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P 1
•Interference:
 If tooth contact occurs below the base
circle of a gear, where the tooth profile of
meshing gears are no longer involute,
then the gears do not execute conjugate
action.
 It occurs when small gear meets with
much larger one.
 It means the driven gear will not have
constant angular velocity.
 Unless the root is relieved, the tip will dig
into the flank. This weakens the tooth.
 Relieving of root is called undercutting.

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•Interference is more likely if: Zmin= 2k/Sin2a
•There are few pinion teeth. Pressure
Min. No. of teeth
angle
•The pressure angle is small. Standard Stub tooth
•Smaller pressure angle gives large base a
tooth(k=1) (k=0.8)
circle. 14.5 32 26
• db=d*cosa 20 18 15
25 12 10

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•Elimination:  Gear correction:
•Use higher pressure angel. Higher pressure angle results  Also called addendum
in smaller base circle. modification or profile correction.
•Base circle dia should be nearer to Root dia or less than  Carried out mostly in spur &
it. Helical gears.
•By Undercutting the teeth or making stub tooth , the tip of  to avoid
one tooth of a gear will not contact the non involute undercutting/interference.
portion of the tooth of mating gear.  Improve the bending strength
• However both will weaken the tooth. of tooth.
•Increasing the centre distance. It means gear correction.  To adjust/fit a design centre
distance.

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  Changing the centre
distance will increase
or decrease the
pressure angle and
pitch diameter.
 It also alters angle of
action, but does not
change the constant
angular velocity ratio of
the involute tooth form.

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 Type/ Method:
 Will have different effect on different  Two methods:
1. Actual/practical center distance given.
parameters of gear engagement.
2. Choosing Desired gear property and
 Correction can be positive or negative.
calculating Actual/Practical center distance
 Positive correction:
 Increases load carrying capacity.
 However it reduces the tip thickness.
 Outside dia increases.
 Contact ratio can also reduce.
 Negative correction:
 Increases contact ratio.  After determining the correction
 However reduces load carrying factors(X1 &X2) for individual gears.
capacity.  Determine contact ratio and tooth tip
 Outside dia decreases. thickness and verify they are within
 Contact ratio should be more than 1.2 for allowable limits.
smooth transmission.
 Tooth tip thickness should not be less
than 0.3*m for power transmission
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 Distribution of correction:
1.When actual centre distance is given.
Calculate sum of unit corrections(X1+X2).
Locate the value (X1+X2)/2 at the point (Z1+Z2)/2 in the graph 1or 2 depends on step up
and step down gear pair.
Draw a pairing line through this point.
Find out Values of X1 &X2 corresponding to Z1 and Z2 on this line.

(X1+x2)/2 or X1 or X2
(X1+x2 )/2or X1 or X2

(Z1+Z2)/2 or Z1 or Z2 (Z1+Z2)/2 or Z1 or Z2
Step Down drive Step up drive

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  2. Choose required Gear property and then selecting actual/practical Centre
distance.
 Choose X1+X2 at the point Z1+Z2 ,on the property desired of the gear pair in
the below graph.
Find out X1 &X2 by following next three steps as in case ‘1’.
X1+X2

