Editorial Consolidation (February) 2023

Monthly
Editorial Consolidation
01st February to 28th February 2023

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Content
z India’s Millet Revolution.......................................................................................................................................... 3
z India and Sino-Russian Alliance .............................................................................................................................. 5
z Water Conflict between India & Pakistan............................................................................................................... 7
z India’s Solar Power Dream...................................................................................................................................... 9
z Transparency in the Criminal Justice Administration............................................................................................ 10
z India’s Energy Transition Strategy......................................................................................................................... 12
z Revamping Rural Areas......................................................................................................................................... 14
z India’s Infrastructure Push.................................................................................................................................... 15
z Financial Inclusion and Women Business Correspondents................................................................................... 18
z Exploring India-France’s Partnership..................................................................................................................... 20
z AI and Gender Equality.......................................................................................................................................... 22
z Expanding Exports with E-commerce.................................................................................................................... 24
z Fostering Defence Export Ecosystem.................................................................................................................... 26
z Shaping Disabled-Friendly Digital Ecosystem........................................................................................................ 27
z Revitalising the Oilseeds Sector............................................................................................................................. 29
z Push for Sustainable Clothing................................................................................................................................ 31
z Rise of Agri-tech in India........................................................................................................................................ 32
z Boosting India’s Tax Base...................................................................................................................................... 34
z Creating Safe Workplace for Women.................................................................................................................... 35
z Safeguarding the Fintech Sector........................................................................................................................... 37
z Making India a Biodiversity Champion.................................................................................................................. 38
z Countering the Menace of Smuggling................................................................................................................... 40
z Rising up to Cyber Security Challenges.................................................................................................................. 42
z Addressing the Issue of Water Scarcity................................................................................................................. 44
Drishti Mains Questions.................................................................................................................................46–47
w w w. d r i s h ti IA S. c om EDITORIAL CONSOLIDATION FEBRUARY 2023 3
India’s Millet Revolution What is Millet?
¾ About:
This editorial is based on “Tasks for India’s millet
It is a collective term referring to a number of
revolution” which was published in The Hindu on
small-seeded annual grasses that are cultivated
31/01/2023. It discusses the barriers in millet
as grain crops, primarily on marginal lands in dry
consumption in India.
areas in temperate, subtropical and tropical
regions.
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper - 3, Agricultural Resources, Food
Security, Important International Institutions Some of the common millets available in India
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United are Ragi (Finger millet), Jowar (Sorghum), Sama
(Little millet), Bajra (Pearl millet), and Variga
Nations (FAO) has declared 2023 as the International
(Proso millet).
Year of Millets. Millets have special nutritive properties
z The earliest evidence for these grains has been
(they are high in protein, dietary fibre, micronutrients
and antioxidants) and special agronomic characteristics found in Indus civilization and was one of the
(drought-resistant and suitable for semi-arid regions). first plants domesticated for food.
It is grown in about 131 countries and is the
Two groups of millets are grown in India. Major
traditional food for around 60 crore people in
millets include sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet,
Asia & Africa.
while minor millets include foxtail, little millet, kodo,
India is the largest producer of millet in the world.
proso, and barnyard millet.
z It accounts for 20% of global production and
India’s Millet Revolution is driven by growing
80% of Asia’s production.
awareness of the health and environmental benefits
of millets, as well as efforts to revive traditional ¾ Global Distribution:
agricultural practices and support small-scale farmers. India, Nigeria and China are the largest producers
It is seen as a solution to the country’s dual challenges of millets in the world, accounting for more than
of improving public health and promoting sustainable 55% of the global production.
agriculture. For many years, India was a major producer
of millets. However, in recent years, millet
Why are Millets production has increased dramatically in Africa.
Considered Important ‘Nutri-Cereals’?
What are the Constraints to
¾ Climate Resilient Staple Food Crops:
Increased Millet Cultivation and Consumption?
Millets are drought-resistant, require less water and
¾ Decline in the Area Under Millet Cultivation:
can grow in poor soil conditions. This makes them
a suitable food crop for areas with unpredictable Milletswere earlier cultivated in an area of 35
weather patterns and water scarcity. million hectares of land. But it is now being grown
in only 15 million hectares.
¾ Rich in nutrients:
The reasons for a shift in land use include low
Millets are a good source of fiber, protein, vitamins,
yields, time-consuming and laborious tasks in
and minerals.
the processing of millets which are undertaken
¾ Gluten-free:
by women.
Millets are naturally gluten-free, making them z Additionally, very little was marketed, and a
suitable for people with celiac disease or gluten tiny share of grain was processed into value-
intolerance. added products.
¾ Adaptable: z In 2019-20, the total offtake of cereals through
Millets can be grown in a variety of soils and the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the
climates, making them a versatile crop option Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
for farmers. and also school meals was around 54 million
¾ Sustainable: tonnes.
Millets are often grown using traditional farming z If about 20% of rice and wheat were to be
methods, which are more sustainable and replaced by millet, the state would have to
environmentally friendly than modern, industrial procure 10.8 million tonnes of millet.
farming practices. ¾ Low Productivity of Millets:
4 EDITORIAL CONSOLIDATION FEBRUARY 2023 www.d rish t i I A S . c o m
Over the last decade, the

production of sorghum
(jowar) has fallen, the
production of pearl millet
(bajra) has stagnated, and
the production of other
millets, including finger
millet (ragi), has stagnated
or declined.
¾ Lack of Awareness:
Many people in India are
not aware of the health
benefits of millets, leading
to low demand.
¾ High Cost:
Millets are often priced
higher than traditional
cereals, making them less
accessible to low-income
consumers.
¾ Limited Availability:
Millets are not widely
available in traditional
and modern (e-commerce)
retail markets, making it
difficult for consumers to
purchase them.
¾ Perceived Taste:
Some people believe that
millets have a bland or
unpleasant taste, which
discourages them from
consuming them.
¾ Agricultural Challenges:
The cultivation of millets is
often associated with low
yields and low profitability,
which can discourage
farmers from growing them.
¾ Competition from Rice and
Wheat:
Rice and wheat are staple
foods in India and are widely
available, making it difficult
for millets to compete in
the market.
¾ Lack of Government Support:
India has not provided
enough support to
promote the cultivation
and consumption of millets,
which has limited their
growth.
What are the Related Initiatives taken by the Government? India and
¾ National Millets Mission (NMM): NMM was
Sino-Russian Alliance
launched in 2007 to promote the production and
consumption of millets. This editorial is based on “A new Sino-Russian alliance:
¾ Price Support Scheme (PSS): Provides financial What are its implications for India?” which was published
assistance to farmers for the cultivation of millets. in Indian Express on 01/02/2023. It discusses the
¾ Development of Value-Added Products: Encourages challenges with the rising cooperation between China
the production of value-added millet-based products and Russia and its implication on India.
to increase the demand and consumption of millets.
Tag: International Relations, GS Paper-2, India and its
¾ Promoting Millets in PDS: The government has
Neighbourhood, Bilateral Groupings & Agreements, Groupings
introduced millets in the Public Distribution System & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests,
to make it accessible and affordable to the masses. Effect of Policies & Politics of Countries on India’s Interests
¾ Promotion of Organic Farming: The government is Russia and China have had a strong strategic
promoting organic farming of millets to increase partnership for many years, dating back to the days of
the production and consumption of organic millets. the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China.
This partnership has been based on mutual interests,
What should be the Way Forward? including economic and political cooperation, as well as
¾ Adequate Public Support: a shared view on international issues. Despite some ups
Small farmers in hilly regions and dryland plains and downs, the relationship between Russia and China
who are among the poorest households in rural has remained solid, with both countries working together
India will cultivate millets only if it gives them on a variety of projects and initiatives.
good returns. However, in February 2022, Russian President
Adequate public support can make millet cultivation Vladimir Putin took steps to further strengthen this
profitable, ensure supply for the PDS, and, ultimately, partnership, solidifying Russia and China’s role as major
provide nutritional benefits to a wide section of global players and signaling a new era of cooperation
the population. between the two nations.
¾ Awareness and Education:
The triangular dynamic between the US, Russia and
Lack of awareness about millets and their health
China has long been the principal factor shaping
benefits can be addressed through education independent India’s geopolitics. The unveiling of a new
and promotion.
Sino-Russian alliance last year, the Russian aggression
¾ Availability and Accessibility: towards Ukraine, and the deepening confrontation
Improving the availability of millets in markets between the West and Russia and China are compelling
and making them more accessible to consumers India to recalibrate its international relations.
can encourage consumption.
¾ Affordability: What are the Global
Millets are often more expensive than other staple Implications of the China-Russia Alliance?
grains, making them less accessible to low-income
¾ Western Unity under US leadership:
consumers. Addressing affordability through
government subsidies or market interventions Instead of ending the US dominance in the world,
can increase consumption. Russia and China alliance have caused the US and
¾ Changing Perception: Western countries to become more united and
The perception of millets as a poor man’s food needs
led by the US.
to be changed through marketing and promotion. The invasion of Ukraine also allowed the US to
¾ Processing and Value-added Products: pressure both Russia and China.

Improving processing techniques and increasing the z In Europe, Russian invasion of Ukraine has
availability of value-added millet-based products helped the US galvanise and expand North
can make them more appealing to consumers. Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
¾ Collaboration: z The Russian invasion has also triggered the
Collaboration between farmers, processors, fear of Chinese territorial expansionism in Asia.

and marketers can help increase the supply and This has led to the strengthening of US bilateral
demand of millets. alliances with Australia and Japan.
nnn ¾ Rise of Reluctant and Pacifist Powers:
The China-Russian alliance and the Ukraine war ¾ Diplomatic:

have seen two reluctant and pacifist powers India may have to navigate a more complex
(Germany and Japan) join the battle against diplomatic landscape as a result of the alliance,
Russia and China. particularly in international forums such as the
z Japan and Germany happen to be the world’s United Nations, where China and Russia wield
third and fourth largest economies and their significant influence.
mobilisation significantly alters the so-called z For Example: The China-Russia alliance may
“correlation of forces” between the West and result in both countries working together to
the Russia-China axis. block certain initiatives supported by India in
z Both Germany and Japan are now committed international forums such as the United Nations.
to raising their defence spending to cope with
the security challenges from Russia and China. What should be the Way Forward?
¾ US Alliances in Europe and Asia: ¾ Pursuing a Multi-Aligned Foreign Policy:
The desire of Russia and China to dominate Eurasia India should engage in dialogue with both China
through an alliance has failed, as the United States and Russia to address areas of mutual concern
is doing something similar to strengthen its alliances and manage any potential conflicts.
and partnerships in Europe and Asia. India should strengthen its partnerships with
z During the NATO summit in June 2022, America’s other countries, particularly in the Indo-Pacific
Asian allies participated for the first time, and region, to counterbalance the growing influence
NATO has pledged to take an active role in of China and Russia.
shaping Indo-Pacific power balances. z India has also been seeking to deepen its
economic ties with countries in the region and
In what ways does beyond, to promote its economic growth and
the China-Russia Alliance affect India? development.
¾ Geopolitical: Through these efforts, India can safeguard its
The alliance between China and Russia can shift the national interests and maintain a stable regional
balance of power in the region, potentially limiting and global order.
India’s influence and heightening competition for India can also seek to strengthen its own military
regional dominance. capabilities and alliances with other countries,
z For Example: The China-Russia alliance may result particularly in the Indo-Pacific region.
in both countries backing a particular position in ¾ Leveraging its Position as Growing Economy:
the United Nations Security Council, making it India’s growing economy and large market size can
harder for India to get its own position passed. be leveraged as a strategic asset to promote its
¾ Economic: interests in regional and global forums, particularly
India could face increased economic competition in the context of the rising China-Russia alliance.
from China and Russia, particularly in areas such India’s status as a rapidly growing economy and
as energy, natural resources, and trade. a large market can provide it with significant
z For Example: The alliance between China and bargaining power in trade negotiations and other
Russia could result in increased economic economic forums.
cooperation, including joint ventures and trade India can use this bargaining power to promote
deals that could make it more difficult for Indian its economic interests and to secure access to
businesses to compete in certain markets. resources and markets.
¾ Military: By leveraging its economic growth, India can also
The alliance could result in increased military increase its political influence in regional and global
cooperation between China and Russia, potentially forums, thereby helping to counterbalance the
leading to a strengthening of their military rising China-Russia alliance.
capabilities and a threat to Indian security. ¾ Leveraging its position as Soft Power:
z The strengthening of ties between China and India can use its soft power, such as cultural
Russia can lead to increased cooperation in heritage, democracy, and reputation as a peace-
military and technological spheres, potentially loving nation, to attract international support and
creating challenges for India’s military capabilities. build alliances.
This can help India enhance its standing and ¾ The treaty sets out a mechanism for cooperation
influence on the global stage, particularly in the and information exchange between the two sides
context of the China-Russia alliance. on the use of the water of the Indus River and its five
By leveraging its soft power, India can project a tributaries Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum, and Chenab.
positive image and create a favorable perception
among other nations, making it easier to forge
partnerships and alliances.
nnn
Water Conflict
between India & Pakistan
This editorial is based on “On the Indus Water Treaty:
Hedging and entrenched attitudes from India and
Pakistan are a reminder that technical agreements are
only a partial solution” which was published in Indian
Express on 31/01/2023. It discusses the issue of the Indus Why does the Treaty Need to be Amended?
Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan. ¾ Environmental Factors:
There have been significant changes since the
Tag: International Relations, GS Paper-2, India and its Treaty came into being in 1960, and it needs to
Neighbourhood, Effect of Policies & Politics of Countries on India’s
be updated.
Interests
The impacts of climate change and the advancement
Recently, India announced the desire to modify the
in water storage and management technologies
62-year-old Indus Water Treaty (IWT) with Pakistan,
are cited as some of the most compelling reasons
citing what it called Pakistan’s unwillingness to find a
to renegotiate.
solution to disputes over the Kishenganga and Ratle
¾ Incapable of Adapting to New Technologies:
hydropower projects, both in Jammu and Kashmir. India
also protested Pakistan’s “unilateral” decision to approach Many of the technical criteria laid out in the treaty
a court of arbitration at The Hague in the Netherlands. no longer conform to the spirit of the treaty,
which was to foster cooperation between India
India called for modifications to the treaty as per
and Pakistan, and ensure optimum utilisation of
Article XII (3) of the IWT which specify that provisions
water resources in the Indus rivers basin.
of the treaty may from time to time be modified for any
The treaty is not equipped to cater for new
specific purpose between the two Governments. India
also boycotted the court process as the first hearing of techniques, technologies and studies in the
the Pakistani case began at the Permanent Court of building of hydropower projects, which increase
Arbitrage at The Hague. their life and efficiency but were not available at
the time the treaty was negotiated.
The decision to issue notice to Pakistan, with a
¾ Conflict Resolution:
request for a response within 90 days, is a major step
and could lead to the unravelling and renegotiation of Reforming the treaty to provide a mechanism for
the water sharing treaty. The treaty is often seen as a resolving disputes over water resources, including
rare example of India-Pakistan consensus, at a time when disputes between the two countries and disputes
the two countries have snapped trade and cultural between individual states within each country.
exchanges, and most bilateral talks. ¾ Transparency and Cooperation:
Reforming the treaty to promote greater
What is the Indus Water Treaty? transparency and cooperation between India
¾ India and Pakistan signed the IWT in 1960 after nine and Pakistan on water-related issues, including
years of negotiations, with the World Bank being a sharing of data and information.
signatory to the pact. ¾ Institutional Arrangements:
It has never been modified and is often cited as Reforming the treaty to enhance the institutional
one of the most successful international treaties arrangements for water management, including
in South Asia which has endured wars and tension strengthening the role of the Indus Waters
between India and Pakistan. Commission and other relevant institutions.
What can be the ¾ Diplomatic Relations:

Implications of the Indian move on the IWT? The two countries have had limited diplomatic
¾ Increase Tensions Between Two Countries: relations, with periodic attempts to improve
The IWT has been a source of stability between relations often ending in failure.
India and Pakistan, but if changes are made to India and Pakistan have had a long history of
the treaty it could increase tensions between political tensions and conflicts, including several
the two nations. wars, since their independence from British
rule in 1947.
z For example, if India were to build a dam that
reduces the water flow to Pakistan, it could lead ¾ Military Buildup:
to increased diplomatic tensions and potentially Both countries have a significant military presence
even military conflict. along their border, leading to tensions and the
potential for conflict.
¾ World Bank Factor:
The World Bank, as a mediator of the IWT, could
What should be the Way Forward?
find itself in a difficult position if the treaty is
¾ Need for Joint Management:
revised or renegotiated, potentially damaging its
role as an impartial mediator in water disputes. There is a need for cooperation and coordination
¾ Set a Precedent for China to take Similar Actions: between the countries to ensure equitable and
sustainable use of the shared water resources.
China is already indulging in water aggression
Joint management helps to prevent conflicts and
on two rivers (Sutlej and Indus) of Indus rivers
System, the Brahmaputra, and Mekong. promote cooperation by establishing a framework
for sharing the benefits and responsibilities of
If India were to take aggressive actions on the IWT,
water use, as well as for addressing any challenges
it could set a precedent for China to take similar
actions on other rivers, such as the Sutlej, Indus, that may arise.
Brahmaputra, and Mekong. ¾ Greater Flexibility in Utilisation of Waters:
z However, the outcome of such actions will depend There have been calls for greater flexibility in the
on the relative power dynamics between India utilization of waters under the IWT.
and China at the time. This could include allowing for the transfer of
¾ Factor of Western Power: water from one river basin to another, increased
There are the Western powers, who will also try
storage capacities, and the use of the waters for
to intervene in this matter, especially if they think non-consumptive purposes such as hydropower
it could lead to a Water War or worse between generation.
India and Pakistan. z However, any changes to the treaty would require
the agreement of both India and Pakistan.
What are the other
Challenges in India-Pakistan Relations? ¾ Adoption of Basin-Wise Approach in the Management:
¾ Cross-Border Terrorism: A basin-wise approach in the management of the
India accuses Pakistan of supporting cross-border Indus Waters Treaty involves managing the water
terrorism in India, a charge which Pakistan denies. resources of the Indus Basin as a whole, rather than
The issue of cross-border terrorism remains a focusing on individual projects or rivers.
major source of tension between Pakistan and This approach emphasizes the inter-connectedness
its neighbors, and continues to be a significant of the various components of the Indus Basin and
security challenge in the region. seeks to optimize water use and management for
¾ Kashmir Issue: the benefit of both India and Pakistan.
The Kashmir issue refers to the long-standing The adoption of a basin-wise approach in
conflict over the region of Kashmir, which is the management of the Indus Waters Treaty
currently divided between India and Pakistan could potentially lead to improved water
but claimed in full by both countries. security, increased economic benefits, and
The conflict has its roots in the Partition of India enhanced environmental sustainability for both
in 1947 and has since resulted in several wars countries.
and skirmishes between the two countries. nnn
India’s Solar Power Dream What are the Benefits of Solar Energy?
¾ Renewable:
This editorial is based on “Solar energy is not the best
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy,
option for India” which was published in the Hindu on
01/02/2023. It discusses misconceptions about Solar meaning it can be produced indefinitely without
Energy and ways to harness solar power. depleting resources.
¾ Clean:
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-3, Solar Energy, Renewable Solar energy is a clean source of energy, producing
Energy, Infrastructure, GS Paper-2, Government Policies & no harmful emissions or pollution.
Interventions
¾ Cost-effective:
India has been aggressively pushing towards a more
The cost of solar energy has decreased significantly
sustainable future by investing heavily in renewable
energy sources, with solar energy at the forefront of its in recent years, making it increasingly cost-effective
efforts. The Government of India has set the target to as a source of energy.
expand India’s renewable energy installed capacity to ¾ Reliable:
500 GW by 2030. India has promised to source nearly Solar energy systems are becoming increasingly
half its energy from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and, reliable and durable, requiring little maintenance.
in the shorter term, source at least 60% of its renewable ¾ Versatile:
energy from solar power.
Solar energy can be used for a wide range of
India is committed to reducing the country’s applications, including electricity generation,
dependence on fossil fuels and transitioning towards a heating, and lighting.
greener future, and the growth of the solar sector plays
¾ Decentralized:
a crucial role in achieving this goal.
Solar energy systems can be installed on a small
India is pushing towards renewable energy due to
scale, making it possible to generate energy
government’s support for the transition. The recognition
that solar energy is a free and abundant resource also locally, reducing dependence on centralized
plays a role. But there are some misconception regarding energy sources.
Solar energy which we need to consider first.
What are the
What are the Challenges with Solar Energy in India?
Misconceptions about Solar Energy? ¾ High Initial Costs:
¾ Levelized Cost of Solar Power is Coming Down: Despite recent reductions in the cost of solar
It is believed that the levelized cost of solar power panel technology, the upfront cost of installation
coming down and some believe that the cost will remains high, which can be a barrier to adoption
decrease linearly over time, that the cost is the for many households and businesses.
same for all regions, that the cost only takes into ¾ Limited Access to Finance:
account the cost of solar panels, that it doesn’t Access to finance for renewable energy projects
include maintenance costs, and that it ignores can be limited, particularly for smaller and
energy storage costs. rural projects, which can make it challenging for
In reality, the cost can be affected by various individuals and organizations to invest in solar
factors such as technology advancements, energy.
changes in market conditions, and government ¾ Infrastructure and Grid Connectivity:
policies, and the levelized cost takes into account
A lack of adequate infrastructure and grid
all components of a solar power system including
installation and ongoing maintenance costs, not connectivity in some areas of the country can
just the cost of solar panels. make it difficult to transmit the electricity generated
from solar panels to where it is needed.
¾ Financially Viable:
¾ Land Availability:
Solar energy is made financially viable by misguiding
Finding suitable land for large-scale solar projects
the people by leaving out storage battery cost;
handicapping it with subsidies and concessions can be a challenge in India, particularly given
that are front loaded by the government, and competing demands for land for other purposes
forcing it on the industry and hapless discoms such as agriculture and urban development.
through state policy. ¾ Maintenance and Operation Issues:
Poor maintenance and operation of solar z The extent of utilisation of hydro potential seems
power systems can reduce their efficiency and to be an index of civilisational development
effectiveness, which can impact the long-term and evolution.
viability of renewable energy projects in India. ¾ Expanding Infrastructure and Investment:
Cleaning solar panels currently is estimated to India needs to increase investment in renewable
use about 10 billion gallons of water per year energy infrastructure, including transmission and
— enough to supply drinking water for up to 2 distribution networks, as well as in research and
million people. development of new solar technologies.
z Attempts at waterless cleaning are labor intensive ¾ Encouraging Private Sector Participation:
and tend to cause irreversible scratching of the The private sector can play a crucial role in
surfaces, which also reduces efficiency. developing and deploying solar energy in India,
z Now, a team of researchers at MIT has devised and the government should create favorable
a way of automatically cleaning solar panels, or policies and incentives to encourage private sector
the mirrors of solar thermal plants, in a waterless, involvement.
no-contact system that could significantly reduce ¾ Improving Energy Storage Solutions:
the dust problem. Energy storage systems are essential for ensuring
that solar energy can be effectively used, even
What are the Related Initiatives? when the sun is not shining. The Indian government
¾ Solar Park Scheme: The Solar Park Scheme plans to should support the development of advanced
build a number of solar parks, each with a capacity energy storage solutions to make solar energy
of nearly 500 MW, across several states. more accessible and reliable.
¾ Rooftop Solar Scheme: The Rooftop Solar Scheme ¾ Promoting Rooftop Solar:
aims to harness solar power by installing solar panels Rooftop solar systems can be a cost-effective and
on the roof of houses. convenient way for households and businesses to
¾ National Solar Mission: It is a major initiative of generate their own energy. The Indian government
the Government of India and State Governments should encourage the growth of rooftop solar by
to promote ecologically sustainable growth while providing incentives, subsidies and tax credits.
addressing India’s energy security challenge.
¾ Building a Skilled Workforce:
¾ SRISTI Scheme: Sustainable rooftop implementation
The growth of the solar energy sector in India
of Solar transfiguration of India (SRISTI) scheme
will require a skilled workforce. The government
to promote rooftop solar power projects in India.
should invest in training and education programs
¾ International Solar Alliance: International Solar to build a pipeline of skilled workers who can help
Alliance is an action-oriented, member-driven, deploy and maintain solar energy systems.
collaborative platform for increased deployment
nnn
of solar energy technologies.
¾ Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
(PM-KUSUM): The PM-KUSUM scheme was
launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Transparency in the Criminal
Energy (MNRE) to support installation of off-grid Justice Administration
solar pumps in rural areas and reduce dependence
on grid, in grid-connected areas. This editorial is based on “Charge sheet scrutiny is not a
case of prying eyes” which was published in the Hindu
What should be the Way Forward? on 04/02/2023. It talks about the top court’s order against
public scrutiny of a charge sheet which is seen as a setback
¾ Utilising Large Hydro:
to greater transparency in the criminal justice system.
With large hydro, India can produce more renewable
energy at the least cost and with the least carbon Tag: Governance, GS Paper-2, Judiciary, Indian Constitution,
footprint. Government Policies & Interventions
z India has utilised only about 15% of its hydro Transparency in criminal justice administration refers
potential whereas the U.S. and Europe have to the openness and accountability of law enforcement
utilised 90% and 98% of their potential, agencies and the criminal justice system as a whole. It
respectively. involves making information about policies, procedures,
and decision-making processes available to the public, When chargesheets are available to the public, it
as well as ensuring that these processes are fair and can increase public confidence in the justice system.
impartial. People can see that the authorities are following
The Supreme court decision to live telecast of some the law and conducting a fair and impartial
of its hearings and translate its hearing in four languages investigation. This can help to restore public trust
(Hindi, Gujarati, Odia and Tamil, as “the English language in the legal process.
in its ‘legal avatar’ is not comprehensible to 99.9% of the ¾ Deterring Criminal Behaviour:
citizens”) is a significant step towards making judicial By making chargesheets publicly available, the
processes more accessible. authorities can send a message that they are
Against this backdrop, the recent ruling by the committed to ensuring that criminal behaviour
Supreme Court regarding charge sheets appears to be a is punished.
setback for transparency in the criminal justice system. This can serve as a deterrent to potential criminals,
The Court recently ruled that a charge sheet in a criminal as they will be aware that the authorities are closely
case is not considered a public document under the Right monitoring their actions and will take appropriate
to Information Act or the Indian Evidence Act and should action if they engage in criminal behaviour.
not be made public.
The judgment seems to contradict an order passed What are the Other Challenges in
by the Court where, in Youth Bar Association of India vs Reforming Criminal Justice Administration?
Union of India (2016), it directed that the First Information ¾ Overcrowding of Prisons:
Report (FIR) in any case should be on the relevant India’s prisons are overcrowded, leading to poor
investigating agency’s website within 24 hours of its living conditions for inmates and difficulties in
registration. managing the facilities.
It is a step that may be viewed as a setback for those ¾ Delay in Justice:
pushing for greater transparency in the criminal justice The judicial process in India is often slow, leading
administration as this has several implications as far as to long delays in the resolution of criminal cases.
investigating officials and victims of crime are concerned.
¾ Corruption:
Corruption is a major challenge in the criminal
What are the Advantages
justice system and can affect the impartiality of
of Making a Chargesheet Public?
the police, judiciary, and other justice-related
¾ Increased Transparency and Accountability: institutions.
By making chargesheets publicly available, the ¾ Lack of Resources:
general public can have access to the evidence The criminal justice system in India faces a shortage
and allegations against the accused. This promotes of resources, including financial resources,
transparency and accountability in the legal process, manpower, and technology, which can hinder its
as the general public can scrutinize the charges and effectiveness.
hold the authorities responsible for their actions. ¾ Bias and Discrimination:
¾ Promoting Fairness and Due Process: There are concerns about biases and discrimination
Having chargesheets in the public domain allows for in the criminal justice system, particularly towards
greater public scrutiny, which can help ensure that marginalized communities and women.
the prosecution is following fair and due process. ¾ Lack of Modern Technology:
It can also prevent the authorities from manipulating The criminal justice system in India has not been
or suppressing evidence, which can ensure that able to keep pace with advancements in technology,
the accused receives a fair trial. leading to inefficiencies in the process.
¾ Thorough and Impartial Investigation:
Making chargesheets publicly available can help
What are the Related
ensure that the prosecution is conducting a measures taken by the Government?
thorough and impartial investigation. This can ¾ Amendment of Criminal Procedure Code:
increase public confidence in the justice system The Code of Criminal Procedure has been
and encourage witnesses and other relevant parties amended multiple times to ensure a fair and
to come forward with information. speedy trial, protection of human rights, and
¾ Increased Public Confidence in the Justice System:
streamlining the criminal justice process.
¾ Protecting the Rights of Marginalized Groups:

¾ Establishment of Fast Track Courts:
The criminal justice system must be reformed
To reduce the backlog of cases in the criminal
justice system, fast-track courts were established to protect the rights of marginalized groups,
to deal with criminal cases quickly. including women, children, and minorities. This
includes improving access to justice and addressing
¾ Introduction of Technology:
discrimination and abuse.
Technology such as e-filing, video conferencing,
¾ Enhancing the Role of Technology:
and digital storage of evidence to make the
process more efficient has been adopted. Technology can be used to modernize and improve
¾ Reforms in the Bail System:

the efficiency of the criminal justice system. This
includes using electronic filing, video conferencing
Reforms have been made in the bail system to
and other forms of technology to improve the
ensure that the accused are granted bail only
delivery of justice.
in appropriate cases, while ensuring that the
interests of justice are not jeopardized. ¾ Improving Access to Legal Aid:
Access to legal aid is critical for ensuring that
¾ Police Reforms:
individuals have a fair trial. Reforms must be
The government has taken steps to make the
made to ensure that everyone has access to legal
police force more accountable, transparent and
representation, regardless of their financial situation.
efficient by implementing measures such as the
Police Act of 1861 and the Police (Amendment) nnn
Act of 2008.
What should be the Way Forward? India’s Energy

¾ Making Chargesheet a Public Document:
Transition Strategy
Making chargesheet a public document will helps
prevent false prosecution of innocent individuals This editorial is based on “India’s just energy transition
and improves the quality of the criminal justice is more than a coal story” which was published in the
system in India and also brings transparency. Hindu on 06/02/2023. It talks about the issues that
Allowing the public to review charge sheets in
concern Just Energy transitions and ways to address it.
important cases before trial starts will reduce the
number of poorly framed charge sheets. Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3,
Renewable Energy, Government Policies & Interventions
¾ Improving Police Reforms:
Just Energy Transition Partnership (JET-P) is emerging
Police Reforms include increasing transparency and
as the key mechanism for multilateral financing by
accountability in police procedures, modernizing
developed countries to support an energy transition in
the police force and improving working conditions
developing countries.
for police personnel.
This has taken on particular significance following
¾ Strengthening the Judicial System:
the insertion of the phrase ‘phase-down’ of coal in the
This includes reducing backlogs, speeding up Glasgow Pact. After South Africa, Indonesia, and Vietnam,
trials and increasing the efficiency of the courts. India is considered the next candidate for a JET-Partnership
It also involves filling vacancies in the judiciary and and India’s G-20 presidency could potentially be an
training judges on human rights and due process. opportune moment to forge a deal.
¾ Improving Prison Conditions: However, India must develop a coherent domestic
This includes ensuring that prisons are in compliance Just Energy Transition (JET) strategy in order to negotiate
with international human rights standards, a financing deal that addresses its unique set of socio-
reducing overcrowding and providing rehabilitation economic challenges.
programs for prisoners. India’s initial JET-P negotiations last year reportedly
¾ Addressing Corruption: stalled over coal ‘phase-down’ and how to operationalize
Corruption undermines the criminal justice system India’s just transition. The emphasis by developed
and must be dealt with effectively. Measures to countries on coal phase-down, without adequate attention
tackle corruption include implementing anti- to country context, disregards the crucial difference in
corruption laws, increasing transparency, and energy transition between industrialised and emerging
improving accountability mechanisms. economies.
What is Just Energy Transition? Despite the long-term benefits, the initial cost of
¾ Just Energy Transition refers to the shift from reliance
transitioning to renewable energy can be higher,
on non-renewable, fossil fuel-based energy sources making it a challenge for some communities,
to renewable, clean energy sources in order to particularly those with limited financial resources.
mitigate the impacts of climate change and promote ¾ Energy Storage:
sustainability. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar,
¾ The transition to a just energy system seeks to ensure are not always available and must be stored for
that access to energy is equitable and benefits all use during times when the sun isn’t shining, or
members of society, rather than primarily benefiting the wind isn’t blowing.
corporations and the wealthy. ¾ Energy Infrastructure:
¾ This includes promoting renewable energy sources Significantinvestments in energy infrastructure
such as wind and solar, as well as energy efficiency are needed to support the transition to renewable
measures and the development of energy storage energy sources.
solutions.
¾ Among the three JET-P deals signed so far, only South What are the Related Steps taken by India?
Africa’s deal mentions a ‘just’ component - funding ¾ India has signalled a commitment to clean energy
reskilling and alternative employment opportunities with ambitious targets like 500GW of non-fossil,
in the coal mining regions. including 450 GW Renewable Energy (RE) capacity
addition and 43% RE purchase obligation by 2030.
The other two JET-Ps (Indonesia and Vietnam) are
These targets are supported through
focused on mitigation finance for sector-specific
transitions. complementary policy and legislative mandates
(Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act),
What are the Issues missions (National Green Hydrogen Mission),
with the Just Energy Transition? fiscal incentives (production-linked incentives)
and market mechanisms (upcoming national
¾ Affect Near-term Fossil-Dependent Jobs: carbon market).
The transition to a more sustainable energy mix ¾ Net Zero Target:
can impact workers who are currently employed
India has set itself an ambitious long-term goal
in the fossil fuel industry.
of reaching net zero emissions by 2070.
The shift away from fossil fuels may result in
In August 2022, India updated its Nationally
job losses, which can be disruptive for affected Determined Contributions (INDC) under the
communities and workers. Paris Agreement to reflect its aim of achieving
¾ Disrupt Forms of Future Energy Access: 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity
The transition to a cleaner energy mix may disrupt from non-fossil fuel based energy sources by 2030
traditional forms of energy access, particularly ¾ Energy Conservation Amendment Bill, 2022:
in developing countries where access to reliable In August 2022, the Lok Sabha passed the Energy
electricity remains limited. Conservation Amendment Bill, 2022 which aims
The cost and infrastructure requirements of new to mandate the use of non-fossil fuel sources
energy sources, such as wind and solar power, including green hydrogen, green ammonia,
may be challenging to implement in areas with biomass and ethanol for energy and feedstock
limited resources. in industries.
¾ Shrink the State’s Capacity to Spend on Welfare The Bill also gives the power to the Central
Programmes: Government to establish carbon markets.
As the government invests in new energy
infrastructure and technology, there may be less What should be India’s
funding available for programs such as healthcare, Strategy for a Fair Energy Transition?
education, and housing assistance. ¾ Acceleration in RE Deployment Rates:
This can result in reduced support for vulnerable To accelerate RE deployment that can have
populations and potentially worsen existing socio- significant developmental co-benefits, a low-
economic disparities. hanging option is shifting energy demand patterns
¾ Cost: in ways that enable faster RE capacity addition:
solarisation of agricultural electricity demand; Tag: Social Justice, GS Paper - 2, Human Resource, GS Paper - 3,
electrification of diesel-powered Micro, Small and Poverty, Growth & Development, Inclusive Growth
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs); and decentralised In the UNDP Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2022,
RE for residential cooking and heating. it is stated that during the last 15 years, rural housing,
Stimulation of energy demand through rural education, primary health, bank accounts, women’s
productivity enhancement will further aid RE collectives, teleconnection, technology, job creation, skills
acceleration as well as help to address the rural- training, social assistance, and rural roads have contributed
urban economic divide, create rural jobs, and to India being able to lift 415 million people out of
thereby address inter-generational and spatial multidimensional poverty. Rural areas saw the fastest
inequities.
reduction in the Multidimensional Poverty Index as the
¾ Domestic Manufacturing of Clean Energy Components: deprivations in sanitation, cooking fuel and housing fell
Domestic manufacturing of clean energy components the most from 2015-16 to 2019-21.
is critical to sustain a JET, build energy self-sufficiency, The challenge of eliminating poverty for the 228.9
and tap the green jobs promise of 21st century million individuals living in poverty in 2019-21 remains
energy.
significant, especially as the number has increased since
z The challenge is in achieving cost competitiveness
the data was collected.
(Indian components are 20% costlier than
India is predominantly a rural country with two third
Chinese components) and giving preference
population and 70% workforce residing in rural areas.
to domestic components without addressing
Rural economy constitutes 46% of national income. Thus,
cost competitiveness may slow down the pace
of deployment. growth and development of rural economy and population
are a key to overall growth and inclusive development
The way around this is to negotiate access to
of the country.
markets outside India as part of a JET-Partnership,
to reduce the cost gap through economies of scale.
What are the Issues
¾ Re-aligning the Current Use of Coal Resources:
with Rural Development in India?
The current use of coal resources needs to be
¾ Poverty:
re-aligned to enhance efficiency until the phase-
down period. A significant portion of the rural population in India
An alternative solution could be to optimize coal-

