
made into quality wooden furniture. Although expensive, the furniture can last for
many generations.

F.   Water Lily

         Water lily or water hyacinth is a local material abundant in the riverbanks. It can
be used as a material for weaving.  The dried fibers of water lily can be used to make
baskets, bags, accessories, and other woven crafts. 

Indigenous Arts and Crafts

A.   Puni Art

         Puni is the art of weaving coconut leaves. Puni is a Tagalog word from Bulacan
province that means “leaf weaving.” The coconut leaves can be made into toys such as
birds, fish, and grasshoppers. They can also be made into food containers for suman,
rice, and kakanin. On Palm Sunday, they are made into the palaspas. 
B.   Buntal
         The buntal hat is a traditional Philippine straw hat made of fibers derived from
buri palm leaves. Farmers traditionally use it on the fields. In the first half of the
twentieth century, it became a significant exported product of the Philippines and can
be considered the equivalent of the Panama hat. 

C.   Burdang Taal

         Burdang Taal is the old native art of handloom weaving and hand embroidery by
the craftsmen of Taal, Batangas. They weave dried pineapple and abaca into a cloth
and embroider them using masterful techniques like the` callado and sinuksok that
produce intricate latticework, not unlike lacework. 

         These custom-embroidered textiles (whether piña, jusi, or silk) are being used for
numerous items, such as table linen, pillowcases, and clothes for special occasions. In
addition, it is renowned for its application on the Barong Tagalog – the traditional
formal Filipino men’s wear. 

Week 9

Medium
          Medium refers to the material that the artists use in creating their artwork. It is
the material the artists use to convey his thoughts and emotions. The plural form for
media is medium, and the artist can use several types of medium in producing artwork.
Different medium has its advantages and disadvantages. It depends on the
characteristics of each medium that the artist may use. The decision on what medium
to use in the art-making process depends on the artists or on the type of artwork the
artists want to produce. An artist believes that he can produce what is in his mind and
heart using the medium he uses.

Technique
          The technique is the manner the artist controls the medium to produce the
desired result. It is the technical side of producing artwork. There are unique
techniques in the art-making process, but still, each artist has their way of doing them.
Some artists use the original technique to produce original styles in the art-making
process. The technique is highly affected by the kind of material or medium the artist is
using. For example, a sculptor needs to employ different techniques on using wood for
carving and metal for sculpting. Both are good mediums, but each of them needs
different techniques to come up with the desired result. 

          Medium and technique work together to produce what is in the artist’s mind and
heart. Both are needed to produce tangible and intangible products of art.

Illustration 1
Instruction: Answer the question below.

What is medium and technique?

Medium for Painting

Acrylic Paint - It is a quick-drying paint created from a pigment stored in the emulsion
of acrylic polymer (Wikipedia, 2020).

Encaustic - Encaustic painting is a mixed medium process that requires the use of
colored pigments utilizing heated beeswax. Then the liquid/paste is applied to a
surface — usually prepared wood, although it often uses canvas and other materials
(Artists Network, 2020).

Fresco- Fresco painting, method of painting pigments using water, usually on wall
surfaces, on freshly applied plaster. The colors made by grinding dry-powder pigments
into pure water become permanent parts of the wall by drying and putting them
together with the plaster (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020).

Gouache- A water medium, a paint formed of natural pigment, water, a binding agent
(typically gum or dextrine), often additional inert content, is a gouache or body color, or
invisible watercolor (Wikipedia, 2020).

Magna Paint- Magna was made by Bocour Artist Colors, Inc. in 1947 and is a brand
name for the acrylic resin paint developed by Leonard Bocour. The pigments in an
acrylic resin are made up by using solvents to emulsify it and are very different from
modern acrylic paint (Art and Popular Culture, 2013).

Oil paint- Oil paint is a form of slow-drying paint composed of pigment particles
suspended in a drying liquid, which is usually linseed oil. By applying a solvent such as
turpentine or white spirit, the viscosity of the paint can be improved, and varnish can
be applied to improve the clarity of the dry oil paint image (Wikipedia, 2020).

Pastel – is a dry medium drawn from finger sticks, fragile. These pencils are composed
of powdered pigments and a minimum nongreasy binder. They are usually gum
portable or methylcellulose from the middle of the 20th century (Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2020).
Tempera- Pigmentation technique linked to a water-soluble emulsion, such as water
and egg yolk, or an oily emulsion, such as oil and an entire egg (tate.org, 2020).

Watercolor is created by combining pigments with a binder, typically gum arabic, and
then using water, such as vellum or ink (Victoria and Albert Museum, 2016).

Crayon- Crayon, a painting device crafted from clay, chalk, plumbago, wax, and dried
paint. There are two styles of crayons, the crayon in pigment and the crayon in chalk
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020).

Mediums for Sculpture

Marble

A metamorphic calcareous rock in which a sculptor can effectively work. When marble
grows, it is long-lasting and stronger, giving it a lasting impact. In addition, the tougher,
the more weather-resistant marble is, making it useable for your outdoor sculpture.

Stainless Steel

Because of their hardness and corrosion resistance, sculptures made of stainless steel
are durable. It suggests even that, as opposed to other materials, the work is very
strong and solid. Despite its durability, the steelworks may be more valuable. The
models of stainless steel are marine, and they are corrosion-resistant.

Wood

Woodcarvers use knives or chisels to design the wood for a bust. In contrast with
products such as copper and marble, the drawback is that it doesn't survive as well in
the natural setting, and it is more susceptible to harm from fire and decay.

