FACULITY OF NURSING

CHAPTER –VIII
SOCIOLOGY
 TYPES OF COMMUNITIES IN INDIA
(RURAL, URBAN AND REGIONAL)
 Features of village community &
Characteristics of Indian villages – Panchayat System, Social dynamics.
 Community Development Project & Planning
 Changes in Indian Rural Life
 Availability of health Facilities in rural and its impact on health and health
practices
 Urban community – Features
 The Growth of cities; Urbanization and its impact on Health and health
practices
 Major Urban Problems – Urban slums
 Region; Problems and impact on Health
 VILLAGE COMMUNITY

 The village emerged with significant that means a passed

from nomadic mode of collective life of the settled one.
 It is a difficult to form a precise definition of the term village.
 Generally it is understood to mean a small area with small
population.
 Which follows agriculture not only as an occupation but also
a way of life.
 The village is the oldest permanent community of man.
 FEATURES OF VILLAGE COMMUNITY

 Community consciousness
 Role of neighbourhood
 Joint family
 Faith in Religion
 Simplicity
 FEATURES OF VILLAGE COMMUNITY

 Community Consciousness:
 The village dwellers have a sense of unity.
 The relations between the village people are intimate.
 They are personally known each other.
 Their customs, conventions and culture are common.
 Role of Neighbourhood:
 Its very importance.
 The village people assists each other and thus they have
closest neighbourhood relations.
 E.g. they share their sarrows and joys etc.,,
 FEATURES OF VILLAGE COMMUNITY

 Joint family:
 In village the joint family system still retains.
 The agricultural occupations requires the cooperation of all the
family members.
 Faith in Religion:
 The villages have deep faith in religion and god.
 In agriculture and family activities they starts with worshipping.
 Simplicity:
 They are far from the evils of modern civilization.
 They live peaceful life, sincere, hardworking, moral life and
governed by norms.
CHA
HARRACTERIS
ERISTTICS OF INDI
INDIAAN VILLAGE
LLAGESS

 Isolation and Self-Sufficiency

 Peace and Simplicity
 Lack of Conservation
 Poverty and Illiteracy
 Local self-government
 Characteristics of Indian villages
 Isolation and self-sufficiency:
 The inhabitants of the village had very little do with the
people outside.
 All their essential needs were satisfied in the village itself.
 Peace and simplicity:
 Their atmosphere is simplicity, calmness and peace
prevailing.
 The villagers led a simple life, eat frugally, dress simply,
and live in mud-walled house completely lacking in the
trapping of modern civilization.
CHA
HARRACTERIS
ERISTTICS OF INDI
INDIAAN VILLAGE
LLAGESS

 Lack of Conservatism:

• The village are strongly attached to old
customs and traditions.

• They love old ways and are less eager to follow the
advice of zealous social reformers regarding their
marriage and other customs.
 Poverty and illiteracy:
 They are generally poor with a very low income.
 Beside poverty the village people steeped in ignorance and
illiteracy.
CHA
HARRACTERIS
ERISTTICS OF INDI
INDIAAN VILLAGE
LLAGESS

 Local self-government:

• The village in ancient India enjoyed a
considerable measure of autonomy or self-

government.
• The villagers managed their own affairs through
the traditional institutions of panchayat.
 PANCHAYAT SYSTEM

 The villagers managed their own affairs through the traditional

institution of Panchayat.
 With the advent of Britishers in India and their introduction of a
highly centralized system of administration the importance of
Panchayat began to decline.
 The judicial powers were taken over by the British courts and the
officers were appointed to look after the administrative affairs of
the villages.
 This change produced unpleasant result.
 PANCHAYAT SYSTEM

 Since the times of Lord Ripon attempts were made to

revive the old system of village local self-government,
but the progress was very slow in this direction.
 With the attainment of freedom now fresh efforts are
being made to strengthen the Panchayat system and
made Panchayat play a better part in the work of
national reconstruction.
 The 73rd Amendment Act, 1993 has led the foundation
of strong and vibrant Panchayat Raj institution in the
country.
REASON FOR DECLINING PANCHAYAT RAJ

