Cambridge International AS & A Level

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BIOLOGY 9700/23
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2020

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JC/CT) 185257/3
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Answer all questions.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a section through the human chest. The gross structure of the human gas exchange
system is shown.

M A

B
K

C
J

H
E
G

Fig. 1.1

(a) Descriptions of some parts of the gas exchange system are shown in Table 1.1.

Complete Table 1.1 to:

• state the name of the part described

• write a letter from Fig. 1.1 to identify each part.

Table 1.1

name of part of gas exchange

description letter from Fig. 1.1
system
supported by incomplete
(C-shaped) rings of cartilage
lined by ciliated epithelium and
supported by blocks of cartilage
lined by squamous epithelium

lined by ciliated epithelium, but

not supported by cartilage
[4]

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(b) Tobacco smoke contains a number of compounds which can affect the body.

State the appropriate term that matches each of the statements A to E.

A The type of chemical that causes mutation of genes that control the cell cycle.
Mutagen / carcinogen
...........................................................................................................................................

B A component that causes a short-term increase in blood pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................

C A component that reduces the carrying capacity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

...........................................................................................................................................

D A component that increases the production and secretion of mucus from goblet cells.

...........................................................................................................................................

E A component that causes a short-term increase in heart rate.

...........................................................................................................................................
[5]

[Total: 9]

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2 The veins of a leaf contain transport tissues. Fig. 2.1 is a drawing made from an electron
micrograph showing a cross-section of the transport tissue in a leaf vein.

The cells labelled A are modified companion cells, known as phloem transfer cells. Transfer
cells move sucrose and other assimilates from mesophyll cells, B, into the phloem sieve tube
element, C.

B
B

C A
B

A B

Fig. 2.1

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 Mesophyll cell
5

(a) State the functions of the mesophyll cells, B, and sieve tube element, C, and explain how
their structure is adapted for their function.
it has mitochondria that supplies the cell with ATP
cell B – function ........................................................................................................................

adaptation .................................................................................................................................
ATP allows active transport
this is needed to move the H+ ions against concentration gradient and the difference in
concentration gradient will allow the sucrose and hydrogen ion to diffuse through a
...................................................................................................................................................
coupled channel following H+ concentration gradient
Large vacuole =...................................................................................................................................................
keep chloroplasts at periphery
starch grains = store photosynthesis products
large cell wall = evaporation of water
...................................................................................................................................................
thin call wall = diffusion
isodiametric = prevent close packing has little cytoplasm and no nucleus
cell C – function ........................................................................................................................
to increase assimilate flow
adaptation .................................................................................................................................
Sieve tube element = thin layer of cytoplasm to allow max transport of phloem sap
...................................................................................................................................................
no nucleus = allow max transport
elongated cells = to make sieve tube
plasmodesmata ...................................................................................................................................................
= unloading from companion cells
sieve pores = continuous flow between sieve tube elements
sieve plates = ...................................................................................................................................................
prevent bulging (maintain hydrostatic pressure)
[5]

(b) The cell walls of the transfer cells, A, shown in Fig. 2.1, have infoldings.

Explain the advantages of these cell wall infoldings for the movement of sucrose from
mesophyll cells to phloem sieve tubes.

...................................................................................................................................................
increases the surface area to volume ratio so there can be more proton pumps to increase the proton
...................................................................................................................................................
gradient. More space for cotransporter proteins. More plasmodesmata

cotransport sucrose
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.

magnification ×
×250

Fig. 3.1

Stem cells of C. elegans have been studied.

Fig. 3.2 shows the change in mass of DNA per nucleus in a stem cell during one cell cycle.

1 pg = 1 × 10–12 g

A B C D cytokinesis
0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

mass of DNA 0.10

per nucleus / pg
0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00
time

Fig. 3.2

(a) (i) State the phases of interphase shown by A and B in Fig. 3.2.
G1
A ........................................................................................................................................
S
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
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(ii) State the stage of mitosis shown by D in Fig. 3.2.

telophase
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Outline what happens in a cell in preparation for cytokinesis.

increase in cytoplasm and a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosome groups
...........................................................................................................................................
movements of organells to be shared between daughter cells
...........................................................................................................................................
spindle disassembels and cleavage furrow forms
...........................................................................................................................................
actin microfilaments form contractle rings
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) A stem cell of a female C. elegans has 12 chromosomes.

Complete Table 3.1 to show the number of nuclei within the stem cell in stages A, B
and D of the cell cycle shown in Fig. 3.2 and the number of chromosomes in each
nucleus during these stages.

Table 3.1

stage of the cell cycle

A B D
number of nuclei within the 1 1
stem cell 2

number of chromosomes in
12 12
each nucleus 12

[2]

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(b) Young nematodes have stem cells throughout the body.

Fig. 3.3 summarises three cell cycles of one of these stem cells.

Key

stem cell

differentiated (specialised) cell not drawn to scale

Fig. 3.3

With reference to Fig. 3.3, outline the role of stem cells in animals.

...................................................................................................................................................
produce more cells and one atleast one daughter cell is a stem cell and does not differentiate

These new cells that have differeniated can e used to repair tissues and replace worn out or dead cells
...................................................................................................................................................
they can differntiate to eclls needed for organs or tissures
...................................................................................................................................................
The cell is multipotent or pluripotent
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Multipotent more limited then pluripotent
pluripotent any cell
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]
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4 Antibiotic sensitivity tests can be carried out to choose appropriate antibiotics to use for treatment
of bacterial diseases.

A researcher carried out an antibiotic sensitivity test using two pathogenic bacteria, X and Y.

The researcher prepared two Petri dishes containing agar.