Bronze

The material of bronze has been used for centuries for the production of sculptures.
Bronze is created by melting both copper and tint, blended to make it less brittle, a
natural combination for bronze sculptures.

Corten Steel

This resistant weather steel makes it the perfect outdoor sculpture candidate. Without
the paint of corten steel, it will be rough like ordinary steel if exposed to the
atmosphere. Yet, the corten alloy elements quickly allow fine-textured rust protecting
surface layer to develop, which reduces the risk of corrosion.

Auditory Art
         It encompasses music in all its ways, but not song, opera, and the arts that
integrate music with literature. Just like sight is the medium of visual expression, sound
is the medium of auditory expression.

         For auditory art, unlike visual art, there is no tangible item other than a score
which, as has been shown. This is just a temporally continuous sequence of sounds:
sound waves originating from several devices. Although no such signals are released,
there are no sounds; there is only the musical score and listeners' memory, any of
whom may cause the score to be repeated if it is lost, from which music may be
replicated. That is why music is recorded; some save it on CDs, DVDs, and other storage
and recording devices for easy retrieval of sound recordings.

Mixed Art
         What is mixed art? Mixed media art refers to a form of visual art that combines
several media into one piece (McArdle, 2020). Within the terms "mixed media,"
artworks made up of many materials are identified-and that may include a wide
assortment of items (Ogilvy, 2018). The use of different media is not a new thing, but it
an early practice. For example, some folk uses a combination of sounds and dance to
express worship to their deity, and some for entertainment. The theatre performances
use literature and drama accompanied by music to produce a good performance is a
form of mixed art. I believe that you also have your own experience with mixed art, like
simple dance performances in school or theaters or even a film is a form of mixed art
since it is composed of different media (Heller, 2018).

Illustration 2
Instruction: Answer the question below.

What are the different mediums in creating visual arts?

Collage
          Collage is an art production technique used mainly in the visual arts and in music,
from which art emerges from various elements, forming a new image. (Compare the
"pasting" together with the pastiche)

          The magazine and news clips, ribbons, color pieces, hand-crafted paper, parts of
other artworks or documents, photos, and other found objects attached to a canvas
piece may be included in a collage. The roots of the collage can be traced back decades,
but it reappeared suddenly as an art form of experimentation at the beginning of the
20th century.

This is how you can begin:

1. Choose a collage you like

2. Find inspiration for you
3. Pick the materials
4. Plan the collage
5. Begin to collage
6. Varnish your collage
7. Frame the collage

Land Art
          Land Art or Earth Art is directly created into the countryside. It uses and creates
something from the world itself. It can either be created in situ or recreated as gallery
installations. Most of these artistic works are produced and remain in the landscape.
They are often documented throughout the seasons with the artist's photography.
Many do not pass the test of time and teach the viewer the fleetingness of life an
important lesson. It goes back to this earth that comes from the earth.

          Land art is easy, and fun and everybody can do it. Sculptures and art are made
with things you can find in the environment, such as pebbles, rocks, sand, pine cones,
heads of seed, leaves. They can be made into mandala, spiral, form, animal, or pattern.
There are endless possibilities.

You're going to need it

 Your creative thinking

 It's good but not required to have a camera.
 Somewhere to discover a lake, a woodland, a beach, or even a patio.

How to do it?
 1. Visit the designated location. Notice the various forms, colors, and
materials that you use with a good look.
2. To create your art, gather materials. This may include rocks, small rocks,
shells, coral, driftwood, berries, grass, dandelions, daisies, seeds, and
whatever else you discover.
3. Find a spot to make the art fascinating.
4. Look at the gathered materials and unleash your creativity. Recall that
inland art; there are no laws.
5. Build a certain art
6. You can take photographs and capture your designs if you have a
smartphone with you.

Graffiti
          Graffiti, visual messaging, usually unlawful, involving any person or organization
not allowed to label the public room. Whereas a trendy mark or word drawn by a
member of a street gang on a wall is the typical picture of graffiti, certain graffiti is not
gang-related. Graffiti can not only be seen as anti-social activity committed to drawing
attention, but it can also be seen as an artistic medium of art.

How to draw simple graffiti?

1. Sketch the letter and the objects that you want to include in your graffiti.
2. Once done with the design, create an outline using a marker.
3. Add spots to make it look impressive and pleasing to the eyes.
4. Add shading, then thickening the lines underneath the letters or object.
5. Add any color you like to bring your art to life.

Digital Art
          Digital art is a digital media work or digital technology display. It covers pictures
drawn solely on a computer or hand sketches scanned and completed using
applications like Adobe Illustrator. Such visual media requires virtual image editing.
Digital media will also include animation and 3D computer sculpture renderings, and
multi-technological ventures.

          First used in the 1980s, the word 'visual art' was used as part of an early
computer system. It is an art medium that can be viewed in several ways, including on
TV and the Internet, on laptops, and on different social media sites. It can also have a
multimedia approach. In addition, it provides some different ways of making art. For
short, visual art is a combination of fashion and technology.

Print Making
          Printmaking is a creative method based on the concept of moving images from a
matrix onto another object, most commonly paper or cloth. Contemporary printmaking
methods include woodcut, etching, engraving, and lithography, although contemporary
artists have extended possible techniques to include screen-printing.

