(ear et | ReadingTHE BIGIDEA Excursions S Across 7 98 The Technology of Mesopotamia Expository Text. from the book by Graham Faiella Gilgamesh Lost and Found Expository Text WEEK 2 DEMOCRACY. SOCIAL STUDIE Who Created Democracy? expostory Text... by Connie Nordhiem Wooldridge; illustrated by Jamil Dar How Ideas Become Laws Narrative Nonfiction... WEEK 3 ANCIENT SOCIETIES Roman Diary Historical Fiction. from the novel by Fichard Platt; illustrated by David Parkins The Genius of Roman Aqueduets Expesitory Tot. WEEK 4 INFLUENCES A Single Shard Histerical Fiction . from the novel by linda Sue Park; illustrated by Julie Kim AScholar in the Family Drama. by Jack Huber Maestro Poety.. by Pat Mora corammmmmemmemiicon 14 +128 = 152 +170 178 ‘ane aoe le csopsme ame.THE TECHNOLOGY OF MESOPOTAMIA By Graham Faiella Essential Question What contributions were made by early civilizations? Read about the accomplishments ofsome of the world’s earliest civilizations, in Mesopotamia.People first began settling the area we know tday as Iraq, northern Syria, and southwestern Iran between 8,000 and 9,090 years ago. ‘Their farming communities grew bigger and more complex. They built towns and cities. ‘They developed technologies and made important inventions that we still use today. (The word “technology” comes from the Greek words tcbnc, meaning “are” or “craft,” and logas, meaning “word” or“study.” It has come to mean the g use of science and engineering to perform practical tasks.) “This was the land of Mesopotamia. The word “Mesopotamia” means “the i land between the rivers” (the Tigris and the Euphrates). Itwas the first place i in the world where large, complex societies wed technology to i organize themselves efficiently. Mesopotamia was the cradle of civilization, fi ‘The Mesopotamian civilization was the first to build cities. The a ‘Mesopotamians’ inventions and technologies evolved with their g urban life, They learned how to manufacture things; keep i written records; count things and measure tine; govern people; construct buildings, from ordinary houses to royal palaces; produce food efficiently in large amounts; irrigate their desert fields; and transport things—and people—across long distances. ‘Mesopotamia was a region dominated at different periods by various groups of people for more than 4,500 years. Each new period had its own civilization, its own capital cities, languages, gods, and dynasties of kings. Sumer, in the south, was the first great civilization of Mesopotamia, beginning around 3500 BC. ‘The Sumerians were followed by the Akkadians (2334-2193 BC). From about 1900 BC until 539 BC, Assyria in the north and the city of Babylon in the south were the main ceaters of Mesopotamian civilization. 9) LEFT: This illustration shows a palace along the Tigris River in the city of Nineveh. RIGHT: Mesopocamian artists made ths baked clay model of a chariot over 4,000 years ago. 99lens io orien 100 ODS ah Heo glzed bricks parted iss useoreriin en acre DATES FOR EVENTS IN MESOPOTAMIAN HISTORY Ic is very difficult to determine accurate dates for the oldest events and periods of time in Mesopotamia. Dates have to be detived from archaeological evidence. In some cases it can only be said that an event ordevelopmenthappened withina thousand-year period, whichis called a millennium. In those cases, itis common to date the development or event in a particular millennium BC. However, no one can say accurately, for example, when Mesopotamian cities were first built. We know only that they appeared in the fourth millennium BC (4000-3001 BO), meaning between 5,000 and6,000 years ago. The first writing also appeared sometime in the fourthmillennium, although probably closer to 3000 BC than 4000 BC. iC -1 BC First millennium Second millennium Third millennium Fourth millennium - 4001 BC Fifth milenniumIRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE People settled around “the land between the rivers” for one reason: water. Water from the ‘Tigris and Euphrates wis necessary for life to survive in that otherwise dry desert region. Tt enabled people to grow crops and provided water for drinking. The two rivers of Mesopotamia overllowed when rain in the north increased the flow of water running souta to the sea. The overflowing rivers flooded the surrounding land, At those tmes of fload there was plenty of water to irrigate crops. The problem vas that the rivers did not flood regularly. They could flood anytime between April and June. And a flood could be so overwhelming that it destroyed crops. Mesopotamians had to invent ways of getting water out of the rvers more regularly, and in controlled amounts, to irrigate their crops. ‘They mastered the technology of irrigation. They built not only canals but underground aqueducts. ‘They also built levees, or raised banks, along the rivers to protect against damaging floods. The basic materials used in water- supply projects were simple: baked brick and reeds. The design and organization of these projects, however, required sophisticated planning and engineering. POnrneas Ask and Answer Questions How did | technology help the Mesopotamians irrigate their crops, and what problems did it solve? Support your Mes point won 1750 BC: answer with evidence from the text. Later names are in ital 0 erapenne Sa gE Be SRE 101hi vn city The Shadoof ‘The simplest form of irrigation was the shadoof (also spelled “shaduf”). It was invented in Mesopotamia and Egypt around 2000 BC, and is still used today in parts of the Middle East and Egypt. The shadoof consisted of a long pole with a bucket on one end and @ counterweizht on the other. The middle of the pole was set up on a wood framework, The farmer used his own weight to pull the bucket down into the river. When ic filled up with water, the farmer let go of the bucket. The counterweight at the other end of the pole lifted the bucket up. The farmer could then swing the bucketful of water around and empty it into the canal used to irrigate his fidd. The system could also be used to transfer water from one big canal to another smaller one. A series of shadoofs could lift water in steps from a lower source of water to a higher level. ‘The Greek geographer Strabo (circa 64 BC-AD 23), in book 16 of his major work Geography, described a system used to irrigate the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). He described “water engines, by means of which persons, appointed for the ‘The Fgyptians and Mesopotamians first used the shadoof around the same time, about 2000 BC. ‘The long pole with a bucket on one end and a counterweight on the other was used mainly to irrigate fields.purpose, are continually employed in raising vater from the Euphrates into the garden.” We cannot be certain what the “water engines” were. They may have been a series of shadoofs. Or they may hive been part of a “bucket-and- chain” system. For this, a chain would be wound around two large wheels, one above the other. The wheels (and the chain) would revolve continuously. Buckets attached to the chain would lift water from the river in a continuous loop. They might have emptied directly into the gardens or into a channel leading into the gardens. Aqueducts In the eighth century BC, an Assyrian king, Strgon II (ruling 721-705 BC), discovered how to build underground aquedu:ts to transport water long distances. A surveyor first had to mark out a line on the ground in the direction the water had to travel. At intervals along the line, vertical holes were dug into the ground at different depths. Teams of diggers then dug out horizontal channels underground betweea the holes. Many teams could dig out the underground channel fasterthan one digger burrowing along by himselfllike a mole. Workers then smoothed out the walls of the underground channel to turn the tunnel SP 2== MESOPOTAMIAN into an underground aqueduct. ; “FARMER’S ALMANAC” This technology only worked in the hard rock of northern Mesopotamia. In the south the ground was muddy clay and could not be tunneled into without collapsing. Where they needed to build aqueducts in the south, they built them ahovegraund. ole and how to manage workers. ae i ok at £3 about the benefits of crop rotation ea, wats Around 1700 BC, a farmer's almanac of nearly 100 lines was written on a clay tablet. In it, a farmer gives his son instructions about how to grow good crops, including instructions about how to use the seeder plow (periodically leaving fields fallow), to increase the soil’s fertility. It seems, however, that they did not know the technique of fertilizing their fields to increase crop yields. 