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Super mathematics
•••
siigaku Tokuhon (?~~~)

(6 vols.) by Kazuo Matsuzaka

Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 by Kazuo Matsuzaka

Originally published in Japanese by Iwanami Shoten,

Publishers, Tokyo in 1989 - 1990

Korean translation copyright (c) 1994 by

Hangil Publishing Co.,Ltd.

All rights reserved. This edition was published by

arrangement with Iwanami Shoten, Publishers,
Tokyo through DRT International, Seoul
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2 (m+n)a = ma+na
3 m (a +b) = ma + m b .

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~yq. -=r~~ ~ Alif-~ ~oln:l,.=1.~ ~.B..£ ~qJl A~

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1, 2~ ~<j"5~ 5!.{1 Al.2.-. EE, 1iJ ~ 3011 1:11"5~ Ai ~ q g -=r i6

g .!i!-Jl--Ol -=ri6 ~ m>Oej 7d~~ y.E}~yq.-­

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C'

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a II b c} ~ -5! ~
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2 2

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2 2
 9. 1 ~Ei2.J-::z. ~I~ 481

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AL = A1V +NL = T a +Tb

BM = AM-AB = l7j -
2
a

CN = M-AC = l-a-
2
b

~~~~ A
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AB , AD ~ a, b .£.Y- E} 41 A 12... F
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~ 1(1- ~ 7}Allil-.2-£. 1.fE}~ 4- ~{;yq.

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. ~ ~ ~

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.:=Lif}J1} ~ol }lac5~A}~i§ OPIPP2~ 1fr~yq.
~~~. ~~

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2 OPI, OP2 "'c. ZfZf (~ 7}

A1 ~ ~1 Ai ~ Aa <5~ Al ~) e>-1 ttl ~ 4- m, n~l ~ <5~ Ai

~ ~ ~ ~
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ut~Ai
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ma +nb 9-l 1M-9.l ~ £-1 ~ a, b 9.l iI*~~ti (EE ~ ~f:j

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~

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.£. t+ E} \Ii 4- 'V. -;;; Y q.
~ ~

°1 u:Jl ah a2 ~ ztzt a ~ x ~~, y~~ol et <5tJl, a ~

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Z Z
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--bb~ ~e~ l~E ~llill-Y toFtY tot2i- ~~lo ~~
i -b h ~ ~ Bii~ 1£ -lL lo to .:g. 2 ~Y ~ -t2lo-ff fV ~3 h£t to i~
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71 IIl1tt-~yq.

y
B(x', y')

o x

(@) A( -2,6), B(3, -1)01ll1

~
AB = (3 - ( - 2), - 1 - 6) = (5, -7)

(~X'II 61 1J A ( - 1, - 2), B (3, 1), C(1, 9) on 't:H <5~ Ai, ~"£1

AB:Be: Cl91 Ad~ Jf..Al~ 1-.}E}t.ll Al..2-. EE, °l~ ~E~91
371 ~ -=ri>t A l..2-.

qg~l~ Ad~ lE A17r ~ l!llE~91 s-!A~.lI~A~·~~l:JR~l

~"5RAi ,A~4"5R *Alq. 01 ~l~~ ~~~~£ U~Jf- li:!-tr
~Yr:t. ~, l:!l1E~ (ab a2), (bb b2)91 ~ ~ ~l-,::E ~E~ (ah

a2) 91 ml:JR ~ ZfZf q g .:g-~ ~l 91"5~ Ai yo-l ~ 1-1 q.

1 (aI, a2) + (bl, b2) == (al + b l , a2+ b2)

2 (ai, a2) ­ (bl, b2) == (al- bl, a2- b2)
3 m(al, a2) = (mal, ma2)

III ~ ~
a=(al, a2), b=(bl, b2)~ 71~~E~ el, e2~ ~iAi
~~

t+ El- t.R ll1,

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a = al el + a2 e2, b = bi el + b2e2
 9. 1 ~ E-I.2I- .:I Jlltt 485

~~ ~ ~ ~,~
a + b = (al el + a2 e2) + (bl el + b2e2)
~ ~
= (al +bl) el + (a2+b 2) e2
~ ~
0l~~ a+b~ AJ~ Jf.. A17} (al+bl, a2+b2)~ ~ ~

i}-Llq. °1~~£ 1°1 ~~~~~t-lq.

2~ ~~£ ~~t-lq.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~
m a = m(al el + a2 e2) = (mal) el + (ma2) e2

01E..£ 301 AJ~~Llq.

~~ ~~~

I~Xil 7 I qg ~E~~l ~i;~Ai, a+b, -3b, 2a-5b~ -T--ol­

Al..2...
(1) a= (2,-3), b= (-1,2)
(2) a = (3,4), b = (4, -3)

~ ~ ~ ~
@D a = (2, 3), b = ( - 1, 2) ~ U1l ~ E~ C = (8, 5)~ ma
~

+nb~ ~£ Y-E}~Al-2..

lID ma+nb= m(2,3)+n(-!,2)

= (2m-n, 3m+2n)
~ ~ ~
n:l-c}Al c=ma+nb£ *2...l?1

2m-n=8, 3m+2n=5

~ ~ ~

°1 ~ ~ ~l?1 m=3, n= -2 <~> c=3a -2b

~ ~ .