 The coming Zamindari system

 Establishment of police and judicial courts
 Industrial development and consequent shifting of
rural population to cities
 The impact of materialistic and individualistic
tendencies
 FUNCTIONS OF PANCHAYAT

 Essential functions:
 Construction of village roads and provide for street lights.
 Extension of health services.
 Look after the property of the Panchayat.
 Maintain records of vital statistics, such as birth and death.
 Organize mela, exhibition, film shows etc.,
 To provide facilities for primary and adult education.
 Development of agriculture.
 Providing facilities for safe drinking water.
 Make provision for better quality manure and seeds.
 Prevention of communicable diseases.
 Maternal and child welfare.

Sanitation of the village.
 FUNCTIONS OF PANCHAYAT

 Non-essential functions.
 Establishment of cooperative societies in the village.
 Development of cottage industries.
 Teaching new techniques of agriculture.
 Organizing sports, games and other recreational activities.
 Improve the quality of animals and provide facilities for treatment of
animals.
 Relief work at the time of famine, flood etc.,
 Providing library and reading room facilities.
 Providing facilities of radio, TV etc at some common place.
 Improve the school work.
 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT &
PLANNING

 In the community development project and planning,

aim at a comprehensive and all-round development of
rural people.
 It is a movement designated to promote better living for
the whole community with the active participation both
at the levels of government and community.
 The planning commission of India – “An attempt to bring
about a social and economic transformation of village life
through the efforts of the people themselves”.
 AIM OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
 Integrated development – social, cultural and economic aspects of rural
life.
 Development of a sense of responsibility and awareness among the
villagers.
 Development of initiative among the villagers.
 Development of agriculture and allied matters like animal husbandry.
 Providing better communication, health, sanitation, housing and
education facilities.
 Development of cottage industry.
 Providing more opportunities for employment.
 Development of co-operative efforts.
 Women and child welfare.
 THE PATTERN OF THE PROGRAMME

 The community development programme was launched in 55

selected projects on October 2, 1952.
 Each projects covering as area of 300 villages with a population of
about 3 lakhs.
 The pattern was revised in 1958.
Level of the of programme.
 At the central level – Ministry.
 At the state level – CM, Minister.
 At the district level – MP, MLA, Collector.
 At the block level – BDO.
 Village level – Gram Sevak
 Important programme and community development and
integrated rural development programme

 Agriculture
 Transportation and Communication
 Health and Sanitation
 Education
 Cottage industry
 Training
 Housing
 Social welfare
 Rural manpower programme
 Well construction
 Applied Nutrition Programme
 CHANGES IN INDIAN RURAL LIFE
 Caste system
 Jajmani system
 Family system
 Marriage system
 Living standards
 Economic system
 Political system.
 CHANGES IN INDIAN RURAL LIFE

 Caste system:
 The economic policy and the laws of British rulers induced the
different castes to adopt occupations other than the traditional
one.
 Jajmani system:
 The occupations adopted by the village people are not entirely
hereditary or based on caste system, nor the payment for
services.
 Family system:
 Nuclear families have taken is place.
 The family control over its members in matters of diet, dress
and marriage has weakened.
 CHANGES IN INDIA RURAL LIFE

 Marriage system:
 Love marriages and divorces are increasing.
 The individual qualities like education, economic, beauty
and appearance of the marriage partners are given
preference over the old family status.

 Living standards:
 The standard of living in the village community is gradually
going higher.
 CHANGES IN INDIAN RURAL LIFE

 Economic system:
 The educated rural youth seeks jobs in cities rather
than settle on the land.