          The matrix can be made of wood, metal, and glass and is mainly plaster. The
prototype is produced on the matrix by using tools or chemicals to work its flat surface.
The matrix is then dyed to move to the desired surface. To print from a matrix,
controlled pressure is needed, most of the time through a printing press. The design is
evenly impressed when printed on paper or fabric. (Not a press is required for modern
printmaking, such as screenprinting). The resulting print is always the perfect mirror of
the original matrix template. One of the great advantages of printmaking is that a
single matrix can print several impressions from the same design.

Types of Print Making

1. Woodcut
The oldest type of woodcut prints is a relief technique where knives and other tools are
used to carve a pattern on a wooden block's surface. After the block is cut, the elevated
areas are inked and printed, while the sealed sections that are cut do not hold ink.

2. Engraving
Engraving is an intaglio printing procedure in which the lines are etched into a metal
plate to retain the ink. The frame may be made of copper or zinc in gravure.

This base is first cleaned so that all marks and imperfections are removed from the
surface, and only the careful lines are written. Next, the printer incises or slices a
design directly into the surface of a metal plate using a sharp tool known as a burin in
the printmaking process: a steel shaft ends with a beveled diamond-shaped tip and is
inserted in a circular wooden handle.

3. Etching

Etching is an intaglio printing procedure in which acid-incised lines or regions are

mounted in a metal plate to retain the ink. For etching, carbon, copper, or zinc can be
used for the plates.

4. Lithography
Lithography is a planographic method whereby the pattern is drawn on a flat stone (or
the metal plate is prepared, typically zinc or aluminum) and is applied through a
chemical process.

5. Screen Printing

Screen printing is a method of pressing ink onto a surface using a mesh screen. The
impeccable printing on other parts of the panel produces a stencil that blocks the
movement of the printing ink. Thus, the picture is created by the ink that moves
through.

A printing screen consists of a flat mesh closely woven cloth fixed to a wooden or metal
frame. Such screens have historically been manufactured from silk but are now
produced in synthetic materials such as ethylene.

Week 11

Improvisation
          Improvisation is the practice of behaving and responding to one's situation at the
time. It will lead to new habits of learning and/or new ways of doing things. This cycle of
inventions occurs more often when followed by a detailed and/or intuitive knowledge
of the ability you develop. The know-how of improvisation can be applied to many
different communication skills or forms. For example, musical plays, cooking or speech
delivery, trading, personal or intimate relationships, sport, arrangement in flowers,
martial arts, psychotherapy, sculpture, and spiritual matters.

Instruction: Answer the question below.

What is improvisation?

Music Improvisation
          Improvisation, in general, is an integral part of music. The vocabulary of one or
more musical styles is often accessible to musical improvisers, such as Blues, pop, folk,
jazz — and works in the language of imagination and originality to convey thoughts. In
ensembles of other players, improvisation may take place either as a single act or
interdependently. When done well, the audience also evokes gratifying emotional
answers. Very few Musicians have ever dared give concerts that were entirely
improvised, like composer and pianist Franz Liszt's popular improvised piano recitals.
However, some have successfully performed such trials and genres, like a few
groundbreaking solo piano concerts in Stuttgart, Southern Germany, and the United
Kingdom, London, in the 1990s.

Sound Improvisation
          Singing Improv is an old way of art. Singing in Improvisation is an improvisational
theatre combination. A singer makes the words and the rhythm to an album while the
musicians play the instrument. Also, dancing, comedy, and exhibition aspects are
included in the repertoire of singing improvisers.

Theatre Improvisation
          In line with Konstantin Stanislavski's dominant acting philosophies, an actor who
improvises a scene must trust his intuition. According to Stanislavski, a character's
response to internal and external stimuli must use his intuition. By improvisation, an
actor can learn to trust his instincts rather than use theater and "indicate" his motives.
Improv's focus on attention is also beneficial. Clearly, the actors must be able to
maintain their focus, even under difficult and stressful situations. In an atmosphere in
which everything can happen. Concentration is a foundation for acting workshops;
actors must focus on their scene or action. Actors that do not obey an improvisation
are called blocking actors.

Dance Improvisation and Choreographic Tools

          Improvisation is used in the dance structure as a choreographic instrument.
Experimenting with the principles of form, space and time, and energy through motion
will create a unique and innovative movement style, spatial configuration, patterns, and
rhythms without inhibition or abstract thought. The choreographer can connect with
her creative self without any inhibitors, thus clearing the way for pure invention.

Contact Improvisation
          Contact improvisation is a form that is now practiced around the globe,
developed 30 years ago. It was created from Steve Paxton's movement studies in the
1970s and developed through ongoing study of the Judson Dance Theatre. It's a dance
form based upon weight sharing, partnership, and weight play with unpredictable
results.

Instruction: Answer the question below.

How can you describe the process of improvisation across art forms? 

Improvisation
            Improvisation is the practice of behaving and responding to one's situation at
the time. It will lead to new habits of learning and/or new ways of doing things. This
cycle of inventions occurs more often when followed by a detailed and/or intuitive
knowledge of the ability you develop. The know-how of improvisation can be applied to
many different communication skills or forms. For example, musical plays, cooking or
speech delivery, trading, personal or intimate relationships, sport, flower arrangement,
martial arts, psychotherapy, sculpture, and spiritual matters.

Instruction: Answer the question below.

What is improvisation?

Film Improvisation
            The director Mike Leigh uses extended, weeks-long improvisations to create
characters and stories for his films. He begins by talking about how things will grow but
does not disclose all of his plans with the cast. You must soon discover your passions
and react as your destinies are slowly exposed, including crucial aspects of your life
that will no longer be shown on screen. The final film draws on the dialogue and
actions recorded during improvisation.