lives below the poverty line and lacks access to basic
fired power plants near coal mines, rather than necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare.
positioning them according to energy demand in ¾ Lack of Infrastructure:
different states. Rural areas in India lack proper roads, electricity,
z This would enable coal to be used more and communication facilities, hindering economic
efficiently because transportation of coal is more development.
energy-intensive than transmission of electrons ¾ Agriculture Issues:
(electricity), and also lead to fewer emissions.
The majority of the rural population is dependent
z It would also lead to cheaper power, as
on agriculture, which is facing challenges such as
transportation accounts for one-third of the soil degradation, declining productivity, and a lack
cost of coal for power plants; the resultant
of modern technology.
savings could also help finance much needed
¾ Education:
emission control retrofits.
The rural areas have a low literacy rate and a
z It would indirectly reduce emissions due to
more efficient use of coal. shortage of educational institutions and qualified
teachers, which limits educational opportunities.
nnn
¾ Healthcare:
Rural areas have a shortage of healthcare facilities
Revamping Rural Areas and trained medical professionals, leading to

inadequate healthcare services.
This editorial is based on “Getting real on rural uplift” ¾ Gender Inequality:
which was published in the Hindu on 07/02/2023. It
Women and girls in rural areas face gender-
talks about the ways to improve the lives and livelihoods
based discrimination and are often denied equal
of the deprived in the real rural context.
opportunities for education and employment.
¾ Environmental Degradation: Community Resource Persons of the Livelihood
Unsustainable agricultural practices and rapid Mission.
industrialization have led to environmental z The Sumit Bose Committee’s recommendations
degradation and loss of natural resources in rural can be guiding principles which was constituted to
areas. look into the issues of rural development in India
¾ Rural Inflation: and make recommendations for improvement.
Rural India is feeling the effects of inflation more z S o m e o f i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e
acutely than urban areas, with higher inflation Decentralization of planning and implementation
rates for essential goods such as cereals. of rural development programs, Strengthening
¾ Limited Financial Autonomy: the Panchayati Raj Institutions, Focus on
Agricultural and Allied Activities, Improving
Gram Panchayats, which are rural councils, have
Rural Infrastructure etc.
limited financial autonomy and are restricted
¾ Utilising MGNREGS:
by the state government in setting tax rates and
revenue bases, reducing their ability to borrow It is time MGNREGS is seen as a decentralised
and develop. resource for poverty reduction, mitigating global

warming, and aiding human well-being.
What are the Related Initiatives? To address rural distress, MGNREGS can be utilized
¾ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment by providing guaranteed employment to rural
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) workers, thereby ensuring a steady source of
¾ Deen Dayal Upadhayay Grameen Kaushalya Yojana income.
¾ Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana In times of severe distress, MGNREGS can be
¾ Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana ramped up to provide additional employment
¾ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment and support to affected communities.
Guarantee Act Several studies have established its efficacy in water
¾ National Rural Livelihood Mission conservation, basic infrastructure, and income from
¾ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana animal resources through convergence.
Other Examples:
What should be the Way Forward? z In Rajasthan MGNREGA is being used in selected
¾ Empowering Self-Help Groups: villages in Rajasthan to address water security
Women in self-help groups offer unprecedented issues.
social capital, providing opportunity for human z Maharashtra’s water works.
development, credit access, enterprise, and z Bihar’s Hariyali Mission

sustainable poverty reduction through diversified z Telangana’s Plant Nursery in every gram panchayat
livelihoods. and thrust on afforestation; segregation sheds,
Their working together with the 3.3 million soak pits, percolation tanks, sports ground,
elected leaders of the local government, 43% of crematorium, rural haats in many States
whom are also women, will be transformational z Chhattisgarh’s MGNREGS use for Forest Rights
if funds, functions and functionaries from the 29 Act beneficiaries.
sectors assigned to panchayats as per the Eleventh z Sikkim transformed through MGNREGS in
Schedule of the Constitution is transferred to them spring-shed development to provide drinking
by State Legislatures. water, animal sheds for dairy and for high value
¾ Providing Skill Sets: organic farming.
To take responsibility for the 29 sectors, local nnn
governments will require skill sets that facilitate
better governance outcomes at the cutting edge
for citizens. India’s Infrastructure Push
For effectiveness, human resources, technology,
hand-holding and partnerships must all be thrust This editorial is based on “An infrastructure push for the
areas. people” which was published in the Hindu on 07/02/2023.
It talks about India’s push on infrastructure in the Union
The possible pathways could be Community cadres
budget 2023-24 and challenges ahead.
like the ASHA Community Health Worker and the
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3, Government Why is India’s

Policies & Interventions, Growth & Development, Infrastructure Infrastructure Push Challenging?
Infrastructure is universally acknowledged as a key ¾ Physical Infrastructure:
driver of growth. The term infrastructure, however, is
Land acquisition: One of the biggest challenges in
usually associated with physical assets, such as roads,
building physical infrastructure is acquiring land,
ports, power transmission lines, etc. However, in recent
as it often involves resettlement of people and
years, India’s growth story has been closely associated
compensation issues.
with a strong focus on not only physical, but also social
and digital infrastructure. Funding: Funding large-scale infrastructure projects
Budget 2023 gives a powerful thrust to these three is also a major challenge, as the government
dimensions of infrastructure development which, put may not have sufficient resources and private
together, accelerate inclusive growth. The targeted investment may be limited due to economic and
investments will not only create vital physical infrastructure regulatory hurdles.
and improve connectivity that will accelerate the Lack of Technology: India faces challenges in terms
movement of passengers and freight, but also create jobs, of the availability of technology and expertise
spur private investments, and provide a cushion against necessary for complex infrastructure projects.
global headwinds. ¾ Social Infrastructure:
In Budget 2022-23, India focused on giving the Inadequate Human Resources: The shortage of
necessary push to the economy by investing in various skilled workers, engineers, and managers can
infrastructure projects. In the upcoming Budget, the be a hindrance to the development of social
infrastructure sector will receive a similar amount to reach infrastructure projects.
India’s goal of becoming a USD5 trillion economy by 2025.
Lack of Public Support: Social infrastructure projects,
What is the Proposed such as healthcare and education, require public

support and buy-in, which can be difficult to secure
Allocation in the 2023-24 Budget?
in a complex political environment.
¾ India’s Capital Expenditure:
Inadequate Planning and Implementation:
India’s capital expenditure as a percentage of Poor planning and implementation can result in
GDP increased from 1.7% in 2014 to nearly 2.9% substandard facilities and a lack of sustainability,
in 2022-23. ultimately reducing the impact of the infrastructure
For infrastructure, Rs 10 lakh crore (3.3% of GDP) push.
was allocated in the budget 2023-24, an increase ¾ Digital Infrastructure:
of three times from 2019.
Digital Divide: There is a digital divide in India,
¾ Largest Allocation:
with limited access to technology and the internet
The Ministry of Railways received its highest-ever in rural areas, which can hinder the development
allocation of Rs 2.4 lakh crore, approximately nine of digital infrastructure.
times the allocation in 2013-14.
Cybersecurity Concerns: The increasing use of
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways saw a
technology also raises concerns about cybersecurity
36% increase in its budget to about Rs 2.7 lakh crore. and privacy, making it necessary to have strong
¾ Extension of Interest-Free Loan to States: regulations and infrastructure in place.
The direct capital investment by the Centre Lack of standardization: The lack of standardization
has been further supplemented by a one-year and coordination among different players in the
extension of the 50-year interest-free loan to digital infrastructure sector can create problems
state governments to encourage infrastructure for users and limit the potential for growth and
investment and incentivise complementary policy innovation.
actions, with a significantly increased outlay of Rs
1.3 lakh crore. What are the Related Initiatives taken?
z This will lead to decentralised infrastructure ¾ For Digital Infrastructure:
development in urban and peri-urban areas First Phase:
across regions.
z JAM trinity — Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and mobile
z Increasing allocations to PM Awas Yojana by
linkages
66% will not only provide rural workers with
z Digital India programme
housing, but also create jobs.
Second Phase: What should be the Way Forward?
z Development, application, and large-scale ¾ Investment in social infrastructure:
expansion of cutting-edge technologies such Investment in social infrastructure can lead to a
as 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial more productive and proficient workforce, reduced
Intelligence (AI), quantum computing, mortality, wasting and stunting, increased social
mechatronics, robotics and more. mobility and a higher quality of life.
z An important domain that the government z Social infrastructure includes education and
is focusing on currently is creating open AI skilling, public health and nutrition, drinking
resources. water and sanitation.
These factors contribute to a stronger and more
z Example:
inclusive economy and holistic development.
Digital India Bhashini portal is India’s
¾ Increased Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
Artificial Intelligence (AI) led language
translation platform. The government can partner with the private
sector to finance, design, construct, and operate
The Agriculture Accelerator Fund announced
infrastructure projects.
in the budget will enable the Indian
¾ Improved Project Planning and Implementation:
agricultural ecosystem (startups, businesses,
and farmers) to work collaboratively and The government can streamline project planning
find knowledge-based and farmer-centric and implementation processes to ensure that

solutions. projects are completed on time and within budget.
¾ Implementation of Innovative Financing Solutions:
¾ Social Infrastructure:
The government can explore innovative financing
Mission to Eliminate Sickle cell Anaemia:
solutions, such as infrastructure bonds, to mobilize
z In the Union Budget 2023-24, the government
additional funds for infrastructure development.
has announced a mission to eliminate Sickle
¾ Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
cell Anaemia by 2047.
The government can ease regulations and create a
PM Poshan Shakti Nirman or PM Poshan:
favorable environment for foreign direct investment
z It is the largest school feeding programme of its in infrastructure development.
kind in the world, covering students enrolled ¾ Building Human Capital:
in government schools from Classes 1 to 8.
The government can focus on building human
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: capital in the form of skilled labour and technical
z It was launched in 2015 with the aim to address expertise to support infrastructure development.
sex selective abortion and the declining child z Some ways to build human capital to support
sex ratio which was at 918 girls for every 1,000 infrastructure development:
boys in 2011. Investing in workforce development programs
¾ Physical Infrastructure: that provide job training, apprenticeships.
PM Gati Shakti Scheme: Providing access to quality education and
z It aims to ensure integrated planning and training programs

implementation of infrastructure projects in Supporting research and innovation in
the next four years, with focus on expediting infrastructure-related fields

works on the ground, saving costs and creating Fostering partnerships between the public
jobs. and private sectors to encourage investment
Bharatmala scheme: in human capital development
Schemes to build human capital and support
z In 2022, India saw a major push in construction
of highways with more than 5000 kms of infrastructure development include: Skill India,
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC),
National Highways constructed.
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
z Targeted development of highways under the
¾ Effective Regulation:
Bharatmala scheme has helped in bridging
The government can establish and enforce effective
of infrastructure gaps in development of
regulations to ensure the quality and safety of
economic corridors
infrastructure projects.
Some ways regulations can help: What are the Challenges with Women BCs?
z Regulations can set standards for the quality ¾ Lack of Financial Inclusion:
of materials, workmanship
Many WBCs face difficulties in accessing financial
z Regulations can also specify safety requirements,
services and credit to grow their businesses due
such as fire safety, evacuation plans, and
to their lower socio-economic status and lack of
accessibility standards, which must be met to
collateral.
ensure the safety of the public and the workers
involved in the project. ¾ Digital Illiteracy:
z Independent inspection and testing which will A large number of WBCs are not familiar with
help to identify any issues or problems that digital technology and lack the necessary skills to
need to be addressed before the infrastructure use digital financial services effectively.
is put into use. ¾ Minimum Qualification:
nnn Minimum qualification is another hurdle that
hinders the onboarding of female BCs, especially
Financial Inclusion in underserved rural areas.
The current BC/Business Facilitator certification
and Women mandated by the RBI from the Indian Institute
Business Correspondents of Banking and Finance provides a 10th pass as
the minimum qualification to appear for the
This editorial is based on “Financial inclusion faces examination.
hurdles” which was published in the Hindu Business Line
z However, many banks have made this onerous
on 08/02/2023. It talks about the rationale for the
by keeping their minimum qualification as
enhanced engagement of female BCs as well as challenges
that make this profession unviable for them in the current 12th pass.
ecosystem. ¾ Societal Attitudes:
WBCs often face societal attitudes that view women
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-3, Inclusive Growth, Banking as homemakers and not as entrepreneurs, which can
Sector & NBFCs limit their opportunities to grow their businesses.
Business Correspondents (BCs) are the vital cog for ¾ Lack of Support from Government and Financial
the financial inclusion strategy of every bank, with over Institutions:
95% of banking outlets in rural regions being operated
WBCs often lack support from government and
by them. Critically relevant for women customers, BCs
financial institutions, which makes it difficult for
have been able to conduct banking transactions, from
them to access the resources they need to grow
the convenience of their homes (or nearby their homes),
cutting down the transportation cost, time and hesitancy their businesses.
barriers. ¾ Safety Concerns:
BCs are intermediaries who offer financial services Many WBCs operate in rural areas where there is
on behalf of financial institutions, such as banks and a high risk of violence and crime, which can limit
microfinance organizations, in areas where it is difficult their mobility and put them in danger when they
or costly to set up traditional branches. BCs use various are out conducting transactions.
delivery channels, including mobile technology, to bring ¾ Limited Financial Support:
financial services to the doorsteps of underbanked
There is limited additional financial support provided
populations.
by Business Correspondent Network Managers or
Many people, especially those in rural and the banks to address the socio-economic hurdles
underprivileged areas, face significant barriers to accessing such as mobility and safety faced by a female BC.
financial services. This is where Business Correspondents
(BCs) come into play. What are the Other
Despite the proliferation of BCs, the representation Challenges with Financial Inclusion in India?
of female BCs is dismally low and the available figures
suggest that they form less than 10% of the total BC ¾ Lack of Awareness:
network. In the current ecosystem, there are still some Many individuals and small businesses in rural and
challenges that make this profession unviable for them remote areas are unaware of the financial services
and require urgent attention to increase financial inclusion. available to them and their benefits.
¾ Digital Literacy: Studies indicate that female BCs show higher
With the rise of digital financial services, there is a profitability, wider cross-selling of financial
need for digital literacy and access to technology, products and lower attrition rates.
which is still lacking in many parts of India. During the lockdown, Self-Help Group (SHG)
¾ Infrastructure: members engaged as BC Sakhis (female banker
Inadequate physical infrastructure such as roads, friend) played a crucial role in creating awareness
telecommunication network and power supply and enabling access to Pradhan Mantri Garib
hampers the reach of financial services to remote Kalyan Yojana cash transfers and other Direct
and rural areas. Benefit Transfers at the doorstep as well as
reducing the rush of the beneficiaries at bank
¾ Cost:
branches.
The cost of providing financial services in remote
¾ Other Schemes:
and rural areas is higher due to the lack of
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
infrastructure, which makes it uneconomical for
financial institutions. Digital Identity (Aadhaar)
National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE)

