Multimedia Specials Training PPT

Cables Basic 123

Multimedia Solutions, APAC

Released 1 May 2016
Cables Basics 123

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CONFIDENTIAL 2
Cables Basics 123

Objectives

Understanding the common terms used for Multimedia

Specials related cabling.

Conductor

Insulation

Jacket

Main electrical characteristics

Main mechanical characteristics

Electromagnetic interference

Low Smoke Zero Halogen

Fire Performances

Fire Resistance
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Cables Basics 123

Conductor

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Cables Basics 123 - Conductor

CONDUCTOR

- Mainly defined under IEC 60228. International standard on

conductors of insulated cables.
- Or using the AWG conductor sizes references.

Class 1 – Solid conductor

Class 2 – Stranded conductor; fixed installations
Class 5 – Flexible conductor
Class 6 – Very flexible conductor

Key advantage of stranded conductor is flexible but at higher costs. Solid

conductor transmit voltage more efficiently and releases lesser heat.

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Cables Basics 123 - Conductor

IEC and AWG has clear definition of the conductor sizes to

be used, and both are often interchangeably used.

American Wire Guage (AWG)

Diameter Diameter Area Area
AWG #
(inch) (mm) (kcmil) (mm2)
14 0.0641 1.6277 4.1067 2.0809
15 0.0571 1.4495 3.2568 1.6502
16 0.0508 1.2908 2.5827 1.3087
17 0.0453 1.1495 2.0482 1.0378
18 0.0403 1.0237 1.6243 0.823
19 0.0359 0.9116 1.2881 0.6527
20 0.032 0.8118 1.0215 0.5176
21 0.0285 0.7229 0.8101 0.4105
22 0.0253 0.6438 0.6424 0.3255
23 0.0226 0.5733 0.5095 0.2582
24 0.0201 0.5106 0.404 0.2047

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Cables Basics 123 - Conductor

Type of metals used for conductors

Copper
- Most widely used due to high electrical and thermal conductivity, high
melting point, resistance to corrosion, wear and fatigue.
Copper covered steel (CCS)
- Combines the conductivity and corrosion resistance of copper with
the strength of steel. Usually from bonding or electroplating process.

High Strength Alloys

- More expensive than CCS, usually cadmium-chromium to copper to
increase strength and flexibility compared to Steel.

Stainless Steel / Aluminum

- Cheap but poor conductors mainly used for short , redundant
transmissions of minimal voltage.

All our coppers used are 99.9% purity, Graded A in the

London Metal Stock Exchange.

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Cables Basics 123

Conductor Coatings
Bare Copper
- Without any coat, common issue is the forming of copper
oxide when copper interacts with oxygen. Oxide film is a
poor electrical conductor and hence needs to be removed.
- Suitable for operating temperature up to 100 Celsius.

Tinned Copper
- Prevents oxidization, and act as a soldering aid when
such terminating method is required. Slightly more
expensive than bare copper but can be offset by labor
savings from easier terminations.
- Suitable for operating temperature up to 150 Celsius.

Silver Coated Copper

- Electroplated onto the copper with min 40 uInches, act as
excellent conductor and better protection against
oxidization than copper.
- Suitable for operating temperature up to 200 Celsius.

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Cables Basics 123

Insulation

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Cables Basics 123 - Insulation

INSULATION

- Probably the most important factor in a cable construction.

- Wraps around the conductor to separate from the other.
- Insulation necessary pnly for electrical conductor.
- Separates each conductor physical and electrically.
- Influences the working voltage, velocity of propagation,
capacitance, dielectric constant.