@D a = (2, - 5), b = ( - 6, y) 7} IiJ"6~ °1 £1 £ ~ y ~ ~k

~Aa i>}A1-2..

lID all bOll?1, b=ma7} ~ ~ 1l~ mol .e:ARi}-t-l

~ ~ ~ ~

q.~

( -6, y) =m(2, -5) = (2m, -5m)

n:l-c}Al

-6=2m, y= -5m
°1 A~11-6.1.Q..£-¥-E~ m= -3. °1~ ~ A~12-6.1~1 tR~i>}~
y = 15 <~> y = 15
 ~ ~ ~
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E~ a+tb7} c9} 3!a <5~ 01 ~£~ {l4- t~ iik g Aa i>}

A1.2...
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(3, 2) +t(2, -5) =k(l, ---3)

01 S1 ~ {l4- k7} .e-AR ~Li tf. 0l£-¥- E~

(3+2t, 2 ---5t) = (k, -3k)

3+2t=k, 2 - 5/= ---3k

2 -5t= ---3(3+2t)
01~ g ~~ t= -11 <~> t= -11

~ ~
(1) c=(O,-9) (2) d=(13,-21)
I~xil 91 ;= (5, -12)9} ~~ 1=lJ"OJ~ B-~~E~ ~ T-i>}Al.2-.
I~xill0 I ;= (6, 1), b= ( -3, 2), 7= (3, -l)~ Ul~ t~lE~;
~ ~

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~l tdI E~.2.( 41 ~
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~~~~

O~ Al3::~E..£ i>}~ a=OA~ b=OB 7 r ~£~ 11 A,

~ ~

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c}Jl i}-ytf. B, (J~ O~(}~1t (O°9} 180° Ato1)~ ~~~1

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<fl 1.1 q. ()

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E~ 7r 0r~ y q. °1 ~ ell Ai ~ ~ °1 i!l-~ ~1~~ ~ E~ 9.l 9!
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~E~~~yq--9} 71~~S!-£ -AaZ=l0l t:l-~ yq. ~c~

~~ ~Ai °1 1:] ~ trl-B-o-l 71~is~ ¥l1 Al..2...

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~ -Tisn !i!.1i1 qg i!} ~~yq.

~
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JIBoAC = IABIIACI cos 1£
6
= 2/30 /3 =
2
3