103 schtennpnnenocetTHE TECHNOLOGY OF WRITING ‘The Mesopotamians invented writing 5,000 years ago. Scribes (writers) used a pointed stick or reed, called a stylus, to scratch pictures of things on damp clay tablets. This kind of writing was called cuneiform. The clay hardened, either baked by the sun or in a kiln. The writer’s inscription lasted until the tablet crumbled or broke. For the durstion of their civilization, throughout thousands of years, Mesopotamians w-ote mainly on clay tablets. Ifseribes wanted to write something important, they used a stylus made from metal or bone to inscribe the writing on a more durable material such as stone. It was harder to do, butt lasted longer thanclay tablets. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of clay tablets with cuneiform writing have been found among the ruins of Mesopotamia. They show how cuneiform writing developed over thousands of years. At first the tablets recorded mostly activities revolving around agriculture or the economy of early Mesopotamian cities. Some tablets contain lists of cuneiform words to teach others what the symbols meant. (At the time, there was no such thing as an alphabet. The world’s first alphabet was invented in Palestine and Syria around 1700 BC) Cuneiform was the standard form of vriting throughout almost the entire period of Mesopotamian civilization. ihn iy Mesopotamian seribes used a stylus to practice writing. $B, I 2 &From Pictograms to Cuneiform ‘The earliest Mesopotamian writing on clay tablets dates from about 3500 to 3000 BC. It features pictures of things like sheep or cattle or grain stored in a warehouse, Each picture symbol was a pictogram. A picture of an ox’s head woule be the pictogram for an ox. The pictogram for a day would be a picture of the sun coming over the horizon, Barley was represented as an ear of barley. The main reason writing was invented was to keep accounts andofficial records. It was only much later that writing was wed for literary or artistic purposes. Gradually, over hundreds of years, the Mesopotamians mide their picture writing more abstract. They found it was easier to write a simplified symbol of an ox, for example, rather than a picture of It. They began uslag the end of a cut reed as a stylus to make standard marks to represent the object, rather than using a sharp point to draw a picrure of it. The blunt end ofa reed stylus was a wedge shape. The wedge-shape writing they produced was called cuneiform (from cunews, the Latin word for“wedge”). ‘The three tablets pictwred here cepresent the progression of the technology of writing in Mesopotamia, The top limestone tablet shows pictograms of proper mimes, including a landowner, and dates from the end of the fourth millennium. The middle clay tablet shows the rain counts ata temple, Keates foun wtuusal 2900 BC, just befove cuneiform writing was commen, and uses pictures and symbok. The bottom clay tablet lists rn barley rations for seventee gardeners for one mons. The tablet dates from about 2000 BC. Ask and Answer Questions Why do you think writing was first developed to keep accounts anc records, and only used later for artistic purposes? What clues in the text can help you answer this question? ————————— 105 (0s ee nn es Reine cM Te ern ozo emer Ee a WY“stn mip te oi eT og 106 At first, cuneiform writing only represented objects or numbers. “here was no grammar and no representation of the sounds of the spoken language. By around 2500 BC, cuneiform signs used for objects began to represent sounds, too. The sounds they stood for—syllables—were from the language of the dominant people of tke time, the Sumerians. This was the beginning of writing that represented the spoken word. From then on, the different languages of people all arourd Mesopotamia began to be written in cuneiform script. Clay Envelopes ‘The Mesopotamians not only invented writing, they invented stationery, too. From around 2000 BC, they started using clay envelopes in which to put the clay tablets they wrote on. The information inscribed on a clay tablet could easily be changed by wetting the clay id rewriting on it. Clay envelopes, sealed with an official clay seal, kept the documents safe, Personal “letters,” ‘he written on a clay tablet and scaled, could also be put in clay envelope: address (“To my brother, Awil-Adad,’ for example) would be inscribed on the outside of the envelope. This would hive been the world’s first postal service! \ dl A A scene from a stone relief from Nineveh, fromabout 700 BC, shows scribes with hinged writing boards and scrolls counting enemy heads after z battle. ‘The Mesopotamians invented writing more than 5,000 years ago, They first used a stylus, which was a simple pointed water reed, to draw pictures of objects on wer elay tablets.Hammurabi’s Legal Code Hammurabi (who ruled from 1792 to 1750 BC) was king of Babylon. He was one of the greatest of all Mesopotamian rulers. During his reign, 282 “laws” were engraved on ablock of black granite stone that was 6.5 feet (2m) tall. The laws, written in cuneiform in the Babylonian language, arc known as the Code of Hammurabi. In fact, they were not lavs as such, They were a series of people’s righ:s, responsibilities and obligations, and lega judgments. Punishments for offenses were based on the concept of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.” The Code of Hammurabi is the singl most important written document of Mesopoumia. Te gives us a clear view of everyday life ard the organization of Babylonian society ir the eighteenth century BC. It is the longest and most complete legal document in the hisory of Mesopotamia yet discovered. The store on which the code was written was discovered by French archaeologist Jean-Vincent Scheil in 1901. Today it is housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. ‘The Code of Hammurabi (1792-1750 IC) isa collection of 282 case laws (violations o” the law and their corresponding punishments), inseribed 9 4 6.5-foot-tall (2-m-tall stla, discovered at Susa, in southern Iran, in 1901. At the pp of the stela isa carving that shows Shamash (ef, the sun god, handing the law to Hammurali. 107108 THE TECHNOLOGY OF MATHEMATICS AND NUMBERS Our knowledge of the Mesopotamian’ counting systems comes mainly from Babylonian times (2000-600 BC). Earier, the Sumerians and Akkadians had used a counting system based on units of sixty (called a base-sixty, or sexagesimal system; today we mainly 1se a system based on units of ten, the decimal system). The Babylonians inberited the sexagesimal system and developed very complex mathematics from it. Today we still use the old Babylonian base-sixty system for som¢ units of measurement; for example, there are sixty minutes in an hour and 360 degrees in a circle. Before Babylon Rahylonian marhems evolved overthousands of years from number systems in Mesopotamia. ‘The earliest from the seventh millennium BC, involved the use of simple clay tokens The number of tokens represented a number of sheep, or bundles of grain, or some other agricultural commodity. ‘Tokens later came to represent a fixec number of something. A cone-shaped token might mean ten sheep. Two cone tokens would represent twenty sheep. Around token might represent fifty bandles of grain. Three round tokens meant 150 bundles of grain. The invention of cuneiform writing around 3000 BC brought an important change in Mesopotamian counting. In the past, one symbol would represent @ number and the thing being counted; for example, one symbol for five sheep, and a different symbol for five bundles of grain. Now the symbol for the quantity of something could be writtea in cuneiform, That would be followed by 2 separate symbol for the item being counted. This was the beginning of numbers and measuring systems. Over the third millennium BC, the Mesopetamians developed many different systems of weights and measures, (Even today we use different measuring systems; for example, kilograms and pounds, meters and feet, and acres and hectares.) They used cuneiform tables to record not only amounts but also mathematical calculations, such as the formula for the area of a field, or the length of a city wall. They also made up conversion tables with solutions‘This Sumerian day tablet gives te calculations ofthe surface area of land at the city of Umma, anil dates from 2100 BC. The Mesopora mathematical problems by 1700 BC. fant usel cuneiform tablets to write down complex to all kinds of complicated mathematical problems. By 1700 BC there were thousands of clay tablets showing multiplication tables, square roots, and other complex mathematics, including trigonometry. We have inherited important features of Mesopotamian counting systems. The division of the hour into sicty minutes and the minute into sixty seconds, as well as the 360 degrees of a drcle, come from the Mesopotamian sexagesimal system. Ihe division of the day into twenty-four hours, and the year into 365 days, also comes from Mesopotamia. ead What are some important elements of Mesopotamian mattematics that we still use today? Reread the text on pages 108- 109 to find the answer. 