Z1+Z2
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 without profile correction With profile correction
Description Symbol Data/Formula Pinion Gear Pinion Gear
No.of teeth(pinion) Z1 Data 20 20
No.of teeth(Gear) Z2 Data 72 72
Module/Normal module,mm mn Data 4 4
Pressure angle,deg α Data 20 20
Helix angle,deg β Data 15 15
Center distance(Actual/measured),mm aw Data# 190.491 191.500
Transverse pressure angle ,Deg. αt ArcTan(Tana/cosb) 20.647 20.647
Involute of pressure angle ,Deg Inv(αt) tan(αt)-(αt*PI/180) 0.016 0.016
Transverse module,mm mt mn/Cosβ
4.141 4.141
Pich circle dia/reference circle dia,mm d1/d2 Z1(2)Xmt
82.822 298.160 82.822 298.160
Center distance,Theorotical,mm a (Z1+Z2)mt/2
190.491 190.491
Transverse pressure angle,Working,deg. αtw Arccos(axcosαt/aw)
20.647 21.434
Involute of pressure angle,Working,deg Inv(αtw) tan(αtw)-(αtw*PI/180)
0.016 0.018
(Z1+Z2)*(Inv(αtw)-
X1+X2 Inv(αt)/2*tanα 0.000 0.257
X1(X2) From graph 0 0 0.280 -0.020
Add. correction coefficient,mm k (x1+x2)-((aw-a)/mn) 0 0.00463
Addendum,mm ha1/ha2 (1+x1(2)-k)mn 4 4 5.101 3.901
Dedendum,mm hb1/hb2 (1.25-x1(2))mn 5 5 3.880 5.080
Outside dia,mm Da1/Da2 d1(2)+2ha1(2) 90.822 339.288 93.025 305.963
Base circle dia,mm Db1/Db2 d1(2)cosat 77.503 310.01 77.503 279.009
working pitch diameter d1(w) db1(2)/cos(αtw) 82.822 331.288 83.261 299.739
Tooth depth,mm h ha1(2)+hb1(2) 9 9 8.981 8.981
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 Helical Gears with profile correction but with center distance chosen for given property
Description Symbol Data/Formula
No.of teeth(pinion) Z1 Data 20
No.of teeth(Gear) Z2 Data 72
Module/Normal module,mm mn Data 4
Pressure angle,deg α Data 20
Helix angle,deg β Data 15
Transverse pressure angle ,Deg. αt ArcTan(Tana/cosb) 20.647
Involute of pressure angle ,Deg Inv(αt) tan(αt)-(αt*PI/180) 0.016
Transverse module,mm mt mn/Cosβ 4.141
Pich circle dia/reference circle dia,mm d1/d2 Z1(2)Xmt 82.822 298.160
Center distance,Theorotical,mm a (Z1+Z2)mt/2 190.491
X1+X2 Select from Tables 0.250
X1(X2) From graph 0.260 -0.010
Involute of pressure angle,Working,deg Inv(αtw) (((X1+X2)*2*tana)/(Z1+Z2))+Inv(αt) 0.0184
Transverse pressure angle,Working,deg. αtw Refer involute tables 21.383
Center distance to be maintained,mm aw (axcos(αt)/cos(atw) 191.247
Addendum correction coefficient,mm k (x1+x2)-((aw-a)/mn) 0.061
Addendum,mm ha1/ha2 (1+x1(2)-k)mn 5.080 3.756
Dedendum,mm hb1/hb2 (1.25-x1(2))mn 3.960 5.040
Outside dia,mm Da1/Da2 d1(2)+2ha1(2) 92.982 305.672
Base circle dia,mm Db1/Db2 d1(2)cosat 77.503 279.009
working pitch diameter d1(w) db1(2)/cos(αtw) 83.151 299.343
Tooth depth,mm h ha1(2)+hb1(2) 9.040 8.796
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Minute Deg 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
0 0.0000 0.0018 0.0024 0.0031 0.0040 0.0050 0.0061 0.0075 0.0090 0.0108 0.0127 0.0149 0.0173 0.0201
1 0.0167 0.0018 0.0024 0.0031 0.0040 0.0050 0.0062 0.0075 0.0091 0.0108 0.0127 0.0149 0.0174 0.0201
2 0.0333 0.0018 0.0024 0.0031 0.0040 0.0050 0.0062 0.0075 0.0091 0.0108 0.0128 0.0150 0.0174 0.0201
3 0.0500 0.0018 0.0024 0.0032 0.0040 0.0050 0.0062 0.0076 0.0091 0.0109 0.0128 0.0150 0.0175 0.0202
4 0.0667 0.0018 0.0024 0.0032 0.0040 0.0051 0.0062 0.0076 0.0091 0.0109 0.0129 0.0151 0.0175 0.0202
5 0.0833 0.0018 0.0024 0.0032 0.0041 0.0051 0.0063 0.0076 0.0092 0.0109 0.0129 0.0151 0.0176 0.0203
6 0.1000 0.0018 0.0025 0.0032 0.0041 0.0051 0.0063 0.0076 0.0092 0.0109 0.0129 0.0151 0.0176 0.0203
7 0.1167 0.0019 0.0025 0.0032 0.0041 0.0051 0.0063 0.0077 0.0092 0.0110 0.0130 0.0152 0.0176 0.0204
8 0.1333 0.0019 0.0025 0.0032 0.0041 0.0051 0.0063 0.0077 0.0092 0.0110 0.0130 0.0152 0.0177 0.0204
9 0.1500 0.0019 0.0025 0.0032 0.0041 0.0051 0.0063 0.0077 0.0093 0.0110 0.0130 0.0153 0.0177 0.0205
10 0.1667 0.0019 0.0025 0.0033 0.0041 0.0052 0.0064 0.0077 0.0093 0.0111 0.0131 0.0153 0.0178 0.0205
11 0.1833 0.0019 0.0025 0.0033 0.0041 0.0052 0.0064 0.0078 0.0093 0.0111 0.0131 0.0153 0.0178 0.0206
12 0.2000 0.0019 0.0025 0.0033 0.0042 0.0052 0.0064 0.0078 0.0094 0.0111 0.0131 0.0154 0.0179 0.0206
13 0.2167 0.0019 0.0025 0.0033 0.0042 0.0052 0.0064 0.0078 0.0094 0.0112 0.0132 0.0154 0.0179 0.0207
14 0.2333 0.0019 0.0026 0.0033 0.0042 0.0052 0.0064 0.0078 0.0094 0.0112 0.0132 0.0155 0.0180 0.0207
15 0.2500 0.0019 0.0026 0.0033 0.0042 0.0053 0.0065 0.0079 0.0094 0.0112 0.0132 0.0155 0.0180 0.0208
16 0.2667 0.0019 0.0026 0.0033 0.0042 0.0053 0.0065 0.0079 0.0095 0.0113 0.0133 0.0155 0.0180 0.0208
17 0.2833 0.0020 0.0026 0.0033 0.0042 0.0053 0.0065 0.0079 0.0095 0.0113 0.0133 0.0156 0.0181 0.0209
18 0.3000 0.0020 0.0026 0.0034 0.0043 0.0053 0.0065 0.0079 0.0095 0.0113 0.0133 0.0156 0.0181 0.0209
19 0.3167 0.0020 0.0026 0.0034 0.0043 0.0053 0.0066 0.0080 0.0096 0.0114 0.0134 0.0156 0.0182 0.0210
20 0.3333 0.0020 0.0026 0.0034 0.0043 0.0054 0.0066 0.0080 0.0096 0.0114 0.0134 0.0157 0.0182 0.0210
21 0.3500 0.0020 0.0026 0.0034 0.0043 0.0054 0.0066 0.0080 0.0096 0.0114 0.0135 0.0157 0.0183 0.0211
22 0.3667 0.0020 0.0026 0.0034 0.0043 0.0054 0.0066 0.0080 0.0096 0.0115 0.0135 0.0158 0.0183 0.0211
23 0.3833 0.0020 0.0027 0.0034 0.0043 0.0054 0.0066 0.0081 0.0097 0.0115 0.0135 0.0158 0.0184 0.0212
24 0.4000 0.0020 0.0027 0.0034 0.0044 0.0054 0.0067 0.0081 0.0097 0.0115 0.0136 0.0158 0.0184 0.0212
25 0.4167 0.0020 0.0027 0.0035 0.0044 0.0054 0.0067 0.0081 0.0097 0.0115 0.0136 0.0159 0.0184 0.0213
26 0.4333 0.0020 0.0027 0.0035 0.0044 0.0055 0.0067 0.0081 0.0098 0.0116 0.0136 0.0159 0.0185 0.0213
27 0.4500 0.0020 0.0027 0.0035 0.0044 0.0055 0.0067 0.0082 0.0098 0.0116 0.0137 0.0160 0.0185 0.0214
28 0.4667 0.0021 0.0027 0.0035 0.0044 0.0055 0.0068 0.0082 0.0098 0.0116 0.0137 0.0160 0.0186 0.0214
29 0.4833
20-10-2020 0.0021 0.0027 0.0035 0.0044 0.0055 0.0068 0.0082
Aruna kumar.P 0.0098 0.0117 0.0137 0.0161 0.0186 0.0215
11
30 0.5000 0.0021 0.0027 0.0035 0.0045 0.0055 0.0068 0.0082 0.0099 0.0117 0.0138 0.0161 0.0187 0.0215
•Contact Ratio(eg):
• To assure continuous smooth tooth action, as one pair of teeth
ceases action a succeeding pair of teeth must already have come
into engagement. It is desirable to have as much overlap as is
possible.
• Measure of this overlap action - Contact ratio.
•This is a ratio of the length of the line-of- action (contact length)
to the base pitch.
• Higher the contact ratio - More the load is shared between teeth.
• It reduces gear Noise.
• Contact ratio should be 1.4 or greater.
• Should not be below 1.2.
•A contact ratio between 1 and 2 means that part of the time two
pairs of teeth are in contact and during the remaining time one
pair is in contact.
•A ratio between 2&3 means 2 or 3 pairs of teeth are always in
contact.

