MATRICES

Total No.of questions in Matrices are -

In Chapter Examples.............................................................. 21
Solved Examples ................................................................... 16

Total No. of questions .......................................................... 37

 3.2 Column Matrix :
1. DEFINITION
If in a Matrix, there is only one column, then it
A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows is called a Column Matrix.
and columns, is called a Matrix. This arrangement
is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. A Thus A = aij m xn is a Column Matrix if n = 1.
matrix is represented by capital letters A, B, C
etc. and its element are by small letters a, b, c,
L
1O
MP
x, y etc. eg. M
3Pis column matrix of order 3 × 1.
M
5P
NQ
eg. A =
L
M3 4O
P,
La b cO
B = M P, 3.3 Square Matrix :
N5 6Q Nd e fQ
If number of rows and number of column in a
L1 3 cO
C = M
Matrix are equal, then it is called a Square Matrix.
N2 9 4P
, D = [1, 4, 9],
Q Thus A = a ij m xn is a Square Matrix if m = n

L
MaO
P, L
a
M 11 a12 a13 O
P
E =M
M
gP
P
F =  eg. M
a
M
21 a 22 a 23 P
Pis a Square Matrix of order
NhQ N
a 31 a 32 a 33 Q
3 × 3.
2. ORDER OF A MATRIX Note :
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is (a) If m  n then Matrix is called a Rectangular
called a matrix of order m × n. Matrix.
A matrix A of order m × n is usually written in (b) The elements of a Square Matrix A for which
the following manner- i = j i.e. a11 , a 22 , a 33 , .... ann are called
diagonal elements and the line joining these
L
M
a 11 a12 a13 ... a1j ... a1n O
P elements is called the principal diagonal or
M
M
a 21 a 23 a 23 ... a 2 j ... a 2n P
P
of leading diagonal of Matrix A.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... (c) Trance of a Matrix : The sum of diagonal
A = M
M a i1 a i2 a i3 ... aij ... ain
P
Por elements of a square matrix . A is called the
M
M..... ..... ..... ..... ..... P
P
trance of Matrix A which is denoted by tr A.
n
M
Na m1 am 2 am3 ... amj ... amn P
Q tr A = a ii = a11 + a 22 + ... ann
i1

i  1, 2,...... m 3.4 Singleton Matrix :

A = a ij m × nwhere j  1, 2,...... n If in a Matrix there is only one element then it is
Here a ij denotes the element of ith row and jth called Singleton Matrix.
Thus
column.
L
3 1 5 O
M
A = aij m xn
is a Singleton Matrix if m = n = 1.
6 2 7 P
eg. order of matrix is 2 × 3.
N Q eg. [2], [3], [a], [–3] are Singleton Matrices.
3.5 Null or Zero Matrix :
3. TYPES OF MATRICES
If in a Matrix all the elements are zero then it is
3.1 Row matrix : called a zero Matrix and it is generally denoted
by O.
If in a Matrix, there is only one row, then it is
called a Row Matrix. Thus A = aij m xn is a zero matrix if aij = 0 for
all i and j.
Thus A a ij m xn is a row matrix if m = 1.
L O
000
M
eg. [1, 3, 5] is a row matrix of order 1 × 3.
eg.
N P
Q
000
is a zero matrix of order 2 × 3.
3.6 Diagonal Matrix : 3.9 Triangular Matrix :
If all elements except the principal diagonal in a A Square Matrix aij is said to be triangular
Square Matrix are zero, it is called a Diagonal matrix if each element above or below the
Matrix. principal diagonal is zero it is of two types-
Thus a Square Matrix (a) Upper Triangular Matrix : A Square Matrix
A = aij is a Diagonal Matrix if aij = 0, [aij] is called the upper triangular Matrix, if
aij = 0 when i > j.
when i  j

L
2 0 0O L
3 1
M
2O
P
eg. 0 3 0 Pis a diagonal Matrix of order 3 × 3,
M M
eg. 0 4 3Pis a upper triangular matrix of
M
M P M
N 6P
Q
N P
0 0 4 Q 0 0

which also can be denoted by diag [2, 3, 4] order 3 × 3

(b) Lower Triangular Matrix : A Square Matrix
Note :
aij is called the lower Triangular Matrix, if
(a) No element of Principal Diagonal in diagonal
Matrix is zero. aij = 0 when i < j
(b) Number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given
by n2 – n where n is a order of the Matrix. L
1 0
M
0O
P
3.7 Scalar Matrix : eg. M
2 3 0Pis a lower triangular matrix of
If all the elements of the diagonal of a diagonal M
N
4 5 2P
Q
matrix are equal , it is called a scalar matrix. order 3 × 3.
Thus a Square Matrix A aij is a Scalar Matrix Note :
is Minimum number of zero in a triangular matrix is

R0 i j b gwhere n is order of Matrix.

n n1
aij = S
Tk i  j
where k is a constant. given by
2
3.10 Equal Matrix :
L
M
7 0 0 O
P Two Matrix A and B are said to be equal Matrix
eg. M
M
0 7 0 Pis a Scalar Matrix if they are of same order and their corresponding
N0 0 7P Q elements are equal

3.8 Unit Matrix : eg. if A =

L
1 6 3O
M P La a
and B = M
1 2 a3O
Pare
If all elements of principal diagonal in a Diagonal
N
5 2 1Q Nb b 1 2 b Q
3

