Shape and Space Revision

- Pythagoras Theorem Slides 3 - 4

- Trigonometry Slides 5 - 8
- 2-d Shapes Slide 9
- Triangles Slide 10
- Quadrilaterals Slide 11 - 12
- Calculating Areas Slides 13 - 16
- The Circle Slides 17 - 18
- 3-d Shapes Slides 19 - 22
- Calculating Volume and Density Slides 23 - 25
- Dimensions Slides 26 - 27
- Angles Slides 28 - 33
- Transformations Slides 34 - 39
- Metric Measure Slides
2
 Pythagoras’ Theorem
Pythagoras’ Theorem states :
the square of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equal
to the sum of the squares of the other two sides

hypotenuse
h h2 = a2 + b2
b

** Notice that the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is the longest side and is
ALWAYS opposite the right angle.
3
 Pythagoras’ Theorem
Example 1 Example 2
finding the hypotenuse finding a shorter side
A C

18cm B

B C
21cm A

h2 = a2 + b2 h2 = a2 + b 2
AC2 = 182 + 212 41.52 = 32.52 + BC2
AC2 = 324 + 441 1722.25 = 1056.25 + BC2
AC2 = 765 BC2 = 1722.25 – 1056.25
AC = √765 = 27.7 cm (1d.p.) BC2 = 666
BC = √666 = 25.8cm (1d.p.)
4
 Trigonometry
Trigonometry is all about finding sides and angles in right-angled triangles.

opp
tan  
adj

opposite opp
sin  
hyp

adjacent
adj
cos  
hyp

There are a couple of different ways of remembering this:

1) SOH CAH TOA
2) Two Old Angles Skipped Over Heaven Carrying A Harp
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 Trigonometry
Examples : Finding an Angle adj
11.9cm
1) 2) 3) 

hyp 15.3cm
opp
14cm adj hyp
opp 21.3cm
hyp

19.4cm 9.8cm
adj opp

SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA

opp opp adj
tan   sin   cos  
adj hyp hyp
14 9 .8 11.9
tan   sin   cos  
19.4 15.3 21.3
 14   9. 8  1  11.9 
  tan 1     sin 1     cos  
 19 . 4   15 . 3   21.3 
  35.8   39.8   56.0
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 Trigonometry
Examples : Finding a Side
hyp
1) 2) 3) 31.3cm
19°
hyp 21.5
x hyp
x
opp opp x
adj opp
41° 63°
15cm adj
adj

SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA

opp opp adj

tan   sin   cos  
adj hyp hyp
x x x
tan 41  sin 63  cos 19 
15 21.5 31.3
x  15  tan 41 x  21.5  sin 63 x  31.3  cos 19
x  13.0cm x  19.2cm x  29.6c m
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 Trigonometry
Examples : Finding a Side
4) 5) 6)
51°
hyp x 4.5cm
14.3cm hyp opp
x adj
adj opp
63° 73°
19.1cm adj x
opp hyp

SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA SOH CAH TOA

tan  
opp opp adj
sin   cos  
adj hyp hyp
19.1 14.3 4.5
tan 51  sin 63  cos 73 
x x x
19.1 14.3 4.5
x x x
tan51 sin63 cos73
x  15.5cm x  16.0cm x  15.4cm
8
 2-d Shapes
2-d Shapes are FLAT. This means that you CANNOT pick them up.
A flat shape with straight edges is known as a POLYGON.
Some polygons have been given special names :
3 sides Triangle
4 sides Quadrilateral
5 sides Pentagon
6 sides Hexagon
7 sides Heptagon
8 sides Octagon
9 sides Nonagon
10 sides Decagon
12 sides Dodecagon
9
 2-d Shapes
Triangles
Equilateral Isosceles Scalene Right-Angled

- 3 equal sides - 2 equal sides - No equal sides - 1 Right Angle

- 3 equal 60° angles - 2 equal angles - No equal angles
- 3 lines of symmetry - 1 line of symmetry - No lines of Symmetry - Note that a triangle can
- Rotational Symmetry 3 - No Rotational Symmetry - No Rotational Symmetry be Right-Angled at the
same time as being
isosceles or scalene

10
 2-d Shapes
Quadrilaterals
Square Rectangle Rhombus

- 4 equal sides - Opposite sides equal - 4 equal sides

- 4 right angles - 4 Right Angles - Opposite angles equal
- 4 lines of symmetry - 2 lines of symmetry - 2 lines of Symmetry
- Rotational Symmetry 4 - Rotational Symmetry 2 - Rotational Symmetry 2
- Diagonal equal in length - Diagonals equal in length - Diagonals not equal in length
-Diagonals bisect at right-angles - Diagonals bisect each other - Diagonals bisect at right angles
- Remember “drunken square”
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 2-d Shapes
Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram Kite Trapezium