 Political system:
 The setting up of Panchayat has led to the growth of
political consciousness among the village people.
 The newspaper, radio and television in some areas
have added to their political knowledge.
 Availability of health facilities in
rural and its impact on health and
health practices
Conti…
 Majority of the rural areas are not concerned with environmental
sanitation, drainage system is not adequately maintained and water
reservoirs – these form the breeding places for insects.
 As the practice of public health is with the groups (voluntary groups)
and villagers there is a need for the support and co-operation of the
people.
 Prevention of disease, prolonging life and promoting the health of the
people are possible through organized village effort and PHC, Sub-
centre, Mobile Clinic, Rural Health Centre, Public-Private
Partnership Centre.

Village leaders, youth groups, mahila mandals etc., of the village can
be identified and they can involve in getting the co-operation of the
villages for health care services.
 Conti…

 Through the Panchayat System medical camps can be organized

for the early diagnosis and treatment of the diseases.
 Community Development Programmes (NRHM, midday meals,
women and child welfare, family welfare programmes, etc.,) can
be launched to the village with the voluntary groups which will
ensure a standard of living for the maintenance of the health.
 Dais and village guides (Area Nurse or ANM) can be trained
adequately and their services can be utilized.
 Such workers can influence people very easily and deliver
fundamental health services.
 Such health workers can reach the last man of the village often
and deliver health services.
 URBAN COMMUNITY


• Urban community/City community/ Civilized society are the
terms which are used synonymously.

• Those places have local authority like
municipality and containment board.

• Other requirements of a minimum population of 5,000
at least 75% of the working population engaged in
 non-agricultural .
• Large, density and permanent settlement of socially
 heterogeneous individuals living place.
• The word ‘urbane’ suggests this way of life; it
indicates fashionable living.
Features of Urban community

 Namelessness
 Homelessness
 Class extremes
 Social Heterogeneity
 Social distance
 Energy and speed
Features of Urban community

 Namelessness:
 They meet and speck without knowing each other’s
name.
 A citizen may live for several years in a city and may
not know the names of one-third of the people who
live in the same city area.
 Homelessness:
 Many low class people pass their nights on platform.
 Even the child does not get any place for play.
 FEATURES OF URBAN COMMUNITY

 Class extremes:

• In a city are found the richest as well as
poorest people.

• People living in luxury and grand mansions as well
as platform.
 Social heterogeneity:
 The personal traits, the occupations, the cultural life
and the ideas of the members of the urban community
vary wide.
 FEATURES OF URBAN COMMUNITY

 Social distance:
 Social distance is a product of anonymity and
heterogeneity.
 The city dwellers feels lonely.
 Energy and speed:
 People with ambition work at a tremendous speed, day
and night.
 Which others also to work similarly.
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 In every great civilization there has been migration from the village
to the city.
 In western Europe the cities become more numerous and the growth
of cities kept going on.
 The 19th century was a period of true urban revolution in advance.
 What are the factors which led to the growth of cities?
 Surplus Resources
 Industrialization and Commercialization
 Development of Transport and Communication
 Economic pull of the city
 Educational and Recreational facility
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 Surplus resources:

• In ancient times these resources were acquired
through under dominate of man by man.
(Slavery, forced labour and taxation by ruling)

• In modern times man has won over nature and
extended his power.

• He has exploited the natural resources through
technological improvements that now relatively few
people can supply the basic needs of many.
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 Industrialization and commercialization:

 Invention of machinery, development of steam power,
application of huge capital led to the establishment of huge
manufacturing plants which brought about the mobility of
immobile groups of workers rushing their concentration around a
factory area.
 While industrialization has stimulated city growth, trade and
commerce also have played an important part in urban
expansion.
 The development of modern marketing institutions (no need for
face to face transactions) and of methods of exchange have
greatly contributed to the growth of cities.
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 Development of transport and communication:


• These facilities which are satisfying the urban
dwellers desire.

• Industrialization depends upon transportation and
communication so that raw material and
manufactured goods can be transmitted to others.