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•Contact ratio(eg)= contact length/Base pitch
=WZ/AB
•When considering all types of gears, contact
ratio is composed of two components:
•Transverse contact ratio (plane of rotation/
perpendicular to axes), ea
•Overlap contact ratio (axial), eb. This is not
applicable for spur gears.
•The sum is the total contact ratio, eg= ea+eb.
ea= [Sqrt((Da1/2)2 –( Db1/2)2 ) + sqrt((Da2/2)2 –
( Db2/2)2 ) – a sin a]/ pmt cosat WZ: Length of contact.
eb= b sinb/pmt BZ=AB= Base pitch.
Da= Outside circle dia .
Db= Base circle dia
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 Helical Gears without profile correction
Description Symbol Data/Formula Pinion Gear
No.of teeth(pinion) Z1 Data 20.000
No.of teeth(Gear) Z2 Data 72.000
Module/Normal module,mm mn Data 4.000
Pressure angle,deg α Data 20.000
Helix angle,deg β Data 15.000
Gear width,mm b Data 40.000
Total correction factor X1+X2 (Z1+Z2)*(Inv(αtw)-Inv(αt)/2*tanα 0
Individual correction factor X1(X2) From graph 0 0
((Da1)2 – (Db1)2 )^1/2 +
1.60
Transverse Contact ratio ea ((Da2)2 – (Db2)2 )^1/2 - aw sin
αtw)/pmtcosat
Overlap contact ratio eb b sinb/pm 1.24
Total contact ratio ec ea+eb 2.84