109 spite kneeDecree et eer Conclusion ‘The Mesopotamian civilization endedaround AD 650. The great cities and structures built by the Mesopotamian: were abandoned. They remained covered by the desert sands until their discovery by archaeologists in the nineteenth century. Technologies tha: evolved in Mesopotamia over many thousands of years, however, survived the passage of time. They were passed on and developed by later civilizations of ancient Greeks and Romans, Persians, North Africans, and modem Europeans. Today many of the most basic technologies that we take for grmted—for example, the wheel, writing, and counting systems—were born thousands of years ago in “the land between the rivers,” that cradle of civilization that we know as Mesopotamia ‘reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate was buil' in Baghdad, Iraq, to become the entrance toa museum that was never completed. ‘The original Ishtar Gate (Ishtar was the goddess of war and love) was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon and was constructed around 575 BC by King Nebuchadnezzar II (circa 630-562),TIMELINE Permanent settlemeats begin in the region around Mesopotamia. First farming communities are created. Earliest counting system (clay tokens) is used. ‘Handmade pottery aad clay stamp seals are made. ‘The wheel is invented for pottery making and transportation. renee are eee { Early Bronze Age takes place in Mesopotamia. Earliest Mesopotamian city, Uruka, flourishes. ‘Cunciform writing is invented. ent eee Ziggurat of Ur is constructed. Code of King Hammurabi (1792 - 1750 BC) is en; in cuneiform on a stone slab. ‘The reign of King Nebuchadnezzar Tl and the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon occur. Babylon is ruled by Persians. Mesopotamia is ruled by the Greeks.em a nA n2 ABOUT THE AUTHOR GRAHAM FAIELLA believes that geography means much more than just maps and mountains—it should also indude information about the rich cultures that have contribute to the development of a region. His books have taken reacers on fascinating journeys through England and Spain and into America’s distant past. In addition to cultural geography, Graham has written about everything from whales anc fishing to nutrition and ancient inventions, No matter what he’s writing about, though, Graham knows that careful research is an important part of a writer’s job. After carefuly investigating a topic, he enjoys sharing his discoveries with readers of all ages Graham lives in London, England. AUTHOR'S PURPOSE In this selection, the author describes tools and inventions that came into use thousands of years ago. How does he use precise, specific language to help you understand how ancient technology worked?Respond to the Text a Use important details from The Technology of Mesopotamia to summarize what you have learned about how early inventions helped people solve problems. Information from your Problem and Solution Chart may help you. wits How do the text features in The Tecnology of Mesopotamia help you understand haw the Mesapotamians learned to solve problems that they were unable to solve before? Use these sentence frames to organize your evidence Graham Faiella uses text features to From the text features, | learnec how: the Mesopotamians ... This is important because Make Connections Talk about the early Mesopotamians and their contributions © to civilization, ESSENTIAL QUESTION In what ways are we still influenced by Mesopotamian technology? TEXT TO WORLD 13Read about the discovery of what may be the first story ever to be written down. y ‘The search for ancient Poor f hese 2928.94 b ‘ and difficur process. ae id “ee Pave. , f p< r mire & A Stunning Discovery A dozen clay tablets tell what may te the first fictional story ever written on Earth. Yet the story was nearly lost forever. In 1853, archacologists in Iraq discovered fragments of tablets covered with cuneiform writing. They turned out tobe the remains of a vast ‘Assyrian brary that had been buried fr more than two thousand years, But the cuneiform writing they contained was a mystery. ‘Then an amateur researcher name¢ George Smith started studying the tablets. He taught himselfall about cuneiform, and spent his free time piecing together and translating the fragments. He discovered that most of the tablets utilize cunciform to record names, dates, and farming information But then he found an artifact that was different from the rest. It told a story, the epic saga of King Gilgamesh. Epics are longnarrative poems about the adventures and deeds of traditional or ristorical heroes or heroines.The Epic of Gilgamesh ietold by Elizebeth Poreba Grovids clustered around Enkidu as he entered the city gate. “As ull as the king,” the people said, “but is he as strong a3 Gilgamesh?” ‘They told Enkidu about Gilgamesh and his cruelty. sicanesh crx eek And then the king himself appeared. _— Quick as thought, Enkida shot out a The Epic of Gilgamesh foot and blocked the king’s way. The epic begins in the Mesopotamian city penone, Cilgameh carew ranaelfport of Uruk, where King Gilgamesh is a strong, ihe impressive suanger Drave, and handsome ruler. But he 1s also a Fed cris epated by bogaand selfish tyrant who mistreats his subjects ani clashed in the public square. abuses his power. No one will challenge him, ANN ephe doors and walls ofUruk shuddered so the gods decide to send Enkidu to befriend itl ile forcesct their Hehe Gilgamesh and hopefully bring peace. Tully, Gilgamesh wrestled Eada In this excerpt, Enkidu and Gilgamest ag i Laima mect for the first time. } champion, Yet as soon as the fight was Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s friendship | over, Gilgamesh immediately lost his grows stronger as they travel and share J anger and spoke to Enkidu with respect many adventures. Returning at last and admiration. to Uruk, Gilgamesh becomes a fair and Your mother’s son is a man like no one compassionate king. © else" said dae king, “You ure mightier than others and destined for greatness.” ‘Thus began a noble friendship. Make Connections Who knows the ways of men? ces rewAhyitird Se Peron eae Discuss why a written record of thefirst ~. fictional story was an important contribution by © — Mesopotamian civilization. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the technology of writing :hat the Mesopotamians developed help preserve The Epic of Gilgamesh for future generations? TEXT TO TEXTens) Genre Expository Text Essential Question How did democracy develop? Read how democratic concepts that began in ancient Greece and Rome served as a foundation for the development of American democracy. preyWHO CREATED DEMOCRACY? By Connie Nordhielm Wooldridge Ilustrated by Jamil Dar Before we isk the question Who created democracy? perhaps we should ask another question first. Just what exactly isdemocracy? A democracy is a form of government in which the people take part in governing themselves. The word democracy comes from wo Gretk words: “demos” meaning “people” and “kratos” meaning “power” or “authority.” When you put these wo words together, democracy can be translated to licrally mean “people power,” or “rule by the people.” Thousands of years ago, when people first began to live in communities and cities, they looked for ways to create rulesand laws for everyone to follow. Many of these early cities and civilizations had autocratic governments. The word autecracy, the opposite of democracy, comes from the Greek words “kratos” and “autos,” meaning “self.” In an autocratic government, one person hods all the power. Sometimes he or she governs withont the consent of the people. So how did people win the right to govern themselves? In other words, who created democracy? To find the answer to this question we must journey back in time, t9 the city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. 