• The local transport added to the population of the
city by extending its boundaries.
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 Economic pull of the city:


• City provide more opportunity for
personal advancement than the rural
 areas.
• Modern business and commerce pull young men
 to the cities where they are paid liberal salaries.
• Employment opportunity are more in the city
than in the village.
 GROWTH OF CITIES

 Educational and recreational facilities:

 Until recently all high schools were in cities in India.
 Most training schools, examination centres,
competitive examinations centres, colleges and
technical schools are urban.
 Most big libraries are situated in cities.
 Amusement park theatres and musical drama are in
urban.
 URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON
HEALTH AND HEALTHPRACTICES
 The common diseases among the slum dwellers
are:

 Fever, Skin infections, Eye infections, Malnutrition,

Viral infections, Chronic toxicity, STD (Sexual
Transmitted Diseases), Accidents, Drug abuse,
Alcoholism, Crime, Delinquency, Suicide, prostitution
etc.,
 CAUSES FOR DISEASES

 Industrial pollution

 Over-crowding

 Poor hygienic practices

 Food and water contamination

 STRAT
STRATEEGIES
GIES TO IMPRO
PROVE
VE URBA
URBAN
N
HEALTH PROBLEMS

 Provision of safe drinking water

 Maintain housing standards

 Proper disposal of liquid an solid waste

 Conducting health awareness prgrammes

 MAJOR URBAN
RBAN PPROBLEMS
ROBLEMS

•  Poverty – Unemployment – Crime – Child labour

– juvenile delinquency – drug addiction –
alcoholism – slums – water problem – accident –
family disorganization–drainage – traffic – power
shortage – pollution – over crowding – increasing
social evils etc.,
 Urban slums

 Slums is a serious problem in the urban community.

 In India at least 25% of the urban population living in slums.
 But in some cities like Kolcutta, Mumbai and Kanpur, more than
50% living in slums.
 Slums are breeding centres of diseases and different types of
crime.
 Slum clearance is being carried out by the Govt. as well as
private agencies.
 Control of rural-urban migration is also needed to prevent slums.
 CAUSES OF SLUM

 Poverty
 Absence of proper housing facilities
 Migration
 Rapid raise of urban populations
 Careless and neglect of house owners
 High rental rate in the city
 Lack of cheap transport system
 Unplanned growth of cities
 The attraction of the city
 Negligence of govt. and municipality.
 Ill – effects of slum

 Individual disorganization
 Family disorganization
 Health and sanitation
 Social disorganization
 Moral degeneration
 THE REGIONAL COMMUNITY

 It is a large area where there are a many similarity among

the population.
 People have specified pattern of life in specified regions.
 A region may or may not match with state or national
boundaries.
 It usually combines rural and urban communities.
 Where society held together for a length of time with
common cultural characteristics and linguistic
specification.
 REGIONS IN INDIA

 India has various regions, which have geographic,

cultural and linguistic significance.
 Southern region
 Central region
 Western region
 Northern region
 North-eastern region
 Regions will have sub-regions, e.g. in southern region;
Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil.
 PROBLEMS AND IMPACT ON HEALTH
 Promotes National Disintegrate:
 With the regional and linguistic feelings the unity and
integrity of the nation is affected.
 So the national policies not reach or avoid health care to
the region.
 Administration problems:
 Bigger states with more number of districts will have
administrative problems.
 So districts hospital and health care service establishing
poor performance.
 PROBLEMS AND IMPACT ON HEALTH
 Deteriorates Economic Progress of the Nation:
 Narrow regional feeling will affect nation’s well-being.
 Neighbouring states will not cooperate with each other
and affects the national development, e.g.
 Cauvery water disputes between Tamilnadu and
Karnadaka, Mullai Periyar dam issues between Kerala
and Tamilnadu.
 So the neighbouring states not cooperate with health
care services to other regions.
Thank you