Matrix are 1, then it is called Unit Matrix. A unit equal Matrix then
Matrix of order n is denoted by In. a1 = 1, a2 = 6, a 3 = 3, b1 = 5, b2 = 2, b3 =1
Thus a square Matrix 3.11 Singular Matrix :
A = aij is a unit Matrix if Matrix A is said to be singular matrix if its
determinant |A| = 0, otherwise non- singular
aij =
R
S1 i j matrix i.e.
T0 i  j If det | A | = 0  Singular
L
M
1 0 0O
P
and det | A |  0  non- singular
eg. I3 = M0 1 0P
M
N0 0 1PQ
4. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
MATRICES
Note : a ij
If A and bij m xn are two matrices of
m xn
Every unit Matrix is a Scalar Matrix. the same order then their sum A + B is a matrix
 whose each element is the sum of corresponding
element.
L
2 4O
M Pthen L
10
M 20 O
P
eg. If A = M
3 1P
M
5 A = M
15 5 P
i.e. A + B = a ij  bij m xn 4 6P
N Q M
N
20 30 P
Q
L
5 2O
M P L
1 5O
M P
5.1 Properties of Scalar Multiplication :
eg. If A =M
1 3Pand B = M
2 2P If A, B are Matrices of the same order and , µ
M
4 1P
N Q M
3 3P
N Q are any two scalars then -
(i) (A + B) = A + B
L
51
M
25 O
P L
6 7O
M P
(ii) ( + µ) A = A + µA
then A + B = M
1 2
M
3  2P= M
3 5P (iii) (µA) = ( µ A) = µ(A)

N
43 1 3 P
Q M
7 4P
N Q (iv) (–A) = – (A) = (– A)
(v) tr (kA) = k tr (A)
Similarly their subtraction A – B is defined as
Previous Theory
A – B = a ij  bij m xn
Ex.1 If X and Y two matrices are such that
i.e. in above example
L
M
3 2O
Pand X + Y = L
1 2O
L
51
M
25 O
P L4 3 O X–Y=
N
1 0 Q M
3 4P
N Q
then

A – B = M
1 2 3  2 P= M
M1
P
1 P Y matrices is-
M
N
43 1 3 PQ M
N1 2 P
Q L2 0O L
M
1 2O
Note : (A) M
N1 2P
Q (B)
N3 4 PQ
Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible
only when Matrices are of same order. L1 2O
(C) M
4.1 Properties of Matrices addition : N2 2 PQ (D) None of these

If A, B and C are Matrices of same order, then- L

M
3 2O
1 0 P
Sol. Given that X – Y =
(i) A + B = B + A ( Commutative Law)
(ii) (A+ B) + C = A + (B + C) ( Associative Law)
N Q...(1)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is zero matrix
and
L1 2O
X + Y = M P...(2)
which is additive identity of the matrix.
(iv) A + ( – A) = 0 = (–A ) + A where (–A) is
N3 4Q

obtained by changing the sign of every Subtracting (2) from (1)

element of A which is additive inv erse of
the Matrix – 2 Y =
L
M
3 2O L
P
1 2O
– M P
A B  A  C U N
1 0 Q N 3 4Q
(v)
BACA
V
W
 B = C (Cancellation Law)
L3  1 2  (2)O L2 4 O
= M
4 4 P
(–2) Y = M P
(vi) tr (A ± B) = tr (A) ± tr (B) N1  3 04 Q N Q
5. SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 1 L2 4 O L 1 2O
= M
M P 2 2P
 Y = –
2 N 4 4 Q N Q
Let A = aij m x n be a matrix and k be a number
then the matrix which is obtained by multiplying Ans.[C]
every element of A by k is called scalar
multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by

kA thus if A = a ij m xn then

kA = Ak = kaij mxn
 L
1 3O L1 2O L
1 3
M 2O
P
Ex.2 If A =
M
M P
3 2 Pand B =
M
M0
P
5 Pand Ex.4 If A = 2 M k P
5 is a singular matrix, then
M
2 5P
N Q M
N3 1PQ M
N
4 2 1P
Q
A + B – D = 0 (zero matrix) , then D matrix k is equal to-
will be- (A) – 1 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) – 8
Sol. A is singular  |A| = 0
L
M
0 2O
P L
0 2O
M P
(A) M3 7P (B) M3 7P 1 3 2
M
N6 5P
Q M
5 6P
N Q  2 k 5 = 0
4 2 1
L
M
0 1O
P L
M
0 2 O
P
(C) M3 7P (D) M 3 7 P  1(k – 10) + 3(2 – 20) + 2(4 – 4k) = 0
M
N5 6P
Q M
N5 6 P
Q  7 k + 56 = 0  k = – 8
Ans.[D]
L
a bO
M P
Sol. Let D = M
c dP L
1 aO
M P L2 3O= L
and 3X – M P
1 3O
M
M
e fP
N Q 0 1P
Ex.5 If X =
N
0 1Q N0 2Q N Q
L
1 3O L
M P M
1 2O L
P
a bO
M P
then a is equal to -
 A + B – D= M P
3 2 + M 0 5 P– M
c dP (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) – 2
M
2 5P
N QM N3 1 P QM e fP
N Q L3 3 aO
Sol. 3X = M
N0 3Q
P
L1  1 a 32bO L
0 0O
M P
M
 0c
3 P
25d = M
0 0P L3  2
L.H.S. = M
3a  3 O
P
=M
L1 3a  3O
M P M
0 0P 1 P