• A culture of each bacterium was spread over the surface of the agar.
• Filter paper discs containing antibiotics were placed on the surface of the agar in each dish.
• The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C for two days.

The results of the test using three antibiotics, P, Q and R, are shown in Fig. 4.1.

antibiotic P on Petri dish

filter paper discs containing agar

P P

Q R Q R

X Y

Key
bacterial growth
no bacterial growth

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) State the most effective antibiotic to treat infections of bacterium X and bacterium Y.
r
bacterium X .......................................................................................................................
p
bacterium Y .......................................................................................................................
[1]

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(ii) Suggest why bacterium Y had a different sensitivity to each of the three antibiotics.

...........................................................................................................................................
DIfferent antibiotics have different method of killing bacteria
some bacteria are resistant to certain types of bacteria.
...........................................................................................................................................
The genes in plasmid for resistance may be different
enzymes that can break down antibiotics
...........................................................................................................................................
antibiotics have specific target cells
...........................................................................................................................................
some of the examples of process inhibited by antibiotics are
DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, transcription and translation,
.....................................................................................................................................
cell surface membrane function, synthesiis of folic acid [2]
antibiotic may be bactriocidal or bacteriostatic
(b) Explain how the use of vaccines in the control of infectious diseases differs from the use of
antibiotics.

...................................................................................................................................................
vaccines are not treatment they are used before somoene gets sick
vaccines are effective againts pathogens while antibiotics only work for bacteria
...................................................................................................................................................
vaccines are indirect effect on pathogens while antibiotics have a direct effect
vaccines are just a few times while antibiotics have a course
...................................................................................................................................................
vaccines are specific to a pathogen while antibiotic has a range
vaccine simmulate an immune response while antibiotics dont
...................................................................................................................................................
vaccines produce long term protection while antibiotics does not
vaccines does not cause resistance while antiboitic does
vaccines have a time delay and antibiotic have sooner effect
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

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5 A molecule of collagen consists of three identical polypeptides that form a triple helix.

The amino acid glycine forms one third of the amino acids in a collagen molecule.

Fig. 5.1A shows a polypeptide molecule during protein synthesis. A molecule of glycine is shown
just before it is added to the polypeptide.

H H
N
A
H C H

H C H

H C H

H C H O H O
H
rest of polypeptide N C C + N C C
OH H OH
H H H

H H
N
B
H C H

H C H

H C H

H C H
+ H2O
rest of polypeptide N C C

H H

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) Complete Fig. 5.1B to show the molecule of glycine added to the end of the polypeptide.
[2]

(ii) State the type of reaction that occurs when glycine is added to the end of the polypeptide.

.....................................................................................................................................
condensation [1]

(iii) Explain the importance of glycine in a collagen molecule.

...........................................................................................................................................
it allows close packing between molecules for tight coiling
...........................................................................................................................................
glycine has the smallest R group and it is in every third aminio acids

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) Collagen is a fibrous protein.

Explain how the structure of collagen is related to its functions within the mammalian body.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Collagen is a tightly packed polypeptide
has high tensile strength
It is a triple helix with many hydrogen bonds
...................................................................................................................................................
They form fibres and are crosslinked
ends are staggered
...................................................................................................................................................
and many lie parallel to eachother

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) The enzyme collagenase catalyses the breakdown of collagen molecules. This enzyme acts
by using an induced fit mechanism.

Describe the mode of action of collagenase.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Induced fit mechanism has teh ability to change active site shape abit to follow the substrate
Moulds round substrate to fit more closely
...................................................................................................................................................
so the active site becomes fully complementary to the substrate
...................................................................................................................................................
the formation of enzyme substrate complex lowers down the activation enegry and helps break the
polypeptide bonds between molecules (CONH)
...................................................................................................................................................
active site then returns to its original shape and reused

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

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(d) Students investigated the effect of pH on the activity of collagenase extracted from the
bacterium Bacillus licheniformis at 50 °C.

The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.

100

90

80

70
relative
activity
60
/ percentage
of maximum
50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH

Fig. 5.2

With reference to Fig. 5.2, describe and explain the effect of pH on the activity of collagenase.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
As pH increases the activity of the collagenase increases and then decreaseas after it reaches a peak.
...................................................................................................................................................
so the optimum pH is 7
there is partial denaturation i alkaline conditions. The ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are distrupted by
the alkaline consitions so it changes the teriary structure of the enzyme which causes a change in the
...................................................................................................................................................
active site. ionisable R groups
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 18]

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6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows Vorticella, which is a single-celled organism that lives in freshwater. Vorticella
has many cilia which it uses for feeding.

Fig. 6.1

The distance shown by X–Y on Fig. 6.1 is 150 μm.

Calculate the magnification of Fig. 6.1.

State the formula that you will use and show your working.

Write your answer to the nearest whole number.

formula
size of image / actual size

.......................................................... [3]

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(b) The food particles are taken into the gullet by a current of water created by movement of cilia.

Any particles suspended in the water, such as bacteria, are taken into the cell as shown in
Fig. 6.2.

infolding of cell
surface membrane

lysosome

Fig. 6.2

(i) State the name of the process which takes the bacteria into the cell at Z and describe
the way in which it occurs.

name .................................................................................................................................
endocytosis
the bacteria is engulfed by the membrane
description .........................................................................................................................
phagocytotic vacuole forms
fusion of membrane
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Describe the role of lysosomes in intracellular digestion in Vorticella.

...........................................................................................................................................
fuse with phagosome and since it contains hydrolytic enzymes it will break down the material
...........................................................................................................................................
enzymes incluse
protease
...........................................................................................................................................
lipase
carbohydrase
...........................................................................................................................................
lucease
lysozyme
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]
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