CJtoCB = ICJtllCBlcos ~ = /300 = 0

ABo1JC = IABII1JC1 cos ~ Jr = 2 o

( - ~) = -1

~~~~~~

I~lil12 I ~91 {}Zf~~lAi AB· AB, AB· CB, AB· CA

~ Ti>}Al.2..
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I'i!:"li113 71 ~ l:!ll E~ el, e2 ~l tll i>~ Ai el· el, el • e2, e2 • e2 ~
Ti>}Al.2..

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 2
3

BJ 1~ ~~~yq..
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~ ~ ~

a · a= I al 2
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~yq..
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- 1 ~ cos 0 ~ 10 1E...£.

~~ ~~ ~~

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~, 3 01 AJ ~ ~yq..

I ~li1141 0;1- o}'d !f- 7R ~ ~E~ ~ bOll ~ i>}0:1

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71- Ad ~ i>}~ 3i~ 01 tfi 7d Jf-~ 7J} it?EE.

~~ ~~

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B, 011 Zf ~0l1 O£ !l:.. ~A171 Jl, EE ~Zf ~0l1
~ 71-"1 ~
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A~zt~yq. -=rcl~ ~~~..Q...£. qg 01 Ad~~yq.

~ ~ ~ ~
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~ 41~ ~ ~~~~ 4E1-41'1 .

~ 011 Ai ~~ ~ E~ 9.l 41 ~ 9.l :AJ 9.l ~ tr~i>}711 71 i>}~~
~ 7<J9.l°1U1, ~lE~g ~~ ~4~ ~-&l ¥!~17} ~~y

t:l-. -=z.c~t+ ~A~l~~.£. Jf-cl ~ ~lE~~ ~o} A~zti>}~

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~7}~ ~ JflJl7} ~~yq. °1~~ 1it§i>}3:lJ~yq.

Alif, ~~01 O~ ~lE~g ~Jl, -T- 7n91 07} o}\} ~

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~ ~
a2), b=(bl, b2).£. ~yq. ~, .2..~~ -=z.~31l- ~01 OA =
~ ~ ~ c1 " , nll" 01 :AL Y­
a, OB = b7} ~s:.~ ~ A, B~ ~~ ~,13 A, B~ ~lf..

~ Z{Zf A(al, a2), B(bl, b2).£. ~L-lq.

~~
01U11, ~El a, b7} 01if-~ Zf~ LAOB=8~ i>}1;[1 51

At~ :Aa cl 011 ~ i>~ Ai

x
AB2=OA 2+OB 2-20A·OB·cos 8

20A · OB-cos e= OA 2+0B 2-AB 2 CD

- ~ ~
01 Adi;J'{1-L-lq. 0:171 Ai OA=lal,OB=lbI 0 1E--?- 1.,R~

9.l 7<J 91 <>11 ut~ CD91 ~ ~ ~

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21 a I I b I cos 8 = 2( a· b)
~ ~~yq. EE
~ ~

OA 2= laI 2=a/+a22, OB 2= IbI 2=b/+b22,

AB2= (al-b1)2+ (a2-b 2)2
olE-.£., CD91 Jf-~~

(a1 2+ a2 Z) + (b1 2 + b22) - (al - bl) 2_ (az - bZ)2

= a1 2+aZZ+ b1 2 + b22
- al
z +2alb
1- blZ- az z+2azbz- bZ2
= 2(alb l +a2b2)
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~ ~
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Wy q. 9l11..f-ol-~, °1 ~ ~011 ~ al = a2 = 0 .:E ~ bl = b2 = 0

.2-.£, ~ ~9.l. ~~~ 0°1 !971 U11~~yq.
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~ ~
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A~Zf~Yr:t. 01 "t1l4-:&i AJ~"~--l!llE~9.l Ad{E- lEAl
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u:f4 Ai
a-7} -5 1
cos (j = lall7}1 = JIO/5 - !2

J~l 0.£ ()= ~ TC (~ 135°)~qq..

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(1) a= (2,3), b = (1, -1)

(2) a= (-3,0), b = (-1, /3)
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4 a · (b + -c) = a -b + a--c
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6 a- (mb) = (ma) -b ~ mea-b)
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i>}tB b + c = (bl + CI, b2+ C2) 01 P-.£
a- (b + c) = al (bl + CI) + a2-(b2+ cz)
= (albl+a 2b2) + (alcl+a2c2)
=a-b+a-c

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= al(mbl) +a2(mb2)
= m(albl+a 2b2) = mea-b)
(ma)-b=m(a-b) ~ ~~£ ~~yq.
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= a - (a + b) + b -(a + b)
~ a-a + a-b + b~a + b-b
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2

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2
(a ·b)
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== (alb2-a2b 1)2

01 ~,o.£ qg -5-~ol ~01{}yq.

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~~ ~yq..

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 ~ ~±~~ it tHit
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c} -¥-2..Jl, let I.£.- Y-E}~yq. ~,
Itxl=la+bil
a x
= Va 2 +b2
~yq. °1~,c: %°1 o}\:! ~y01u:l, letl =0°1 £l~ ~,c:

et=O~ trl1~1 ~~yq. EE, et7} ~Ya.2} ~g trl1~

N= lal (.q-~,c:~Ya~ ~I1l~k)
°l u .£.-, °1~,c: °l u l l:JR~ ~y a~ ~I1l~kJ1} ~~lifY
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~ 71C1 ~Y-Ett-RJl ~J~yq.

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1 Ia\ == 1- al == \al
ali == lal
2
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EE *~y~ ~,%~ ~I1l~k~l rlli>~Ai'~ qg AaC17}
Ad~ifyq.

<fJ ~ ~ *~4- et, P~l III <5}0:1

3 laPI == lallPI
41 pl= :~I ~,f31= 0
BJ 3 ~ ~ 2.9} 523 ifl1 °17.1 ~ 3~1 rr}c}

I etP 1
2
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= (eta) (P7i ) = I et 1 2 1 P1 2

01 0Jl:{i~ g 01 o}B ~ltf-2-g~i>}~ !@yq.

4 P = y.£ ~~tB IX = f3y O l Jl, ~ ~ 3~.£-¥-E~
Iet I=1 py I=1 PII y I