Comedy Improvisation
              Improvisational comedy is a traditional art practiced globally and traditionally.
The 'Upright Citizens Brigade' in New York City and the 'Groundlings' in Los Angeles,
'Second City' in Chicago and 'Theatresports' in Calgary, Canada, are among the most
popular comic enhancement communities in North America. Pioneers such as Viola
Spolin, Paul Sills, Del Close, and Keith Johnstone extemporize.

Writing Improvisation
            Improvisational writing is an activity that restricts an artist, such as time limit,
word limit, a particular subject, or rules regarding what may be written. This forces the
writer to work within the sea of consciousness and compose the writing they create
without judgment. The system is used for several reasons, such as bypassing the
authors' block, enhancing imagination, increasing your writing ability, and improving
your literary versatility.

            Any collaborative improvisational writing focuses on a near-Dadaist form of

collaborative literature. This can take a range of forms, from the basic way a notebook
can be sent to code environments that rely on collective writings like Other Room in a
circle of authors with each writing a paragraph.
Sculpture Improvisation
            Sculpture typically depends on a limited model or model expansion to create the
final product for a selected material. The material is plastic, such as clay. It is often
important to have a working structure or armature to allow the predetermined design.
By limiting the structure, a matrix of tones allows for identifiable forms to emerge,
essentially ignored by turning the job, allowing for endless possibility and the
possibility for the unexpected to occur more strongly. In addition, the approach of
working with tone gives way to the mock-up, which eventually degrades the mock-up.

            If the design issues of transforming work from inserting to taking it away to a
solely reductional function are significantly alleviated, a constant elimination of
materials through a dismissal of forms deemed too evident will lead to nothing. Former
student Jon Edgar uses Thornhill's technique to create direct stone and wood carving.

Instruction: Answer the question below.

How can you describe the process of improvisation across art forms?

Week 13

Collage Making
           Paper collage is an art production technique using paper to assemble different
shapes and images to produce artwork. Finally, these pieces create a whole picture.

           In French, collage is from coller, which means “to glue” or “to bind”. It is an artistic
technique used mainly in the visual arts and music to produce art by assembling
different forms, thereby creating an entirely new output or piece.

           A collage may often include magazine or newspaper clippings, ribbons, drawing,

fragments of coloured or hand-constructed paper, parts of other artwork or writing,
photos and other found objects stuck onto a piece of canvas (Cornell University n.d.).
Historically, the practice of collage dates back hundreds of years ago. This practice
reappeared suddenly at the beginning of the 20th century as a form of innovation.

How to Make a Collage?

In creating a collage, you need the following materials:

1. A board/canvas
2. Paint or coloring pencils (optional)
3. Pencils/markers/pens
4. Glue
5. Paintbrush
 6. Magazine Paper
7. Ruler
8. Scissors (optional)

Let’s Begin:

1. Workplace.
First, you need a sturdy place or surface as a base for your paper collage.
You can use a linen board, but a wooden panel would be easier to find.

2. Image
You can’t build a paper collage without getting something. Choose images
or photos you like and start from there. These might be from any subject
matter like animals, nature, etc.

3. Grid
The best approach to simplify and organize your collage is to move the
image accurately to the canvas/board using the grid system. Using your
ruler and pen/pencil/marker, draw a grid on your image and canvas.

4. Transferring the Image

Move your image onto your canvas corresponding to the grids you drew in
both your image and canvas. Attach everything in the box on your image’s
grid in the same grid box on your canvas. This makes the photo from the
original image exactly like the one on the canvas.

5. Distinguish parts of the image

Now that your picture is on your artwork, use paint, coloring pencils and
other coloring materials to make your artwork lively. You can even write
the names of the colors in the places you like to easily guide you with the
colors’ subsequent arrangement.

6. Get the paper

Have some paper (magazine paper or any glossy colored paper
preferably). Search for pages from magazines matching your colors and
tear them into pieces. The scissors can make a cleaner cut, but you may
prefer the rough appearance that hand-torn paper for added effect. Using
scissors can be optional, depending on how raw you want to get your
collage out.
 7. Make the canvas sticky
Slightly apply adhesive layers of glue mixed with water around the canvas
using a paintbrush. This will allow the bits of paper to stick to the canvas.

8. Put it together
While your canvas is still wet, put the pieces of paper (by size and colour) in
desired places.

9. Repeat
Keep applying the glue on the canvas’ surface where you’d like to put your
cut or torn paper pieces in the places you like (steps 7 & 8).

10. Wrap it up
Once the paper pieces are set on the canvas and you’re done adding your
desired pieces, check and see if they are well-spread and glued evenly.
Flatten any bumpy or protruding piece of paper for a smooth and cleaner
finish. Hang your masterpiece and wait for it to dry.

Illustration 1
Instruction: Answer the question below.
What is a collage?
 

Decollage
           Décollage in art is the contrast of collage. Rather than making a composite of any
portions of images, it produces an original image’s fragments through cuts, breaks, or
otherwise eliminates them. The French word ‘decollage’ literally translates into English
as ‘detachment’ or ‘unglued.’    Etrécissements and cut-up approaches include take-off
examples. Similar technology is the lacerated poster, where you have placed one over
another and ripped the top poster to show the poster/s below to a greater or lesser
degree.