- Opposite sides parallel

- Opposite sides equal - 1 line of symmetry - 1 pair of parallel sides
- Opposite angles equal - No Rotational Symmetry - Might have 1 lines of Symmetry
- No lines of symmetry - Diagonals not equal in length - No Rotational Symmetry
- Rotational Symmetry 2 - Diagonals cut at right angles - Diagonals not equal in length
- Diagonal not equal in length
- Diagonals bisect each other
- Remember “drunken rectangle”
12
 Calculating Areas
Area is the amount of space inside a FLAT shape.
Area is usually measured in square millimetres (mm2) Very small !!!
square centimetres (cm2) Everyday Shapes
square metres (m2) Floor area in house
square kilometres (km2) Fields or countries?

With irregular shapes, you can usually ESTIMATE the area by counting squares.
Eg.
Estimated area ≈ 5 cm2

13
Regular shapes will usually have their own area formulae!!
 Calculating Areas
Rectangle/Square Triangle

breadth height

length base

Area = length × breadth Area = ½ × base × height

14
 Calculating Areas
Rhombus/Parallelogram
The rhombus and the parallelogram have the same area formula (much the same way that
the square and rectangle use the same formula!)

height

base

Area = base × perpendicular height

15
 Calculating Areas
Trapezium
The area of a trapezium could of course be found by splitting it up into smaller triangles
and/or rectangles and finding the area piece by piece. Alternatively, the following formula
can be used:

height

Area = ½ ×(sum of the parallel sides) × perpendicular height

16
 The Circle
Parts of the circle:
Radius - A line drawn from the centre
of a circle to its edge
Diameter - A line drawn from edge to edge
of a circle, through its centre
Chord - A line drawn from edge to edge
of a circle, NOT through its centre
Circumference - The distance around the outside
of a circle
Sector - A “pizza slice” of a circle
Arc - A section of the circumference

** Note : Diameter = 2 × Radius **

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 The Circle
There are only 2 formulae that you need to learn for circles!!!!
They both include the use of the number π
π is just a symbol used for the very long number 3.14159 … …

Circumference of a Circle Area of a Circle

Circumference = π × Diameter Area = π × Radius × Radius

C = πD A = πr2

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 3-d Shapes
3-d Shapes are SOLID. This means that you CAN pick them up!
A 3-d shape is NOT described using sides, the way a 2-d shape is.
Instead we discuss :
Faces - a face is a FLAT surface on a 3-d shape
Vertices - a vertex is a corner on a 3-d shape
Edges - an edge is a line where 2 surfaces meet

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 3-d Shapes
Cube Cuboid Sphere Hemi-sphere

- 6 square faces - 6 rectangular faces - No faces - 1 circular face

- 8 vertices - 8 vertices - No vertices - No vertices
- 12 edges - 12 edges - No edges - 1 edge

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 3-d Shapes
Cylinder Cone Triangular-Based Square-Based
Pyramid Pyramid

- 2 circular faces - 1 circular face - 4 triangular faces - 5 faces

- No vertices - 1 vertex - 4 vertices - 5 vertices
- 2 edges - 1 edge - 6 edges - 8 edge

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 3-d Shapes
Prism
A prism is a 3-d shape with 2 identical, parallel bases on which all other faces are
rectangular.

Triangular Prism
Hexagonal Prism

Heart Shaped Prism

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 Calculating Volume and Density
Volume
Volume is the amount of space inside a SOLID shape.
Volume is usually measured in cubic millimetres (mm3) Very small – only medicines?
cubic centimetres (cm3) Everyday objects
cubic metres (m3) Volume of a room?
cubic kilometres (km3) Volume of the ocean?

Finding the volume of some objects can be as simple as counting cubes.

Volume = 10 cm3

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Most regular shapes however, will have a volume formula.
 Calculating Volume and Density
Volume of a Cuboid

Volume = length × breadth × height

Volume of a Prism

Volume = Area of cross-section × length

Note – this formula can also be applied to a cylinder!!!!

Volume of Cylinder = πr 2h
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 Calculating Volume and Density
Density
The density of an object is defined as being its mass per unit volume.
To calculate the density of an object :
Mass
Density 
Volume

Since mass is measured in kg and volume in cm3, then density is measured in kg/cm3.
The triangle below can help you to use and rearrange (when necessary) this formula.

 Cover up the letter you

want to help you find the
right formula!!  M
D V
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 Dimensions
The dimension of a formula is the number of lengths that are multiplied together.

A constant has no dimension. It is just a number.