 10. 1 4l~~ I2:f 527

I J!..I
P -Iyl-M
-- - IPI
~~ ;<J cl 3 g ~ ~ol <51~ Ai °1 %-o}1?1, ~ lfr~ -2...£. ~

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I(Xl (X2 ••• (Xn I = I(Xl I I(X21··· I(Xn I

~ y q. EE, 4.£. -¥- E1 ~-o-l

Irl=-Th­

(1) -2i(3+i)(2-4i)(1 +i)

(2) ( -1 +2i) (3 -2i)

(1 +i) (3 -4i)

I~xil 31 <fJ ~.9.1 *~T ct, POll rH o}~

Ict+PI + Ict-PI 2 =2( Ict1 2 + IPI 2 )
2

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9.1 011 A11 ~ 492 Sill °1 :7.19.1 011 (2) 9.1 ~~ J!l- {l ~ ~.Q...£. ~~

~~yq.J

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~ ~±~.2I- ItII E~
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~ "~E1 (X"4 -¥-2 71S:.- ~yq. (X=a+bi£ -o-}~, ~E1

(X~ Aa{i- lEA1~ (a, b)~yq. 0l3tJIt ~~~ ~ ~E1~

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011 ~ ZfZf ~ E1 £Ai 9-l (x, p9-l ~ol Y- ~}7} t1l g ~q ~ 3t
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la+PI ~ la:I+IPI
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I~A~t 51 a~ *~I§~%9.1 ~Oi,~ ~,r~ 0J9.l ~~'c}' W

uTI Iz-al =r~ rfr~"5r~ ~ z.91 ~'"if, EE Iz~al ~t~'1i!

~i>rc ~' z9.l ~,~~ ZfZf Oilf! ~Wo.l ~7Jr..e..?

I~Ait '61 a, f3~ *~I§Tt1AJ9.l q~ ~ ~~£. W ~. t:l-g

~l (1), (2)~·1fr~i>r~~: z91· ~~~ ZfZf ~tt! ~~~7Jr

.a? ~,k~ IJrl- :QAl ~ ~ 0J=9.l AJ4-~'Yq..

(1) It-al < 1 (2) Iz-al ~ k
Iz~f31 = . Iz-PI ­

~. ~~~9.f ~ti~
z=x+yi~ 001 o}1J ~~~2}Jl ~ all, {l~~S1 OJ y
z=.r+y;
.Q.1', -¥-~ g Al~~~£ i>}Jl %1 OzOll ~i>r~ Zf ~ *~
~.Q.1 ~'t01et -¥-2..ll arg z£ Y-E}\1}yq.
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() .r
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2n91 ~J4-BRr;fr%.9l ~l-~ ¥Ali>};1 ~ 7r A l ~..Q...£ ~Jc5ff

Oll ~ ~'~ °J:91 ~~, g~ ~ 4-, -tt-"6l4-~ ~ Zf ~ Zf

Zf 0, 1t, ±z (~~~6.£~ °l3;lOf] 2n1l:~ t-l~ 3;l)7t
~L1q.
 y y .11 y

() x () x () x o 1'( x
2

arg (-z) =arg z+n

arg z = -arg z
°19t ~~ ~Zf A}ol~ %~011Ai~ 2n~ Aa~H~~~}
l(!,
~ <i!~l t+ 1f- A l-5} Jl A~ zrify q.

Al-if z=x+yi~ D0l 0}\:1 *~4-tt -5}Jl, =r ~t:l1~1

~ r, ~Zf~ -5}Lf~ e~ ityq. °1tt:11
x=r cos e, y=r sin e
01 o.£., z=x+yi~
z=r (cos 6+i sin 6)
.£. ~ 4-7} ~J~yq. *~4- z~ =r ~rll ~l ~zl =ril} ~
Zfargz=0011 ~i>~Ai °lTS~.£. y.E1-~ 3!~ z~ ~W~
°ltt ~yq. [*~4- OOll rlli>~Ai~ ~Zf~ Aa~£1Al ~
~yq. ttl-~Ai ~~~£ Aa~~Al ef~yq.J

Z =. x+ yi

o
() x x

@]) *~4-z=l+i~ ~~~..2...£. t+E1-41 A l..2...

z=l+i
mI °1 *~4-~ ~rll ~klzl ~ v'2, ~Zf arg z(~ -5}
1-}) ~ ~ OlE...£.
T(

4 z= v'2 (cos ~ + i sin ~ )

(J x
°l?!°l z=l+i~ ~~~<iJYq..

 10. 1. ~±~ ~ 531

(1) 1- z" (2) -1- z· (3) 1 +l3i

(4) -13 +z" (5) z" (6) -2i

(7) -3 (8) Jz- hi

yq. 01?!~ ~}!~li!.71 ~<5~ ZbZ2~ T 7R9l 001 o}'d *
~~c} "8"}Jl, °1?! ~ 9l ~~ ~ ~ Zfzt
ZI=Yl(COS 01+i sin (Jl)
Z2 = r2( cos O2+ i sin (J2)
c} ~yt1-. °1?!~9l {f~ ~l{l-"8"t1?1
rlY2 {cos (Jl cos (J2 - sin (Jl sin (J2)
+i(sin (Jl cos (J2+COS 0 1 sin (J2)}

7} ~:A1 T?l, {}Zf~4-9l "9! A~ AJ ~ ~ 01 %"8"}l?! 01 ~ ~

YIY2 {cos (0 1 + (2) +i sin «(Jl + (J2)}
~
.;r:.. "Z:.l-y-l...:-l -7-l M
't!" 0 Jl/"Y"f"2
~
T
01 /- 1 1 rl. .::;A:..
M l:r '"1 '"I. "=1,

ZIZ2=YIY2{COS (0 1 +02) +i sin (01+(J2)}

<ilYt1-. °1 ~ ~ Z1Z2~ ~tl1

i(°1 Y1 r 2, J{!Zfo1 81 +02~~
y.E}~Yr:t. °1 ~31}~ r:tg 31} it°1 ~ ~7l-~l~Yr:t.
IZ1Z 21 = IZ 111 z21
arg (Z1Z2) = arg Z1 + arg Z2
~, "~~ ~ tll ~k ~ ~t1l ~k~ ~31} ~Jl, ~9l {1Zf ~ ~

zt ~ ~31l- ~q"<il 1.1 t1-. ttr, ~ ~ %~ ~ IZt Z 21 = Izlll z21

~~ °1°1 5263!l101A1011Ai£13~-£- l:1} ~J~yq. {1Zf011 ~

~ ~~ ~ A~£~ ~31l-~yq.

~9l ~ Zf t1l {l 011 %~ 3fl Zf ~ A~ Zf"8"}~,

arg ( : ) = arg zl-arg Z2

Zl
~ ~~1.1r:t. ~~1£ - = z £ ~2...~ ZI=zz2·01E..~

Z2

arg Zl = arg (ZZ2) = arg Z + arg Z2

 arg z = arg ZI ~arg Z2

00 1°l \:! <iJ ~l9.1' ~~ 4- ZI, z2<>11 "Cfl i>tO:1

1 arg (ZI%2) = arg %1 + arg %2
2 , ,(ZI)
arg ',-'. = arg Zl-- arg Z2
Z2'

arg (ZIZ2··· Zn) = arg ZI + arg Z2 +... + arg Zn

°1 AJ tg ~y 4. ~ <51

arg (zn) = n argo Z

<fl 11 ti. Ef.. 2.-£.1f.- E~ ~ ~ c)l

arg (~ ) = - arg z

~ '~~Yt:f.

qAl ~ lti ~~l ¥!~ ~-6l

1Z1 2 2 I' = l.z11 I, z21 ,. arg (ZI Z2) = arg ZI + arg Z2

011 ~-&WAlt:f. ol~Oll 91i>r1?!-T- ~; ZIt 22 7 } y~.~ ~ ttfl,
~ ZlZ2~' cf!..Q..~.1?1 ~ Z2~ Jtl~. O~.sf1.0l1Ai arg Zllfr% .~

~A171.:il, t1- A l Jtl~.Q.£1f.·E-l~ 7-l'C1' ~ IZ111:lfl"5l-~ ~ t:

3! ~ ~ ~ ~~yq. u}2}A"l, Ail 1}' 0,1, ZI ~ ~A1~..Q...£.
"5r~ {}Zf~ il}, A"n ~' 0, Z2; Z1Z2 ~-¥Al~~~ "5t~ {fZf
~.,~. ~,~ .:r~~ ~ol ~.g. l3J-ii"J:.£..£. it.g.11-°1 !flyq.

lit, 318~AJ~l ~ 1fZf~ ABC, A'B'C'7l- ~~ ~J-o-J=~.£

~e. ~ol2}i: ?! e. oJ:Ar7 }°l'Y2} lft~~ ite.~~ ~'"i!

x
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A'B'~ A'Sil y.sffOllAl A'C' 7Jr.Al ~~A171~ Zf o 1 ~J--o-J:
5:. -¥- ~g~Ai ~qt: ~ ~ ~~yq..
TI-l(t~ Oll~Ai ~~~ zOl1 "6l~l(!-~ i~ -B-~ ~~~