N
23e Q
5  1 f
N Q N00 3  2 QN 0 Q
 – a = 0  a = 0, 1 – b = 0 Now by equality of two matrices, we have
 b = 1,3 – c = 0  c = 3, 7 – d = 0 3a – 3 = 3 a = 2 Ans.[B]
 d = 7, 5 – e = 0  e = 5, 6 – f = 0
 f = 6 Ex.6 A matrix A = [aij] of order 2 × 3 whose

L
0 1O
M P
elements are such that aij = i + j is-

 D = M
3 7P Ans.[C] L
M
2 3 4O L
2 3 4O
M
5 6P
N Q 5P M
5 4 3P
(A) (B)
N3 4 Q N Q
L2 3
(C) M
4O
L1 0 O La 1O L2 1 O, then value 4P
(D) None of these
Ex.3 If M P+ M P= M P
N5 5 Q
N3 4 Q N
1 bQ N
2 2Q Sol. aij is the element of i th row and j th column
of a, b are - of matrix A
(A) 1, – 2 (B) – 1, 2
 a11 = 1 + 1 = 2, a12 = 1 + 2 = 3,
(C) – 1, – 2 (D) 1, 2
Sol. Here a13 = 1 + 3 = 4

L
1 a
M
01 O
P L2 1 O
= M P
a 21 = 2 + 1 = 3, a 22 = 2 + 2 = 4,
N
3 1 4  b QN 2 2Q
a 23 = 2 + 3 = 5
 1 + a = 2 and – 4 + b = –2
 a = 1, b = 2 L
a
M a12 a13 O
P L2 3 4O
= M
3 4 5P
11
A =
Ans.[D] N
a 21 a 22 a23 QN Q
Ans.[A]
6. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES (d) (A+ B) (A – B) = A2 – B2 – AB + BA
(e) A (– B) = (– A ) B = – (AB)
If A and B be any two matrices, then their product
AB will be defined only when number of column 6.2 Positive Integral powers of a Matrix :
in A is equal to the number of rows in B . If The positive integral powers of a matrix A are
defined only when A is a square matrix. Also
A = aij m xn
and B = [bij ]n x p then their product
then
AB = C = c ij , will be matrix of order m x p, A2 = A.A A3 = A.A.A = A2A
where Also for any positive integers m,n
n (i) Am An = A m+n
(AB)ij = Cij = a
r 1
ir brj (ii) (A ) = Amn = (An)m
m n

(iii) In = I, Im = I
L
M1 2O
P (iv) Aº = In where A is a square matrices of
L
eg. If A = M
1 4 2O
P and B = M 2 2P order n.
N2 3 1Q M
N1 3P Q Multiplication of matrices

then AB = M
L1. 1  4. 2  2. 1 1. 2  4. 2  2. 3O L OLxO
2. 1  3. 2  1. 1 2. 2  3. 2  1. 3 P
2 3 1
N Q Ex.7 If [1 x 2] 0 4 M
M 2
P
PM
M1P
P= 0, then the
L11 16O M
N
0 3 2P
QM
1P
N Q
AB = M
N9 13P Q value of x is -
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
6.1 Properties of Matrix Multiplication :
Sol. The LHS of the equation
If A, B and C are three matrices such that their
product is defined , then L
M
xO
P
(i) AB  BA (Generally not commutative) = [2 4x + 9 2x + 5] M
M
1P
(ii) (AB) C = A (BC) (Associative Law) 1P
N Q
(iii) IA = A = AI = [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = 4x + 4
I is identity matrix for matrix multiplication Thus 4x + 4 = 0  x = – 1
(iv) A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive Law) Ans.[A]
(v) If AB = AC   B = C (Cancellation Law is
L
1 2OL
M
xOL
P
=M
5O
4P
not applicable)
(vi) If AB = 0 It does not mean that A = 0 or B
Ex.8 If M P
2 1QN
N yQN Qthen -
= 0, again product of two non- zero matrix (A) x = 2, y = 1 (B) x = 1, y = 2
may be zero matrix. (C) x = 3, y = 2 (D) x = 2, y = 3
(vii) tr ( AB) = tr (BA) Sol. The given matrix equation can be written as
Note :
(i) The multiplication of two diagonal matrices is
L
x  2y O L
M
5O
= M
P P
2x  y Q N
N 4Q
again a diagonal matrix.
(ii) The multiplication of two triangular matrices  x + 2y = 5 and 2x + y = 4
is again a triangular matrix.  x = 1, y = 2 Ans.[B]
(iii) The multiplication of two scalar matrices is
also a scalar matrix. L
M
2 1O
1 2 P
Ex.9 If A = 2 – 4A – nI = 0, then
(iv) If A and B are two matrices of the same
order, then
N Qand A
n is equal to -
(a) (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
(b) (A – B)2 = A2 + B2 – AB – BA (A) 3 (B) – 3
(c) (A – B) (A + B) = A2 – B2 + AB – BA (C) 1/3 (D) – 1/3
 L
M
5 4 O L
M8 4 O
P, L 0  tan  / 2O
4 5 P M P
Sol. A2 =
N Q, 4A =
N
4 8 Q Ex.12 If matrix P =
Ntan  / 2 0 Qthen
L
n 0O L
Mcos   sin O
nI = M
0 nP
N Q (I – P)
Nsin  cos  P Qis equal to -
 A2 – 4A – nI (A) P (B) P + I
(C) I (D) None of these
L
M
5  8  n 4  4  0 O
4  4  0 5  8  n P L1 0O L 0  tan ( / 2)O
=
N Q Sol. I – P= M P – M P
L
3  n 0 O N0 1Q N tan (  / 2) 0 Q
= M
N0 3  nP Q L 1 tan ( / 2)O
= M P
 A2 – 4A – nI = 0 N tan ( / 2) 1 Q
L O L
0 0O Lcos   sin  O
 ( I – P) M P
3  n 0
 M
N0 3  n
=P
QNM P
0 0Q Nsin  cos  Q
 – 3 – n = 0 L 1 tan b  / 2g O L
cos   sin O
= M P
 n = – 3 Ans. [B]
M
N tan b / 2g 1 QNsin  cos  P
P. M Q
L1 2 O L
Mcos   tan b
 / 2gsin  b g O
 sin   tan  / 2 cos 
P
Ex.10 If A = M
N3 4PQthen element a 21 of A2 is- =
 tan b
M
N  / 2gcos   sin  b g P
Q
tan  / 2 sin   cos 
(A) 22 (B) – 15
(C) – 10 (D) 7  1 – 2sin 2 (/2)  2sin2 (/2)
= 2
Sol. The element a21 is product of second row  – tan( /2)(2cos (/2) – 1)  2sin( /2)cos(/2)
of A to the first column of A
1 L
M O – 2sin( /2)cos( /2)  tan(/2)(2cos 2 (/2) – 1)
NP
 a21 = [3–4] 3 = – 3 – 12 = – 15
Q Ans.[B]