17In 700 5.c., there was no Greek word for “democracy.” It didn’t exist for the same reason that the Greek word for “computer” didn’t exist. It had not yet been imagined. For the wealthy citizens of Athens, there was no reason to imagine it. The social system of the city was tased on wealth rather than aristocratic birth. Rich landowners relaxed on enormous estates. They grew olives, grapes, and other crops, their fields attended to by slaves. And they mide the laws for everyone else. Only the rich were part of the oligarchy tat ruled Athens, An oligarchy is a government that is ruled by only a few people. Yet most Athenians were not rich, Many struggled to grow crops on their tiny farms ard plots of land. If they could not pay their taxes they were forced to borrow the money. If they couldn't pay back their debts, family members were often sold into slavery. By 630 .c. the poor of Athens were beconing angry and frustrated. In the weekly marketplace they met and traded not only food but stories of broken fanilies. They grumbled about debts that could never be repaid. In time, the conversation turned into action. ‘The wealthy members of the oligarchy know they could not fight the poor. They were outnumbered. They had to make changes before Athens headed straight for a civil war. Taxation Without Representation Over a thousand years later, in 1763, debt was alsv on die mind of Britain’s King George III. He had just fought an expensive war to defend his American colonies in the French and Indian War, Instead of being grateful, however, the colonists were aspiring to rule themselves. ‘They began by forming assemblies that hadn't been approved by the British Parliament. So Parliament passed the Stamp Act. This required colonists to buy # ctamp and attach & to evesy'pieve of paper they used, from newspapers to magatines to playing cards. The king believed this would refill the 8ritish treasury. Te would also remind the colonists who was in charge. 18 WHAT IS A POLIS? “Thousands of years ago, when people who had been nomads and wanderers began to settle in particular places, they had to figure out how they would live with one snother and who would be in charge of the government. In ancient Greece, several frundred sarall city-states formed, each one calleda polis("eity") The word polities comes from this Greek word. Each polis had its own army, government, and culture.‘The colonists, however, became furions. Not over the amount of the tax but over the idea that Britain thought it had the right to tax citizens who could not vote for their reprsentatives in Parliament. ‘The colonists withstood this assault on their freedom by demanding that the king repeal the Stamp Act. ‘This was followed by protests in the streets of Boston, Philalelphia, and New York. Many people burned the hated stamps. Seeing the hostile reaction in the colonies, the British government repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766. But at the same time it passed the Declaratory Act, which said that Great Britain was superio- to the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” In other words, Britain could raise taxes on the colonies whenever it felt like it. ‘Anger in the 13 American colonies bezan to bubble over. If the colonists didn’t have a vote in Britain's Pzrliament, why should they follow the laws that it approved? Soon whispers of war were passed from person to person in the shops and harbors Ask and Answer Questions In what of America’s cities and villages. The way were taxes a part of the fight situation was spinning out of control. for democracy in both the American colonies and ancient Athens?A New Government for Athens By 600 s.c. the situation in Athens was :Iso spinning out of control. The wealthy landowners knew they had to find a way to calm the city and quiet the protests that erupted almost daily. In 594 8.c., for reasons that remain odscure, they turned toa man named Solon for help. Solon was a landowner. He had built. fortune working for many years asa Uader. But he had also once been poor. Por this reason he was able to build a bridge between the classes. At first, there was great speculation about what Solon would do with the power that had been given to him. But Solon surprised everyone. First, he changed the debtor’s lavs. Athenians would no longer have to sell family members into slavery to settle debts. Then Solon began to change government and society. He divided citizens into four classes based on how much their farms produced. Now people were able to move into another class by growing more food. In the new system, pecple in the first three classes were able to run for government off ce, The wealthy were no longer in charge of making laws for everybody. Many people liked what Solon had dong, but not everyone. “The wealthy were not happy about having to share power. The lowest class still could not participate in government and make laws. Would the new Athenian government survive? The Revolutionary War Begins In contrast to the Athenian crisis of 5942.¢., the colonial crisis in September 1774 could not be solved by one person. In the months that had preceded the crisis, Britain had closed Boston Harhor thinking it wonld teach the colonisis a lesson. Withont their harbor, the people of Boston could not send or receive goods. But instead of giving in to Britain the American colonies boldly sent representatives to a general Continental Cengress in Philadelphia. “The colonists fired offa letter to King George III asking for a voice in Parliament. In April, 1775, the King sent British troops to Massachusetts to seize colonial weapons th:t had been stored there. 120‘The colonists saw only one way forward: they began preparations to wage war against the most powerful ountry in the world. It was a war based on the priinéipal idea that citizens should have a say in their government. Thomas Jefferson argued the case elegantly when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Every man who signed that document, on July 4, 1776, was guiky of treason in the eyes of the British. As the British army marched toward Lexington, Massachusetts, small band of colonists gathered to mezt them. A British officer ordered the colonists to drop their weapons and leave. Suddenly, as the colonists turned to go, a shot rang ont. ‘The Revolutionary War had begun. 121‘True Democracy for Athens In 561 3.c. another powerful man sent troops, this time to Athens. Peisistratus was rich and powerful, and with the help of his soldiers he took control of the city from Solon. A short 34 years after Solon’s reforms, Athenian democracy stumbled. The people had no control over what Peisistratus did, aad he hegan ta Festriet their rights When his sor Hippias took control after his death, the wealthy landowners of Athens hired an army to remove Hippias frem power. “Then they asked a man named Cleisthenes, who helped defeat Hippias, for his ideas about a new government. Cleisthenes wanted a government run by the people, and he made sweeping changes. First, he formed what he called an Assembly, which became the city’s lawmaking body. Every céizen, rich or poor, got a vote there. Assembly meetings occurred on a hilbide outside Athens every ten days where laws and taxes were debated. Ne laws were passed in Athens unless they were approved by the Assembly.In S07 B.C. Cleisthenes also formed the Council of the Five Hundred to run the daily business of Athens. Ideas for laws and taxes started in the Council and were then brough: to the Assembly for a vote. After almost fifty years, the people of Athens had a true democracy ~ government run by the people. A Republic for Rome While Cleisthenes was hard at work forming the Council of Five Hundred, across the Mediterraean Sea the Romans were busy establishing their own republic, In 509 s.c.,King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was driven from Rome and the Roman government was eventually divided