Types of Insulations

- Solid
- Foam or Cellular
- Semi-Solid with air gap

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Cables Basics 123 - Insulation

Solid
- LD/MD/HD PE , LSHF, PVC
- Easiest to apply and hence most common
- Most dense, hence better mechanical strength
- Normal data comms cables ie Category, Speaker

Foam (Cellular)
- LD/MD PE,
- Chemical Foam or Gas Injected (Better)
- ~50% are air gaps
- Hig velocity of propagation up to 70~85%
- Dielectric constant of 1.64
- High performance comms cables ie Bus cables

Semi-Solid (Air Gap)

- Mostly air, hence excellent insulation effects.
- Lowest dialectic constant of 1.4
- Seldom used in cable construction
- Reduced mechanical strength but better flexibility
- Coaxial ie RG 8, RG 62
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Cables Basics 123 - Insulation

Most commonly used Insulation material - PLASTICS

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Affordable and easy-to-use material used as cables insulation in diverse applications. The
temperature range is -55°C to 105°C and it is flame, moisture, and abrasion resistant. PVC
insulated wire holds up against gasoline, ozone, acids, and solvents and is safe for medical
and food related purposes as it is odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic (when not burnt).

Semi-Rigid PVC (SR-PVC)

A form of PVC cable insulation, this is mainly used as a primary insulation and is very
abrasion resistant. Semi-rigid PVC is resistant to heat, water, acid, and alkali, as well as
being flame retardant.

Plenum Polyvinyl Chloride (Plenum PVC)

Plenum PVC, yet another polyvinyl chloride wire insulation material, is great for use in
building spaces behind dropped ceilings or raised floors, which are left open to allow for air
circulation. Plenum PVC has much higher flame retardant properties compared to PVC.

Polyethylene (PE)
Most commonly used on coaxial and low capacitance cables. It carries exemplary electric
qualities, although it is flammable. Widely used due to being affordable and can reduce the
dielectric constant, making it a good option for cables requiring high-speed transmission. PE
can also be cross-linked (XLPE) to produce high resistance to cracking, cut-through,
soldering, and solvents. PE can be used in temperatures ranging anywhere from -65°C to
80°C. All densities of Polyethylene are stiff, hard, and inflexible.

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Cables Basics 123 - Insulation

Cont’ - PLASTICS
Polypropylene (PP)
Very similar to polyethylene, polypropylene has a wider temperature range of 30°C to
80°C. This wire insulation is used primarily within thin walls.

Polyurethane (PUR)
From extremely low to very high temperatures, polyurethane is known for its extreme
toughness, flexibility, and flex life. Because of the excellent ratings for chemical, water, and
abrasion resistance, this material works well in retractile cord applications and can be a good
option for salt-spray and low-temperature military purposes.

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)

Commonly found in power and control cables as well as industrial power plant applications,
CPE cable insulation displays very good heat, oil, and weather resistance. More times than
not, CPE serves as a lower cost and more environmentally friendly alternative to
chlorosulfonated polyethylene.

Nylon
Nylon, very flexible wire insulation, is usually extruded over softer insulation compounds. It
serves as a tough insulation, exhibiting strong abrasion, cut-through, and chemical
resistance, but highly flammable.

The other 2 most common used material families are Fluoropolymers

and Rubber but reserved mainly for very specialized applications, hence
not discussed here.
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Cables Basics 123 - Insulation

Dielectric properties as insulation

- Below is table showing standard comparisons of the most

common dielectric materials used as insulations.
- It is important to know how such materials affects the
resilience of the cables as well as cost.

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Cables Basics 123

Jacket

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Cables Basics 123 - Jacket

JACKET

- Serves as the final construction and physically protects the

inner constructions of the cable.
- Improves cable’s appearance and provides protection from the
environment, installations wear & tear and flame retardancy.

Thermoplastic Thermoset
 PVC  Natural Rubber
 Polyethylene  Neoprene
 Polypropylene  Silicon rubber
 Polyurethane
 FEP
 Nylon

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Cables Basics 123 - Jacket

Thermoplastic
- Most commonly used
- Formable by heat and hence will melt when hot enough
- Lower in cost
- Lighter weight
- Easier to color
- Chemical resistance

Thermoset
- Does not melt when heated
- Non recyclable once “cured” into jacket.
- More flexible at room and lower temperature
- Higher temperature resistance

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Cables Basics 123 - Jacket

Common Jacket (Sheath) Materials Properties

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Cables Basics 123

Main Electrical
Characteristics

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Electrical Characteristic

Main Electrical Characteristics

- Most critical performing factors of a cable.