tan( /2)(2sin(/2)cos(/2))  (1– 2sin 2 (/2)) 

L
M 1  tan b O
 / 2g
P
L
M
cos  sin O = tan b
M
N  / 2g 1 P
Q= I + P
cos P
Ex.11 If E (  ) =
N
 sin  Q, then value of
Ans.[B]
E (  ). E(  ) is -
7. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
(A) E(0º) (B) E(90º)
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by
(C) E (+) (D) E(–)
changing its rows into columns or columns into
Sol. E (). E() rows is called transpose of Matrix A and is
denoted by AT or A´.
=
L
M
cos  sin  O
PL
M
cos  sin O
P From the definition it is obvious that
N
 sin  cos  QN sin  cos Q
If order of A is m × n, then order of AT is n × m.
L
Mcos  cos   sin  sin  cos  sin   sin  cos  O
P L
a a a3 O
=
N
 sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  sin   cos  cos Q eg. Transpose of Matrix M
N
1
b b
1
2

2 b3
P
Q
2x3
is

= M
Lcos(  ) sin(  ) O P= E (    ) L
a b1 O
N sin(  ) cos(  )Q M
1

M
a
2 b2
P
P
Ans.[C] M
N
a
3 b3 P
Q
3 x2
7.1 Properties of Transpose : 8. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW- SYMMETRIC
T
MATRIX
(i) eA j
T
= A
(a) Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix
(ii) (A  B)T = AT  BT A = [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij = aji
for all i,j or AT = A
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT
(iv) (kA)T = k(A)T
(v) (A1A2A3 ......An–1An) T
L
a h
M
gO
P
= AnT An–1T.....A3TA2TA1T
eg. M
h b
M
fP
N
g f cP
Q
(vi) IT = I Note :
(vii) tr (A) = tr (AT ) (i) Every unit matrix and square zero matrix
are symmetric matrices.
(ii) Maximum number of different element in a
Transpose of a Matrix
symmetric matrix is
n n1 b g
.

Ex.13 If A =
L
1 2O
M P L3 4O
and B = M Pthen (AB) T
2
(b) Skew - Symmetric Matrix : A square
N
3 0Q N1 6Q
matrix A = aij is called
equals-
L5 16O
(A) M P
L5 9 O
(B) M
skew - symmetric matrix if

N9 16 Q N16 12PQ aij = – a ji for all i, j

L5 9O
(C) M P (D) None of these 0 h g
N4 3Q
or AT = – A eg.  h 0 f 

AB = M
L3  2 4  12O  

9  0 12  0 P
 g  f 0
Sol.
N Q Note :
L5 16O
= M P
(i) All Principal diagonal elements of a skew -
symmetric matrix are always zero because
N9 12Q for any diagonal element -
L5 9 O aii = – aii  aii = 0
 (AB) = MT
16 12P
Ans.[B]
N Q (ii) Trace of a skew symmetric matrix is always 0
8.1 Properties of Symmetric and skew-

Ex.14 If A =
L
M
2 1O
P L4 1O
and B = M Pthen
symmetric matrices :
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A + AT, AAT, ATA
N
7 4 Q N7 2Q
are symmetric matrices while A– AT is Skew-
BTAT is equal to - Symmetric Matrices.

(A)
L
M
1 0O
P L1 1O
(B) M P
(ii) If A is a Symmetric Matrix, then –A , KA,
N0 1Q N1 1Q AT , An , A–1, BT AB are also symmetric
matrices where n  N , K  R and B is a
L0 1O
(C) M P
L1 0O
(D) M P square matrix of order that of A.
N1 0Q N0 0Q (iii) If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then-
L4 7OL2 7O
B A = M PM
(a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n  N
1 4 P
Sol. T T
N1 2Q N Q (b) A2n+1 is a skew - symmetric matrices for
n  N.
L8  7 28  28O
= M P L1 0O
= M P (c) kA is also skew - symmetric matrix
N2  2 7  8 Q N 0 1Q where k  R.
(d) BT AB is also skew – symmetric matrix
Ans. [A] where B is a square matrix of order that
of A
 (iv) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then-
(a) A  B, AB + BA are also symmetric a11 a12 a13
matrices. |A| = a 21 a 22 a 23
(b) AB – BA is a skew - symmetric matrix. a 31 a 32 a 33
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix when
AB = BA. 9.1 Properties of the Determinant of a matrix :