among three separate branches the Senate, the Assembly, and the Consuls; Senate - The Aristocratic or Patrician Branch of Government Roman Senators (from the Latin word senev meaning “old man”) were patrictans (or aristocrats) chosea by the Consuls as advisors. Their number started at 300 but grew over the years of the republie. The Senate controlled how much money the government spent and because its members served for life, it became more powerful over time. Assembly - The Democratic Branch of Government ‘The earliest Roman Assembly vas made up only of patricians so the plebeians, or working class, established anassembly of their own. They were tired of having only a limited say in government. By 287 a.c. the plebefan Assembly included a few patricians and created laws for all Roman citizens. Since the Assembly elected the Consuls and all Consuls became Senators, the Assembly became a powerful branch of the government over the years. Consuls - The Monarchical ar King-like Branch of Government ‘Two men were nominated by the Senate and elected by the Assembly each year to rule Rome. They tad veto power over one another, they took monthly turns ruling over the Senate, and they commanded the Roman army. After 367 n.c., at least one of the two had to be a “plebeian” or common person Canale antamaticallyheeame Senators at the end af thair terme Ask and Answer Questions How did the reforms of Cleisthenes change the concept of Greek democracy developed under Solon? ee 123124 We the People In 1783, after eight years of fighting, the British surrendered and a government ruled by the people finally became a reality in America. But for a few years folowing the peace treaty with Great Britain the very foundation of the newborn United States of ‘America was threatened. As some powerful state governments tried to promote their ideas and force their wills on the nation, many people realized that a compromise between state governments and a new federal government would be necessary. When a delegation of men finilly gathered in Philadelphia for a Constitutional Convention in May 1787 to address the problem, they had done their homework wal. They had studied Solon, Cleisthenes, and the government of ancient Athens. They were familiar with Rome’s three-branch model of government. But if they agreed on the three-branch plan, they disagreed on how the two houses of the legislatve branch ought to look: should cach state send an equal number cf representatives as the New Jersey Plan urged? Or should the Virginia Plan, which proposed representation based on a state’s population, be adopted?‘The Convention was near collapse when a solution was ‘The Senate would have th: same number of proposed representatives from each state while the members of the House of Representatives would be chosen based on the population of their state. So today Texas would have more representatives than a state such as Rhode Island, With thecrisis averted, the Convention produced a government much like the Republic of ancient Rome: The executive branch is headed by the president who executes, or carries out, laws and directs national defense and foreign policy. ‘The legislative branch is headed by the two houses of Congress, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress passes laws, approves treaties, and creates spending bills. ‘The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court which interprets the Constitution, How did democracy develop? It tegan when the ancient Greeks and Romans tried to answer the question Who should be in charge of goverument? Influenced by the Greeks and Romans, the writers of the U.S. Constitution answered the cuestion in the first three words of the document they wrote in 1787: We the people.ABOUT THE AUTHOR CONNIE NORDHIELM WOOLDRIDGE loves taking historical events and finding ways to “translate” them into nonfiction stories that will engage resders, Sometimes she zeroes in ona small event, but more often she readsstacks of books on a large, sweeping subject, searching for a factual storyline that will carry her readers on a journey through fifty or a hundred or even several thousand years of time. Her book When Esther Morris Headed West tells the true story of a 55-year- old woman who settled in the Wyoming territory in 1869, and almost single- handedly convinced the local government to allow women the right to vote. Before she started writing, Connie studied Greek culture and archaeology in Greece ~a great introduction to te beginnings of Greek democracy! ‘Today she lives with her husband in Richmond, Indiana. AUTHOR'S PURPOSE In writing Who Created Demociacy?, Connie Nordhielm Wooldridge wanted to help readers compare and contrast the beginnings of democracy in ancient Greece, Rome, and colonial America. What signal words ard graphic devices did she use?Respond to the Text ca Use key details from Who Created Democracy? to itferent summarize the most important facts and events Ate in the selection. Information from your Venn diagram may help you. fwrite | Think about how Connie Nordhielm Wooldridge organizes information in this selection. How do her choices help you understand the development of democracy? Use these sentence starters to organize your ideas Connie Nordhielm Wooldridge compares and contrasts... She also uses transitional phrases to She wants me to understand . .. 8 Make Connections How does studying the past help us to understand how concepts such as democracy developed over time? ESSENTIAL QUESTION Describe the most interesting fact you learned about the history of democracy. What does this fact help you understand about why different forms of government succeed or tail? TEXT TO WORLD 8 127(fe) Genre Narrative Nonfiction Compare Texts Read about how state governments in the United States create laws, A Rocky Ride Americans, young and old, can help bring about change. Take, for example, the theoretical case of Steve Kresky. One day he was racing the wind along the bike path near his home. Steve felt like he was flying. ‘Then, suddenly, Steve eas flying. The front tire on his bike grazed a rock and, knocked offbalance, Steve landed hard on the ground. Luckily he wasn’t hurt because he was wearing a bicycle helmet. 128 Later, when he got home, Steve talked about what had happened with his dad. “Ie’s 30 easy to have an accident,” Steve said. “There should be a law that states everyone has to wear a helmet.” Then Steve had an idea; maybe he could help to create a law. His dad said that the first step was to contact their state representative. “Representatives are the people we elect to make laws in our state,” his father explained.A Law Takes Shape Democracy in Action DRE met . Ce eee cera National laws apply to everyone in the Urited takes to become a law in their state. States, while state and local laws are for people who live in a particular state or city Almost anyone can suggest a law. Steve and his dad contacted Marta Ortiz, wko was a member of the state assembly. Along with representatives [fF stop 2: ‘tho bill goes to a committee Step 1: The bill goes to a clerk. who reads the bill to the state assembly, in the state senate, assembly members make laws. After Ifthe committee approves the bil, speaking with Steve, Ms. Ortiz agreed that bicyele siete the fl state ence helmets were an important safety issue, so she suid she would propose and sponsor a bill, ora plan for law, Step 3: Representatives debate the bill then vote on it. If it passes in the assembly, it goes to the state senate, Step 4: A state senate committes votes on the bill. Ifit passes, the fall senate debates the bill then votes onit. Ifit is approved, it goes to the governar An Idea Becomes a ‘Step 5: The governor can sign the Daring a committee hearing with assembly hill into law, do nothing so that i metnbers, Steve and Ms, Ortiz explained why they felt J a:‘omaticaly ocomes lw ator 5 to . ays. or veto it. A veto means the the law was necessary. The committee rewrotethe bill i son oct eure nesorspues to include only people younger than 18 years age, and senates can override a veto by a and then passed it on to the assembly. The assembly. ‘tworthizes majority vote, aud he senate approved it, wud the yoveruiur signed it! ‘The process of transforming an idea into a Jaw is nearly the same in our national government Make Connections and in many states across the country. Cities