           While the word decollage first appeared in written form in 1938, this method is
generally used as modern realism in the Dictionnaire Abrégé du Surréalisme. The
artists involved, like Raymond Hains, also looked for locations with several layers of
posters to take on an archeological character and be seen to disclose historical details.
They show their torn poster art pieces as artistic artifacts and social records. Hains
made posters he torn from the walls of Paris from 1949.

           German artist Wolf Vostell took the word in 1963, which brought together a
sequence of activities titled Nein 9 Decollagen, including photographs from television
that he “discovered” from the screen and re-presented. Dé-coll / age: the Bulletin
Aktueller Ideen was published in 1962 by Vostell, a publication devoted to the
theoretical work of performing artists, fluxus, nouvelle réalisme and pop art.

How to make a decollage?

Prepare the following material:

 Small Bowl
 White Glue
 Water
 Paper Brush
 Different kinds of paper
 Base

Let’s begin:

1. Add white glue on the bowl that is enough for the artwork you will do.
2. Add some water to break the excessive thickness of the glue.
3. Using the brush, apply glue to one side of the paper and add another
paper.
4. Continue adding paper depending on your desired layers.
5. Once done with layers of paper, you may start the peel-off process based
on the design that you want to appear from the layers of paper.
6. Once this is done, attach the decollage to the base.
7. Add another layer of glue to make a thin protective layer on the decollage.
8. Allow the glue to dry. 

Graffiti

A Graffiti Tribute for Tado

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz0G_FVZl4c

            Graffiti, the type of visual communication usually deviant, implies that

individuals or groups label unauthorized public spaces. Although graffiti has been
stereotypically associated with a stylistic mark or word spray on a wall by a street gang
member, some graffitis is not gang-based. Graffiti can be interpreted as antisocial
conduct carried out to receive attention or a means of looking for pleasure and be seen
as an artistic form of art.
            The graffiti art ("street Art," "spray can art," "subway art" or "aerosol art") is one
of the more experimental contemporary art movements commonly referred to as the
graphic artwork applied to buildings, public transit or other properties through paint or
other means. But while it may be said from Classical Antiquity and even Prehistory, the
term describes the craze of the post-60s, which has since formed strong links with the
underground hip hop culture and the boying, to the decoration/defacing of the urban
environment using aerosol paint and markers. The B-boys have used graffiti art to
convey anger in life, the first signs of hip hop. Their 'canvases' featured subway trains,
buildings, urban wastelands, metro lines and signs with stickers, spray guns,
commercial spray paints, acrylics and stencils on all kinds of surfaces. Although graffiti
art was popular (and still popular) throughout Europe and Japan, New York City is its
historic center. It is important to remember that this type of public art has been
recognized in most countries as vandalism and is punishable as a felony. Thus, graffiti
originated as a rebellious art.

Types of Graffiti Art

 Street Gang Art

            In the early days, graffiti painting, as in the case of the Savage
Nomads, the La Familia and the Savage Skulls, was used by gangs in
Hollywood, Philadelphia and New York.

 Anarchist Street Art

            The work of political or social activists with diverse cultural agendas is
generally defined as personal graffiti art, which is the largest genre. At the
same time, skeptics claim that it is nothing but anarchist language. The series
contains the work of the legendary British graffiti artist, Bansky and legends
of the city such as Cornbread, Topcat 126, Cool Earl, TAKI 183, Tracy168, and
the iconic New York-style Jean Dubuffet artist J. Basquiat.

 Political Protest Art

            The public murals painted in Belfast and Derry by Protestants and
Catholics during turbulent Northern Ireland and related pieces painted on
the Berlin Wall before the Communist East Deutschland fall demonstrate this
group, promoting genuine political dissent.

The techniques of Graffiti Art

  Tagging
            "Tagging" refers to the basic process of adding a "tag" or signature to
the object, although the details and calligraphy style of these tags are
extremely nuanced.

 Throw Up
A "throw-up" is bigger than a "tag," usually rendered in two to three colors
very easily.

 Piece
A piece is a much more complex "tag," more intricate and marked. A "piece"
is even more sophisticated. While such pieces are also extremely dominant
as pieces of graphic art, a competing graffiti artist will get rid of them with a
quick "throw up" in a matter of minutes

 Blockbuster / Roller
            A "blockbuster" or "roller" is the large block-shaped job mostly carried
out with a paint roller and merely to cover a wide area so that the artwork on
the same wall cannot be rendered by another graffiti spraying method.

 Top-to-Bottom
            "Top to bottom" is a graffiti art piece spanning a whole underground
train. They became popular with graffiti artists from the New York subway in
the 1970s.

 Stencil Graffiti
            "Stencil graffiti" was created in the early 1980s by the Parisian graffiti
artist Blek le Rat and later by Banksy using cut-offs to create abstract shapes
easily.

 Wild style
            "The wild styles" is a more nuanced and, at times undecipherable type
of graffiti, generally distinguished by linking letters and points.

How to draw a simple graffiti letters?

1. Create an abstract sketch for the letters of your pencil.

2. Remove the real lines for the graffiti designs on the labels.
3. Apply simple colors.
4. Add a richer hue to the graffiti shades.
5. Attach more details by drawing a graffiti template.
6. Apply the cast shadow to the graffiti.
How to draw a complex graffiti letters?

1. Draw outline illustrations for texts.

2. Apply the actual graffiti pattern lines to the messages.
3. Erase the needless ones.
4. Fill in the basic color.
5. Use the shadows and the highlights.
6. Choose a bright color that matches the colors of the letters instead of
adding shadows.
7. Add more shapes to the context to finish the graffiti.