(v) If A,B are two skew - symmetric matrices, (i) |A| exists  A is a square matrix
then- (ii) |AB| = |A| |B|
(a) A  B, AB – BA are skew- symmetric (iii) |AT | = |A|
matrices. (iv) |kA| = kn |A|, if A is a square matrix of order n.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix. (v) If A and B are square matrices of same order
(vi) If A is a skew - symmetric matrix and C is then |AB| = |BA|
a column matrix, then CT AC is a zero matrix. (vi) If A is a skew symmetric matrix of odd order
(vii) Every square matrix A can uniquelly be then |A| = 0
expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew (vii) I f A = diag (a 1 ,a 2 .......a n ) then
symmetric matrix i.e. |A| = a1a2 ...an
L1
jO L1 eA  A jO (viii)|A|n = |An| , n N.
N2 eA  A
M P
+ M P
T T
A =
Q N2 Q 10. ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
Examples Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric
based on Matrix If every element of a square matrix A be replaced
by its cofactor in |A|, then the transpose of the
L1 7O, then skew- symmetric part of
Ex.15 If A = M P
matrix so obtained is called the adjoint of matrix
N2 3Q A and it is denoted by adj A
A is-
Thus if A = aij be a square matrix and Fij be the
L1 9 / 2O
(A) M P L0 5 / 2O
(B) M
N
9 / 2 3 Q N5/2 0 P Q cofactor of aij in |A|, then

L1 9 / 2O
(C) M P L 0 5 / 2O
(D) M
Adj. A = F ij
T

N
9/2 3 Q N5 / 2 0 PQ
1 L
a
M 11 a12 .... a1nO
P
Sol. Let A = B + C, where B = (A + AT ) and C
2 M
a
M
....
21 a 22
....
P
.... a 2 n
P
........ , then
1 Hence if A =
=
2
(A – AT) are respectively symmetric and M
....
M
.... ........P
P
skew-symmetric parts of A. N
a n1 an 2 .... ann
Q
1 R
SL1 7 OL1 2O U
V L O
T
Now C = M P
M P
TN2 3QN7 3Q W
F
M
F
11 F12
F22
....F1n
....F2n P
2
M
M
21
.... .... ........ P
P
1 L0 5 O L 0 5 / 2O
Adj. A =
= M
2 N5 0 P
QN 0 P
= M
5 / 2 Q M
....
N
F n1
....
Fn2
........
....Fnn
P
Q
Ans.[D]
L
M
2 1O
3 4 P
9. DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX eg. if A =
N Qthen
L
a
M 11 a12 a13 O
P L4 3O L 4 1O
T
If A = M
a
M
21 a 22 a23 P
P
be a square matrix,
adj A = M P = M P
N
a 31 a 32 a33 Q N1 2Q N 3 2Q

then its determinant, denoted by |A| or Det (A)

is defined as
10.1 Properties of adjoint matrix : L
2 0
M
0O
If A, B are square matrices of order n and In is Ex.17 If A = M
2 2 0P
P, then adj (adj A) is equal to
corresponding unit matrix, then
-
M
N
2 2 2P
Q
(i) A (adj. A) = |A| In = (adj A) A

(Thus A (adj A) is always a scalar matrix)

L
1 0
M
0O
P L
1 0
M
0O
P
(A) 8 M
1 1
M
0P (B) 16 M
P
1 1
M
0P
P
(ii) |adj A| = |A|n–1 N
1 1 1Q N
1 1 1Q
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
L
1 0
M
0O
P
(iv) |adj ( adj A)| = | A|b g2
n1
M
(C) 64 1 1
M
0P(D) None of these
N
1 1 1P
Q
(v) adj (AT ) = (adj A)T
(vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) 2 0 0
(vii) adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m  N Sol. |A| = 2 2 0 = (B) (B) (B) = 8
2 2 2
(viii)adj (kA) = kn–1 (adj. A), k  R
Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2A
(ix) adj (In) = In
(x) adj 0 = 0 2 0 0 L
1 0
M
0O
P
= 8 2 2 0 = 16 M
1 1
M
0P
1P
(xi) A is symmetric  adj A is also symmetric
2 2 2 N
1 1 Q
Ans.[B]
(xii) A is diagonal  adj A is also diagonal

(xiii) A is triangular  adj A is also triangular

L
1 0
M 3O
P
Ex.18 If A = M
2 1
M P
1 , then | adj (adj A) | is
P
(xiv) A is singular  |adj A| = 0
equal-
N
0 0 2Q
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 2 (D) 0
Adjoint of matrix
L
1 0
M 3 O
P
L
1 3
M
5O
P, then
Sol. |A| = M
2 1 P
1 = 2
Ex.16 If A = M
3 5 1P adj. A is equal to - M
N
0 0 2 P
Q
M
N
5 1 3P
Q  |adj (adj.A) | = | A|b
n1g =
2
| A|2
2

[  Here n = 3]
L14 4 22O L
M
14 4 22 O
P = 24 = 16
M
(A) M4 22 14 P (B) M
P 4 22 14 P
Ans.[B]

M
N22 14 Q M
4 P N22 14 4 P Q 11. INVERSE OF A MATRIX

L
M
14 4 22O
P
If A and B are two matrices such that
(C) M 4 22 14P (D) None of these AB = I = BA
M
N22 14 4 P Q then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted
by A–1 , thus
L
M 14 4 22O
P
T