¾ Trust:
Centre for Financial Literacy (CFL) Project
Building trust among unbanked populations is a
major challenge, as many individuals are distrustful
of formal financial institutions due to a lack of
experience or previous negative experiences. ¾ Designing Gendered Recruitment Strategy to attract
BCs:
How can Women BCs help By designing a gendered recruitment strategy to
in Deepening Financial Inclusion? attract more women BCs , including setting specific
¾ Rapport: They are capable of buiding a rapport with targets for their staff and corporate BCs, and
diverse customer groups and promoting demand- training and incentivising corporate BCs to identify
driven incremental revenue while promoting small potential women candidates can help overcome
savings schemes and social security offerings. the structural barriers that women face.
The key is to reduce entry barriers by taking
¾ Transparency: The higher number of women agents
can increase system transparency. Women BC agents favourable actions such as providing equipment
have more patience and are more willing to address and rental support (rather than requiring women
queries or explain product features. to make upfront capital investments), adding
incentives such as an initial stipend for the first
¾ Encourage Other Females: Female customers are
year, solving mobility issues, offering flexible
willing to share their family’s financial issues and
hours of operation and providing protection to
needs more openly with female BC agents leading
women BCs and their families, on the lines of
to a better understanding of product sell.
health insurance, etc. which will encourage more
¾ Performance: On the performance front, female BC
women to opt in.
agents bring similar or more business and might serve
Finally, creating a supportive environment for
more of the underserved. They are more likely to serve
women BCs through training, mentoring, ensuring
customers in remote areas, the elderly, and other
ongoing support (through dedicated officials) and
underserved sections of the population, according to
creating women agent communities, will then help
customer perspectives. They are less susceptible to
them thrive long term.
malpractices and are less prone to commit fraudulent
acts towards customers. ¾ Expansion of Digital Infrastructure:
The Indian government and financial institutions
What are the Related Steps taken? can focus on expanding digital infrastructure, such
¾ One Gram Panchayat One BC Sakhi: as broadband connectivity and mobile phone
It was initiated by the Ministry of Rural penetration, to reach remote and underdeveloped
Development as an ambitious plan to increase areas.
these numbers and deploy at least one BC This will enable people to access financial services
Sakhi in every Gram Panchayat by the end of from the comfort of their homes.
2023-24. ¾ Promotion of Digital Literacy:
Promoting digital literacy among the population This strategic partnership has been a major driving
particularly among those who are less educated force behind their collaboration in key areas such as
and live in rural areas is also needed. trade, defence, science, technology, and culture. As the
z This can be achieved through various initiatives, two nations celebrate this milestone, it is a fitting time
such as financial literacy programs and to reflect on the successes and achievements of this
awareness campaigns. special relationship and look ahead to a bright and
¾ Provision of Affordable Financial Products: prosperous future.
Financial institutions can provide affordable
financial products that cater to the specific
What are the Key Areas
needs of low-income groups, such as small loans, of Cooperation between the two Nations?
microinsurance, and savings accounts with low ¾ Defence:
minimum balances. France has emerged as a key defence partner
¾ Collaboration between the Public and Private Sectors: for India, becoming the second largest defence
To increase financial inclusion, it is important for supplier in 2017- 2021.
the public and private sectors to collaborate and France has emerged as a major strategic partner
work towards a common goal. The government can for India with crucial defence deals and increased
create a favorable regulatory environment, while military to military engagement.
financial institutions can provide the necessary
Example:
financial services.
z Induction of the French Scorpene conventional
¾ Focus on Women’s Financial Empowerment:
submarines, being built in India under technology
Women are often left out of the traditional banking
transfer agreement of 2005, and the Indian Air
system, and they need to be specifically targeted Force having received 36 Rafale fighter jets.
to increase financial inclusion.
z The Tata group has also tied up with Airbus to
This can be achieved by providing women with
manufacture C-295 tactical transport aircraft
access to financial services, promoting their
in Vadodara, Gujarat.
participation in the labor force, and addressing
z Military Dialogues and Regularly held Joint
the gender-based barriers that prevent them from
accessing financial services. Exercises:
Varuna (navy), Garuda (air force), and
nnn
Shakti (army)
¾ Economic Cooperation:
Exploring India- France has emerged as a key trading partner of
India with annual trade of USD 12.42 billion in
France’s Partnership 2021-22.
This editorial is based on “Exploring the blue in the India- It is the 11th largest foreign investor in India with
France partnership” which was published in the Hindu a cumulative investment of USD 10.31 billion from
on 10/02/2023. It talks about the India-France’s April 2000 to June 2022, which represents 1.70%
Partnership in various areas. of the total foreign direct investment inflows
into India.
Tag: International Relations, GS Paper-2, Effect of Policies & ¾ Civil Nuclear Cooperation:
Politics of Countries on India’s Interests
France was among the first countries with which
This year 2023, India and France are celebrating 25 India signed a civil nuclear deal.
years of their strategic partnership and it provides a
Paris also played a critical role in limiting India’s
unique opportunity for introspection. Signed in 1998, the
isolation in the non-proliferation order after the
time-tested strategic partnership has continued to gain
1998 nuclear tests.
momentum over shared values and aspirations of peace,
stability and, most importantly, their desire for strategic ¾ Cooperation at International Forum:
autonomy. France supports India’s bid for permanent
Over the past two and a half decades, India and membership of the United Nations Security
France have developed a close and dynamic relationship Council as well as its entry into the Nuclear
based on shared values and a commitment to promoting Suppliers Group.
peace, security, and sustainable development. ¾ Climate Cooperation:
Both countries are concerned about climate change, What are the
where India has supported France in the Paris Challenges in India-France Relations?
Agreement expressing its strong commitment to
¾ Absence of Free Trade Agreement (FTA):
mitigating the effects of climate change.
Despite having good relations, France and India
Both countries, as part of their joint efforts on
don’t have a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between
climate change, launched the International Solar
them.
Alliance in 2015.
Further, no progress is being made on the India-
¾ Maritime Ties:
EU Broad based Trade and Investment agreement
Joint Strategic Vision of India-France Cooperation (BTIA) as well.
in the Indian Ocean Region presents a blueprint ¾ Defence and Security Cooperation:
for a strengthening of ties.
Despite a strong defence partnership, the two
French - Indian joint patrolling in the Indian Ocean
countries have different priorities and approaches
signals India’s intent to expand its footprint in towards defence and security cooperation.
the Indian Ocean by engaging with like-minded
India’s focus on its neighborhood and its “non-
partners. aligned” policy can sometimes clash with France’s
Maritime security has further gained momentum global interests.
as both countries have articulated their common ¾ Trade Imbalances:
vision for a free, fair and open Indo-Pacific.
Despite being significant trade partners, there is a
India and France in September 2022 agreed to trade imbalance between India and France, with
set up an Indo-Pacific Trilateral Development France exporting more to India than the other
Cooperation Fund that will support sustainable way around.
innovative solutions for countries in the Indo- This imbalance has been a source of concern for
pacific region. India, and both countries are looking for ways to
India, France, UAE Trilateral Initiative is aimed at address it.
ensuring maritime domain awareness and security ¾ Intellectual Property Rights:
from the east coast of Africa to the far Pacific.
India has been criticized by France for not adequately
¾ Space Cooperation: protecting intellectual property rights, which has
India and France have continued to strengthen affected French businesses operating in India.
their cooperation in the field of space in recent ¾ China’s Factor:
years. Some of the recent developments in their China’s increasing dominance in the Indian Ocean
space collaboration include: region has become a source of concern for both
z ISRO-CNES Joint Working Group: In 2020, the India and France, as it has the potential to disrupt
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and the regional balance of power and undermine
the French National Centre for Space Studies regional stability and security.
(CNES) established a Joint Working Group to
further enhance their cooperation in the field What should be the Way Forward?
of space. ¾ Increased Trade and Investment:
z Joint Mars Mission: In 2020, ISRO and CNES The two countries can work towards increasing
announced plans to collaborate on a joint Mars bilateral trade and investment.
mission in the near future. This can be done through measures like setting
z Collaboration on Space Debris: India and France up joint ventures, expanding trade agreements,
have also been working together on addressing and promoting cross-border investment.
the issue of space debris. ¾ Defence Cooperation:
z Joint Earth Observation Mission: In 2021, ISRO India and France have a strong defense relationship,
and CNES announced plans to collaborate on and this can be further strengthened through
a joint Earth observation mission, which will increased cooperation in areas like joint military
involve the development of a satellite to study exercises, defense technology transfers, and
the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. collaboration in defense production.
¾ Cultural Exchange: and shape the global policy on advancing gender equality
Encouraging cultural exchange between the two in AI.
countries through programs like student exchanges,
arts and cultural events, and language programs What is the Status
can help to deepen the relationship and foster of Women in the AI Industry?
mutual understanding. ¾ As per the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender
¾ Climate Change and Energy: Gap Report 2022, women make up only 22% of the
India and France can work together to address the AI workforce.
global challenges of climate change and energy This not only limits the diversity of perspectives
security. This can be done through collaboration on and experiences that are shaping the future of
clean energy research and development, promoting AI, but also perpetuates the gender pay gap and
the use of renewable energy, and reducing carbon limits career growth.
emissions. ¾ 43% of Science, Technology, Engineering and
¾ Scientific and Technological Cooperation: Mathematics (STEM) graduates produced in India
The two countries can collaborate in areas of
are women which is higher than most advanced
science and technology, including research economies.
and development, innovation, and the transfer However, a lot more needs to be done on the
of technology. This can help to enhance the work front, as only 14% of STEM jobs in India go
competitiveness of their economies and create to women.
new opportunities for growth. Additionally, 81% of women in STEM face gender
nnn bias during performance evaluations during their

career.
¾ Tech giants like Google and Facebook have only 10-
AI and Gender Equality 15% AI specialists as women and this disparity exists
in research as well.
This editorial is based on “Is AI industry gender-blind?” A study published by Nesta found that only 13.83%
which was published in the Hindu on 10/02/2023. It of AI research publications are authored by women.
talks about the Gender biases in AI and Steps need to
z Studies suggest that biased AI systems can
be taken to push for equality.
exacerbate existing gaps in the workforce and
even harm under-represented communities.
Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper-2, Transparency &
Accountability, GS Paper-3, IT & Computers
What are the Challenges
Artificial Intelligence(AI) is penetrating in every walk with Women Representation in AI?
of life, fundamentally changing the way we associate,
work and think. AI can transform societies and improve ¾ Lack of Diversity in the Tech Industry:
the quality of life of people through predictive, personalised There has long been a lack of gender balance
and optimised solutions, improving their health, reducing and diversity in the tech industry, and this is no
carbon emissions, enhancing resilience against disasters exception when it comes to AI.
among others. There is an underrepresentation of women in
But AI can also threaten privacy with invasive technical roles, particularly in leadership positions,
applications, disrupt human rights, and fuel inequality. which results in homogeneous perspectives and
However, the impact of AI on societies largely depends a lack of diversity in decision-making.
on the motives and minds behind the technology. ¾ Bias in AI systems:
So, it is imperative to have equitable participation AI systems that are designed without considering
of diverse people, especially women, to make AI holistic the experiences and needs of diverse populations
and beneficial for everyone. The 8th International Day of can perpetuate discrimination and inequality.
Women and Girls in Science (11th February) presents an z Example:
opportunity to reflect on the gender trends and AI chatbots that take commands from
participation of women in the AI industry. customers are already reinforcing unfair
With the G20 presidency and spotlight on Nari Shakti, gender stereotypes with their gendered
India is best positioned to drive international cooperation names and voices.
Facial recognition algorithms have shown number of women participating in panel discussions,
a higher error rate for identifying women ending gender pay gap, providing mentorship and
and people of colour, which is a direct result networking opportunities, prioritising recruitments
of the biased training data. of young women from diverse backgrounds in AI
Gender-blind AI designs are leading to unfair roles, invest in entrepreneurship and research
credit scoring of women. Biased AI-recruiting led by women in AI, promoting AI competencies
tools have automatically filtered-out job among girls and women, and facilitating women
applications from women. from multidisciplinary backgrounds to participate
¾ Stereotyping and Gender Bias in the Workplace: in the AI revolution.
Women in AI may face gender bias and stereotyping
¾ Boosting Skills Development Programmes:
in the workplace, which can impact their career Governments and educational institutions can
progression and limit their opportunities for play a crucial role by investing and executing
advancement. programmes that boost the participation of women
This can also contribute to a lack of women in in AI such as skills development programmes in
leadership positions in AI. AI designed for women, scholarships, research
¾ Work-Life Balance Challenges: grants, and internships.
Women may face additional challenges in achieving Additionally, the media can help raise awareness
a work-life balance, particularly in demanding and promote the positive representation of

technical fields like AI, which can impact their women in AI.
career progression and participation in the industry. ¾ Driving International Cooperation:
International cooperation is crucial for promoting
What are the Related Steps taken?
gender diversity and representation in the field of
¾ KIRAN Scheme:
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
launched in 2014-15, it provides opportunities
Some ways in which such cooperation can be
for women scientists in moving up the academic
and administrative ladder. facilitated:
¾ India’s National Strategy for AI: z Creating awareness about the importance of
It focuses on inclusiveness, and promotes the
gender diversity in AI
idea of #AIFORALL. z Encouraging international collaboration
Under this programme, Telangana aims to train between organizations, research institutions,
1,00,000 students, with a focus on girls from and universities working in the field of AI
vulnerable backgrounds on AI and Data Science z Sharing resources such as educational materials,
and has already trained more than 5,000 girls. data sets, and research findings
Additionally, rural women in Telangana are also
z Building networks of individuals and organizations
being trained and employed in three rural data working in the field of AI
annotation centres in the State.
z Providing support to women who are pursuing
The government also promoted We-Hub, an
careers in AI
incubator for women entrepreneurs in Hyderabad
that has trained more than 700 girls aged 13 to ¾ Facilitating Role in Non-Technical Roles:
17 in Data Science and AI. Women can definitely enter into non-technical
roles in the field of AI such as project management,
What can be done to business development, marketing, ethics,
Increase the Representation of Women? governance and sales in the AI industry.
¾ Role of Private Sector: These roles often require strong communication
To address the gender disparity in AI, it is important and organizational skills, as well as the ability to
to change mindsets, accelerate efforts and understand and explain complex technical concepts
investments to create opportunities for women to non-technical stakeholders.
and girls. Women bring diverse perspectives and experiences
Private sector should act fast by promoting to the table and can make valuable contributions
leadership positions for women in AI, having equal to the field of AI in these non-technical roles.
Expanding
Exports with
E-commerce
This editorial is based on “E-commerce can
propel exports” which was published in the
Hindu Business Line on 12/02/2023. It talks
about the role of E-commerce in exports for
India and related issues.
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3,

Government Policies & Interventions
India is quickly emerging as one of the
leading players in the global e-commerce
industry. E-commerce is dramatically opening
up the global market for Indian entrepreneurs
at scale and this has changed the fate of
‘Made in India’ products.
After experiencing the convenience of
online shopping during the pandemic,
customers continue to favour digital shelves.
There are an estimated 2.14 billion online
shoppers globally and the number continues
to grow rapidly.
This presents a fantastic opportunity for
businesses in India to start thinking about
the global opportunity more seriously. With
wider availability of the internet, rising
e-commerce marketplaces, manufacturing
on demand, easier access to capital, and
variable models for logistics and shipping,
Indian entrepreneurs can plug themselves
into global supply chains and create strong
export businesses.
However, there are bottlenecks related
to logistics, cross-border payments,
compliance requirements and more. It will
take a lot of work to expand the export
opportunities for millions of small businesses
across the country.
What is the State of Exports from India?

¾ India’s manufacturing sector has grown
3 times over the last three decades in
FY22 with contributions from traditional
sectors like petrochemicals, steel, cement,
and automobiles, as well as new sunshine
areas like electronics, toys, and others.
Manufacturing Production in India
increased 2.60% in December of
2022 over the same month in the
nnn previous year.
¾ There’s also been a steady spike in other categories it difficult for e-commerce businesses to gain a
like bed linens, jewellery, toys, coffee, butter, honey, competitive edge.
millets, musical instruments, and more, which is ¾ Competition from International Players:
boosting overall exports. Competition from well-established international
¾ The export of India’s toy story has grown at nearly e-commerce companies can make it difficult for
30% CAGR over the last seven years. Indian companies to grow and succeed in the
¾ Export of butter and dairy spreads from India has global market.
risen at a 25% CAGR.
¾ The rise of the Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) revolution
¾ Free-trade Agreements:
in India has also been seen where new-age brands
from different corners of India are serving customers To Encourage Cross-Border Trade, the government
across the country and the world. has signed various Free-trade agreements with
Industry estimates suggest that there are over
countries such as the UAE, the UK, Australia,
800 successful D2C brands in India today, with a and others, which has led to a rise in exports.
sector valuation of over USD40 billion. ¾ Digital India initiative:
¾ India’s merchandise trade crossed the USD1-trillion The Digital India initiative has provided solid
mark in calendar year 2022 with the share of exports impetus to other government-led initiatives,
at USD450 billion and imports at USD723 billion. including Start Up India and Aatmanirbhar
Bharat, which have great potential to translate
Outbound shipments grew 13.7% year-on-year
into global success.
(YoY) in 2022, while imports rose by 21% in
comparison to 2021.
How India can Lead
What are the Challenges the E-commerce Export Market?
with E-Commerce Exports in India? ¾ Creating more Awareness:
Creating awareness about e-commerce exports
¾ Infrastructural Barriers:
is crucial in promoting and increasing the growth
Lack of proper infrastructure, such as warehousing
of this industry.
and transportation, makes it difficult for e-commerce
One effective strategy for creating more awareness
businesses to scale and reach a larger audience.
about e-commerce exports on the ground is through:
¾ Payment and Financial Services:
z Education and training can help in gaining
Access to payment and financial services, especially
a better understanding of the benefits and
for small businesses, is still a major challenge.
opportunities offered by e-commerce exports.
¾ Lack of Trust:
z Networking events which can serve as a platform
Customers are often hesitant to make online
for businesses and individuals to connect and
purchases from unfamiliar websites, which can share ideas.
limit the growth of e-commerce exports.
z Marketing campaigns can also play a crucial
¾ Shipping and Delivery: role in creating awareness about e-commerce
Shipping and delivery of products to foreign exports.
countries can be expensive and time-consuming, ¾ Improving Infrastructure:
leading to dissatisfaction among customers.
India needs to invest in better infrastructure
¾ Customs and Duties: facilities such as roads, ports, and warehouses
Complex customs and duties regulations can make to make it easier for e-commerce companies to
exporting goods challenging and time-consuming. export their products.
¾ Cybersecurity: ¾ Simplifying Export Regulations:
E-commerce websites are vulnerable to cyber The government can simplify the export regulations
attacks, which can lead to loss of sensitive and procedures to make it easier for e-commerce
information and negatively impact the reputation companies to start exporting.
of the business. ¾ Encouraging Foreign Investment:
¾ Lack of Standardization: The government can encourage foreign investment
Lack of standardization in terms of product in the e-commerce sector to bring in more resources
quality, delivery, and customer service can make and expertise to help companies grow.
¾ Developing a Strong Logistics Network: exporter of defence equipment to friendly countries.