- Below are electrical characteristics typical of a data
communications cables which are more complex when
compared with a power cable only to transmit voltage.

 Capacitance  Working voltage

 Attenuation  Dielectric strength
 Velocity of propagation  DC resistance
 Dielectric constant  Characteristic Impedance

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Electrical Characteristic

Capacitance

- A measure of the insulation’s ability to store electrical energy

- Measured in picofarads per ft (pf/ft).
- Slows down and interferes with the signal being transmitted.
- Typically lower capacitance means better performance cable
especially in higher frequency.
- 25pf.ft and below typically refer to as low capacitance cables.

Attenuation

- A measure of the cable’s loss of electrical energy whether as

in Voltage or Signal strength.
- Measured in V (Voltage) or dB/unit length (Signal)
- Lower attenuation is always better for any cables.

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Electrical Characteristic

Velocity of Propagation

- A measure of the electrical signal’s transmission speed

through a length of cable compared to speed of light.
- Referenced as a % of the speed of light.
- The higher velocity % means lower signal lost.
- Typical for high performance data cables ie Profibus, coaxials
- Higher velocity achieved by using Foam PE as insulation.

Dielectric Constant

- A measure of the overall property determining capacitance,

VOP, impedance and relating performances of the insulation.
- Very important for data/electronics cables
- Lower Er = Lower capacitance, higher impedance & lower
attenuation.
- Air is best dielectric constant = 1, adding air lowers Er.

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Electrical Characteristic

Working Voltage

- Maximum voltage allowable by IEC or UL to be applied to the

cable.
- Measured in AC volt(V)
- Determines by the quality of conductor (material & size) and
insulation.
- Typically Data comms cables are limited to 300V/500V max.

Dielectric Strength

- Measure of the insulating material ability to withstand voltage

breakdown.
- Measured in Volts (V)
- Decreases with higher operating voltage
- More in concern with power cables due to higher voltage
range and operating temperature.

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Electrical Characteristic

DC Resistance

- Measure of the total resistance through two conductors looped

at one end of the link.
- Measured in Ohms
- DC resistance increases proportionately with the length of the
cable tested
- Has less effect on a signal than insertion loss, but plays a
major role if power over Ethernet is required.
Characteristic Impedance

- Main electrical characteristic that determines the level of power

transfer and attenuation along the cable length, and also
controls the amount of reflected and standing waves..
- Measured in Ohms
- Most standard in use are the 50, 75, 150 Ohm
- Compatibility on the impedance load of the active equipment.

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Cables Basics 123

Main Mechanical
Characteristics

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Mechanical Characteristic

Main Mechanical Characteristics

- Determines the physical condition of the cables

- Influenced by the operating environment, installation process
and cable lasting requirements.
- Below are typical physical characteristics of a cable.

 Elongation  Flexibility
 Tensile strength  Flammability
 Crush strength  Resistance
 Temperature rating  Proofs / Armoring

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Mechanical Characteristic

Elongation
- Shows how far a material will stretch before breaking.
- Measured in %, meaning extension from current density.
- More commonly seen for FO cables
Tensile Strength
- Shows how much longitudinal (pulling) force it takes to break
the insulation or jacket material.
- Measured in PSI or Newtons/m
- More commonly for cables requiring machine pulling.

Crush Strength
- Shows how much lateral (impact) force it takes to break the
insulation or jacket material.
- Measured in PSI or Newtons/m
- More commonly for direct buried cables.