A–1 = B  AB = I = BA
Sol. adj. A = M 4 22 14 P
M
N 22 14 4 P
Q To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use
following formula
L
M
14  4  22 O
P adj A
= M  4  22 14 P Ans.[A] A–1 =
| A|
M
N 22 14  4 P
Q Thus A–1 exists  |A|  0
Note :
1 L
1 2 3
M O
(i) Matrix A is called invertible if A–1 exists.  A–1 = | A| adj A = –
N P
8 4 2 Q
(ii) Inverse of a matrix is unique.
Ans.[A]
11.1 Properties of Inverse Matrix :
L0 1 2O, B L
M
0 1O
P
Let A and B are two invertible matrices of the Ex.20 I f A = M
N2 2 0P
Q = M1 0 Pand
same order, then M
N1 1PQ
M = AB, then M–1 is equal to -
(i) (AT )–1 = (A–1)T
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
L
M
2 2O L 1 / 3 1 / 3O
2 1P M1 / 3 1 / 6P
(A) (B)
(iii) (Ak)–1
= (A–1)k,
k N N Q N Q
(iv) adj (A ) = (adj A)–1
–1
L1 / 3 1 / 3O
(C) M
L1 / 3 1 / 3O
1/ 3 1 / 6 P
(D) M
(v) (A–1)–1 = A
N Q N1 / 3 1 / 6 P
Q
(vi) |A–1| =
1
= |A| –1
L 0 1 2 O
L
M
0 1O
P= L 1 2O
M = M P M 2 2P
|A| Sol.
N 2  2 0 QMM1 0P
P N  Q
(vii) If A = diag (a1,a2,....,an), then N1 1Q

A–1 = diag (a1–1, a2–1,.....,an–1 ) L2 2O

|M| = 6, adj M = M P
(viii) A is symmetric matrix  A–1 is symmetric
N2 1Q

1 L2 2O L 1 / 3 1 / 3O
matrix.
(ix) A is triangular matrix and |A|  0  A–1 is  M = –1
6 N
M
2 1Q NP = M
1/ 3 1 / 6 PQ
a triangular matrix. Ans.[C]
(x) A is scalar matrix  A–1 is scalar matrix.

(xi) A is diagonal matrix  A–1 is diagonal Ex.21

L
M
1  tan  / 2O
P
matrix. N
tan  / 2 1 Q
(xii) AB = AC  B = C, iff |A|  0.
L
M 1 tan  / 2O
1

Pis equal to-

N
 tan  / 2 1 Q

L
M
sin   cos O
P (B) M
Lcos  sin  O
 sin  cos P
(A)
Inverse of a matrix Ncos  sin  Q N Q
L2 3 O
(C) M
Lcos   sin O
Ex.19 Inverse matrix of M
4 2 P
N Qis - Nsin  cos  PQ (D) None of these
L
1 2 3O L O
1 2 4 Sol.
L
M 1 tan  / 2O
P
1

(A) – M
N P
8 4 2Q (B) – M
N P
Q
8 3 2
N /2
 tan 1 Q
1 L
M
1  tan  / 2O
P
1 L
2 3O L2 3O =
sec  / 2 N
2 tan  / 2 1 Q
(C) M
8 N
P
4 2Q
(D) M P
N4 2Q  Product =
Sol. Let the given matrix is A, then |A| = – 8 1
2 4O L
L 2 3O
T 2
sec  / 2
and adj A = M P = M P L OL O
3 2Q N
N 4 2Q 1  tan  / 2 1  tan  / 2
M
N
tan  / 2 1 PM
QN
tan  / 2 1 P
Q
 12. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
1 L 2
1  tan  / 2
M 2 tan  / 2 O
P
/2 M 1  tan  / 2P
=
sec 2 N2 tan  / 2 2
Q A square Matrix A is called orthogonal if
AAT = I = AT A
Lcos  / 2  sin  / 2
2 2
2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2 O
=M P i.e. if A–1 = AT
M
N2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2 cos  / 2  sin  / 2P
2 2
Q
= M
Lcos   sin O L
1 0 0O
Nsin  cos  P Q Ans.[C]
eg. A = M
M
0 1 0
P
Pis a orthogonal matrix
M
N
0 0 1P
Q
because here A–1 = AT
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
L
0 1O
M L O
0 0P
3 3 0 1
Ex.1 If A =
N Qand a and b are arbitrary
M
M1 15 0
P
5 P
= = AB ;
constants then (aI + bA)2 = M
N
3 15 0 5 P
Q
(A) a2I + abA (B) a2 I + 2abA
(C) a2 I + b2 A (D) None of these Hence AC = AB is true Ans. [B]

F
Ga 0I F
J 0 bI F a bI
+ G J= G J Lp qO Lr sO
Sol. Here aI + bA =
H0 aK H0 0K H0 aK M
Ex.3
N P
If A = q p , B = s r
Q M
N P Qthen -
Fa  0 ab  baI
2
(B) AB  BA
 (aI + bA)2 = G
H0  0 0  a JK 2
(A) AB = BA
(C) AB = - BA (D) None of these

