Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Techniques
The Statement of Financial
Position Illustration
2
Section 1
Estimating Cash Flows
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What is
Capital Budgeting?
The process of identifying, analyzing, and selecting
investment projects whose returns (cash flows) are
expected to extend beyond one year;
The examples are;
a. New products or expansion of
existing products;
b. Replacement of existing equipment
or buildings;
c. Research and development;
d. Exploration;
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The Capital Budgeting
Process
Generate investment proposals consistent with the firm’s
strategic objectives;
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Relevant Cost
Assumption
Cash flows of a project must be calculated based on
relevant costing assumptions;
A company produces tires.It can manufacture 1,000 units in a month for a fixed
cost of $300,000 and variable cost of $500 per unit. Its current demand is
600 units which it sells at $1,000 per unit. Company B considers to order
200 units of tire at $700 per unit. Should the company accept the order?
Solution
a)700-(300000/1000+500)=$100 Reject
b)Relevant costing assumption
(700-500)=$200 Accept 6
Relevant Cash Flows
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Estimating Cash Flows
Principles that must be adhered to in the
estimation;
a. ignore sunk costs;
b. ignore committed costs;
c. include opportunity costs;
d. include project-driven
changes in working capital;
e. include effects of inflation;
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Calculating Project Cash
Flows
Initial cash outflow is the initial net cash investment;
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Incremental Cash Flows
a)Cash inflow
b)-Cash outflow
d)-Tax Charge****
=Incremental net cash flow for
period
Tax Charge=(Cash Inflow-Cash Outflow-
Depreciation)x Tax Rate 11
Terminal-Year
Incremental Cash Flows
a) Calculate the incremental net cash
flow for the terminal period
b) + (-)Salvage value (disposal/reclamation
costs) of any sold or disposed assets
c) - (+)Taxes (tax savings) due to asset sale
or disposal of “new” assets
d) + (-)Change in NWC
e) = Terminal year incremental net
cash flow
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Example of an Asset
Expansion Project
Basket Wonders (BW) is considering the purchase of
a new basket weaving machine. The machine will
cost $50,000 plus $20,000 for shipping and
installation and falls under the 3-year MACRS class.
NWC will rise by $5,000. Lisa Miller forecasts that
revenues will increase by $110,000 for each of the
next 4 years and will then be sold (scrapped) for
$10,000 at the end of the fourth year, when the
project ends. Operating costs will rise by $70,000 for
each of the next four years. BW is in the 40% tax
bracket.(MACRS 33.3,44.45,14.81,7.41) 13
Initial Cash Outflow
a) $50,000
b) + 20,000
c) + 5,000
d) - 0 (not a replacement)
e) + (-) 0 (not a replacement)
f) = $75,000
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Incremental Cash Flows
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
a) $40,000 $40,000 $40,000 $40,000
b) - 23,331 31,115 10,367 5,187
c) = $16,669 $ 8,885 $29,633 $34,813
d) - 6,668 3,554 11,853 13,925
e = $33,332 $36,446 $28,147 $26,075
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Terminal-Year
Incremental Cash
Flows
a) $26,075 The incremental cash flow
from the previous slide in
Year 4.
b) +10,000 Salvage Value.
c) - 4,000 .40*($10,000 - 0) Note, the
asset is fully depreciated at
the end of Year 4.
d) + 5,000 NWC - Project ends.
e) = $37,075 Terminal-year incremental
cash flow.
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Summary of Project Net
Cash Flows
Asset Expansion
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
-$75,000* $33,332 $36,446 $28,147 $37,075
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SECTİON 2
Capital Budgeting
Techniques
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Project Evaluation:
Alternative Methods
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Proposed Project Data
Julie Miller is evaluating a new project for
her firm, Basket Wonders (BW). She has
determined that the after-tax cash flows
for the project will be $10,000; $12,000;
$15,000; $10,000; and $7,000,
respectively, for each of the Years 1
through 5. The initial cash outlay will be
$40,000.
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Independent Project
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Payback Solution of
Example
0 1 2 3 4 5
-40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7K
-40 K -30 K -18 K -3 K 7K 14 K
PBP = 3 + ( 3K ) / 10K
Cumulative = 3.3 Years
Cash Flows Note: If the required payback time by
company is 4 years then the project
will be accepted 23
Payback Period
(cont.)
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple to calculate and It ignores the cash flows
understand; after the end of payback
It can be used as a period;
screening device as a It ignores the time value
first stage in eliminating of money;
obviously inappropriate Unable to distinguish
projects; between projects with the
It uses cash flows rather same payback period;
than accounting profits; It may lead to excessive
investment in short-term
projects;
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Internal Rate of Return
(IRR)
IRR is the discount rate that equates the
present value of the future net cash flows
from an investment project with the
project’s initial cash outflow.
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PI Acceptance
Criterion
PI = $38,572 / $40,000
= .9643 (Method #1, 13-34)
Mutually Exclusive - a
project whose acceptance
precludes the acceptance of one or more alternative projects;
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Potential Problems
Under Mutual
Exclusivity
Ranking of project proposals may create
contradictory results;
a.scale of investment;
b.cash flow pattern;
c.project life;
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Scale Differences
Calculate the PBP, IRR, NPV@10%,
and PI@10%.
Which project is preferred? Why?
Project IRR NPV PI
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Thank You
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