4/12/23, 8:25 AM Method of Information and Communication for Paper 1 Unit VIII (Information and Communication) as Per New

r New 2023 Syllabus…

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Method of Information and Communication for Paper 1 Unit VIII

(Information and Communication) as Per New 2023 Syllabus

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Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-Mail, Audio and Video-Conferencing (ICT)

Basics of Internet
The Internet is a global and grand computer network, called the network of networks. The internet is a
global TCP/IP based network. It links a large number of autonomous systems, intranets, internets,
LANs, MANs and WANs.

The Internet has its root in the ARPANET system of the Advanced Research Project Agency of the U. S.
Department of Defense. ARPANET was the first WAN and had only four sites in 1969.

The internet evolved from basic ideas of ARPANET for interconnecting computers was used by
research organisations and universities initially to share and exchange information.

In 1989 U. S. Government lifted restrictions on use of internet and allowed it to be used for
commercial purposes as well. Since then, the internet has grown rapidly to become the world՚s largest
network.

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Who Manages Internet?

Some groups have been formed to take care of the shared resources of Internet. One such body is
called IAM (Internet Architecture Board) , earlier called Internet Activities Board, as named by ARPA.

There are two main wings to this Board:

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

IETF consists consist of network designers, operators, vendors and researchers concerned with the
evolution of internet architecture and he smooth operation of Internet. IETF is responsible for
defining standards and does a documentation of internet known as RFC (Request for Comments) .

IRTF looks into running term research problems, many of which are at times critical to the Internet.

IAB oversees the IETF and IRTF. It also ratifies any major change to the Internet that comes from the
IETF.

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How Internet Works?

All computers and other equipment՚s within any given network are basically connected to each other
with the help of cables. The messages travel across the network with the help of networking protocols.

The protocols used over the internet provide addresses for the computers attached to the physical
network. In this way, different types of networks communicate with each other using the same
protocol.

To interpret the information being transmitted it is essential that the right software and hardware be
in place. The commonly used protocols are:

Internet Protocols (IP)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Together they are called as TCP/IP protocol.

Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications. Protocol defines the method of
communication, how to communicate, when to communicate etc. Important elements of protocol are:

Syntax

Semantics

Timing

Syntax

IP Addresses
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. IP address is a
software address, not a hardware address, which is hard coded in the machine or NIC. An IP address
is made up of 32 bits of information.

These bits are divided into four parts containing 8 bit each. The 32 bit IP address is a structured or
hierarchical address. The network address uniquely identifies each network. Every machine on the
same network shares that network address as part of its IP address.

The IP address 121.45. 67.45, the 121.45 is the network address and 67.45 is the node address. The
node address is assigned to and uniquely identifies, each machine on a network. The router might able
to speed a packet on its way after reading only the first bits of address.

Hosts
Each host on the internet has a unique TCP/IP address, which is four numbers separated by dots. An
example address is 123.45. 54.32 which is the TCP/IP address of a computer.

The TCP/IP address known as a physical address. All the four numbers will be in the range 0 - 256.
These don՚t mean much to users, so logical names are allocated to host computers as well, 123.45.
54.32 may also be known as xli. cet. ac. au.

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Communication is established between a user and da host computer by using the TCP/IP address.
Data is sent from the user with the destination address being as the host computer. The host
computer, when sending data back to the user, specifies the destination address of the user.

Servers
Servers are host computers which provide a service to users. An example of server՚s service could be
the storage and retrieval of files and documents.

Other types of servers are www (World Wide Web) servers, ftp (file transfer protocol) servers,
gopher servers, mail servers and news servers.

Each server uses a specific protocol or method of communication based on TCP/IP. For example, www
servers use the HTTP protocol, mail server՚s uses SMTP protocol, and news servers use NNTP
protocol.

Hyper-Links
A hyperlink is a clickable link to another document or resource. It is normally shown in blue underline.
When a user clicks on this link, the client will retrieve the document associated with that link, by
requesting the document rom the designed server upon which it resides.