and What role does democracy towns also apply many of the same democratic > ideas. When our country’s founders created the Constitution, they borrowed ideas from the ancient Greek and Roman systems of government. In what ways has lawmaking mote yarns pastsced os changed since ancient times? the belief that ordinary citizens should not be TEXT TO TEXT wo suggest laws. play in the lawmaking process? ESSENTIAL QUESTION 129THE JOURNAL OF ILIONA OF MYTILINI, WHO WAS CAPTURED BY PIRATES AND SOLD AS A SLAVE IN ROME, AD 107 By Richard Platt, illustrated by David Parkins { i i i 5 a Essential Question What was life like for people in ancient cultures? Read about the experiences of a young slave girl in ancient Rome. aaberomeoren es 130When Iliona and her family sail to Egypt from their home on the Greek island of Mytilini, their ship is attacked by pirates. Iiona’s parents are killed, and she and her younger brother Apollo are taken to Rome where they are sold as slaves, But Iliona still has in her possession the ink, pen, and papyrus her mother gave her before they left on their trip. She uses them to keep a diary of her new life, with its hardships and adventures. But one question is always on her mind: Will she ever be free again? MY THIRD DAY IN ROME ‘We reached this strange and enormous city two days ago—not directly, but by hopping like frogs, for we were bought and sold three times on the way. ‘At each auction, Apollo and I clung to each other, in case we should be sold apart, but—praise be to Zeus—it has not happened. Instead, other children have joined our miserable band. At each auction, our price rises (though mine more than Apollo’s,for | can speak fluent Latin and read a few words but he struggles to write even in Greek), Finally we came into the port of Ostia on a stinking barge, which Ithink must have carried rotten fish before us. We were herded quickly through the streets to some dark, cramped lodgings. We had food to eat— bread, oil, and olives—but we were all filthy from our long journey. Creatures moved in my hair; my clothes were like rags, and my eyes were red from crying. ‘Today two women came to the room in which we were locked with the other children. They took us out and gave us water and oil to wash with. Then they cleaned our hair with fine-toothed combs to remove the lice and gave us new garments to wear. I could not help but enjoy this, until one of my companions snapped, “Idiot! Can't you see that they are p-eparing us for sale again?”THE SIXTH DAY ‘My parting from Apollo came sooner than Thad dreamed possible, for, seeing me sob all the way from the auction, the overseer clearly decided heid have no peace until we were separated. When we reached the house, he pushed me into a litde room and bolted the door. I hammered with my fists but simply got bruised and splintered. T lay on the bed and tried to forget I was a prisoner by writing everything that had happened that morning in this journal. Imust have slept afterward, for when I awoke, the door was open and a little lamp burned in an alcove in the wall, casting shadows across the room. When one of them moved, | sat up quickly. “Don't be afraid,” the shadow said, and I saw its owner, a girl a couple of years older than me. She told me she ‘was a slave too and that I would be happy here, for the master was akind and generous man. “And his wife doesn’t whip us unless we deserve it!” she added. I asked her name, but before answering, she leaned out of the door and bellowed, “She is awake!” She had just told me she was called Cytheris when a tall and finely dressed woman swept into the room and shoved her out. “Tliona—that is your name, isn’t it?” the woman asked, turning to 132 Apolloshands were untied now, sohe could hug me. me. “I want you to know how welcome you are,” she said, but didn’t smile. Tasked if I could see Apollo. She looked. puzzled, then left the room. A moment later, my little brother shuffled in. I jumped up and threw my arms around his neck, We sat for a moment on the bed together, but before we had time to say much, the woman came back. In her arms was a sleeping child, about a year old. The overseer followed her in, so 1 guessed what was to come. I screamed and begged him not to take Apollo, but it made no difference. He pushed us roughly apart. Seeing my tears, the woman sat down and put her arm around my shoulder. This started me sobbing again, and the child awoke, I thought she would cry too, but instead she grabbed my hand and began sucking on my little finger.More gently this time, her mother—my Isleep in a room with Cytheris, and new mistress—began talking to me again. _in this I feel 1 am lucky. She keeps me I was to be a companion and teacher for company and is teaching me much about little Lydia, she said. I would also teach Rome. Last night I learned about the Greek to Lydia's half brothers, Marcus and calendar. Romans count the years from Lucullus. “We wanted to buy you because _ the date Rome was founded. ‘The months you already knew some Latin? are about thirty days long and are cach she explained. differently named. The days are more Her arm around my shoulder, the difficult, and for now I will just make my warmth of the room, the child in her diary by counting up from the first day of arms—all these things reminded me of each month. home and my own mother—not in a sad way but (to my surprise) in a way that comforted me. And for a moment I forgot Make Predictions Do you think my sorrow and began to wonder if might _lliona will be happy in her new be happy here. surroundings? Cite text evidence to support your prediction, DAY Ill OF THE MONTH OF MAIVS* Thad imagined that a slave's life here in Rome would be one of locks and chains, but there is nothing like that to keep me from running away. ‘Yet where would I run to, and why would I try? Iam beginning to see that in Rome, slavery and freedom are not opposites, like night and day or winter and summer. The poorest Roman citizens are worse off than many slaves, Here I have clothes (though it’s true they are simple linen), my stomach never aches with hunger (though the food is plain), and I can rest when I am tired. Ik would be simple to distract the doorman and sip into the street. “Latin for Moy 133DAY IV This day I began my studies. It was also the first time I had set foot outside since the auction. I had expected to study at home, as girls always do in Greece, But instead I went to school with Marcus and Lucullus. The three of us walked there through the streets with Cestius, the boys’ pedagogus*. Iwas surprised at how humble the school is. On Mytilini, Apollo studied in a grand building with a hundred other boys. This one was just a tiny room with a few stools and an armchair for the teacher. Cestius made fun of my surprise: “This is one of the better ones!” he told me. “Most boys sit in the street to study” Our class was not so different from. my brother's school in Mytilini, Mostly we write on the same wax-coated tablets, though my stylus is shaped like the letter T. With its flat end I can smooth out the wax when I make mistakes, which I think is a fine idea, for | make many. We studied reading and writing from early morning until noon, when Cestius came back. We walked home along Etruscan Street, which is lined with the most exotic kinds of shops. In fact, my nose found the street before my eyes did, because all the incense and perfume sellers have their stalls here. The street is very busy, and Cestius took my hand. “Keep your eyes peeled?” he told us, “for there are thieves around every corner here. They will skin you alive and 134 *Cestus isan old slave part tutor, part guardian, sell you back your own hide before you realize you've been robbed.” We saw no thieves, but we did have to flatten ourselves against the wall as a huge cart rumbled past, carrying building stone and timber. Our limbs seemed to be more at risk than our purses! DAV xX A fortnight ago, I wrote a letter to Apollo and gave it to my mistress. She promised that the overseer, who regularly travels between Rome and the farm, would take it to him, but I have had no reply.DAY X&XV This morning I awoke with a thundercloud around my head. I had dreamed that Apollo and I were back on Mytilini, doing the things we used to do together before we were captured—running on the open hills and swimming in the sea. When I awoke, the walls around me