izt: 5:."6d~.Q.£ z~ <:>itt! ¥l7410il ~t:Al A~Zfi>n *Al-et.
=r 1t,c: zrUWyq.ll~.£. Iii =1, arg(i) = 2olE...£.
 1"0. 1 ~±~ ~ 533

lizl = Izl, arg (iz) =arg z+ 2

0l~~ ~ iZ7} ~ z~ Jtl~ 2f=-~011Ai 1t/2~~ ~~Al~ ~

<fl ~ ~ifYt1-. ~, *~~~ ili~ ~t1-~ ~~

~iI ~.!ilIOIIAi ~ ~~ t:I~~t1.

~ ~Jl} ~ 7}Al ~ ~ <iJ 1-1 ct.

I~lil 81 *~IiJt?1AJOnAi ~ z~, ~lE~ A}ol9-1 Zf~· 01%

~cs-}~ ~~ y=xOll ~cs-}o=l ~~~ 1l~ iz~~ ~~cs-}

A1.2-.
I~lil 91*~.:r z~ ~~ ~,t~ r, JflZf~O~ ~ II11;qg *
~.:r9l ~ql~,t~ JflZf~ Tt>}A1.2-. 1(!-, O<O<n£ ~y

q.
(1) z+l (2) r+z (3) r ~ z (4) r­ z
z r+z

~ £. ¥-O~_t:ls.~ *~l!I- .±~~ n X·Uif-2­

Z ~ 001 or\:! *±~, n ~ 0J:9-l AJ 4-2.1- ~ tIll,
Iznl == Izi n, arg (zn) =n arg z

~~ °1°1 .!!0t.g. l:J}<iJt-lq. rtl-2.1- Ai z~ ~i8~ ~ Z=

r(cos O+i sin 0)£ i>}'E, zn ~
zn==r n (cos nO+i sin nO) CD
£ Y-E}\tt-lt:f. °1 ~~ ~ %~ n=O~ U11.£ ~.Q..t9, EE
z-n=lOlE..£
zn
Iz -n I =-.-:-.
1 = IZ I-n
Izln
arg (z-n) == -arg (zn) == -n arg z
 zn = r n (cos nO+ i sin nO)
~ cS1 r = Iz I = 1~ tIll ~ A~ zti>1-ll1
(cos8+isin8)n = cosn8+isinn8
o1 .:g-~ ~ .£. JiLO~!:!. C!.2I ~~ 01 Cl- ~y tt.
q. g 011 ~ .5fl ~ Al-{l ~ 01 %"5~ Ai c< ~ 0 01 °t\:i zr~ ~

e<~ ~~~ ~ e<=r(cos 8+i sin 8)Cl- i>}Jl, EE

z = p(cos lp +i sin lp)
.£ cS1- tB ( =z. ~ ~ tr Ar p, cp~ ztzt .£., }I} 01.£ ~i -;; y q )
®~
pn(cos ncp + i sin nlp) = r(cos 8 + i sin 8) @
~ ~ol ~yq.pn=r,nlp=801ll1 @~ tfr~i>l-E-.£

nr(
v r cos n SIn n
8+008) Z

~ e<~ i>}Y-.91 nA~ltf-2-°1 ~yq. (~~ ~71Ai;fY ~ <?J

~ r.91 0J~ nA~l ~-2- g Y-El-'l1ll-1 r:t.) =z. ~1 y- @~ ~ ~

°13!1i!°1 °t~t..1q . .2ll4i>}l?1, Jlizt~ 2n~ Aa~BRTtl-~

~ ~to17t ~J~s:. £171 tIlltr<f]yq. =z.~1!:!-.£@01 A~lJ
"6}71 ~"5~ Ai ~
pn=r, nlp=8+2kn (k~ Aa~)

et~ 3!°1 ~.fL~~3:{i~qr:t. ttl-Cl-Ai

Z
k
= ;fY(cos O+2kn
n +i sin· O+2kn )
n
Cl- ~.2-ll1 zk(k=O, ±1, ±2, ·.. )7}®~ -2-~ ~~~17} ~

qq.. l{!, k 7r £.e Aa4-~ %~~ II11, Zk 7} £¥ q~ ~

~ 0t'rlt..1q. {lA~l.£

O+2kn ~ O+2k'n .9t~ ~t 2(k-k')n

n n n
7r 2n~ Aa ~BH~ II11 ~ (EE .:I tIll 011 ~"5~ Ai) Zk9t Zk'~ {f
o}7.17] tI11~~qq. 2(k~k'hr. 7} 21t9.] 1:i'Tllfl7} :@q
 10. 1 ~±~ ~ 535

°l~~ ~9-1 ~=- ~J!} ~*l~r:t~ ~~ ~ 4- ~~yt:1-.

T~~l ~ ~£ w-i>}tB, ;<a ~ k ~ n..Q..~ Y.T~~ tI119.1 Y.~

Al ~ koolet i>}Ti!, ko~ 0,1,2, ... , n-1 ~ i>}y.oltJ:l, Zk~

ZkOJ!} ~*l~Yt:1-.
°lAJ~~ t:1-g Aa~7t ~l:f3£l~~l.1r:t.

001 orB *5::~ a=r(cos 8+i sin 8)9.1 nA~ltft

~, *5::~9.1 ~ ~ Cj~l ~ n7R .eAR i>}tJ:l, .:L~ ~ ~

Zk =
nr-::-(
V r cos
8+2kn
n
+. . 8-+2kn)
. l sIn n

(k=O, 1,2, ..., n-l)

cos - - +.l SID

2kn . -2kn
­
n n
(k=O, 1,2, ..., n-l)

~ 7-fl 011 Ai 19-1 n~l ~t- ~, ~"61

2n +. Z.SIn­
cos- . 2n
n n
~ w(.2..P117})£M71~ ~q1i1
2kn
w k = cos - - +..
Z SIn ­
2kn
n n
7} £lE..~, 19.1 n7TI9-1 nA~l~t-~ 1, w, ai, ..., w n - 1£ y.El­
~ ~ ~~1.1t:1-. *~3Ia1i1AJOllAi °1 ~ ~ ~ tl-~~9-1 ~
yAJOll ~.:iL,~Zfol 2n
n
~ ~7}(5~ ~1.1t:1-. ~, 01~ ~~
.
tl-~~9.1 ~~AJ~ ~ loflAi ~~i>}~ n~~i>}~ ~~~.
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[9~ 0471 Al ~~ ~At W~

: y.~ MJL ~A11fr, ~~
::I ~K ~ .n ~ ~J:0l1 tI1-4 \!l ~y -ct.]

@I) n=3 0 1~ ~y t:1-. °1 ~

2n ~ 1 + vI3i
OJ = cos T + Z.,SIn 32n = 2
o l.:v.., 19.1 A~l A~l.g-t ~ 1, OJ, OJ2 ..Q..~ ~~ ~ 1-1 q. °1 ~ ~ ~
°lu1 ~13AJ 1391Iil01 A1 ~~l 22~lAi Ji!.'~~l.1-ct.

EE n=8 014 ~Alq, 01~1

(J) = cos 821t +'t SIn
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a, b, C %-0l1 0°1 ~~ ~ U11 011 ~ l:JJ-:Aa ~ ®ell ~A~l y. ~ 9}
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Zl-011 Ai 9.l ~ {i ~l:JJ-:Aa~ ~ ®~.£ ~~ ~ q.Jl ~ 4- ~~

~yq. °1~~ UR7R~~~ At%"6}Al ~~ ~El~<flyq.

UR7R~4-~ At%"6}~ t§El19.l- if"6}c:il, ~ellAi ~~ ~~

qAl ~ l8 :Aa C1 c5R li!.~J ~y q.

~~otIA-I.2I ~t1.21 W~~

~
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E1.£ "6}~ ~ {i ~ l:JJ-:Aa ~ ~

 x == Xo+ at

[D] P~
I y == Yo+ ht
z ==
7R ~ ~~ A}-§-i>}Al
Zo+ ct
~.c i§ Ell oll A~.c

x - Xo _ y - Yo _ z - zo
a --h---c~

I~Ai1191 11 (1, 2, -3)~ Alt+JI, qg ~E~~ BJi>J~E~£.

o}~ ~~~ BJ<Aa~ ~ (UR7~~~~ Al-%ol-Al ?z}-~ ~~£.)

MAl-2-.
(1) ( - 2, 1, 3) (2) (1, 2, - 3) (3) (2, -5, -4)
(4) (1, -1,0) (5) (0, 2, - 5) (6) (2, 0, 0)

I~Xi1201 11 (2, -4, 3)g ~lt+Jl, qg ~{i~llfJi>~<il ~~

~ BJAa~ ~ To}Al..Q...
(1) x-2 = y-3 = 4-z
3 6
(2) x == 2t, y = -5t, Z = 1-3t
I~Xi1211 -T- ~~ I, mol qg BJAa~-2..£ ?o-l~qJI Wyq.

I: x+3 _ y _ 3-z
-2--3--6­
x _ 2y-9 _ z+6
m: 2--6-----=-6

0l~ Al-~AJ l=m~ g ~~o}Al2...

[~.2.I : .:g-nol1 Ai QJ ~ {i ~ =z. ~.Q.1 .~ (xo, Yo, zo) ~ ~

~ BJ-~oll ute}, ~~ ~~ol ~li!.71ol'1 r:}~ -¥-~-ol fJ-~

BJ<Aa~~.£ y.E}\fYr:}. .:Ic1E-£ 7J.!i!.711i!-~£ "q~
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~ ~
[2J f- ~ A(a), B(b)~ A1Y--c- ~~
01 ~~~ Ie} ifL-lq. °l~~ ~ A(a))~ Aly.-lL,
~~~
AB = b- a~ l:JJ-i>J=~E~.£. "6}~ ~{i~yq. Ul-c}Ai J