A strong logistics network is crucial for e-commerce However, there have been missed opportunities.
exports, and India needs to develop this network India’s defence exports for 2021-22 were estimated
to ensure that products reach their destination at Rs 13,000 crore, the highest ever.
on time. The private sector accounted for 70% of the
¾ Promoting Digitalization: exports, while public sector firms accounted for
The government can encourage digitalization the rest.
in the e-commerce sector to make it easier for ¾ India has been successful in exporting products such
companies to connect with customers and suppliers as personal protective items, offshore patrol vessels,
and streamline their operations. and avionics to countries like Maldives, Sri Lanka,
¾ Offering Incentives: Russia, France, Nepal, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Israel,
The government can offer incentives to e-commerce Egypt, the UAE, and Chile.
companies that are focused on exports, such as ¾ However, there is a need to increase the value of
tax breaks, subsidies, and grants, to encourage defence exports and target larger markets to achieve
them to grow and expand their operations. the USD 5 billion export target set for 2025.
¾ Building Strong Partnerships: ¾ India has failed to convert interest from countries
The government can build strong partnerships with like Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Egypt,
other countries and organizations to help Indian South Africa, and Brazil into business action for
e-commerce companies access new markets and products such as the BrahMos and Akash missile
find new customers. systems.
nnn These countries have expressed interest in the
BrahMos missile system, but India has not been
able to convert this interest into business action.
Fostering ¾ India has also been unsuccessful in clinching big
Defence Export Ecosystem naval defence orders from countries such as Oman,
Myanmar, Mauritius, and Vietnam.
This editorial is based on “Time to foster defence export
ecosystem” which was published in the Hindu on What are the
14/02/2023. It talks about Issues with the Indian defence Challenges with India’s Defence Export?
sector and steps that need to be taken.
¾ Lack of Competitiveness:
Tag: Science & Technology, GS Paper - 3, Achievements of Indians India’s defence products are often considered to
in Science & Technology, Defence Technology, Indigenization be of lower quality and higher cost compared to
of Technology those of other major defence exporters like the
As a result of the government’s shift from viewing US, Russia, and Israel.
India as a net importer to a net exporter over the past ¾ Limited Export Portfolio:
few years, the defence sector has seen a quantum jump. India’s defence exports are limited to a few countries
India’s defence exports reached a record USD 1.6 billion and product categories. This limits its potential to
in 2021–22 and by 2023, it will surpass USD 2.2 billion. tap into the global defence market.
A credible effort with a suitable policy framework ¾ Bureaucratic Hurdles:
have helped explore fragmented export opportunities,
India’s defence export process involves several
exception being BrahMos Missile export to the Philippines.
bureaucratic hurdles and red tape, making it
While the achievement needs to be celebrated, it is
difficult for exporters to navigate.
equally important to learn from the missed defence
export opportunities. After successfully executing policy ¾ Lack of Clear Policy:
reforms and strengthening the business ecosystem, it is India’s defence export policy is not well-defined,
time to improve the export ecosystem. which creates confusion and uncertainty for
potential exporters.
What is the State ¾ Dependence on Imports:
of Defence Exports from India? India still imports a significant amount of its defence
¾ India’s defence export status has been improving in equipment, which limits its potential to export
recent years, with the country emerging as a leading advanced defence technology.
The Indian defence sector also needs a dedicated
‘Trade Support’ from regulatory agencies for
¾ According priority to procurement of capital items
speeding up approvals, both related to production
falling in Buy Indian (IDDM) Category from domestic
and export compliances.
sources under Defence Acquisition Procedure
For fragmented business opportunities, there is a
(DAP)-2020
need to expose the Indian defence sector to trade
¾ Notification of four ‘Positive Indigenization Lists’
fairs, Buyer-Seller Meet (BSM), reverse BSMs,
of total 411 items of Services and three ‘Positive
incubation opportunities with partner countries,
Indigenization Lists’ of total 3,738 items of Defence
and knowledge sharing.
Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs)
For platform based export (Tejas/Brahmos/Sarang/
¾ Simplification of Industrial licensing process with
Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), Indian missions
longer validity period
abroad can play a vital role in not only exploring
¾ Rationalised Defence Product List which required the evolving opportunities but in tapping them
Industry License up with dedicated diplomatic support during the
¾ Liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) prolonged negotiations.
policy allowing 74% FDI under automatic route ¾ R&D Infrastructure:
¾ Launch of Mission DefSpace Based on the needs of the industry, the
¾ Launch of Innovations for Defence Excellence Department of Defence Production may explore
(iDEX) scheme involving Start-ups & Micro, Small joint or co-development opportunities with
and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) other countries.
¾ Implementation of Public Procurement (Preference Another dimension of R&D infrastructure is that
to Make in India) Order 2017 India’s defence industry should also be willing to
¾ Launch of an indigenization portal namely SRIJAN to share it with prospective friendly buyers against
facilitate indigenisation by Indian Industry including potential export orders.
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) z For Example: A fighter aircraft for Egypt or
¾ Establishment of two Defence Industrial Corridors, Rocket Launcher System for Bangladesh under
one each in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu joint/co-development arrangements.
nnn
How can India Boost its Defence Export?
¾ Dedicated Export Infrastructure:
The Export Infrastructure can be for training, hand Shaping Disabled-
holding and market intelligence systems. Friendly Digital Ecosystem
Training of PSUs, especially one engaged in
international business can be prioritised, as the This editorial is based on “Shaping a more disabled-
majority of the officers come from engineering friendly digital ecosystem” which was published in the
backgrounds with limited knowledge or skill sets Hindu on 15/02/2023. It talks about the Challenges with
to manage international business operations. the Digital Ecosystem for Disabled in India.
A dedicated Export Promotion Council, specific
to the needs of Defence Sector where export Tag: Social Justice, GS Paper-2, Government Policies &
Interventions. Welfare Schemes
promotion officers have an understanding of the
policy framework of not only India but also that According to a recent report titled ‘Making the Digital
of other countries involved in defence production Ecosystem Disabled Friendly, WhatsApp has been ranked
and exports. India’s most accessible app for persons with disabilities,
It is important for the Indian defence industry
which evaluated the most popular apps across categories
to become familiar with international treaties/ like messaging, online payments, transport, e-commerce
protocols (Nuclear Supplier Group/Australia Group/ and food delivery.
Missile Technology Control Regime/Wassenar According to the World Health Organization, about
Group) as well as India’s UN mandated and other 16% of the global population is disabled. Based on that
international commitments and obligations through figure, there are at least 192 million disabled Indians.
EPC officials. Also, India had 750 million Internet/smartphone users
¾ Trade Support: in 2020, including 120 million people with disabilities.
Despite technology’s tremendous potential to level z The RPWDA adopts the same definition
the playing field for the disabled, it can also reinforce of universal design as in the UNCRPD and
barriers if it is not designed with their needs in mind. places obligations on the appropriate
government to ensure universal design for
What are the Challenges with
everyday electronic goods and equipment
the Digital Ecosystem for Disabled in India? and consumer goods.
¾ Lack of Accessibility: During Covid-19 Period, the Supreme Court
Many websites, apps, and online resources are directed the government to conduct a disability
not designed with accessibility in mind, making it audit for the CoWIN website and the Aarogya
difficult for people with disabilities to access them. Setu app.
This includes barriers to using assistive technologies National Policy on Electronic Accessibility, 2013:
like screen readers, magnifiers, or voice recognition
z It seeks to remove discrimination by focusing
software, which makes it hard for people with
on awareness, capacity building, institutional
visual, auditory, or motor disabilities to access
training and research and development.
the digital content.
Disability-inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction
¾ Limited Availability of Assistive Technologies:
Guidelines:
Many people with disabilities in India do not have
z The guidelines released by the National
access to the necessary assistive technologies to
access digital content. The cost of these devices Disaster Management Authority in 2019
is often prohibitive, and there is also a lack of provide accessible information on the websites
awareness about their availability and benefits. in the situation of risk, armed conflicts,
humanitarian emergencies and natural
¾ Limited Awareness:
disasters to help persons with disabilities.
Many people with disabilities in India are not
¾ Judicial Efforts:
aware of the available digital resources or how
to access them. The e-Committee, which is a governing body
For instance, there is a lack of information on the

set up by the Supreme Court to oversee the
accessibility features of various digital platforms, digitization of Indian courts, has been making
apps, and websites. changes to court websites to ensure that they
are accessible to PwDs.
¾ Language Barriers:
For instance, it has ensured that all High Court
There is a significant language barrier in India,
websites have accessible captchas by including
with a vast population speaking different regional
audio captchas in addition to visual captchas.
languages.
The e-Committee has also ensured that these
Many digital resources are available only in English
or Hindi, making it difficult for people who speak websites are accessible in terms of text colour,
other languages to access them. contrast, text size, and mostly in terms of screen
reader access as well.
¾ Limited User Testing:
The e-Committee runs training programmes for
User testing for people with disabilities is often
lawyers to make filings accessible.
limited or non-existent. Therefore, the accessibility
features and overall usability of digital resources What should be the Way Forward?
for people with disabilities are not adequately
assessed. ¾ Accessibility Standards:
India can implement accessibility standards to
What is the State of Digital Accessibility Rights in India? ensure that digital products and services are
¾ Legal Efforts: accessible to persons with disabilities.
India signed and ratified the UN Convention on The accessibility standards should be based on
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) international standards such as Web Content
in 2007. Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) or Bureau of
To ensure compliance with the UNCRPD, India Indian Standards (BIS) standards.
enacted the (Rights of Persons with Disabilities ¾ Inclusive Design:
Act 2016) to replace the Persons with Disabilities Inclusive design can ensure that digital products
(Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and and services are designed to be accessible to
Full Participation) Act, 1995. everyone, including persons with disabilities.
Inclusivedesign involves designing with the user India is one of the largest consumers of vegetable
in mind, taking into consideration their abilities, oils in the world, with a rapidly growing population and
needs, and limitations. increasing demand for edible oils. However, the country’s
¾ Assistive Technology: domestic production of oilseeds has not kept pace with
India can encourage the development and use this demand, leading to a heavy dependence on imports.
of assistive technology to help persons with India imports vegetable oil worth more than USD
disabilities access digital products and services. 14 billion to meet chronic domestic shortages, but it
Assistive technology includes software, hardware, intends to boost domestic production and reduce reliance
and devices that help persons with disabilities to on imports by increasing domestic production.
interact with digital products and services. In the near future, it is necessary for the country to
¾ Training and Awareness: develop significant self-sufficiency, but for the time being,
India can provide training and awareness to digital imports are unavoidable. However, the current import
product and service providers, developers, and strategy prioritizes the benefit of consumers and disregards
designers on accessibility and inclusive design. the welfare of local oilseed farmers.
This can help ensure that accessibility and In order to be effective, a holistic policy must
inclusive design are integrated into the design judiciously balance the interests of consumers and
and development process.
growers. There is a need for comprehensive policy action
¾ Collaborations: due to looming risks such as land constraints, water
India can collaborate with organizations, shortages, and climate change.
researchers, and experts in the field of disability
and accessibility to develop innovative solutions Why is India not
to make digital products and services accessible Self-Sufficient in Oilseed Production?
to persons with disabilities.
¾ Land Fragmentation:
¾ Government Policies:
One of the major challenges in oilseed production
The Indian government can create policies that
incentivize companies to implement accessibility in India is land fragmentation.
standards and inclusive design in their digital Indian farmers have small landholdings, which
products and services. The government can also makes it difficult for them to adopt modern farming
create policies that require digital products and techniques, machinery and technology.
services to be accessible to persons with disabilities. ¾ Low Productivity:
¾ Use of AI: Oilseed yields in India are relatively low compared
Currently technology is used to automate a large to other countries. The productivity of oilseeds is
number of accessibility tests, and combine that with hampered by poor seed quality, lack of irrigation
in-depth manual testing to provide comprehensive facilities, inadequate use of fertilizers, and
accessibility feedback to developers. insufficient research and development efforts.
Developers and companies can now use AI to ¾ Climate Variability:
automate accessibility testing and analyze feedback
The climate in India is diverse, and the crop
from users with disabilities to provide actionable
productivity is highly dependent on the availability
insights.
of water, temperature, and other environmental
nnn
factors.
India has witnessed significant changes in rainfall
Revitalising patterns, which have adversely affected oilseed
the Oilseeds Sector production.
¾ Lack of Storage and Distribution Infrastructure:
This editorial is based on “How to revitalise the oilseeds
India has limited storage and distribution
sector” which was published in the Hindu on 16/02/2023.
It discusses steps that need to be taken to increase infrastructure, which results in significant post-
domestic production of oilseeds to curb costly imports. harvest losses.
This, in turn, discourages farmers from producing
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-2, Government Policies & oilseeds, as they do not have the necessary
Interventions, Effect of Policies & Politics of Countries on India’s infrastructure to store and sell their produce.
Interests, Biotechnology, GS Paper-3, Growth & Development
¾ Dependence on Imports:
India is heavily dependent on imports for edible ¾ Adopting Multiple Technologies:

oils, and this has affected the competitiveness of Incorporate multiple technologies, such as
the domestic oilseed industry. information technology, satellite technology,
Low import tariffs and high domestic taxes have nuclear agri-technology, and nanotechnology.
also made imported oil cheaper than domestically By adopting these technologies, farmers can
produced oil. increase their yields, improve the quality of their
¾ Lack of Government Support: crops, and optimize their land and water usage.
The Indian government has not provided enough ¾ Work towards a Breakthrough in Seed Technology:
support to the oilseed sector, in terms of research Investing in research and development to improve
and development, extension services, and financial seed technology can lead to the creation of high-
support. yielding and disease-resistant seeds, which can
The government has also not encouraged private boost the production of oilseeds.
sector investment in the sector. ¾ Implementing a Robust Procurement System:
A robust procurement system can provide a
What are the Related Initiatives taken?
guaranteed market for farmers, thereby encouraging
¾ National Mission on Edible Oil-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP): them to grow more oilseeds.
NMEO-OP is a new Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
¾ Tapping the Potential of Non-Conventional Oil Sources:
It is proposed to have an additional 6.5 lakh
Tap the huge potential of non-conventional oil
hectares for palm oil by 2025-26.
sources like cottonseed, rice-bran, and tree-borne
¾ Oil Palm Area Expansion under Rastriya Krishi oilseeds. By utilizing non-conventional oil sources,
Vikas Yojana: the country can diversify its oilseed production
It is helping increase the minimum support prices and reduce its dependence on traditional sources.
of oilseed crops, creation of buffer stock for ¾ Regulating and Monitoring Imports:
oilseeds, cluster demonstration of oilseed crops, Currently, policy interventions are often reactive
etc are being implemented by the government and knee-jerk, and lack supportive data.
to boost domestic production.
A simple administrative system of ‘Import Contract
¾ Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): Registration’ and monitoring of arrivals will remove
The PMFBY is an insurance scheme for farmers, the opacity in trade and facilitate data-driven
which provides coverage against crop losses due decisions by India.
to natural calamities, pests, and diseases. The ¾ Cutting down Credit Period to 45 days:
scheme covers all oilseeds crops and provides
Long credit period of 90-120-150 days encourages
financial security to farmers in case of crop failure. over-trading and speculation.
¾ Technology Mission on Oilseeds:
Some Indian importers are already in a serious
Launched in 1986, the Technology Mission on ‘import debt trap’ because of rampant over-trading.
Oilseeds aimed at increasing the production of Also, Bank loans to importers can turn into Non-
oilseeds through the use of advanced technologies Performing Assets (NPAs) anytime.
and scientific methods. Reduced credit period will automatically slow
¾ Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): the pace of import and make the importer more
The PKVY is a scheme that promotes organic responsible and accountable.
farming in the country. ¾ Bring Cooking Oil under PDS:
Under the scheme, farmers are encouraged to Support vulnerable sections of consumers with
adopt organic farming practices for various crops, supply of edible oil under welfare programmes
including oilseeds. at subsidised rates.
z Public Distribution System and private trade
How can India boost Domestic Production? supplies can co-exist and help advance consumer
¾ Enforcing Area Expansion: interest.
Encourage area expansion through incentivized crop ¾ Creating Processing Industry Modernisation Fund:
rotation in high-input grain mono-cropping regions Many of the 15,000 oilseed crushing units and 800
like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. solvent extraction plants are intrinsically inefficient
By promoting crop rotation, farmers in these regions in terms of scale, equipment, technology and
can grow more oilseeds, increasing their yields. productivity.
A modernised industry will capture greater value For example, some brands use laser cutting and
and create potential to attract foreign direct digital printing instead of traditional dying and
investment. printing methods, which require large amounts
nnn of water.
z The industry uses 93 billion cubic metres of
water annually.
Push for Sustainable Clothing z 3,781 litres of water are used during the
production and use phase of one pair of its
This editorial is based on “PM Modi’s push for sustainable
jeans while 33.4 kg of carbon dioxide is created
clothing….” which was published in the Hindu on
throughout its lifetime.
13/02/2023. It discusses India’s challenge with the Push
for Sustainable Clothing and steps that need to be taken. ¾ Improved Quality and Durability:
Sustainable clothing is often designed to last
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-3, Inclusive Growth, Environmental longer than fast fashion.
Pollution & Degradation This can help to reduce the amount of clothing
Recently, India’s Prime Minister wore a blue vest that ends up in landfills, and it can save consumers
made of recycled plastic bottles in Parliament. By doing money in the long run.
so, he was trying to make sustainable clothing a conscious z According to the National Climate Change
choice that needs to be made in everyday life to save the Journal (2018), textile manufacturing is one
environment. of the most polluting sectors of the economy,
Sustainable clothing refers to garments that are emitting 1.2 billion tonnes of greenhouse
made using eco-friendly and socially responsible practices gases.
throughout their entire lifecycle, from design and ¾ Consumer Education:
production to distribution and disposal.
Promoting sustainable clothing can help to educate
In India, sustainable clothing is becoming more consumers about the impact of their choices on
popular as people are becoming aware of the impact the environment and society.
of fast fashion and seeking alternatives that are more
Thiscan help to raise awareness and encourage
environmentally and socially conscious.
more people to make conscious choices when it
The rapid growth of e-commerce and widespread comes to fashion.
smartphone connectivity in India has spurred a cultural
¾ Innovation and Creativity:
phenomenon of urbanization and acquisitive consumption
behaviour, leading to an increase in fast fashion and Sustainable clothing often involves innovative
disposable clothing. design and creative use of materials.
However, there is hope for a more sustainable future This can encourage creativity and innovation in
in the clothing industry. With India’s consumer the fashion industry, leading to more sustainable
demographics becoming younger, it is important to raise and environmentally-friendly solutions.
awareness about the environmental impact of fast ¾ Ethical and Fair Treatment of Workers:
fashion and promote sustainable clothing choices. Sustainable clothing brands often prioritize fair
and ethical treatment of workers, including fair
What are the Benefits of wages and safe working conditions.
Promoting Sustainable Clothing in India? z This can help to promote social justice and
¾ Reduced Environmental Impact: reduce exploitation in the fashion industry.
Sustainable clothing reduces the environmental
impact of the fashion industry. What are the Challenges
z Globally, the fashion industry causes 10% of
with Sustainable Clothing in India?
total carbon emissions and is a big pollutant. Its ¾ Lack of Awareness:
yield of harmful greenhouse gases is projected Many people in India are not aware of the benefits
to grow more than 50% by 2030. of sustainable clothing, including the environmental
¾ Water-Efficient Production Processes: and social impacts. This lack of awareness makes
Sustainable fashion brands use production processes it difficult for sustainable clothing to gain traction
that require less water. in the Indian market.
¾ High Cost: ¾ Setting up a Zero-Carbon Production and Supply

Sustainable clothing is often more expensive than Chain:
traditional clothing, due to the cost of eco-friendly Brands can incentivize a zero-carbon production and
materials and ethical labor practices. This high supply chain by promoting the use of renewable
cost can be a barrier for many people, especially energy, low-impact materials, and eco-friendly
those on lower incomes. packaging, which reduces the carbon footprint
¾ Limited Availability: of the fashion industry.
Sustainable clothing options are still limited in ¾ Nurturing Artisanship:
India, with many people not knowing where to Brands can incentivize the nurturing of artisanship
find eco-friendly and ethical brands. This lack by supporting local artisans and craftspeople,
of availability makes it difficult for consumers to promoting traditional craftsmanship, and investing
make sustainable choices. in training and development programs.
¾ Cultural Preferences: ¾ Incentives in the Fashion Industry:
Indian consumers have a preference for certain Financial rewards such as bonuses, commissions,
styles and materials that may not be eco-friendly and profit-sharing plans can motivate designers,
or sustainable. For example, cotton and silk are manufacturers, and retailers to increase their sales
popular materials in India, but they can be resource- and improve their profitability.
intensive to produce sustainably. For example, designers may receive a percentage
¾ Supply Chain Challenges: of the sales of their clothing lines or a bonus for
The supply chain for sustainable clothing in India meeting specific sales targets.
can be complex, with challenges in sourcing eco- nnn
friendly materials, ensuring ethical labor practices,
and maintaining quality standards.
¾ Infrastructure Challenges: Rise of
India faces challenges with waste management
and water scarcity, which can make sustainable
Agri-tech in India
clothing production and distribution more This editorial is based on “Can drones replace tractors
difficult. someday?” which was published in the Hindu on
¾ Limited Government Support: 17/02/2023. It discusses the rise of technology in the
While there are some government initiatives to agriculture sector and related challenges.
support sustainable clothing in India, the support
is still limited, which can hinder the growth of the Tag: Agriculture, GS Paper - 3, E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers,
Agricultural Marketing, Growth & Development,
sustainable clothing industry.
Transformative technological solutions are increasing
How can India promote sustainable clothing? in the agricultural sector, leading to the rise of over 1,300
¾ Rationalisation of the Cost Structure:
start-ups aimed at addressing the untapped potential of
the agri-tech space. Up until 2021, India received
Brands can incentivize sustainable practices in their
investments of over USD 1.6 billion in agri-tech, being
supply chain by promoting cost savings through
the third highest globally.
optimized production methods and waste reduction.
The agri-tech industry is one of the most important
¾ Legitimate Endorsement by Bollywood and Sports
pillars to build a sustainable future due to its high demand
ambassadors: in India and the global market. The Economic Survey of
The endorsement of sustainable clothing by popular India 2022-23 highlighted that India’s agriculture sector
Bollywood and sports figures can help increase has grown 4.6% over the last six years with over 1000
awareness and incentivize sustainable clothing agri-tech start-ups having emerged in the sector.
among the general public. Infrastructural development plays a key role in building
¾ Maintaining a Circular Economy of Fashion: a robust agri-tech sector.
Brands can incentivize circularity in the fashion In the modern era of technology, it is not wise to
industry by promoting the recycling, reuse, and neglect the technology in the agriculture sector. So, the
repurposing of clothing and textiles, which reduces need of the hour is to reassess the significance and
waste and promotes sustainability. challenges of agri-tech in India.
What is the Role What are the Related Steps taken?
of Technology in Agrarian Changes? ¾ Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) Initiative:
¾ Role of Drones: It was launched in September 2021 to help agri-
Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles tech start-ups by leveraging advances in cloud
(UAVs), have the potential to significantly transform computing, earth observation, remote sensing,
agriculture and bring about various changes. data, and AI/ML models.
Drone has several applications in aerial seeding, ¾ AgriStack:
pesticide spraying and remote data collection The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
for research. has planned creating ‘AgriStack’ - a collection of
¾ Role of Agri-Start-ups: technology-based interventions in agriculture.
Agri tech start-ups can play a significant role in
¾ Unified Farmer Service Platform (UFSP):
bringing about agrarian changes by introducing
UFSP is a combination of Core Infrastructure,
innovative technology and modern practices in
Data, Applications and Tools that enable seamless
the agriculture sector.
interoperability of various public and private
Agri tech start-ups can contribute to agrarian
IT systems in the agriculture ecosystem across
changes by improving Farming Techniques,
the country.
Increasing Efficiency, Access to Finance etc.
¾ Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)
¾ Precision Agriculture:
scheme:
Technology such as GPS, drones, and sensors are
SMAM scheme was launched in 2014-15 with
being used to monitor crops, soil, and weather
conditions. the objectives of increasing the reach of farm
mechanization to small and marginal farmers
This allows farmers to make data-driven decisions
and to the regions & difficult areas where farm
and optimize resource management such as water
power availability is low.
and fertilizer usage.
¾ Agricultural Machinery: What are the
Mechanization has been a key factor in improving Issues with Agri-Tech in India?
the productivity of the agrarian sector.
¾ Limited Digital Literacy:
Modern agricultural machinery such as tractors,
Despite India’s strides in digitalization, many farmers
harvesters, and seed drills have enabled farmers to
lack digital literacy and access to technology,
increase their efficiency and reduce labour costs.
making it challenging to adopt agri-tech solutions.
¾ Biotechnology:
¾ High Upfront Costs:
Biotechnology has been used to develop crops
Many agri-tech solutions require significant upfront
that are resistant to pests and diseases, drought-
investment, which can be a significant barrier
resistant, and have increased yield.
for small-scale farmers who may not have the
This has resulted in increased productivity, reduced resources to invest.
crop loss, and better quality crops. ¾ Fragmented Land Holdings:
¾ Food Processing and Preservation:
Most farmers in India have small and fragmented
Technology has enabled the development of food land holdings, making it difficult to adopt large-
processing and preservation techniques that ensure scale mechanization solutions, which are more
food is safe and has a longer shelf life. cost-effective.
This has reduced food waste and ensured that crops ¾ Limited Infrastructure:
can be stored and transported more efficiently. Limited availability of basic infrastructure, such as
¾ Market Access: electricity and internet connectivity, can hamper the
Technology has enabled farmers to have better adoption and effectiveness of agri-tech solutions.
access to markets, both locally and internationally. ¾ Inadequate Government Policies:
The internet and e-commerce have made it The government’s policies and programs for
possible for farmers to connect with buyers and promoting agri-tech are often inadequate,
sell their products directly, bypassing middlemen inconsistent, or poorly implemented, hindering
and increasing profits. their effectiveness.
¾ Lack of Collaboration: Boosting India’s Tax Base

The lack of collaboration between stakeholders,
including farmers, private sector players, and This editorial is based on “Is there a way to boost the tax
the government, can limit the development and base?” which was published in the Hindu Business Line
adoption of effective agri-tech solutions. on 18/02/2023. It discusses reasons for the low Tax base
in India and steps that need to be taken to address it.
¾ Limited Market Access:
Even if farmers adopt agri-tech solutions, they
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-3, GS Paper-2, Mobilization of
may face challenges accessing markets to sell Resources, Government Policies & Interventions
their produce due to a lack of market linkages and India has become the most populous country, with
limited market information. a quarter of the population below 15 years old, making
¾ Issue with Regulation of Drones: it a youthful nation with a low share of elderly citizens
Privacy is a major concern that looms over the and high fertility rates. The increasing working-age
trajectory of this sector since aerial vehicles come population is an advantage that can drive growth in the
equipped with sophisticated sensors and cameras. future.
With the rise in population, there are many broader
What Should be the Way Forward? policy implications that arise – harnessing this workforce
¾ Encouraging the Adoption of Modern Technology: effectively to contribute to GDP, providing them the right
The government should encourage farmers to skill training, providing jobs, social security etc.
adopt modern technology in farming. This can be With rise in population, the workforce has grown
done by providing subsidies and financial incentives but the income tax base has not increased, which needs
for purchasing and using modern equipment and to be addressed.
techniques. The Finance Ministry had revealed that the number
¾ Promote Farmer-Centric Research: of people who filed income tax returns stood at 6.8
Agricultural research should focus on the needs
crore in 2020-21. This means that only 4.8% of the total
and priorities of farmers. population filed IT returns in 2021. Of these, only 1.69
crore paid tax since 65% of the taxpayers earned less
Scientists should work closely with farmers to
than Rs. 5 lakh. So effectively, only 1.2% of the population
develop technology and practices that are suitable pays income tax as of now.
for local conditions.
¾ Improve Access to Technology: What are the
Small farmers in India often lack access to modern Reasons for Low Tax Base in India?
technology, including irrigation, mechanization, ¾ Large Informal Economy:
and crop management tools.
Indiahas a significant informal economy, which
Research institutions should focus on developing
means that a significant portion of economic
affordable and accessible technologies that can activity is not registered with the government,
improve agricultural productivity. and therefore, not taxed.
¾ Promote Education and Training: Many small businesses, street vendors, and daily
Agriculture-related education and training should wage workers operate in the informal sector, which
be made available to farmers, researchers, and makes it difficult for the government to track their
other stakeholders. income and collect taxes.
This can help to promote the adoption of new ¾ Low Participation of Women in the Workforce:
technologies and practices, as well as facilitate Another reason for the low tax base in India is
knowledge transfer. the low participation of women in the workforce.
¾ Improving Drone Regulation: z According to the World Bank report released
Drone regulation is a critical issue that requires in June 2022, Indian women’s labour force
careful consideration to ensure the safety and participation has been steadily declining since
privacy of individuals and communities. 2005 and is at a low of 19% in 2021.
Some ways to improve regulation are developing ¾ Dominance of Agricultural Sector:
a clear and consistent set of regulations, Enforcing A dominant portion of India’s workforce is employed
privacy laws etc. in agriculture and agricultural income is exempt
nnn under income tax.
z This results in 45.6% of agri-workers not filing Currently, agricultural income is exempt from
tax returns. So, only 23 crore of the workers income tax in India. However, many wealthy
in the non-agri segment are liable to pay tax. farmers earn a significant income from agriculture,
z This results in a narrow tax base, which is heavily but they do not pay taxes.
reliant on other sectors of the economy. Bringing agricultural income into the tax net can
¾ Income is not Taxable: increase the tax base.

The tax incidence arises only if the income is above z This can be achieved by setting a minimum
a certain threshold, and that a large percentage threshold for agricultural income to be taxed,
of Indian households have an annual income and by incentivising farmers to report their
under Rs.6 lakh. income.
This means that the potential taxpayer base is ¾ Tax collection at source (TCS):
reduced to a smaller number. Collecting tax at source for purchase of certain
z According to Statista, 67% of Indian households goods and services is another way to identify
had annual income under Rs.6 lakh in 2021, those who earn a tidy sum every year but are not
which reduces potential income taxpayers to paying any taxes.
7.6 crore. As of now, TCS is collected for high value goods
such as expensive motor vehicles, gold jewellery
How can India Harness or overseas remittances.
the Increasing Working Age Population? The ambit of TCS can be expanded to consumer
¾ Formalisation of the Economy: durables, domestic luxury travel, stays in expensive

The informal sector accounts for a significant part
hotels etc.
of India’s economy, but many businesses and This can help identify those operating in the
workers operate outside the tax net. informal sector and earning high income, yet
z According to a paper, ‘Measuring Informal
evading tax.
Economy in India, Indian experience’, out of z While this could hit honest taxpayers, they can
the total workforce in 2017-18, 90.7% was reclaim the tax in their annual return.
employed by the informal sector.
nnn
Formalising the economy by bringing these
businesses and workers under the tax net can
increase the tax base.
This can be achieved by providing incentives for
Creating Safe
businesses to register themselves and comply Workplace for Women
with tax laws, and by simplifying tax laws to make
compliance easier. This editorial is based on “Slow progress to creating a
safe workplace for women” which was published in the
Also, it can be done with some help from the GST
Hindu Business Line on 21/02/2023. It discusses the issues
system. One of the objectives of the GST regime
women face at Workplace and steps need to be taken
in its original form was to nudge those in the
to address it.
unorganised sector to shift to the formal sector
and file GST returns in order to avail input tax
Tag: Social Justice, GS Paper-1, GS Paper-2, Government Policies
credits or to continue supplying to larger buyers. & Interventions, Human Resource, Health
¾ Identifying High-Income Earners in the Informal Sector:
The recent cases of alleged sexual harassment faced
Many high-income earners operate in the informal by female wrestlers in India have highlighted the lack
sector, but they are not currently paying taxes. of functioning internal complaints committees and the
Identifying and bringing these individuals into the need for adherence to the Vishaka guidelines on reporting
tax net can increase the tax base. harassment.
This can be achieved by collecting data on income Although a specific offence relating to sexual
and assets through various means such as bank harassment was added to the Indian Penal Code in 2013,
transactions, property purchases, etc. and using the victim chose not to report the matter to the police,
this data to identify potential taxpayers. and there was no internal mechanism in place for redressal
¾ Bringing Agricultural Income into the Tax Net: of complaints.
The Vishaka guidelines, framed by the Supreme Court Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
of India in 1997, must be followed by both government Act, 2005
and private institutions and employers should not be The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
allowed to violate the fundamental rights of women at The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
the workplace. (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences
What are the Challenges
(POCSO), 2012
with Women Workforce Participation?
¾ Women Empowerment Schemes:
¾ Sexual Harassment:
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme
In recent years, sexual harassment at workplace
One Stop Centre Scheme
is becoming one of the most pressing issues
Ujjawala: A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention
affecting women across the globe.
of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-
z Nearly 31,000 complaints of crimes committed
integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial
against women were received by the National
Sexual Exploitation
Commission for Women (NCW) in 2022, the
SWADHAR Greh
highest since 2014.
NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR
About 54.5 % of the complaints were
Mahila police Volunteers
received from Uttar Pradesh. Delhi recorded
3,004 complaints, followed by Maharashtra Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)
(1,381), Bihar (1,368) and Haryana (1,362). NIRBHAYA Fund.
¾ Gender Discrimination:
Women are often discriminated against in the
workplace, whether in hiring, pay, promotions, ¾ Providing Women-Friendly Infrastructure:
or opportunities. It’s important to create a physical space that is
¾ Lack of Diversity: safe and welcoming for women.
Organizations with limited diversity may lack This can include separate washrooms, breastfeeding
understanding and empathy for the experiences rooms, and appropriate lighting and security
of women in the workplace. measures.
¾ Inadequate Support for Working Mothers: z It’s also important to ensure that the workplace
Women with children often face significant

is accessible for women with disabilities.
challenges in balancing their work and family ¾ Constitution of Internal Complaint Committees:
responsibilities. It is important to have a well-constituted Internal
¾ Occupational Segregation: Complaint Committees (ICCs) that includes both