Length has 1 dimension. Any formula for a length can only have constants and a length.
eg. C = π D , P = 2l + 2w
Area has 2 dimensions. Any area formula can only involve constants and length × length.
eg. A = π r2, A = l × b
Volume has 3 dimensions. A volume formula will only involve constants and
length × length × length.
eg. V = l × b × h, V = πr2h

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 Dimensions
Some formulae have more than one part.

When this happens, all the different parts of the formula must have the same dimension,
or the formula is incorrect.

Eg. A = 2πr2 + 2πrh

This formula is a perfectly acceptable area formula, since both parts have 2 dimensions.

Eg. V = 2πr3 + 2rh

This formula is completely incorrect as a volume formula, since even though the first part
does have 3 dimensions, the second part only has 2, making it an area!

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 Angles
Types of Angle

Acute Angle Right Angle Obtuse Angle

(Between 0° and 90°) (Exactly 90°) (Between 90° and 180°)

Straight Angle Reflex Angle Complete Turn

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(Exactly 180°) (Between 180° and 360°) (Exactly 360°)
 Angles
Angles at Parallel Lines

e
d
c f
a b

Vertically Opposite Angles Alternate Angles Corresponding Angles

(will be EQUAL) (Will be EQUAL) (Will be EQUAL)
(Remember Z shape) (Remember F shape)

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 Angles
Angles inside Polygons
• External angles in ANY shape will add to 360°
a

• Angles in a triangle add to 180° b

a + b + c = 180°
a c

• Angles in a quadrilateral add to 360°

b c
a + b + c + d = 360°
a d

• The sum of the interior angles in ANY shape can be found by using the formula
180 (n – 2)
where n is the number of sides
30
 Angles
Angles in Circles
• Angle in a semi-circle is ALWAYS a right-angle

•A tangent and radius ALWAYS meet at right-angles

31
 Angles
Angles in Circles
• A line drawn from the mid-point of a chord to the
centre of a circle is always at right-angles to the chord.

• Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add to 180°

b
So :
a + c = 180 a

and
b + d = 180 d c
32
 Angles
Angles in Circles
• Angles drawn from the same arc are EQUAL
a

• The angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference

a
So b=2×a

33
 Angles
Bearings
A bearing is an angle.
It is always measured clockwise, starting from North and is always recorded using 3
digits. This means that a bearing of 20° should be recorded as 020°. Using 3 digits
means there is less chance of confusion or mistakes!
Bearing of B from A Bearing of A from B
(start at A, facing N and turn to face B) (start at B, facing N and turn to face A)

A A

B B

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 Transformations
There are 4 different transformations :

• Translation - A translation is movement in a straight line.

The object being translated will look exactly the same, but its position will change.

• Reflection - The reflection of an object is its mirror image.

The size and shape will stay the same, but the direction will be reversed.

• Rotation - A rotation turns a shape about a fixed point, called the centre of rotation.

• Enlargement - An enlargement changes the size of an object.

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 Transformations
Translation
A translation is usually written as a column vector : eg. 4 
 
  5

The top number tells us how far ACROSS to move an object (a negative here tells us to go back).
The bottom number tells us how far to move UP (a negative number here means we move down).

transformation transformation
  6 7
   
 2  2

Starting shape!

 4
transformation   36
  5
 Transformations
Reflection
When working with a reflection, you must take careful note of the mirror line.

C
Starting shape!
Reflection in the line CD

Starting shape!
F
A B

Reflection in the line AB

E

Reflection in the line EF

37
 Transformations
Rotation
When you describe a rotation, you must give three things - the angle
- the direction (CW or ACW)
- the centre of rotation

Starting shape!

90°
180° rotation about (-1,2) clockwise
rotation
about (0,0)

38
 Transformations
Enlargement
When you describe an enlargement you must give two things
- the centre of enlargement
- the scale factor
When enlarging an object, you are not simply multiplying the length of the sides by the
scale factor. Instead, you should multiply the distance from each individual vertex to the
centre of enlargement by the scale factor.

Enlargement, Enlargement,
Scale Factor 3, Scale Factor 2,
Centre (-4,6) Centre (0,0)

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 Metric Measure
÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000
Length
mm cm m km

× 10 × 100 × 1000

÷ 1000
Capacity
ml l

× 1000

÷ 1000 ÷ 1000
Mass
mg g kg

× 1000 × 1000

40
 Metric Measure
Metric ↔ Imperial

÷ 2.5
Length : cm inches
× 2.5
÷ 30
cm feet
× 30
÷ 90
cm yard
× 90
÷ 0.9
m yard
× 0.9
÷ 1.6
km miles
× 1.6

41
 Metric Measure
Metric ↔ Imperial

÷ 600
Capacity : ml pints
× 600

÷ 0.6
l pints
× 0.6
÷8 ×8
÷ 4.5
l gallons
× 4.5

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