~E~BJ-Aa~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
p= a+t(b-a)

~ ~ ~
p= (l-t)a+tb

~ ~ -?
P = sa + t b, s +t = 1
£ ~ ~s:. ~J~yq.
T~~l ~..2...£. ~lE ~ M~ Ai BJ-Aa ~ g ~ol ~ 4=- s:. ~J ~
yq. ~, ~ A, B~ ~lE~ ZfZf (xo, yo, zo), (Xl, Yl, Zl)
£ "6}T?!,
~

AB = (Xl -Xo, Yl -Yo, Zl -zo)

01 O.£. ~ {i AB ~ BJ- Aa ~ ~

X-Xo = Y-Yo Z-Zo

Xl - XO YI - Yo . Zl - Zo

01 !§yq.
%~, ~l ~ ~ 01 Xl =1= Xo, Yl =1= yo, Zl =Zo~ ~, 01 ~ ~
X-Xo = Y- Yo Z = Zo
Xl - Xo YI - yo '

(1) (1, -2,3), (4, -5,6) (2) (-2,0,3), (4,5,2)

(3) (3,-2,4),(5,-2,3) (4) (2,-3,-4),(2,6,-4)
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[3J ~ ~% All.-f.Jl, f- ~ E~ 011 4=-~ ~ ~ {i

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~
2, 1), q = (- 3, 2, 3) 011 4- ~ Cj ~ ~ ~ BJ<AJ ~ ~ T-or
A1.2...
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~
-Or
1?1, tt- ~11 ~ Jl ~a ell 1I}e}
~ ~ ~ ~
p. d = 0, q. d = 0

a+2b+c= 0
{
-3a+2b+3c = 0
01<:>1°~1il- ~yq. 01 ~~l:lJ-AJ~ellAl b, c~ a~ y.Et
~li1,

a:b:c=2:-3:4
ntetAl -=r--cr ~ l:lJ-AJ ~ ~
~ {i ~

x-I lL=1-z+1
-.2-= -3 =-4­

~~
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~

Jl -orli1, oJA} ~ ~=- ~011£ 4-~Cj ~E~ d (#0)7}, 0

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~~
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(1) (2, 4, 3), (1, - 1, 6) (2) (1, 1, - 1), ( - 2, - 1, 3)

I~Xil241 ~ 1fr~ E..~ -; = (Ph Pz, P3), q = (qh qz, q3) ~ ~:Q
LJ~ ~ lIJ -5J 01 01- 'd -T- l:!l1 E~ et Jl ~ n:~, ~ E~

(P2 q3- P3 q2' P3 qi - PI q3' PI q2 - P2 ql)

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~n011Ai 118<5J 01 o}\:i T- ~~~ ~1fr~~..£ "N-~ ~

~l "011 ~ ~ .llL~ ~ ~Al ~~y q. 01 ~ 01

-=r~~ Y- lfrY-~

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1frY-~Al e>it£lAl ~ ~0}.!i!.~Tt! ~~711 A~Zf"6}~ 3101 ~

~ 71}.a? q g ~l ~17l- -=r l:lJ-~ ~ .!i!. cit wti 4.

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~IE ~ T"6r A l.2...

. x-5 _ y-2 _ z+3
I. -2- - -2- -----=-r­
. x _ y+5 _ z+6
m· - -- - · . -­
3 5 4
x-5 y-2 z+3
-2- = -2- = = s ----=-r-
~ = y+5 = z+6 = t
354

x = 5+2s x = 3t
I:

£ y-E}~ ~ ~l~yq.
I y = 2+2s
z = -3-s

-T-
m:

~{i
I y = -5+5t
z = -6+4t
1, mol ~\:!q~ ~ ~

A~l 7~ 91 ~-6l
5+2s = 3t CD
2+2s = -5+5t ®
1 -3-s = -6+4t ®
~ %A1011 ~~A171~ ~4-s,t7l-.e~R~q~ 31J?1-%
~l <iJ yq.
J ~, ~ 91 CD, ®~ s, t~l ~t>R Ai ~~

s = -1, t =1
 q.
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3, 0, -27} ~ u ~ JR11 ~ Sl-li ~ (3, 0, -2) <fJ y ti-.