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Mechanical Characteristic

Temperature Rating
- Range of temperatures at which the cable can be used without
degradation. Ie -20C ~ +80C
- Sharp attenuation will occur if operating out of temp range.
Flexibility
- Shows the ability of cable to bend.
- Usually expressed as No of Times of cable diameter
- Ie 5~10 x OD for standard cable, 15 x OD for armored cable
Flammability
- Shows the ability of a cable to burn.
- Determine mainly by the jacket used.
- International industry standards applies ie IEC 30332
- IEC 60332-1 , least stringent – single cable test
- IEC 30332-3-24, typical higher standard for data comms
cables, testing bunch of cables instead of single.
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Cables Basics 123 – Main Mechanical Characteristic

Resistance (Anti)
- Chemical resistance, usually by HDPE, PVC
- UV resistance, simplest by adding carbon into sheath (Black) or
addictive. Red is most prone to UV degradation.
- Termites resistance, by adding addictive (non ROHS).
- Rodent resistance, by adding addictive (non ROHS).
- Water resistance, by HDPE or water blocking tape/yarns/Jelly.

Proofs / Armoring
- Proofing a cable against environmental effects means adding
additional protection to the cable construction.
- Steel wire braiding for outdoor installations, better crush
resistance (stepping) .
- Steel wire armoring for outdoor/direct buried, rodents, high
crush resistance.
- Nylon for chemical / termite / oil proofing, but flammable.

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Cables Basics 123 – Main Mechanical Characteristic

Our strength is being able to provide all sorts of armoring.

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Cables Basics 123

Electromagnetic
Interference

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Cables Basics 123 – Electromagnetic Interference

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

- EMI (electromagnetic interference) is the unwanted effects in

the electrical system due to electromagnetic radiation and
electromagnetic conduction.
- It can arise from any electrical or electronic disturbance,
man-made or natural, ie switches, generators, transmitters,
other cables, ac motors, power supplies, etc.
- EMI can be conductive or radiative.
- Most common solution is electromagnetic shielding.

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Cables Basics 123 – Electromagnetic Interference

Types of shielding
- Each application requires individual considerations given that
parameters such as cable lengths, noise frequency, signal frequency
and cable termination methodology impact the final result. Improperly
cable shielding can actually increase noise coupling and thus make the
problem worse.
- 2 main types of shielding.

Foil Braiding
 Aluminum  Aluminum or Copper
 Good against RFIs  Good against EMI
 Higher frequencies  50% to 85% coverage
 Overall shielding  Lower frequencies
 Drain wire  Often used with foil
 Higher frequencies
 Can be use alone

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Cables Basics 123 – Electromagnetic Interference

Types of shielding

- Individual pair screen, overall foil screen, overall foil with

individual pair screen, overall foil with braid, overall foil with
braid and individual pair screen.

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Cables Basics 123

Low Smoke Zero

Halogen

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Cables Basics 123 - LSZH

Low Smoke Zero Halogen

- Many different abbreviations in

the industry, but meaning the
same properties.

- Low smoke determined by meeting or

exceeding the IEC 61034 standards.

- Halogen free determined meeting or

exceeding the IEC 60754-1 standards.
Represents amount of halogen
released.

- Higher halogen free standard set by

IEC 60754-2. Represents acidity of
halogen released.

- All above tests done during cable

burnt.
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Cables Basics 123 - LSZH

To ensure a cable is qualified Low Smoke, many international test

standards are available while the most commonly used is IEC.

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Cables Basics 123 - LSZH

Halogens Vs Non Halogens

HALOGENS NON- HALOGENS

 Efficient process  Inefficient
 Good electricals  Poor electricals
 Good dieletrical  Poor dielectric
 Good physical  Big effect on physical
 Harden  Soften
 Easy to compound  Low smoke
 Processable  No acid

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Cables Basics 123 - LSZH

Typical halogen content of common wire and cable materials,

PE treated with halogen free flame retardants is the most used.

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Cables Basics 123

Fire Performances

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Cables Basics 123 - FP

FIRE PERFORMANCES

Cable burning issues are started by the distinctive features of

cables which affect their ability to cause and sustain fire.

