CIVL 514 Design of Composite Plate Girder

Bridges
Dr. Ihab Ramadan
 Composite Plate Girder Bridges
• Introduction
• Components
• Design Considerations:
• Effective width
• Thickness of RC Slab
• Modular Ratio
• Preliminary Dimensioning
• Transformed Section
• Stress calculations
• Continuous Beams
• Effect of creep and shrinkage
• Types and Design of Shear Connectors
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 What is Composite Construction?
• Takes advantage of material properties of both steel & concrete:
• Concrete supports compression
• Steel supports tension
• No Partial slip between steel and concrete

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Applications: RC floors (Buildings)

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 Applications of Beams
Beams in Practice
Steel-Concrete Composite Section

• Composite construction refers to two load-carrying structural members

that are integrally connected and deflect as a single unit
• An example of this is composite metal deck with concrete fill, steel filler
beams, and girders made composite by using headed stud connectors

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 Applications of Beams
Beams in Practice

Connecting the concrete to the steel beams can have several advantages:

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 Composite Metal Decking
Composite Metal Deck

• Decking with deformed ribs (or

embossed decking), as shown,
is commonly used
• The deformations on the ribs
allow for a stronger bond
between the concrete and the
decking

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Applications: Multiple Plate Girder (Bridges)

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Applications: Composite Box Girder (Bridges)

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Definition of Composite Action

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No Interaction: Separate Steel beam & RC slab

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Complete Interaction:
Steel Beam connected to RC slab by adequate shear
connectors preventing slip (Transferring all shear
flow and prevent uplift)

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 Types of Composite Construction
→Shored (DL + LL supported by composite beam).
→Un-shored (DL supported by steel only, LL
supported by composite beam).

Shored Bridges
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 Types of Composite Construction
Shored Construction
• Steel section is propped while pouring concrete.
• Shoring is removed when concrete reaches 75% of the required characteristic
strength.
• Composite section carries all the loads.
• Shear Connectors designed to support shear flow due to Dead + Live Loads

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 Types of Composite Construction
Un-Shored Construction
• Steel section only carries: own weight + fresh concrete.

• Composite section carries SDL and LL.

• Composite section is considered effective after concrete reaches

75% of the required characteristic strength.

• Shear Connectors support shear flow due to (0.5 D + L.L)

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Advantages of Composite Design
• Reduce steel weight.
• Shallower steel girders.
• Reduce deflection (more stiff).

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 Components of Composite Beams:
• Steel beam/Plate girder.
• Concrete slab.
• Shear connectors.

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•Rolled section Steel Beams
•Rolled section with an additional cover
plate attached to the tension flange
•Plate girder
•Latticed girder

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 Concrete Slab
•Comply with the Egyptian Code for Reinforced
Concrete Design.
•Minimum acceptable value for characteristic cube
strength:
• 300 kg/cm2 for bridges.
• Typically 400 kg/cm2.
•May be placed on metal deck.
•May have constant thickness or haunched.

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 Shear Connectors
•Mechanical shear connectors must be provided
to support shear flow and prevent uplift.
•Shear connectors are fastened to the top
flange.
•Types: Studs, channels, angles, anchors, hoops,
T-sec, …

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Design Considerations
1- Effective Slab width

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 1- Effective Slab width

• bEL or bER = the smallest of:

– L / 8 (Span/8)
– Half the center-to-center spacing.
– 6ts (thickness of RC slab).
– Distance to slab edge.
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 2- Thickness of R.C Slab
• Minimum RC slab thickness, ts:
• 160 mm for bridges.
• 200 mm if no wearing surface is used.
• Typical haunch at steel beam shall have a slope tan b ≤ 3,
haunch depth, dh ≤1.5 ts and total depth, h ≤ 2.5 hs

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 3- Modular ratio, n

Concrete Modulus of elasticity

characteristic cube of concrete, Modular ratio, n
strength,
Ec (t/cm2)
fcu (kg/cm2)
250 220 10
300 240 9
400 280 8
 500 310 7

The Modular Ratio, n = (Es/Ec).

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 4- Preliminary dimensioning

•The ratio of the beam span, L, to the beam overall

depth including the concrete slab, h, ranges from
L/16 to L/22.

•If the span-to-depth limit is exceeded, limitation of

deflection as defined by the Code must be
satisfied.

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 5- Transformed Section

Calculations are usually done for one material.

Either transform concrete part to steel (as typically
done by steel designers) or transform the steel
part into concrete (typically done by concrete
designers).

The conversion is based on n (Es/Ec).

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Transformed Section to Steel

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 6- Calculation of Stresses

Section Properties

•Compute centroid, area, inertia and section

modulus for steel section and composite sections.

•Compute bending stresses due to various load

cases considering the method of construction
(shored or un-shored).

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 6- Calculation of Stresses
Section Properties
•Steel section properties:
• Zus = Is / yus.
• Zls = Is / yls.
•Composite section properties:
• Z’us = Iv / y’us.
• Z’ls = Iv / y’ls.
• Z’uc = Iv / y’uc.

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 6- Calculation of Stresses
Stress and Strain Distribution

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 Stress Computations
• Without Shoring (un-shored):
• fus = MD / Zus + ML / Z’us.
• fls = MD / Zls + ML / Z’ls.
• fuc = ML / (n * Z’uc).
• Shored:
•fus = (MD + ML) / Z’us.
•fls = (MD + ML) / Z’ls.
•fuc = (MD + ML) / (n * Z’uc).
MD is due to own weight only.
ML is due to other dead loads (superimposed dead loads) and live loads.

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Stress Computations

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 Tensile Stresses in R.C Slabs

• If the composite section is in the positive moment

zone, and where the neutral axis falls inside the
concrete slab, the tensile stresses shall not exceed
the values:
Concrete
characteristic cube 250 300 400  500
strength (kg/cm2)

Tensile stress
(kg/cm2) 17 19 23 27

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 7- Continuous Beams
• Composite action is only possible when the RC slab is in the
compression zone.
• For the “negative” moment, the concrete will crack and thus
does not enhance the performance.
• The analysis of the beam should consider the variation in
inertia between the composite and non-composite beam
sections.

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 7- Continuous Beams
• Three methods may be used in design:
• Design steel section to support the entire loads (DL & LL)
(No composite action).
• Provide supplementary steel reinforcement to act with the
steel tension flange (shear connectors must be extended
over the support area.
• A composite section may be designed to support all the
loads, provided that the tensile stresses in the concrete
does not exceed the following values:

Fcu (kg/cm2) 250 300 400  500

fut (kg/cm2) 17 19 23 27

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Estimation of Steel X-Section
Web Height

Web thickness

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Flanges Area (Mono-Symmetric I-Section)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Flanges Area (Mono-Symmetric I-Section)

Section Properties (Steel Section only)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Section Properties (Composite Section)

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 Estimation of Steel X-Section
Section Properties (Composite Section)

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Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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 Design of Composite Section
Strength Limit States
Resistance of Cross Section
6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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6.1 Plastic Composite Moment

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