Fa2
2abI Sol. Here AB =
L
M
pr  qs ps  qr O
P
= G
H0 a2
JK= a I + 2abA
2 Ans.[B] Nqr  ps
  qs  prQ
L
M
rp  qs qr  sp O
qs  pr P
Also BA =
L
1 3 2 O L1 4 1 0O
Nsp  qr
 Q
M P M P Clearly AB = BA Ans.[A]
Ex.2 If A = M 1
2 3P,B = M
2 1 1 1P
and
M
N
4 3 1P
Q M N1 2 1 2PQ
L
1 2
M
2O
P
L
2 1
M
1 2O
P Ex.4 If A = M
2 1 2P
then A 2 - 4A =
C = M
3 2 1 1P
, then which of the M
N
2 2 1P
Q
M
N
2 5 1 0 P
Q (A) 3I (B) 4I
following statement is true ?
(C) 5I (D) None of these
(A) AB  AC
(B) AB = AC L
1 2
M
2O
PL
M
1 2 O
P
2
(C) B  C  AB  AC Sol. Here A = 2 M
2 1
M
2PM2 1 2P
(D) None of these N
2 2 1P
QM
N2 2 1PQ
Sol. Here
L
M
1  4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2OL
P 98 89 88O
L1 6  2 4  3  4 1  3  2 3  4 O M2  2  4 4  1  4 4  2  2P M P
M P = =M P
AB = M2  2  3 8  1 6 2  1 3 1 6 P M
N2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1P
QM N P
8 8 9 Q
M
N4  6  1 16  3  2 4  1 3 3  2 P
Q L9  4 8  8 8  8O
M P
L3 3 0 1 O  A – 4A = M
2 8  8 9  4 8  8P
= 5
M P M
N8  8 8  8 9  4P
Q
= M
M
1 15 0 5P
N3 15 0 5P Q L1 0 0O
M
M0 1 0P
P
Also AC = 5I Ans.[C]
M
N0 0 1P Q
L
294
M
1  6  10 1  3  2 2  3 O
P
=M P If f() = M
Lcos  sin  O
 sin  cos  P
436 2  2  15 2  1  3 4  1
Ex. 5.
M
N
892 465 4  3  1 8  3 P
Q N Qand if    are
angles of a triangle, then f(). f(). f() =
(A) I2 (B) –I2
(C) 0 (D) None of these
Sol. Hence F
G2 1I F 4 1I
Lcos  sin  OLcos  sin O AB =
H KH 2JK
7 4
J G
7
f() f( ) = M
N
 sin  PM
cos  QN sin 
P
cos Q F 8  7 2  2 IJ = F
1 0I
=G
Lcos  cos   sin  sin  cos  sin   sin  cos  O H28  28 7  8K H0 1JK
G
=M P
N sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  sin   cos  cos Q F1 0I
Lcos(  ) sin(  ) O (AB) = G J = I
T

= M P H0 1K Ans.[D]

N sin(  ) cos(  )Q

similarly
If A = M
L4 1O
L cos(     ) sin(     ) O 2 3P
Ex.8 , then |A| is equal to -
f() f() f() = M P N Q
N sin(     ) cos(     )Q
(A) 12 (B) –10 (C) 10 (D) 5

= M
Lcos  sin  O
 sin  cos P
4 1
N Qas        Sol. |A| =
2 3
= ( 4 × 3 – 1 × 2)

= M
L1 0 O P L1 0O
= – M P= – I .Ans.[B]
= 12 – 2 = 10
N0 1Q N 0 1Q 2
Fif A  a a , then |A| La a O ba a  a a gI
L1 2O L3 4O G
H
11
a a
12
M
N
a a Q
P 11 12
JK
11 22 12 21
If A = M P; B = M Pthen which of
21 22 21 22
Ex.6
N3 0Q N1 6Q Ans.[C]
the following statements is true -
(A) AB = BA (B) A2 = B L
1 2 3O
M P
L
5 9
M O Ex.9. If A = M 5 0 4Pthen adj A is equal to -
(C) (AB)T =
N P
16 12Q (D) None of these M
2 6 7P
N Q
Sol. We have (AB)11 = 1.3 + 2.1 = 5
L24 4 8 O L
M
24 4 8 O
P
(BA)11 = 3.1 + 4.3 = 15
 AB  BA Again (A2)11 = 1.1 + 2.3 (A) M
M4 1 2 P P (B) M
4 1 11 P
M
N8 11 11Q P M
N30 2 10P Q
= 6  3 = (B)11
L3 1OL 1 3O
L
M
24 4 8 O
P
Also (AB)T = BTAT = M
N QN 0P
4 6
P M
2 Q (C) M
27 1 11 P
(D) None of these
M
N30 2 10P Q
L
M
32 9  0 O L5 9 O
12  0 P
Q= M
16 12P
=
N
4  12 N Qis correct. L
M 0 4

5 4 5 0 O
P
Ans.[C]
M
M
6 7 2 7 2 6 P
F2 1I F4 1I 2 3 1 3 1 2P
Here [A ] = M P
Ex.7 If A= G J
H7 4 K and B = G J then which
H7 2K
Sol. 
ij
M 6 7 2 7

2 6P
statement is true? M
M 2 3

1 3 1 2 P
P
(A) AAT = I (B) BBT = I N 0 4 5 4 5 0 Q
(C) AB  BA (D) (AB)T = I
F2 1I F2 7I F
1 0I L
24
M
27 30 O
P
Sol. Here A AT = G
H7 4 KH1 4 K H0 1JK
J G J  G = M4 1 2 PHence transposing [A ]
ij
(BBT)11 = +(D)2 (A)2
1 M
N8 11 10 P
Q
we get
(AB)11 = 8 – 7 = 1, (BA) 11 = 8 – 7 = 1
 AB  BA may be not true L
M
24 4 8 O
P
Now adj A = M
M
27 1 11 P Ans.[C]
N30 2 10P
Q
 = I – A – A + A since A2 = A A is idempotent
 1 2 3
  = I –A = B
Ex.10 If A = 2 3 1 then adj ( adj A) =
3 1 2  B is idempotent is true
Again AB = A (I – A) = AI – A2 = A – A = 0
  18 36  54  18 36 54
    Also BA = (I – A) A = IA – A2 = A – A = 0
(A)  36  54 18  (B) – 36 54 18  Hence all statements are true . Ans.[D]
 54 18  36  54 18 36