URL՚s
A uniform Resource locator is a means of specifying the path name for any resource on the internet or
an intranet. It consists of three parts:

A protocol

A host part

A document name

For example: https: ⁄ ⁄ www.examrace.com ⁄ index.html specifies the protocol as https, the host or
www server as examrace and the document as index.html.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol service (known as FTP in short) enables an Internet user to move a file from
one computer to another on the Internet. A file may contain any type of digital information – text
document, image, artwork, movie, sound, software, etc.

Moving a file from a remote computer to one՚s own computer is known as downloading the file, and
moving a file from one՚s own computer to a remote computer is known as uploading the file.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

It is a computer language to prepare Web pages. Hypertext is a text with extra features like formatting,
images, multimedia and links to other documents.

Markup is the process of adding extra symbols to ordinary text. Each symbol which issued in HTML
has its own syntax, slang and rules. It is not a programming language.

It is markup language. It classifies the parts of a document according to their function. In other words
it indicates which part is title, which part is a subheading, which part is the name of the author, and so
on.

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Telnet
Telnet service enables an Internet user to log in to another computer on the Internet from his/her
local computer. That is, a user can execute the telnet command on his/her local computer to start a
login session on a remote computer. This action is also called “remote login.”

To start a remote login session, a user types the command telnet and address of the remote computer
on his/her local.

Computer terminal. The system then asks the user to enter a login name (user ID) and a password.
That is; the remote computer authenticates the user to ensure that he/she is authorized to access it. If
the specifies a correct login name and password, he/she is logged on to the remote computer. Once
login session is established with the remote computer, telnet enters input mode, and anything typed on
the terminal of the local computer by the user is sent to the remote computer for processing.

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (called WWW or W3 in short) is the most popular and promising method of
accessing the Internet. Main reason for its popularity is use of a concept called hypertext. Hypertext is
a new way of information storage and retrieval that enables authors to structure information in novel
ways. An effectively designed hypertext document can help locate desired type of information rapidly
from vast amount of information on the Internet. Hypertext documents enable this by using a series of
links.

Basics of E-Mail
Electronic mail service (known as e-mail in short) enables an Internet user to send a mail (message) to
another Internet user in any part of the world in a near-real-time manner.

An e-mail message takes a few seconds to several minutes to reach its destination, because it travels
from one network to another, until it reaches its destination.

Functions of E-Mail

Composition of messages

Transfer of messages

Reporting – What messages have been sent and what cannot be delivered.

Displaying

Disposition – Delete received messages, save received messages in a folder and keep received
messages in user՚s mailbox.

Basic of Intranet
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many
interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network. The main purpose
of an intranet is to share company information and computing resources among employees.

Today՚s working environment often means colleagues are no longer present in the same room at the
same time, but separated by large distances. This can make teamwork and face-to-face interaction
difficult – unless an intranet with the latest communication and collaboration tools is available

Typically, larger enterprises allow users within their intranet to access the public Internet through
firewall servers that have the ability to screen messages in both directions so that company security is
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maintained.

Extranet refers to network within an organization, using internet to connect to the outsiders in
controlled manner. It helps to connect businesses with their customers and suppliers and therefore
allows working in a collaborative manner.

Basic of Audio and Video-Conferencing

When a number of participants of a meeting use telephonic instruments to communicate with each
other then it is known as audio conferencing

When two or more people use digital platforms communicate and collaborate with each other to
achieve a common goal effectively then it is known as a video conferencing mode of communication or
a tool of face-to-face conferencing.

There are many online tools, incorporating a range of options from free one-to-one audio
conferencing all the way to more sophisticated and expensive tools such as Polycom which allow
multiple sites with entire classes participating using video and audio.

Most Popular Video Conferencing Software

Skype

Zoom

Cisco WebEx.

GoToMeeting

Web conferencing involves sharing content live over the web between two or more locations. Visual
material is usually accompanied by an audio track.

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