Illustration 1

What is Graffiti? What are the different types of Graffiti?

Land Art

Balay ni Tatay Land Art

Source: Paler Cuayson Zsel (see facebook account)

            Land art is an art made directly in the countryside, carving the land into
earthworks or constructing landscape structures using natural materials like rocks or
twigs.

            Land sculpture in the 1960s and 1970s became part of the broader trend for
conceptual art. Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty of 1970 is the most famous land artwork
in the US. Earthwork has been constructed on the Great Salt Lake  (UMFA n.d.). While
some artists like Smithson used earth-shifting technology to construct their works of
art, some artists used small and transient changes in the landscape, like Richard Long,
who went up and down only before he marked the earth.

Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson

Source: https://umfa.utah.edu/spiral-jetty
            Land art, also called earth art, was typically captured through artworks that the
artist might view in a museum using images and maps. Land artists have created
surface art through the use of landscape material to create sculptures.

How to create a Land Art? 

You will need the following:

 Imagination
 Camera
 A place to explore

What to do?

1. Figure out where you have picked. Note all the different shapes, tones, and
textures you note.
2. Pick the art supplies. Depending on the position, this may include rocks,
cocks, seaweeds, driftwood, leaves of fir cones and acorns, stones, pelvis
lions, daisies, leaves, etc.
3. Find your art in a fascinating spot.
4. Look at the materials and let the mind run wild. Recall that in the art of
land, there are no laws.
5. Build a certain craft
6. Take images to capture your designs if you have a phone with you.

Digital Art
           Through its development, the new media utilizes technology. More traditional
art, such as painting, sculpture, and cinema has been revolutionized by digital art, and
it even finds its way into architecture and craft design. Everything art is technology; it is
the art that humanizes it. The artists have always encountered technical obstacles,
from the first cave dweller who realized that he could tell more vivid and compelling
stories using color in his drawings. In their quest for storytelling, digital tools are simply
the latest medium discovered.

           Digital Art is a creation focused primarily on the use of technology in its

development. It has been around since the 1970s and is mainly used for publicity and
film visual effects. Digital Art comes in multiple ways. In most cases, it is either
computer-generated, drawn with various software styles, or photo-originated digital
paintings.
           In the '70s and ' 80s, musicians have gradually explored the accessible ability of
new technology using electronic imaging techniques. Yet Industrial Light and Magic
(ILM) a visual-effects firm in San Francisco, took care of the actual technology boom of
Digital Media. The team of scientists, designers and technicians at the computer
department was an integral part of a wave of designers who broke digital media
encryption, unprecedentedly engineered film, audio and graphics and created
spellbinding digital photo-realist images.

           With the emergence of more cost-effective and compact devices, today's

musicians have been encouraged by new technology. This is due to the technologies
resulting from the revolutionary digital movement started by early pioneers of visual
art. To date, artists can use a tablet and sketch or paint an image or make a script.
From photographs and drawings to sculpture and fine art, the visual medium is used in
every aspect of art.

Digital Painting
           The 1990s saw digital paint, which follows conventional painting methods such
as aquarelles, olive painting and impastos. The technique itself is close to painting
using traditional materials and resulting in painterly beauty when the artist creates a
graphic design with a computer, tablet or stiletto. Computer paintings often share
characteristics that are physically unique to machine sculpture, such as product
duplication and distortion. Last year saw the rise of 3D drawing with the Google Tilt
Brush App and the artists at home using augmented reality.

Digital Photography
           Photography captures nature through videos, scans, SAT files and other
alternative archives of what has been created require digital imaging. This section
frequently combines the real and the fake and distorts our comprehension. This strand
of digital imagery, led by artists including Nancy Burson, Daniel Canogar, Thomas Ruff
and Andreas Gorsky, involves conventional techniques of collage and unit assembly
along with the overlay and blending of visuals using morphology technology.

Sculpture
           Sculpture is the product of a software design that can then be viewed as real
objects/models or as simulated images on a computer. Computing enables complex
geometry to be manipulated and managed and 3D rendering, significantly improving
conventional modeling capabilities to encourage great innovative ideas. The use of
anamorphisms by Robert Lazzarini reveals a new realm of possibilities, while artists
such as Tony Cragg, Wim Delvoye, Birch Cooper, Jon Rafman, and Anish Kapoor use IT
for the creation and assembly of dynamic, nuanced, and organic components.
Digital Installation
           Digital structures are closely associated with 3D-style paintings, which deliver a
different level of viewing. This artwork style is interactive and responsive to visitors’
feedback (body gestures, voices, touch). These art pieces can also be immersive,
present a new spatial environment to viewers or alter the natural scenery of the
environment. Typical examples of technology supporting these interactions are virtual
reality (VR ) and augmented reality (AR).

           Nevertheless, these plans require expensive supplies, storage, computation and

architecture. Finally, this type of art is suitable for museums, institutional and public
spaces, which allow people to experience the medium fully in vast spaces and
infrastructure. Crew Center, Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, Michel Bret and Edmond Couchot
are leading personalities in constructing these kinds of installations.

Internet Networked Art

           Internet and networked art are process-oriented artifacts that look at computing
systems and networks operating. The website is like a network, and artists working in
this area highlight or question these networks' structure and existence (for example,
Mark Napier, Olia Lialina). Besides this sheer resilience, internet art often involves all
the works that can be spread on the web or focused on knowledge and inspiration
from the net. The example of the latter is Krist Wood for his artistic practices as well as
his participation in the Computers Club and the Internet A.