Women are often concentrated in low-paying and
men and women as members and is chaired by a
traditionally female-dominated fields, while men senior female employee.
are more likely to work in high-paying industries z Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) are
and professions. mandatory under the Sexual Harassment of

Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition
What are the Major and Redressal) Act, 2013.
Legal Frameworks for Welfare of Women?
z An ICC is responsible for addressing complaints
¾ Constitutional Safeguards: of sexual harassment at the workplace.
Fundamental Rights:
¾ Spreading of Awareness:
z It guarantees all Indians the right to equality
It’s important for employees to be aware of their
(Article 14), no discrimination by the State on rights and the procedures for filing a complaint
the basis of gender (Article 15(1)) and special of sexual harassment.
provisions to be made by the State in favour
Employers should conduct regular training sessions
of women (Article 15(3)). and workshops to raise awareness about the law
Fundamental Duties: and the redressal mechanisms available.
z It ensures that practices derogatory to the dignity This can help create a culture of zero tolerance
of women are prohibited under Article 51 (A). towards sexual harassment and promote a safe
¾ Legislative Framework: and respectful workplace for all employees.
¾ Addressing the Deep-Rooted Structural and Cultural What is the State of the Fintech Sector in India?
Violence: ¾ About:
Addressing deep-rooted structural and cultural The fintech sector in India has grown dramatically
violence is essential for creating a safe and during the pandemic, with the number crossing
equitable society. 7,500 fintech startups. During 2014 to mid-2022,
Here are some steps that can be taken to address the sector received more than USD 30 billion in
this issue: funding.
z Education and Awareness, Empowering It is estimated that Indian fintechs represent
Marginalized Groups, Policy and Legal Reform, about USD 100 billion of Enterprise Value (EV),
challenging harmful beliefs and attitudes compared to an overall EV of Financial Services
etc. (FS) of USD 1.4 trillion, in 2021.
nnn The Indian fintech sector is poised to capture nearly
USD 350 billion in EV by FY 2026-27, contributing
more than 15% of FS EV. Similar is the story of
Safeguarding insuretechs and wealthtechs.
z Wealthtech entirely focuses on generating
the Fintech Sector wealth for investors through the use of
This editorial is based on “Trust as the guardrail for technology.
fintech” which was published in the Hindu Business Line z Insurtech is often used to describe the use of
on 21/02/2023. It discusses the need for policymakers technology in the insurance industry.
to expand the fintech sector regulator’s capacity for ¾ Growth Drivers:
effective monitoring and enforcement. The main forces driving the acceleration of this
sector have been product innovations in customer
Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-3, Capital Market, IT & Computers, acquisition, underwriting, pricing and collections,
Cyber Security, Scientific Innovations & Discoveries
and customer services.
The Fintech segment in India has seen an exponential The rapid growth of fintechs can also be attributed
rise in funding over the last few years; the sector received to
funding worth USD 9.8 Bn in 2021, led by the Payments
z Favourable macroeconomic and demographic
segment (53% share of fintech funding across all fintech
factors, including rising middle class with higher
verticals in India.)
disposable incomes to buy, borrow, save and
Prior to the arrival of the digital stack, financial invest more.
services were largely a ‘status-quo’ space for Indian
z Increasing mobile access and digital adoption
consumers. It has been dominated by the sheer
z Abundant financial services and technology
strength of physical brand presence and has borne
talent in the country
the burden of being a product seller rather than a
z Availability of equity and debt capital
solution provider.
z Government initiatives and regulatory efforts
With enhanced digital capabilities, the smarter
incumbents started combining data sciences and to create a conducive environment.
capabilities to address consumer convenience to offer
What are the Current
better solutions.
Challenges with the Fintech Sector?
As far as consumer engagement and solutions are
concerned, fintech companies are challenging traditional ¾ Regulatory Challenges:
players in the areas of lending, insurance, asset One of the significant challenges faced by the
management, and wealth management. fintech sector in India is the lack of a well-defined
The onus is on the segment-regulators to build their regulatory framework.
supervisory moats to maintain fiscal resilience in the The sector is regulated by multiple authorities,
era of convergence of emerging technology and finance. which can lead to confusion and ambiguity.
This would need the regulators to build their own tech ¾ Access to Funding:
capabilities, including real-time market surveillance and Despite the growth in the fintech industry, many
entity-supervision competence. startups in India struggle to secure funding.
This is due to a lack of understanding of the ¾ Promoting Financial Inclusion:

sector among traditional investors and a limited The government can work with fintech companies
number of venture capital firms that focus on to develop innovative solutions to help underserved
fintech startups. and unbanked populations gain access to financial
¾ Cybersecurity: services.
With the increase in digital transactions, there is ¾ Creating Robust Cybersecurity Policies:
a growing concern around cybersecurity threats. As fintech companies rely on digital technology
z India’s Computer Emergency Response Team to deliver their services, they are particularly
(CERT-IN) reported that in the first half of 2022, vulnerable to cyber-attacks.
over 674,000 cyber security incidents occurred The government can create robust cybersecurity
in the country. policies and regulations to protect consumers and
¾ Low Awareness: encourage confidence in the fintech sector.
Many people in India are still unaware of the ¾ Addressing Digital Illiteracy:
benefits of fintech services.
Addressing digital illiteracy can be incredibly helpful
Fintech companies need to work on increasing
in addressing challenges with the fintech sector.
awareness about their offerings and the value
Ways to increase Digital literacy:
they bring to customers.
z Increased adoption of fintech services, Reduced
¾ Competition from Traditional Banks:
fraud and security risks, Increased innovation
Traditional banks are also expanding their digital
etc.
offerings, creating intense competition for fintech
nnn
companies.
Fintech startups need to continue to innovate and
offer unique solutions to differentiate themselves
from traditional banks. Making India
¾ Inadequate Infrastructure: a Biodiversity Champion
Despite the growth in the sector, India still lacks
This editorial is based on “India can become a biodiversity
the necessary infrastructure to support fintech
champion” which was published in the Hindu on
services.
23/02/2023. It discusses the steps taken to conserve
Issues such as slow internet speeds, lack of
biodiversity and steps that can be taken to further
interoperability, and inadequate digital infrastructure
increase the conservation efforts.
can pose challenges to the growth of the fintech
sector.
Tag: Biodiversity & Environment, GS Paper-3, Conservation,
Environmental Pollution & Degradation, GS Paper-2, Important
What should be the Way Forward? International Institutions, Government Policies & Interventions
¾ Developing an Efficient Regulatory Regime: Biodiversity, which encompasses the total quantity
The government can work with the industry and variety of life on our planet, is crucial for the future
to develop a more streamlined and efficient of Earth. The United Nations Biodiversity Conference in
regulatory regime that promotes innovation and Montreal, Canada (2022) emphasized the significance
growth while also protecting consumers. of this biological wealth.
¾ Access to Funding: In the same conference, 188 country representatives
The government can encourage the development adopted an agreement to "halt and reverse" biodiversity
of more venture capital firms and angel investor loss by conserving 30% of the world's land and 30%
networks focused on fintech, as well as create of the world's oceans by 2030, known as the 30×30
policies to attract more foreign investment. pledge.
¾ Building Digital Infrastructure: India currently hosts 17% of the planet’s human
Fintech companies require reliable digital population and 17% of the global area in biodiversity
infrastructure to provide their services effectively. hotspots, placing it at the helm to guide the planet in
The government can invest in building a robust becoming biodiversity champions. To achieve the 30%
digital infrastructure, including improved broadband goal, India needs to have Biodiversity Friendly
connectivity and cloud computing services. Management.
What are the Challenges These green growth efforts will help in reducing
related to Biodiversity Conservation? carbon intensity of the economy and provide
¾ Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: for large-scale green job opportunities.
Human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, ¾ National Mission for a Green India:
urbanization, and infrastructure development are It aims to increase forest cover on degraded
leading to the loss and fragmentation of natural lands and protect existing forested lands.
habitats, making it difficult for many species to ¾ Green Credit Programme:
survive and reproduce. It has the objective to “incentivize environmentally
¾ Climate Change: sustainable and responsive actions by companies,
Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and individuals and local bodies”.
extreme weather events are affecting ecosystems ¾ MISHTI Initiative:
and altering the distribution and behaviour of The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats
many species. & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) is particularly
¾ Invasive Species: significant because of the extraordinary
Non-native species introduced by humans can importance of mangroves and coastal ecosystems
compete with and displace native species, disrupt in mitigating climate change.
ecosystem functioning, and spread diseases. ¾ PM-PRANAM:
¾ Overexploitation: To sustain our agriculture, PM-PRANAM is
Unsustainable use of natural resources such as important for reducing inputs of synthetic
overfishing, hunting, and harvesting of timber fertilizers and pesticides.
and other forest products can lead to the decline ¾ Amrit Dharohar scheme:
or extinction of species. The Amrit Dharohar scheme is expected to
¾ Pollution: “encourage optimal use of wetlands, and

Contamination of air, water, and soil with chemicals
enhance biodiversity, carbon stock, eco-tourism
and waste products can harm wildlife and their opportunities and income generation for local
habitats. communities”.
For example: pollutants such as sulfur can lead
to excess levels of acid in lakes and streams,
¾ Science-based Monitoring Programme:
and damage trees and forest soils; atmospheric
nitrogen can reduce the biodiversity of plant A science-based and inclusive monitoring
communities and harm fish and other aquatic life; programme is critical not only for the success of the
ozone damages tree leaves and negatively affects biodiversity conservation related steps taken but
scenic vistas in protected natural areas. also for documentation and distillation of lessons
learnt for replication, nationally as well as globally.
¾ Lack of Awareness and Appreciation:
Some examples of science-based monitoring
Many people are not aware of the importance
programs for biodiversity conservation include:
of biodiversity and the role it plays in supporting
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF),
human well-being, leading to insufficient public
The Living Planet Index, The National Biodiversity
support and funding for conservation efforts.
Network (NBN), etc.
¾ Poverty and Inequality:
¾ Effectively using Modern Concepts of Sustainability
Poverty can drive people to rely on natural resources of Ecosystems:
for their livelihoods, leading to overexploitation and New missions and programmes should effectively
habitat destruction. Lack of access to education use modern concepts of sustainability and valuation
and economic opportunities can also contribute of ecosystems that consider ecological, cultural,
to biodiversity loss. and sociological aspects of biological wealth.
Multiple sustainable bio economy can be achieved
What are the Related Initiatives?
by defining clear boundaries for the system,
¾ Green Growth Priority in Budget 2023:
prioritizing the benefits for those who provide
The Union Budget 2023 mentioned “Green
the resources, and creating value through service-
Growth” as one of the seven priorities or based funds rather than focusing solely on the
Saptarishis. flow of goods.
¾ Conserving Water: z This mission seeks to harness the power of

The future of our wetland ecosystems will depend interdisciplinary knowledge — for greening
on how we are able to sustain ecological flows India and its economy, to restore and enrich
through reduction in water use in key sectors the natural capital for the well-being of the
such as agriculture by encouraging changes to people, and to position India as a global leader
less-water intensive crops such as millets as well in applied biodiversity science.
as investments in water recycling in urban areas nnn
using a combination of grey and blue-green
infrastructure.
¾ Focusing on Ecological Restoration: Countering
As far as the Green India Mission is concerned,
the Menace of Smuggling
implementation should focus on ecological
restoration rather than tree plantation and This editorial is based on “Dealing with the smuggling
choose sites where it can contribute to ecological menace” which was published in the Financial Express
connectivity in landscapes fragmented by linear on 24/02/2023. It discusses the issue of Smuggling and
infrastructure. ways to address it.
Furthermore, choice of species and density should
be informed by available knowledge and evidence Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper - 3, Money Laundering, Security
Challenges & their Management in Border Areas
on resilience under emerging climate change and
synergies and trade-offs with respect to hydrologic Smuggling is a multidimensional issue that has a
services. detrimental impact on the economy and national
¾ Carefully Selecting Site for Mangrove Initiative: security. Smuggling at the border is violated, either
through smuggling, misdeclaration, or leveraging Free
Site selection should also be carefully considered
Trade Agreements.
for the mangrove initiative with a greater emphasis
on diversity of mangrove species with retention The deadly combination of smuggling and massive
of the integrity of coastal mud-flats and salt amounts of misdeclaration that leverage existing free
pans themselves, as they too are important for trade agreements and treaties poses a growing threat to
biodiversity. India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat Initiative.
¾ Involving Local Community: Attractive-looking thin cigarettes lack mandatory
Each of these efforts regarding biodiversity
images as per the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products
conservation must be inclusive of local and Act guidelines can be seen on the streets and local
nomadic communities where these initiatives will markets. These cigarettes are imported and do not carry
be implemented. the required information such as the manufacturer,
importer or packer’s name and address, quantity of the
Traditional knowledge and practices of these
communities should be integrated into the product, month and year of manufacture, retail sale price,
implementation plans. and more, thereby violating the Legal Metrology Act and
the Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules,2011.
Each of these programmes has the potential to
greatly improve the state of biodiversity if their It is time for India to crack down, both internally
implementation is based on the latest scientific and at the borders, to curb this menace. India should
and ecological knowledge. take the lead and declare an Anti-Smuggling Day and
work with other countries to make this a global effort.
¾ Significant Educational and Research Funding:
For India’s biological wealth to be critically appraised
What can be the Impact of Smuggling?
and brought to the public’s attention, each
program should include significant educational ¾ Instigating Crime:
and research funding. Smuggling is an illegal activity that involves the
z There is already an agreement among the transportation and distribution of contraband
Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and goods, such as drugs, firearms, and counterfeit
Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) and products.
the government is expected to launch the This illicit trade can contribute to a rise in organized
National Mission on Biodiversity and Human crime, as it creates a profitable underground market
Wellbeing on an immediate basis. for criminal groups to exploit.
¾ Funding Terrorism: levels, from customs officials to police officers to
Smuggling can also be a source of funding for politicians.
terrorist organizations, as they may use the Corruption makes it difficult to enforce laws and
proceeds from smuggling operations to finance regulations and undermines efforts to combat
their activities. smuggling.
This can have a destabilizing effect on national and ¾ The Lack of Resources:
international security, as it allows these groups Countering smuggling requires significant resources,
to continue their violent operations. including personnel, equipment, and funding.
¾ Generating and Circulating Black Money: Many law enforcement agencies are underfunded
Smuggling often involves the exchange of goods and understaffed, which makes it difficult for
and services for cash, which can be used to generate them to effectively combat smuggling.
and circulate black money. ¾ The Global Nature of the Problem:
This can result in a loss of tax revenue for Smuggling is a global problem that requires
governments, as well as contribute to the growth international cooperation and coordination to
of the informal economy, which can undermine address effectively.
the effectiveness of formal economic institutions. Many countries have different laws and regulations
¾ Loss of Revenue: related to smuggling, which can make it difficult
Smuggling often involves avoiding or evading taxes to coordinate efforts.
and tariffs, resulting in significant revenue losses ¾ Evolving Tactics:
for governments. Smugglers are constantly changing their tactics to
This can reduce the funding available for public evade detection. They may use new technologies,
services and infrastructure. change their routes, or use different methods to
z A report titled “Illicit Markets: A Threat to Our transport goods.
National Interests” that analyzes the impact of ¾ Public Support:
illegal trade in five industries in India reported The public may not always support efforts to
that the size of illicit markets in these industries combat smuggling, especially if it involves increased
is worth Rs 2.6 trillion. surveillance or other measures that infringe on
z This unlawful trade results in a total estimated their privacy.
legitimate employment loss of 15.96 lakh and This lack of public support can make it difficult for
a tax loss to the Centre that has increased by law enforcement agencies to take effective action.
163% over ten years.
What are the ¾ Analytics and Artificial Intelligence being deployed
to track and trace consignments, patterns, and
Challenges in Countering Smuggling?
modules to prevent smuggling.
¾ The Scale of Smuggling:
¾ Hardware-based Interventions:
Smuggling is a multi-billion dollar industry, and
Europe is deploying a new set of high-tech
it involves a vast range of goods, including drugs,
anti-smuggling tools, including a machine that
weapons, counterfeit goods, wildlife, and humans.
fires part of an atom at containers that helps
The sheer scale of smuggling makes it difficult for
analyse their contents.
law enforcement agencies to keep up with the
There are also deployments such as the electronic
criminals involved.
sniffer dog that sniffs particles inside the container
¾ The Sophistication of Smuggling Networks: but would never get tired like a real dog. There
Smugglers often operate in highly organized are also unmanned surface vessels for marine
networks that span multiple countries, making monitoring, surveying, and chasing smugglers
it difficult for law enforcement agencies to track in deep seas.
them down.
These networks are often highly sophisticated What should be the Way Forward?
and use advanced technology to evade detection. ¾ Better Cross-border Coordination:
¾ Corruption: One of the most effective ways to counter smuggling
Smugglers often rely on corruption to facilitate is by improving cross-border coordination between
their activities. This corruption can occur at all different agencies and countries.
This
can involve sharing intelligence, increasing These incidents highlight the urgent need for
communication, and implementing joint operations increased cybersecurity measures to prevent such attacks
to identify and intercept smuggled goods. from happening in the future.
¾ Trade-data Reconciliations:
Another way to counter smuggling is by
What are the
implementing trade-data reconciliations, which Challenges related to Cyber Security?
involves comparing data from different sources to ¾ Recent Cyber Attacks:
identify discrepancies and anomalies. Ransomware attacks are becoming more frequent
By identifying these discrepancies, authorities can and costly, with over 75% of Indian organizations
more easily identify potential smugglers and take having faced such attacks and each breach costing
action to stop them. an average of ₹35 crore of damage.
¾ In-country Crackdown on Grey Markets: ¾ Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure:
Another effective strategy is cracking down on grey The lines between the physical and digital realms
markets, which are often a source of smuggled goods. are blurring rapidly, making Critical infrastructure
This can involve increasing enforcement efforts, extremely vulnerable to attacks from hostile state
implementing stricter regulations, and educating and non-state actors.
consumers about the dangers of buying smuggled Cyber capabilities can be used to undermine critical
goods. infrastructure, industry, and security, as seen in
¾ Increasing the Manpower in Departments like Legal the ongoing conflict in Ukraine where electronic
Metrology: systems in warheads, radars, and communication
Another way to counter smuggling is by increasing devices have reportedly been rendered ineffective
the manpower in departments like legal metrology, using hacking and GPS jamming.
which are responsible for ensuring compliance ¾ Under-Preparedness:
with regulations related to weights and measures. CERT-In has introduced guidelines for organizations
By increasing the number of inspectors, authorities to comply with when connected to the digital
can more effectively monitor the movement of realm, but most organizations lack the tools to
goods and identify potential smuggling operations. identify and prevent cyberattacks.
Also, there is an acute scarcity of cybersecurity
Rising up to professionals in India.

