Antena - L1 - Antenna Basics22 - 23
Antena - L1 - Antenna Basics22 - 23
Antena - L1 - Antenna Basics22 - 23
Antennas Lectures
Third Year – Semester 2 (2022-2023)
Prepared by: Dr. Nuha H. Abdulghafoor
Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and its types
1.1 Terminology
The words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the equivalent
term “aerial” is used to specifically mean an elevated horizontal wire antenna. The origin of
the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio
pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless
system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long
wire "aerials" suspended from a pole. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving
elements were known simply as “terminals”. Because of his prominence, Marconi's use of the
word antenna spread among wireless researchers and enthusiasts, and later to the general
public.
Antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure
(if any), etc., in addition to the actual functional components. A receiving antenna may
include not only the passive metal receiving elements, but also an integrated preamplifier
or mixer, especially at and above microwave frequencies.
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Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and Types Dr. Nuha Hashem
Usually used in personal applications, automobiles, buildings, ships, aircrafts and spacecraft.
2. Aperture antennas: (Fig. 4, 5)
Horn antennas, waveguide opening
Usually used in aircrafts and space crafts, because these antennas can be flush mounted.
6. Array antennas
Yagi-Uda antenna, microstrip patch array, aperture array, slotted waveguide array.
Used for very high gain applications with added advantage, such as, controllable radiation pattern.
For example, Whip monopole is used on mobile and portable radios in VHF/UHF bands and
usually have a flexible, telescoping rod, Yagi-Uda (dipole) is most common directional
antennas at HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies as a unidirectional antenna with a narrowband
and used as rooftop TV antennas and long distance shortwave communication
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Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and Types Dr. Nuha Hashem
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Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and Types Dr. Nuha Hashem
d) At a given moment, the generator's right side is positive and its left side is
negative. A law of physics states that like charges repel each other. Consequently,
electrons will flow away from the negative terminal as far as possible while the
positive terminal will attract electrons. View B of Figure 13 shows the direction
and distribution of electron flow. The distribution curve shows that most current
flows in the center and none flows at the ends. The current distribution over the
antenna is always the same, regardless of how much or how little current is
flowing. However, current at any given point on the antenna will vary directly
with the amount of voltage that the generator develops.
e) One-quarter cycle after the electrons begin to flow, the generator develops it;
minimum voltage and the current decreases to zero. At that moment, the
condition shown in view C of Figure 12 will exist. Although no current is
flowing, a minimum number of electrons are at the left end of the line and a
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Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and Types Dr. Nuha Hashem
minimum number are at the right end. The charge distribution along the wire
varies as the voltage of the generator varies (view C).
Reciprocity is the ability to use the same antenna for both transmitting and
receiving. The electrical characteristics of an antenna apply equally, regardless of
whether you use the antenna for transmitting or receiving. The more efficient an
antenna is for transmitting a certain frequency, the more efficient it will be as a
receiving antenna for the same frequency. This is illustrated by Figure 13, view
A. When the antenna is used for transmitting, maximum radiation occurs at right
angles to its axis. When the same antenna is used for receiving (view B), its best
reception is along the same path; that is, at right angles to the axis of the antenna.
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Lecture 1: Antenna Basics and Types Dr. Nuha Hashem