felt like a prison. My master saw my long face, and I told him about my dream. He tried to make me feel better about living here in Rome, finishing by saying, “There is always a chance of manumission? I didn't understand this Latin word, so he explained that good and obedient slaves may be freed through the kindness of their masters or may buy their freedom with the money they earn. His words lifted my stifling gloom, and I began to hope that I might not live my whole life as a slave. DAY &X OF IUNIVS* Tam soon to see my brother again! As I sat with Lydia this afternoon, Cytheris came and told me that in one month we shall be traveling to my master’s estate in the Sabine Hills. We shall stay there through the hottest weeks of the summer—and I shall have the chance to spend some time with Apollo, if his “Latin for June work allows. I am glad, for he has not replied to any of the letters I have sent him. DAY XXII This day our master went to sit in the Senate, which always causes much ‘upheaval. He dreads going but loves it when he gets there. Making Rome's laws makes him feel important, and he sees all his friends. Most are very old, and I suspect that they take secret bets on which of them will die first. Itwas halfway through the morning when my mistress let out a shriek. “He's left his medicine behind!” I looked around, and sure enough, in a niche by the door was my master’s flask of sea-grape potion. “Iliona, take it to him, or truly he will cough his lungs up? T dashed to the Forum and rushed through the door of the Senate House without stopping. Too late, I realized that the passageway led straight into the Senate chamber. I found myself surrounded by Rome’ greatest, richest men The room fell silent. “Young lady?’ a senator finally Inthe Senate, my master ‘wears a purple-edged toga, 135addressed me, “I assume that your dramatic appearance is of the u importance, since the very future of Rome hangs upon the debate it interrupted.” Scanning the rows of seats, | spotted my master and held up the flask. “Senator Martius, you forgot your sea-grape potion” There was another unbearable silence. Then I heard a stifled snicker from a younger senator at the back. One of his neighbors guffawed, and at length laughter echoed around the chamber, When it died down, someone shouted, “Take your potion, Gaius. Your coughing has been driving us all mad!” As the laughter started again, a hand pulled the vial from my grip, and it was passed back to my master. Ididn’t wait to see him drink, but fled the chamber as quickly as I had entered it. DAY 1 OF THE MAONTH OF IV/LIVS* This morning there was silence ftom the ‘Aitchen, which normally rings with the sound of water flowing endlessly from a pipe on the wall into a stone basin below: “The aqueduct has burst once more!” my mistress exclaimed when she came down, In Mytilini, water always came from a well, never from a spout in the wall. She explained that our water here comes from springs four days’ journey away. “Latin for Jaly 136 “It's beautiful, clear water, but to flow here, it crosses deep valleys on high, arched bridges, In other places it flows underground, through tunnels, Because of its length—more than 60,000 paces—the channel is always leaking” In my first week in Rome, [had marveled at the luxury of having water running in the house but soon took it for granted. Now I appreciate it once more, for [ have to pick up an amphora* and join a long line of slaves at the fountain in the street outside, DAYV. We still have no water in the house, and today an errand took me past the aqueduct. From a gap in its side spills a torrent of water that rushes down onto the roofs of the houses below. On the bridge I saw stonemasons at work trying to block the hole with bags full of sand. Quite a crowd had gathered to watch, and I listened as a man shouted angrily at the supervisor of the water repairs. Judging from his fine new toga, ie was very wealthy, “Why do the street fountains still flow when the water in my house has dried up?” the rich man demanded. “Beggars may drink, while my fountain is silent!” The supervisor of the water repairs let out a deep sigh before replying with exaggerated respect: “Because, sir, inside the castellum** there is a barrier. Normally there is enough water to flow over it and “a moe for varrying water ~ storage part of an ceueductinto the pipes that lead into your fine abode”—here he made a little bow—“but if the aqueduct bursts or leaks, the level falls. Then your pipes are cut off, but water continues to flow to the public fountains. In this way”—he paused before delivering his crushing last line—“the poorest citizens in Rome do not have the free water taken from them by those who can afford a supply to their own homes” This bold response brought a round of applause, for we had all expected the official to grovel to such a wealthy, important man. Sniffing defeat, the man edged away, muttering, “Ah, yes, Isee. Thank you for that clear explanation? as he tried to hide his embarrassment. DAY *K ‘We were supposed to leave for the country today, but during a thunderstorm last night, lightning bolts flashed in the direction of the Sabine Hills and everyone (but me) feared it was a sign that we should not travel. To check whether it was truly a bad omen, my mistress went to the temple of Jupiter Tonans, a thunder god, taking with her an offering of a chicken, (Cytheris says she cannot think the omen too serious, or she would have taken a pig at least.) She came back saying that it is safe to travel, so we depart tomorrow. Fotis al poast Chis Mersin, the ip higgest i sewer, which stank in the summer heat. S is a oy Fenner Confirm and Revise Predictions Is iliona happy in her new surroundings or has she simply adjusted to them? Cite evidence from the text to confirm or revise your prediction.DAY XXII OF IYLIVS From the moment I awoke this morning, I could think only of finding Apollo. Yet this was the very thing I could not do, for the villa is a very different place from our house in Rome. There, my master and mistress ead busy lives and hardly notice if one of us is missing. Here, they are idle, with nothing better to do than to count us and ask, “Where's Cytheris?” or “I haven't seen Iiona for some time. Where's she gone?” So instead of searching for my brother, Thad to be content with glancing from the 138 ‘My masters villain the Sabine Hills is very grand. windows to see if I could spot him. When [finally plucked up the courage to ask whether I could see Apollo, my mistress said curtly, “Perhaps tomorrow,’ and sent me to put the baby to bed. Here Cytheris and I have separate rooms. We all retired early to bed this evening, which has given me plenty of time to write in this diary. DAY SONY Thave finally met Apollo! Having seen me sulking and kicking my heels about my tasks, my master asked me what the matter was, and I said I longed to see my brother. “Then you shall!” he said, and sent a message that the bailiff, who runs the farm, should fetch him.hardly recognized Apollo—his hatr was matted and greasy, and he stank like a goat. When the bailiff finally arrived with a boy; I stared and blinked. Was this Apollo? Only when he spoke my name was I sure, and [ran and threw my arms around him. Then I stood back and gazed at him. He was quite changed. He wasn't just thinner; he had bruises on his arms and a red scar around one ankle, Worse. perhaps, were his eyes. They darted left and right, and he had the expression that I once saw on the face ofa stag as it fled from the hunt. Tasked him if he was all right, and before answering, Apollo turned to the bailiff. Only when the man nodded did he reply— and then in stuttering Latin. “I’m fine.” he said. “They treat us well here. The work is not too hard, and we get enough to eat...” All this came without expression, like the worst actors I had seen in the theater on Mytilini. Then he said in Greek, “I’ve missed you, but I cannot stay long, We are weeding the vines, and if I don’t return, my friends will have to do my row as well as their own. Good-bye” He kissed me and was gone. DAYS Thave made friends with the house dogs. ‘They are huge and black—whereas the herders’ dogs are all white. I was curious about this and asked the bailiff, who told me, “Why, think about it, girl A guard dog must be black so that thieves who come in the night cannot sec him, A herder’s