.If..~ T"5}Al-2...
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(1) I. -2- - -2- - ----=T

m . x +1 = y + 7 = z +'4
.. 4 5 3
2~ y = z
(2) I: x
53 =
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m. -3- - -2 ----=-2

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1i1; AJ.=g-ell Ai .!i!. or !f- s:.~7t Ac3 ~"51 j]l~r"51-~ Al ~ 1:3} ~

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E..~ JR~t~y t:l-.

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w-y t:l-.

I: x-l==y-2==z

m: x-2 == y+5
2 == 3-z
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~{1i!} I, mi!}~ .iiI~~ ~3I~ .:r--o}Al.2...
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ZfZf
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B(2+t, -5+2t, 3-t)

.£. Y- E1- 'iJ 4-7} ~ ~ Y t:}. -=r c~ 1?1

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-7 -s+2t, 3 -s--t)
~
01 ~E~ AB7} I, m~ BJ-t>J:~E1 (1,1,1), (1,2, ---1)

~ °J=~011 4-~ 01 5:1 E-£ s, t~ ~k g AJ -o}li1 Jfl 11 q.

~
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(1 - s + t) ·1 + (-7 - s + 2 t) ·1 + (3 - s - t) ·1
:=: -3-3s+2t
(1-s+ t)·1 + (-7 -s+2t) ·2+ (3-s-1)· (-1)
:=: 2( --8--s+3t)

-3 -3s+2t = 0
{
-8-s+3t= 0

s = 1, t=3
u:t~Ai
~
A (2, 3, 1), B (5, 1, 0), AB = (3, - 2, - 1)

x-2 ~ z-l
-3-= -2 =----=r
°lAJ~.£ ..e..T~ ~ g 5!.¥ .:r-~~yt:}.

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Ai 61.iiI"5}.£~ A, B~ 4IE~ Ad "5}Al..2-. Ef., ~11 AB~ l:lJ­

AJ ~ g T"5}Al..2...
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(l) I: X =3 = z
m: x+6=7-y=z
(2) I: x 21 = y r
1 = z- 9

11-2 14-z
m: x - 2 = 4 = - 2 ­

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B~ m~9.J ~oloJ, -6J~ AB~ 101y. m~ ~.iiL~et.li W
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AB~PQ
~ ~ ~
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~ . ~~ ~

Q(q)£ i>}.li, I, m9.J lolJ-~J=~E.~~ d, e£ WYg.. 01tI\l p,

~
q~ ~ ~ ~ 'T- s, toJ1 9.J i>}e:j
~~~~~~

p =a +sd, q =b +te
~~~~ ~~
£ y.E.}y..li, = (b -a )+(te +sd )7} !{jYg.. .=1.i!.j
q -p
~ ~ 7~ ~
i>}e:j b -a 7} a, e oJ1 'T-~ 01 '*~ 5! ~ 01 %i>}e:j PQ = Iq
~ ~ ~
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~ ii~2.I ~~~
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q.
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~<loJIA-l~ ~ ~ Po(Po)i!-}07} o}\:! i>}L}91 ~E-l n

~
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~ -=z.if3 ~ °l~ ~ .!i!.<:x:J ~yq.

y
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~ ~ ~
PoP = P -Pool n oJl 4=--31 °1 E...£.
~ ~ ~
~

x n . (p -Po) = 0 CD
01 ~yq. 01~01lT8li1 O(9.1It11E~~~~~yq.
qAT ~A-l9} p}%7}Al£
 ~ - ~ ~

P = (x, y, z), Po= (Xo, Yo, Zo), n = (a, b, c)

.£ ~.Q..li1
~ ~ ~
n .(p -Po) = a(x-xo)+b(y-yo)+c(z-zo)
°1E...£ CD~ q-g ~ ~/01 ~yq.

a(x-xo) +b(y-yo) +c(z-zo) =0 ®

~

~E1 n =(a, b, c)'c- 01 318~~ ~~ItiIE~et ~tgyq-.

~ ~

n #0 °1E-.£ a, b, c ~ ~D-1£ i>}y-'c- 001 o}\iYl:f.

{:l Po(Xo, yo, zo)gAly.Jl, t=(a, b, c)~ 1i:J~

~ E1 £ i>} 'c- 3IJ li1 ~ l:3d- AJ ~ ~

a(x - xo) +b(y - YO) +c (z - Zo) =0

@011 Ai d= -axo-byo-czo2...£. ~2...~, 01~~

ax+by+cz+d=O @
01 c}'c- x, y, z011 yq-.
~~ ~~}l:3d-AJ ~ 01 ~
~
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~ -=-1_ l..-
~Orl:::.""
(
x, y, z ) 01 -1- ~1- 0 (
~ ~ 0 2 Xo,
0 ;::r
Yo, Zo ) _.;r.. -=-1 rH
0r'l:! n:l1 e2
--.......,

~ 01 a # 001li1, Xo = _.iL,
a
Yo = 0, Zo = O.Q..£ i>}li1 ~ y q.
d= -axo-bYo-czoo1 £lD-1,@~
a(x -Xo) +b(y - Yo) +c(z -zo) =0
~£ Jl~ ~ 4- ~~y q . .=Ic1 E-£. 01 ~ ~ 78 (Xo, Yo, Zo)
~
g Al Y- Jl, n~ ~ ~ lJJ1 E1 £ i>} 'c- 3IJ tB. g y-E}~ y q.