Software Art
           Specifically, software art mainly focuses on computational science rather than on
interactive structures in the user's language. Such work can be linked or auto-
generated, which means that visuals originate from fixed algorithms and codes –
intervening in the living behavior of visitors. The resultant photographs and other
sensations focus solely on the computing machine while the artist codes according to
the idea or definition. The use of programming languages by artist like Adrian Ward
and Casey Reas is legendary.

Mixed Media Art

           In the modern medium, mixed media is essential. Unlike conventional
development, computation requires various elements that can be mixed and organized
to give the viewer a complete experience. Thus, works of art may mix images that are
still and alive, augmented reality, music, pictures, etc. An art medium can be chosen so
that a digital creation can produce various physical outputs according to
commissioners, artists and curators' joint wishes and purposes.
How to make digital art?

Prepare the illustration:

1. Draw the idea on paper. This is the best way to start if you don't have a
scanner. Seek to get your subject's anatomy and physiology as close as
possible, but don't worry about making changes later. Don't just add too
much detail, like fur or fabric for clothes. If you want to correct mistakes,
make sure to use a pencil. With the drawing, it's not necessary to get the
details right to minimize the general thoughts and sound. Between this
point and the result, the drawing will potentially change a lot.
2. Scan the drawing. Place down on the scanner the drawing picture. Close
the scanner and continue the scan afterwards. Call the file after scanning is
done and save it for the best quality as a PNG or JPEG.
3. Open the file on the preferred program. Since it is free to download,
GIMP is great for beginners. Microsoft Paint is probably not a good idea
due to its limited features and difficulty in viewing the canvas. Many people
are making digital art using Adobe Photoshop.
4. You can directly sketch the program that you will be using. If you do
not have a scanner, you should render the drawing directly in the software
you're going to use. Plug the tablet into the device using the cord that
came with the tablet, and follow the directions indicated in the tablet to
load the app.

How to make digital art?

Outlining the color:

1. Make Layers. Right now, the drawing is the only layer in the paper. Next,
build a background layer by pressing the new layer icon and using the fill-
in function to cover the translucent layer in green. Then drop the sheet to
the edge, and it's the first drawing line. Build and name a new layer above
your drawing layer for every big part, such as the nose, eyes, clothes, and
landscape. Several layers offer more detail and durability without the
chance to combine the whole product.
2. Outline the Drawing. Start to outline the drawing with the brush tool on
each layer you have formed. Sized the brush to 2 to 4 pixels of small size.
Early on, the contours make drawing smoother. You can also correct any
anatomy errors you made when drawing In this phase. After the drawing
has been highlighted: remove or hide the skin layer so you can color the
 contour without the sketchy lines of your original skit distracting you from
it.
3. Get the basic color. Apply the colors in your painting after you have
illustrated your drawing. Use brushes of different dimensions, depending
on the size and color in each painting field. Use just one color for each
area, such as your face, hair, and clothing items.

How to make digital art?

Finishing the art:

1. Add details. You can do many different things here, based on your

abilities, style, and ease of use. You can add more shades to the shading
section and get even more detailed. Just remember that there are more
layers if you want to fix one aspect of a picture and not the whole thing.
You can add stuff, such as information, in your hair, pockets, and plugs in
your clothes and background structure.
2. Shade the drawing. Choose the tool and use it in the shade zone to begin
shading. Drag the hue to the darker shade, then join the picker. Use the
brush tool and the color to shade the area you work in. Return to the
whole drawing to add additional shade and shade.
3. When finished, merged all the layers. Next, save a copy so that, if you
choose, you can revisit and focus on it later. Since. PNG and. JPEG cannot
accommodate them, and all layers need to be combined into one to save
them in these formats.
4. Export the file. Save as and go to the register. As a PNG or JPEG, save your
file. You can open the PSD file or any file type of program you have used if
you want to go back and change something in the drawing.

Illustration 1

What is Digital Art? What are the different kinds of Digital Art?

Mixed Media Art

              Mixed media is a contemporary form in visual art, using more than one
medium or material. Assemblage and collages are two common examples of art that
employ different media to utilize various materials such as tissue, paper, wood, and
found objects.
              A multimedia art that combines art and not visual elements, such as recorded
sound, literature, drama, dance, motion-graphics, music or interactivity, is
distinguished by mixed media art.

              Mixed media is closely associated with other styles of sculpture, such as

painting and collage. Assemblage is a three-dimensional sculptural form where found
objects are individually and beautifully assembled together. The re-arrangement of
existing elements (e. g., newscapes, gift wrapping, vintage ephemera, old book pages,
stamps, poster cards) and a number of other small items glued to a painting, a canvas
or a wood surface includes collage.

              In general, mixed media can include 3D objects and stuff such as cuts, but we
will concentrate, on the artwork, the main feature of which is usually a mixture of
mediums, such as acrylics, oils, pencils, etc.;

Types of Mixed Media Art

 Collage
              This is a form of art that incorporates various materials such as
ribbons, newspaper clippings, photos, and so on to create a new piece of art.
While intermittent in ancient times, it became a central part of modern art by
the efforts of Braque and Picasso in the early 20th century.

 Assemblage
              This is a 3-D variant of the collage with additional elements inside or
outside of a defined substrate or a whole 3-D setting of objects or sculptures

 Found Object Art

              These are objects discovered and used by artists who think that their
qualities have artistic value crucial for the artwork's theme. The conceptual
artist Marcel Duchamp popularized it.