Taking note that cables,

- Usually contain organic combustible materials

- Usually routed throughout the building acting as a fire
medium when burnt, bringing the flames
from one point to another.
- May be installed in vertical shafts which may act
as air pumps (chimney effect) in case of fire.
- May ignite in case of short circuit.
- May release toxic and corrosive fumes during burning

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Cables Basics 123 - FP
The required level of flame retardancy is based on the way the cables are
installed and is verified by different flame-tests. Different standards have
different test methods but the most widely worldwide are the IEC and
CENELEC standards:

60332-1 Actual
Installation –
Lan Cables

60332-3-24

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Cables Basics 123 - FP

Understanding the American Terms

UL Test
Cable Type Test Type Standards Remarks Applications

Not tested for toxic or

Vertical Wire smoke density, similar to Limited usage, single
CMX Flame UL 1581 IEC 60332-1 cable in conduit.

Not tested for toxic or

smoke density except for Single floor, cannot be
Vertical Tray UL 1581 / 1685 (Limited Smoke), installed in vertical
CM / CMG Flame UL 1685 similar to IEC 60332-3-24 pathways

Not tested for toxic or

smoke density, similar to
CMR Riser Flame UL 1666 IEC 60332-3-24 For vertical shafts

High retardant
Not tested for toxic but properties. Air
Plenum NFPA-262 tested for smoke density, ventilation ducts and
CMP Flame (ex UL910) similar to IEC 60332-3A/22 plenum ducts.

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Cables Basics 123

Fire Resistance

CONFIDENTIAL 44
Cables Basics 123 - FR

FIRE RESISTANCE CABLES

There is a vast difference between Flame Retardant (FRT) & Fire

Resistance (FR) Cables.

FIRE RESISTANCE Cables maintains its function in the event of fire

(being burnt) ie transmission is still ongoing for a specific period of
time. This is possible by the unique fire barrier protection in the
cables construction. A high quality FR cables also combines the
properties of FRT and is Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) compliant.

Achieved by using fire barrier mica tape, non flammable compound

and combining with LSZH sheaths.

FLAME RETARDANT Cables limits the propagation of flame burning

on the cables so that it does not spread any fire easily. These cables
may lose transmission fast upon burning due to its lack of fire
barriers protection. A high quality FRT cables is also LSZH compliant.

Achieved by using flame retardant sheath, ie PVC-FR, LSZH

CONFIDENTIAL 45
Cables Basics 123 - FR

Governing IEC Standards PRYSMIAN GROUP Others

FIRE RESISTANCE - FR
IEC 60332-1-25 (750°C for 90 mins) Exceed Fulfill
BS 6387 (950°C for 180 mins) Fulfill Often not
BS EN 50200:2000 Class PH120 Fulfill May not Meet
(Mechanical Shock & Water Spray)
Flame Retardant - FRT
IEC 60332-1 (Single Cable) Exceed Meet
IEC 60332-24 (Multiple Cables) Fulfill May not Meet
Low Smoke - LS
Fulfill due to 100% May not meet, PVC used
IEC 61034 LSZH used instead of LSZH. CM/ CMR &
CMP generally not LSZH.
Halogen Free - ZH , HF, 0H
Fulfill due to 100% May not meet, PVC used
IEC 60754-1 (Zero Halogen) LSZH used. instead of LSZH. CM/ CMR &
CMP generally not LSZH.
Fulfill due to 100% May not meet, PVC used
IEC 60754-1 (Low Acidity) LSZH used. instead of LSZH. CM/ CMR &
CMP generally not LSZH.

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Cables Basics 123 - FR

We have the probably the best fire resistance cables range to

meet all standard applications, and can cater to special
applications for customizations.

Fiber Optical Cables

- Firetuf ™ range
- Unitube & Loosetube

Speaker and EMC Cables

- Firetuf™ and Maxfoh ™ range
- 1.5~4mm2

Data Cables
- Firetuf™ range
- 1P, 2P or 4P

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Cables Basics 123 - End

For more information on our Multimedia Specials products,

request for our MMSpecials catalogue (right) or visit our MMS
dedicated website, www.DRAKAUC.com now.

CONFIDENTIAL 48
For further enquiries, please email to
[email protected]

End

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