~011Ai ~~ 3!~ 71~~~ A}t>J<flyq. ~ 3IJ~AJ-011

Ai "x, y011 ~~ ~~}l:3d-AJ~ ~ §. ~ ~"ol ~1J 3!~ ~

01, -:g-zt011 ~JD-1Ai 'c- "x, y, z011 ~~ ~~l-l:3d-AJ~ ~ §. 3IJ

1I1"01 ~yq. 7J-~i>}71 ~t>~ ~*t>~Ai zt~Dl .!2..~)~y

~~otIAi21 ~~2I tM~~

-:g-Zl-011Ai ~~}l:3d-AJ ~

aX+by+cz=O
 ~ {i g .5f1 <5~ 7}A1 ~l ~ ~~} {iy t1-.
~
~
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FaD T-o}~ :sIali1~ l:3J-:Aa~ ~
3(x-2)+( -I)(y-3)+( -2)(z-4) = 0
:Aa i1-o}~
3x-y-2z+5 = 0

@D t1- g 9.l 1f- 3!a li1 °1 °1 ~ ~ ·zt f)~ 2A}~g -=r--o}Al..2...

x+2y-2z-8 = 0, 3x+4z+2 = 0

FaD 01 2At~~ ~{i~E1

~ ~
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7} 01if-~ Zf~ 5lAt~~yq. u:l-etAl

[y~ 01 2A}~ ~K ~ g 01 ~ y q.
: rfr~O.£Al

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~Yt1-.J
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A(6'IO, 0), B(3, -2, 0), C(I, 2, 4)
FaD -=r--o} ~ :sIJli1 ~ l:3J-:Aa ~ g
ax+by+cz+d = 0
~.£.. \="{iYt1-. °l1:JJ-Aa~~l A,B,C9.l ;t}lE~ t11~-ot

~,

6a +d = 0
3a-2b +d = 0
{
a+2b+4c+d = 0
01 A~l ~~lAl a, b, c~ d.£.. Y-E}l..R~,

d d d

a= --6' b=4' c=-3

 d d d
-6 x +TY-T z + d =0
a, b, c7f- ~e>-ls:. -o}y-~ 001 O}YE...£ d~ 001 o}~y

q. =rC1-o}~ ~9.1 ~g dS!:- Lf-l=-Jl -121:l~ -O}tB.

2x -3y+4z-12=0
°1 ~ 01 -r-O} ~ 3iJ tB. 9.1 ~J-:~j 61 ~ Yq.
Ell T-ot~ IiJli'!.Qj t{j~~E~~ r':=(a, b, de} -otli'!
~
n~
--7 --7
AB = ( - 3, - 2, 0), AC = ( - 5, 2, 4)
~ °d=~~l ~6l ~ ~ q. Ul-c}Ai

-3a-2b == 0

{
-5a+2b+4c = 0
01 T ~ g 1fr~-o}~ ('£'-T- O~ o}yq) a, b, c~ ~ ~J­

~ -r-o}li1

a=2, b= -3, c=4

~ ~ ~y q. -=:Lc1 E...£ 01 3iJ tB. ~ A(6, 0, 0) g A1 Y- Jl
~ .
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2(x-6) -3y+4z = 0
. ~ 2x-3y+4z-12=Ool ~yq.

@D ~(2, -2,1) g. A1Y--1L ~E1 (1, 3, ~4)<>11 ~c5J~ ~

~ J!}, lf8 tB.

2x+2y+z=9
9t9.1 jiI~ p~ ~lE~ -r-o}Al-2...
III ~ ~ 9.1 ~J<~j 61 ~, t~ u~ 7~ ~ .y S!:- -o}O:1
X = 2+t
y = -2+3t
{
z = 1-4t
.£ Y-E}\tyq. °1 x, y, z<>11 Ai 3iJtB.9.1 l:iJ-;~J~ g 1fr~
i>}~ ~ 01 .ill.11 P9.1 ~lE ~ y q. CD g 3iJ tB. 9-l l:iJ-:AJ ~ 011

2(2+t) +2( -2+3t) + (1-4t) = 9

 °l~o1lAi t~ Ti>}li! t= 2. rq-c}Ai,

x = 4, y = 4, Z = -7

.=LclE..~ .llI~ P9.l ~1I~ (4,4, -7)<f]Yt1-.

@D f 3Jali! x-2y-2z=2, 2x+3y-z=69.l .llI.~~

l:3J-Ac3~ g Ti>}Al~. EE, JiL~9.l l:3J-"6J:~El ~ Ti>}Al~.

lID ~ (x, y, Z)7r ~ 3JJt?19.l JiL~Ad-~l ~Jq~ 5l ~

x, y, Z7} ~ ~ l:3J-Aj ~
x-2y-2z = 2 CD
2x+3y-z = 6 ®
g Ttl-~A171 ~ ~ ~ %~l <f] y q.
tr}c}Ai 01 ~ i?J l:3J-Ac3 ~ g x, yOll ~i>~ Ai ~ Jl, x, y~
Z.£ y.E}~ ~ *A1 q . .=Lc171 ~ i>l-~

CDx3+®x2~ Ttl-~~

7x -8z= 18 .::I.2.~E..£ x = \8 +~ z

7y+3z = 2 .=:Lcl E...£. y = T2 -T

3 z

rq-c}Ai z = t ~ u~ 7~ ~ ~£ ~Aj i>}li!

18 8 2 3

x=T+T t , y=T-Tt, z=t

°1~01 T-i>r~ ~~9.l u117~~4=-lfAl<f]Yt1-.

( ~7' _.1.7' 1) kt:~ (8 -3 7)

J-l...- , ,

~ 9-~{1yq.

[~9.l: 01 ~19.l .llI.~9.ll:3J-Aj~~, ~l~ ~li!

x+2 _~_ z+4

8 - -3 - 7
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~A1~.J

I~xil281 q. g 3!a l?1 ~ l:JJ-:~a ~ ~ Ti>}Al-2..

(1) ~ (-3, 1, 2)~ Al4-JI, ~E~ (2, 4, -5)0l1 ~~~ 3!Jl?1
 11. 3 ~~. ~.~ . =r2.1 ~~~ 585

(2) ~ (5, 3, 4)~ Al y.JI, yz 3!a tB ~1 3!a <5~ <:j 3!a T?!
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(5) ~ g A1Y-.Jl, !f- 3!arB x -y+z=O, 2x

(2, -1, -3)

+3y-z=4~ cJ=~~l ~~<:j 3!atB

(6) .!fl ~ J!} ~ (1, 0, - 1), (0, 2, 3) g A1 y. ~ 3!a tB

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