 Altered Books
              That is a particular process where the author can reuse a book by
modifying/altering it mechanically for the piece. This can include manually
copying and pasting pages to alter the book's contents by using the book's
materials as ingredients for an artwork.
 5 Stages of Indie Film Production
             The five-film production phases are creation, pre-production, production,
post-production, and distribution. Each stage has a specific purpose, and the
overall objective is to reach the next and finally distribute. Every step is different
in duration, and various functions match various phases. Unfortunately, some
projects are not all that good, as some are declining in development and pre-
production.

Development
             This is the launch point of the enterprise. The project is developed,
written, arranged, and prepared. The production includes an initial budget, a
core cast, key writers' choice, scanning key places, and writing several draft
scripts. That is just the framework to show what the proposal will be and how
much it will cost. This begins when a producer thinks of a proposal, or a writer
begins to write words on a page.

             It can take months or years to design the project separately by a

company or sponsor and progress into pre-production. Greenlighting a movie
means that the studio approved the idea, funded the film, and produced it. The
development phase's team is relatively low compared to all other stages
because it is just a small group of creators and executives who create the story
and the expenditure involved. After a film is approved, it will continue to the pre-
construction stage, focusing on shooting schedules and timetables to complete
the project.

             Mad Max: Fury Road was an incredibly famous example of troubled

creation. At the end of the 1990s, a screenplay was developed and written for
the fourth installment of the Series Mad Max by George Miller, first released in
1979. There came an epidemic of misery.

Pre- Production
             The pre-production (or 'pre-' as it was called) entails amending scripts,
changing the budgets, casting actors, screening settings, crew membership,
altering traveling schedules, designing sets and setting up sets, creating and
fitting costumes, and preparing and reviewing all related to the shooting. The
pre-production process will take many months, from a project's start to when
cameras roll. As this date approaches, the crew grows, employing numerous
individuals about 2-8 weeks before the shooting starts.

             There is a strong movement to complete all the arrangements required

before cameras roll in these weeks. Even when years of consideration, idea
molding, and writing will be established during a dreamlike daze, the work is
highly concentrated on budget execution and scheduling once the shooting
dates are approved.
Production
             The stage of production is where the rubber meets the surface. The
filmmaker, head, production company, and numerous other creative people
finally watch everyone's ideas one day at a time in the screenplay. Production is
usually the shortest of all phases even though it is essential for the film and is
allocated the most spending plan. Production is the peak season, with the crew
swelling to 100 days so that the equipment and locations on the rental system
are as productive as possible.

             During this time, the crew works hard, with regular shoots of up to 16
hours. Projects are performed according to tight timelines, with the character
hired for only a given period of time, so the crew must sweat out every energy
needed to see the project completed on time.

Post- Production
             You have now found an idea, written a screenplay, collected money,
collaborated with a group of crews to produce it, invested much of the budget
and ideally taken some fine pictures. Now is the time for post-production.

             This edits the videos, combines the music, enhances special effects,
composes a musical score, generates titles, and finishes and prepares the film
for distribution. Though the filming team has done a tremendous amount of
work, they now face strict working hours in front of the cameras to bring the
scenes together to produce an exciting story.

             Post-production continues as the video is taken as soon as the first day

of the filming ends. The video is processed. It allows to see the production
completed as quickly as possible, but it can also help find issues with the picture
or other flaws while the filming is already taking place. If required, shootings can
be taken later without too much intervention.

Distribution
             If there is a strict and robust distribution strategy, the four other
production stages are somewhat redundant, at least from a business
perspective. Distribution for producers looking to make a return on investment
represents the final stage of a project. The program can include movie
distribution, TV or watching live service sales, or direct DVD distribution.

             The manufacturers have prepared and advertised for many hours

regardless of the distribution strategy to ensure the highest audience and
return. Due to the digital revolution and increasingly converging technologies,
 audiences experience videos in new and exciting ways, and the distribution
strategy evolves constantly.

             Even though delivery is the end stage of the project, the pre-production
distribution and marketing channel are planned. If it is not properly organized
because it is not delivered correctly, all the other stages would be wasted so that
no one is willing to see the finished result to offset the project costs. Hopefully, a
project moves quickly and effectively through all phases, and then a developer
completes another production process once again.

Illustration 1
 What are the stages in the production of indie films?

 

              The production of a work of art comes into several stages, pre-
production, production, and post-production. Each phase of the production
process has specific activities that need to be done.

Pre-production
             It is the work done before the actual production of an artwork. This
phase includes planning and preparation. The filmmaking includes the
storyboarding and the scheduling and setting up everything before the actual
film production. This may include ideation, sketching of plans, scheduling, or
even preparing a cast in sculpture. In music, pre-production may include
ideation, writing the song, and adding melodies and notes.

Production
             This is the actual production or manufacturing process of an artwork. It is
the actual recording of scenes and different events in a film. The sculpture is the
actual carving of wood or stove using the mallet and the chisel until the music's
desired image was formed. In music, it is the actual recording of the song with
instrumental accompaniment or without.

Post-production
             This is the final process of the production process. These are the
activities that are done after the actual production process. This includes the
editing of videos, adding effects, and producing them in the desired digital
format. This can be the finishing of the actual sculpture or refining and putting
details in the sculpture. In music, this includes recording recorded voices to
enhance the recording and producing it in the desired format.
             The production process assures us that we are moving from abstraction
to the artwork's actual production. This can also help us produce quality artwork
and great impact.