 1 2 3 L
M
1 2 2 O
P
 
(C) 18 2 3 1 (D) None of these Ex.13 If k M
M
2 1 2 Pis an orthogonal matrix
3 1 2 N2 2 1P
Q
Sol. Hence we know adj ( adj. A) = |A|n–2 A then k is equal to -
Now if n = 3 then adj ( adj A) = |A| A (A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 1/3 (D) None of these
 1 2 3 Sol. Here let
 
= 2 3 1 A
L1 2 2O L
M
1 2 2 O
P
A=k M P
3 1 2
M2 1 2 P A T =k M
M
2 1 2P
M N2 1P
Q
1P
= {1(6–1) – 2 ( 4– 3) + 3 ( 2– 9)} A 2
= (5 – 2 – 21) A = – 18 A
N2 2 Q
Since A is orthogonal  AAT = I
Ans.[B]

L1 0O L
M
1 2 2 O
PL
M
1 2 2 O
P
Ex.11 If A = M Pthen A is equal to -
–n
 k2 M2 1 2 PM2 1 2P
N1 1Q M
N2 2 1PM
QN2 2 1P
Q
L1 0O
(A) M P
L1 0 O
(B) M
Nn 1Q Nn 1PQ L 1  4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2O
L 1 0O
M P
=k M P
2 2  2  4 4  1  4 422
(C) M P (D) None of these M 4  4 1 P
Nn 1Q N2  4  2 4  2  2 Q
L1 0O
A = M P L9 0 0O
Sol.
N1 1Q M P
= k M
2 0 9 0P 2
= 9k I
1 L1 0 O L1 0 O M
N0 0 9P Q
–1
A =
1N
M1 1P
Q= M
N1 1P Q 1 1
 9k2 = 1  k2 = k=±
A = M P
L1 0OL M
1 0 O L1 0 O 9 3
1 1PQ= M 2 1P
–2
N1 1Q N N Q Ans.[C]

A = M P
–n
L1 0O Ans.[C] L cos  2
cos  sin  O
Nn 1Q Ex.14 If A = M
M
Ncos  sin  sin  P
P
Qand2

Ex.12 If A is idempotent and A + B = I, then which L

M cos 2
cos  sin  O
P
B =
of the following is true ?
(A) B is idempotent (B) AB = 0
M
N
cos  sin  sin  P Q, and AB = 0,
2

then  –  is equal to -
(C) BA = 0 (D) All of these
(A) 0
Sol. Here A + B = I  B = I – A
(B) even multiple of ( / 2)
Now B2 = (I – A) (I – A)
(C) odd multiple of ( / 2)
= I2 – AI – IA + A2
(D) odd multiple of 
= I – A – A + A2
Sol. Here L
M
cos   sin  0 O
P
Lcos  cos   cos  sin  cos  sin 
2 2
If M (  ) = M sin  cos  0 P
AB = M
Ex.16
M
Ncos  sin  cos   sin  cos  sin 
2 2 M0 0 1P
N Q
cos  cos  sin   cos  sin  sin O
2 2 L
M
cos  0 sin  O
P
P
cos  sin  cos  sin   sin  sin  P M (  ) = M0 0 Pthen
2 2
Q M
1
 sin  0 cos P
Lcos  cos  cos b   g cos  sin  cos b O
  g N Q
= M
Nsin  cos  cos b  g sin  sin  cos b  gP
M P
Q [M(  ) M (  )] –1 is equals to -
L0 0O, if cos b  g= 0
= M P
(A) M (  ) M (  ) (B) M (–  ) M (–  )
N0 0Q
(C) M (–  ) M(–  ) (D) – M (  ) M (  )
Now cos b   g = 0     , is an odd
Sol. [M(  ) M (  )] –1 = M (  )–1 M(  )–1
multiple of  / 2 Ans.[C]
L
Mcos  sin  0 O
P
L
M1 0O
P L0 1O
, J = M Pand
Now M (  ) = M –1  sin  cos  0 P
Ex.15 If I =
N0 1Q N1 0 Q M
N0 0 1P Q
Lcos  sin  O L
M cos(  )  sin(   ) 0 O
P= M (  )
B = M
Nsin  cos P
 Q, then B equals - = M sin(  ) cos(   ) 0 P
(A) I cos  + J sin  M
N0 0 1P
Q
(B) I cos  – J sin 
(C) I sin  + J cos 
L
Mcos  0  sin O
P
M(  ) = M0
–1 1 0 P
(D) – I cos  + J sin 
M
Nsin  0 cos  P Q
Sol. Here
L
M
cos  sin  O
P= Lcos( ) 0 sin( ) O
N sin  cos Q M
= M0 1 0 P
P= M (  )
L
cos 
M
0 O L0
P+ M
sin O
P M
N sin( ) 0 cos( )P Q
N0 cos Q N  sin  0 Q
L1 0O
= cos  M P+ sin  M P
L0 1O  [ M (  ) M (  )] –1 = M(–  ) M (–  )
N Q
0 1 N1 0 Q Ans.[C]
= I cos  + J sin  Ans.[A]