¾ Limited Private Sector Participation:
Cyber Security Challenges
Private sector participation remains limited in
This editorial is based on “Cyberattacks are rising, but India’s cybersecurity structures, and collaboration
there is an ideal patch” which was published in the Hindu with like-minded intergovernmental and state
on 25/02/2023. It highlights the challenges posed by frameworks is necessary to protect users and
cyber threats while also envisaging greater role by India customers from cyber breaches.
for consensus on Cyber security through G20 Presidency. ¾ Added Complexity:
With more inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI),
Tag: Governance, GS Paper–2, Government Policies &
machine learning (ML), data analytics, cloud
Interventions, GS Paper–3, Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare,
Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks computing and Internet of Things (IoT), cyberspace
will become a complex domain, giving rise to issues
The past few incidents have highlighted the
of a techno-legal nature.
vulnerabilities of our fast-expanding digital networks.
The introduction of 5G and the arrival of quantum
The first one targeted the servers of India’s All India
Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), compromising computing will increase the potency of malicious
around 40 million health records and causing a two- software.
week-long system outage.
What are the
Another attack involved a ransomware group,
Initiatives Regarding Cyber Security?
BlackCat, breaching the parent company of Solar
Industries Limited, a Ministry of Defence ammunition ¾ Global Initiatives:
and explosives manufacturer, and stealing over 2 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime: It is an
Terabytes of data. international treaty that seeks to address Internet
and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, Computer Emergency Response Team - India
improving investigative techniques, and increasing (CERT-In): It is an organization of the Ministry of
cooperation among nations. It came into force Electronics and Information Technology which
on 1st July 2004. India is not a signatory to this collects, analyses and disseminates information
convention. on cyber incidents, and also issues alert on
Internet Governance Forum (IGF): It brings together cybersecurity incidents.
all stakeholders i.e., government, private sector and Cybersecurity Treaties: India has already signed
civil society on the Internet governance debate. cybersecurity treaties with countries such as
UNGA Resolutions: The United Nations General the US, Russia, the UK, South Korea, and the
Assembly established two processes on the issues European Union.
of security in the information and communication Multilateral Frameworks: Efforts are being made
technologies (ICT) environment. in multinational frameworks such as the Quad
z The Open-ended Working Group (OEWG) and the I2U2 to enhance cooperation in cyber
through resolution by Russia incident responses, technology collaboration,
z The Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) capacity building, and in the improvement of
through resolution by USA cyber resilience.
¾ Indian Initiatives: India’s draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill
National Cyber Security Strategy 2020: It seeks

2022: It seeks to ensure usage of personal data
to improve cyber awareness and cybersecurity for lawful purposes only and proposes a penalty
through more stringent audits. Empanelled of up to ₹500 crore for data breaches.
cyber auditors will look more carefully at the Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA): It is created by
security features of organisations than are legally Indian armed forces and is capable of offensive
necessary now. and defensive manoeuvres.
National Critical Information Infrastructure
Protection Centre (NCIIPC): The NCIIPC, created
How can India Utilize G20
under Information Technology Act, 2000, operates Summit to Build Consensus on Cyber Security?
as the nodal agency for protection and resilience ¾ Utilizing the Opportunity of the G20 Summit: As the
of critical information infrastructure host nation for the G20 summit, India can use this
Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): opportunity to bring together all the stakeholders
It was setup in 2020 to deal with all types of driving the global levers of power to discuss
cybercrimes in a comprehensive and coordinated cybersecurity.
manner. ¾ Creating a Global Framework: India could take
Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative: It was launched the lead in conceptualizing a global framework of
in 2018 with an aim to spread awareness about common minimum acceptance for cybersecurity.
cybercrime and building capacity for safety This would be a significant contribution to collective
measures for Chief Information Security Officers security and a step towards building consensus on
(CISOs) and frontline IT staff across all government cybersecurity.
departments. ¾ Raising Awareness: India can use the G20 summit
Cyber Swachhta Kendra: In 2017, this platform to raise awareness about cybersecurity issues,
was introduced for internet users to clean their emphasizing the importance of taking preventive
computers and devices by wiping out viruses and measures and developing effective cybersecurity
malware. policies.
Information Technology Act, 2000: The Act
regulates use of computers, computer systems, What can be the Way Forward?
computer networks and also data and information ¾ International Cooperation: It is of critical importance
in electronic format. to ensure global cooperation through information
National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal: It is a sharing and strengthening joint efforts in cybersecurity
citizen-centric initiative which will enable citizens research and development as most cyberattacks
to report cybercrimes online and all the complaints originate from beyond the borders.
will be accessed by the concerned law enforcement India can consider joining Budapest Convention
agencies for taking action as per law. along with Multilateral initiatives like QUAD.
¾ Plugging the Gaps: It is important for the corporates What are the Reasons
or the respective government departments to find for the Water Scarcity in India?
the gaps in their organisations and address those
¾ Changes in Water Storage:
gaps and create a layered security system, wherein
Although the number of large irrigation dams has
security threat intelligence sharing is happening
between different layers. increased from 236 in 1960 to 5,334 in 2020, the
gross water availability of dams dwindles during
¾ A Truly Global Framework: It is needed as the current
summer.
efforts are operating in silos. An apex body will be
Studies show that perennial rivers like Ganga,
able to ensure operational coordination amongst
Godavari and Krishna dry up in many places
various agencies.
during summer.
¾ Coordination and Information Dissemination:
It is estimated that the level of groundwater in
Formalize the coordination and prioritization of
Ganga and Brahmaputra, which are said to be the
cyber security research and development activities;
largest groundwater rich river basins in the world,
disseminate vulnerability advisories and threat warnings
declines by 15-20 mm per year.
in a timely manner.
Owing to human and other interventions in the
nnn
catchment area, the sediment deposit in the
water storage area of major and medium dams
has increased, which is reducing the total water
Addressing the storage.
Issue of Water Scarcity ¾ Agricultural Demand:
The Ministry of Water Resources has estimated
This editorial is based on “Don’t let water scarcity boil that the country’s total water demand may exceed
over” which was published in the Hindu BusinessLine the amount of water available for use by 2050,
on 24/02/2023. It discusses the Issue of Water Scarcity due to the rapid economic development and
in India and steps need to be taken to tackle it. increasing population.
¾ Cultivation of more Water-Intensive Crops:
Tag: Social Justice, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3, Water Resources,
Due to income and market-related reasons, farmers
Conservation of Resources, GS Paper-1
have been cultivating more water-intensive crops
As India’s population continues to grow and with
in recent years.
most people still engaged in agriculture, water scarcity
z For example, between 1990-91 and 2020-21, the
can be all the more debilitating. According to a report by
area under water-intensive sugarcane increased
US-based World Resources Institute (2015), approximately
by 32%, paddy by 6%, and banana by 129%.
54% of people living in India are already experiencing
This has led to a rapid increase in the demand
water scarcity.
for water in recent times.
Similarly, a World Bank report estimates that the
average per capita water available will decline from 1588 ¾ Unequal Distribution:
cubic meters to less than half that by 2030. Another Unequal distribution of water resources across
study on climate change and water by the World Bank different regions of the country is also a major
in 2016 has warned that the countries with water scarcity issue. Some regions have abundant water resources
could lose up to 6% of their Gross Domestic Product while others face acute shortages.
(GDP) by 2050. ¾ Over-extraction of Groundwater:
Since irrigation has become increasingly scarce in Over-extraction of groundwater for agriculture,
many parts of the country, farmers are experiencing many industries, and domestic purposes has led to the
difficulties cultivating crops; in some states, farmers have depletion of groundwater levels in many parts of
even committed suicide citing crop failure. Such the country.
occurrences can affect the country’s food security. This has made it difficult for people to access
As the overall economic growth of our country is water for their daily needs.
still heavily dependent on the agriculture sector — which ¾ Pollution:
also accounts for about 90% of the water consumed — The pollution of rivers, lakes, and other water bodies
India needs to address water scarcity more urgently than has made it difficult to use water for drinking,
other countries. irrigation, and other purposes.
Industries and urban areas discharge untreated z As a result, the irrigated area of tanks has
waste into water bodies, which not only pollutes declined sharply from 45.61 lakh hectares in
the water but also reduces its availability. 1960-61 to 16.68 lakh hectares in 2019-20.
By restoring and maintaining these small water
bodies, India can help conserve water and improve
¾ National Water Policy, 2012
the availability of water in nearby communities.
¾ Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
¾ Removing Silting:
¾ Jal Shakti Abhiyan- Catch the Rain Campaign
Silting is a significant problem in many rivers, lakes,
¾ Atal Bhujal Yojana and ponds in India.
Over time, sediment and debris accumulate at the
How India should
bottom of water bodies, reducing their storage
Address the Issue of Water Conservation?
capacity and impairing water quality.
¾ Encouraging Rainwater Harvesting:
By removing the silt and debris, India can restore
India receives a significant amount of rainfall each
the storage capacity of water bodies and improve
year, especially during the monsoon season. the quality of water.
z For example, in a single day, Mumbai received
¾ Implement Efficient Irrigation Methods:
950 mm of rainfall in 2005, Chennai 494 mm
Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in
in 2015, and Mount Abu 770 mm in 2017. In
India. Therefore, the government should promote
November 2022, Sirkazhi in Tamil Nadu received
efficient irrigation methods such as drip irrigation
420 mm of rainfall in a single day.
and sprinkler irrigation, which can reduce water
By implementing rainwater harvesting systems,
wastage and improve crop yield.
India can collect and store rainwater for later use.
This can be done by building rainwater harvesting ¾ Adopt Water-Efficient Technologies:
structures like rooftop rainwater harvesting, The government should encourage the adoption
percolation pits, and recharge wells. of water-efficient technologies such as low-flow

¾ Maintaining Small Water Bodies: toilets, water-efficient washing machines, and
dishwashers, which can significantly reduce water
India has a vast network of small water bodies like
ponds, lakes, and tanks, which play a vital role in usage.
recharging groundwater and providing water for ¾ Promote Awareness:
irrigation. The government should conduct awareness
z The 5th Minor Irrigation Census mentions that campaigns to educate people about the importance
India has a total of 6.42 lakh small water bodies. of water conservation and the need to use water
Due to lack of proper maintenance, their storage judiciously.
capacity has been declining. nnn
Drishti Mains Questions
1. What are the challenges in India’s efforts to revive the cultivation and consumption of millets?
2. What impact does the strengthening alliance between Russia and China have on India’s foreign policy
and its strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific region?
3. What role can water diplomacy play in resolving the India-Pakistan conflict and what measures are
needed to ensure effective water sharing between the two countries?
4. What are the major challenges faced by India in promoting and implementing the use of solar energy
as a sustainable source of energy?
5. How can the criminal justice administration in India be made more transparent and accountable to
ensure the protection of individual rights and the promotion of the rule of law?
6. What measures are being taken by India to ensure an energy transition to a sustainable and equitable
economy?
7. What measures can be taken to enhance the development of rural areas and improve the standard
of living for rural communities?
8. What are the main challenges in the infrastructure sector in India and what measures can be taken
to overcome them?
9. How can Women Business Correspondents help in deepening financial inclusion in India. Comment.
10. What steps are India and France taking to enhance their bilateral relations and what are the potential
benefits for both nations?
11. How is the AI industry addressing and promoting gender equality in terms of representation,
opportunities and ethical considerations?
12. Analyze the impact of e-commerce on India’s exports and suggest measures for effectively utilizing
its potential to enhance the country’s competitiveness in the global market.
13. Analyse the challenges and opportunities in the defence export ecosystem of India and discuss the
measures that can be taken to enhance the country’s potential in this sector.
14. Discuss the challenges in creating a more disabled-friendly digital ecosystem in India and suggest
measures that can be taken to ensure inclusivity and accessibility for persons with disabilities.
15. What are the factors contributing to India’s inability to achieve self-sufficiency in oilseed production,
and what steps can be taken to increase domestic production and reduce the country’s reliance on
imports?
16. What are the key challenges in promoting sustainable clothing in India, and how can they be addressed
to create a more environmentally responsible and socially conscious fashion industry?
17. What are the key factors driving the rise of agri tech in India, and what are the major challenges
faced by the sector in achieving its full potential?
18. What are the challenges faced in boosting India’s tax base, and what policy measures can be implemented
to increase the number of taxpayers and improve tax compliance?
Drishti Mains Questions
19. What are the most effective strategies for creating a safe workplace for women, and how can
organizations implement those measures to ensure a safe and inclusive work environment for all
employees?
20. What measures can India take to effectively safeguard the Fintech sector and its consumers from
potential risks and threats, while promoting innovation and growth in the industry?
21. What steps can India take to become a global champion in biodiversity conservation and sustainable
utilization of resources, and discuss the challenges need to be overcome to achieve this goal?
22. Discuss what anti-smuggling measures can be taken in the light of the changing nature of smuggling
tactics and the increasing involvement of organized crime groups.
23. India is facing increased threat of cyber-crimes since pandemic. How can India tackle these threats
and develop Global consensus on cyber security? Analyse in the context of India’s G20 Presidency.

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Monthly

01st February to 28th February 2023

 Over the last decade, the

¾ Processing and Value-added Products: pressure both Russia and China.

 Collaboration between farmers, processors, fear of Chinese territorial expansionism in Asia.

 The China-Russian alliance and the Ukraine war ¾ Diplomatic:

What can be the ¾ Diplomatic Relations:

¾ Protecting the Rights of Marginalized Groups:

¾ Reforms in the Bail System:

What should be the Way Forward? India’s Energy

 An alternative solution could be to optimize coal-

Revamping Rural Areas and trained medical professionals, leading to

and develop. resource for poverty reduction, mitigating global

development, credit access, enterprise, and z Bihar’s Hariyali Mission

Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3, Government Why is India’s

What is the Proposed such as healthcare and education, require public

find knowledge-based and farmer-centric and implementation processes to ensure that

z It aims to ensure integrated planning and training programs

the next four years, with focus on expediting infrastructure-related fields

 National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE)

nnn bias during performance evaluations during their

a work-life balance, particularly in demanding and promote the positive representation of

Tag: Indian Economy, GS Paper-2, GS Paper-3,

What is the State of Exports from India?

¾ Developing a Strong Logistics Network: exporter of defence equipment to friendly countries.

 For instance, there is a lack of information on the

 India is heavily dependent on imports for edible ¾ Adopting Multiple Technologies:

¾ High Cost: ¾ Setting up a Zero-Carbon Production and Supply

¾ Lack of Collaboration: Boosting India’s Tax Base

¾ Income is not Taxable: increase the tax base.

¾ Formalisation of the Economy: durables, domestic luxury travel, stays in expensive

(1,381), Bihar (1,368) and Haryana (1,362).  NIRBHAYA Fund.

 Women with children often face significant

¾ Occupational Segregation: Complaint Committees (ICCs) that includes both

and professions. mandatory under the Sexual Harassment of

 This is due to a lack of understanding of the ¾ Promoting Financial Inclusion:

¾ Pollution: “encourage optimal use of wetlands, and

¾ Conserving Water: z This mission seeks to harness the power of

Rising up to professionals in India.

 National Cyber Security Strategy 2020: It seeks

percolation pits, and recharge wells. of water-efficient technologies such as low-flow

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Over the last decade, the

Collaboration between farmers, processors, fear of Chinese territorial expansionism in Asia.

The China-Russian alliance and the Ukraine war ¾ Diplomatic:

An alternative solution could be to optimize coal-

National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE)

For instance, there is a lack of information on the

India is heavily dependent on imports for edible ¾ Adopting Multiple Technologies:

(1,381), Bihar (1,368) and Haryana (1,362). NIRBHAYA Fund.

Women with children often face significant

This is due to a lack of understanding of the ¾ Promoting Financial Inclusion:

National Cyber Security Strategy 2020: It seeks