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•Tooth tip thickness(Sa)
• It is the thickness of the tooth measured
along addendum circle.
• Sa=(da/2)*[((p+4*Tana)/z)-2(invq - inva)]
• da: Outside dia.
• Cosq= db/da
• db: Base circle dia
•Sa - Should be more than 0.3 times module
for power transmission gears.
•Refer side graph for undercutting and tip
thickness limitations.

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 Helical Gears with profile correction due to center distance variation
Description Symbol Data/Formula Pinion Gear
No.of teeth(pinion) Z1 Data 20.000
No.of teeth(Gear) Z2 Data 80.000
Module/Normal module,mm mn Data 4.000
Pressure angle,deg α Data 20.000
Helix angle,deg β Data 15.000
Gear width,mm b Data 40.000
Total correction factor X1+X2 (Z1+Z2)*(Inv(αtw)-Inv(αt)/2*tanα 0.257
Individual correction factor X1(X2) From graph 0.280 -0.023
((Da1 - Db12 )^1/2 + (Da22 -
2

Contact ratio ea Db22 )^1/2 - aw sin αtw) 1.52

/pmtcosat
Transverse contact ratio eb b sinb/pm 1.23
Total contact ratio ec ea+eb 2.76
Tooth thickness,mm t mp/2 6.283 6.283
Tip thickness of pinion,mm sa1 2.40
Tip thickness of gear,mm sa2 2.87
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  Gear correction is done Mainly for three reasons.
 For avoiding interference in small pinions.
To improve tooth strength.
To adjust centre distance.
 Distribution of correction is done in Two ways.
 When actual centre distance is given.
Choose required Gear property and then selecting actual/practical
Centre distance.
 Correction can be positive or negative.
 Positive correction improves tooth strength.
 Negative correction gives high contact ratio.
 Contact ratio should be >1.2
 Tip thickness should be >0.3*m.

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