dog is better off white so that he is not mistaken. fora wolf? Ths houte dogs stared sme at first 139DAY XXVIII Last night I was woken by the small noise of something dry and hard falling on the floor of my room. Outside, I heard the slap of bare feet running from my window. I crawled around to try to find whatever had been thrown in, but it was too dark. In the morning, I found a short piece of bone, One side was scratched in a pattern. | took it to the window, and in the sunlight, I realized 1 was holding it upside down. ‘There, in tiny Greek letters, was a message: COME TO OUR HUTS IN 2 NIGHTS. My misiress pointed down the hill to a row of low shacks. I didn’t know how Apollo found out. which room was mine. Nor did I think I could wait that long to see him again, but Thad no choice. So I continued with my tasks as if I were still in Rome. Here, though, time seems to crawl past, for in fact, there is little for us to do. This morning my mistress decided that she would like to take a walk with the baby while Cestius was teaching the boys. What this really meant was that she walked while I carried Lydia. From the road we could look down at row upon row of vines stretching down into the valley—and up, to the steeper slopes lined with olive trees. My mistress’s conversation was mostly about how difficult it was to make money from a vineyard. | paid little attention until heard her saying, “And that’s where the laborers live.”DAY &XTK Zeus must have been smiling on me last night, for there was a full moon. Once everyone was in bed, Ihad no difficulty slipping out the window and running down the drive through the moon shadows of the olive trees. Now I have learned the truth about Apollo’ life on the farm. “fliona, I can’t begin to describe how awful it is here,’ he told me. “We are prisoners. We live mostly on coarse bread and olives and work eight days in every nine from dawn until dusk” Tasked him what happened to his ankle. “One of us tried to escape. They picked him up, whipped him, shaved his head, and branded his leg with an F for ‘fugitivus—a runaway? “But your ankle?” “Pm coming to that. The overseer said ‘we must all have known about the escape, so fora month we worked in chains. Then Gaius Martius arrived without warning one day and saw what we were enduring. He fired the overseer and put an old slave in his place. Now things are not as bad as they were—we have new clothes and time to rest in the hottest hours.” A dog began to bark, and I was glad I had made friends with them. Apollo poked his head out of the hut. “You had better go. Don't try to come here again. It will be trouble for both of us.” He pushed me out, and I sprinted back to the villa. Only this morning did I realize how close [had come to discovery, for the daylight revealed my dusty footprints, leading from the drive to my window! DAY XV OF THE MONTH OF AYCUSTTUS* Our stay in the hills finished yesterday, and we are back in Rome. I did not see Apollo again, apart from when we came only close enough to wave. My mistress frowned a silent warning when I asked if we could talk. We had one exciting moment when rumors spread of slaves deserting a nearby farm. The shutters went up. In the end, though, it turned out to be false gossip. “Latin for August STOP AND CHECK Ask and Answer Questions Why are living conditions for lliona and Apollo so different? Find evidence in the text to support your answer. 141DAY XX Yesterday I nearly lost my life—and became a heroine (though I am not sure I deserve the glory heaped on my shoulders)! The day began normally enough: we set out for Agrippa’s baths (not as nice as Nero’, for the water is less clear). We did not linger as long as usual, but instead ‘went to the house of my mistress’ friend nearby. Lydia was sleeping, and I took her crib to the other end of the house. Not long after, there was a smell of smoke, Nobody was concerned, for there is always smoke in Rome from people lighting cooking or heating fires with small wood, to set the charcoal alight. But the conversation turned to fires, such as the great lire fifty years ago that destroyed most of Rome. Even when we heard cries in the street, there was no alarm. Our hostess looked out but returned, saying, “The fire is distant, and the wind blows it away from here.” It seems that I stumbled from the smoke and flames, dropped the crib and its squealing passenger, and fainted, But then came a loud hammering at the door. A boy hardly older than me, his face black with soot, asked for buckets, adding, “Look out! The flames are attacking your walls!” At this exact moment, a billow of smoke blew into the room, as if Adranos, the fire god himself, had heard him. Everyone rushed toward the peristylum.” As soon as we got outside, we heard loud crackling and felt heat on our faces. Hungry flames licked toward the room where Lydia slept, but nobody did anything. While my mistress sobbed, all the other women wrung their hands. One muttered, “At least it isn’t a male child? Their stupidity made me furious and foolhardy. I plunged into the pool in the middle of the peristylum to soak my clothes and covered my face with my wet scarf, Then I dashed toward the open door, For the rest of my story, I rely on others, for all I remember is waking up in bed at home and immediately retching a foul black paste onto the bedclothes. When the room ceased to spin around me, | saw Cytheris, who whispered, “I fetched our master from the Senate,’ and pointed to where he stood with my mistress at the end of the bed. They beamed, and my mistress said quietly, “You did a brave and fine thing, Iliona. We shall not forget this” courtyard 143DAY XIX OF SEPTEMBER s Our small quiet world was turned upside down yesterday. My master seemed weak and ill when he rose in the morning. When he complained of pains in his chest and numbness in his left arm, my mistress tried gently to persuade him not to attend the Senate. But he was determined to go and set off in a litter, gripping his vial of sea-grape potion. We learned later that at the Senate House he had to be almost carried to his favorite seat. The blow came when he stood to speak: his legs would not hold ‘him, and he fell to the ground, clutching his chest. DWXX< During the night, a physician came to examine my master. The man was a Greek like me. He arrived with four attendants but took only my mistress into the bedchamber where my master was lying. When they came out, he was holding my mistress’ hand and reassuring her. However, as they passed a torchbearer, I glimpsed his eyes clearly and could see from their empty, hopeless look that he did not believe his own words. ‘An hour later, my master suffered another blow like the one that struck him. yesterday, This time he did not recover, 144 von though he was one of the best in Rome, the physician could not help my master. Now my master is dead. DAY | OF THE MONTH OF OCTOBER In the middle of the misery and mourning for my master, I have a reason to be joyful! ‘The reading of his will has brought a fantastic and wonderful surprise. Yesterday my master’s brother fetched the will from a temple nearby where it had been stored for safekeeping, He took it into the dining room to break the seals and read the wax panels to the family. After about half an hour, my master's brother called me over to sit with him in the peristylum. There he read to me the words that follow (for | borrowed the wax tablets and copied them):For her bravery in saving my baby daughter from certain death in the flames ofa house fire, I set free my slave Tliona immediately. I also set free her brother, Apollo, who shall be brought from my country estate to be reunited with his sister. In addition, I give to Tliona each year the sur of one hundred denarii.* am free at last! DAY II! OF THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER Now that I am free, my mistress treats me better than she did before and even says “please” and “thank you” if she remembers. Cytheris did not speak to me fora fortnight. Thankfully, though, we are friends once more. Tam spared some of the tasks I hated most, but Iam still studying and looking after little Lydia, Iydia now seems just like a baby sister tome. Apollo and I have talked about returning to Greece. We could perhaps save enough from our earnings to pay the fare. However, our parents are at the bottom of the sea, and we have few relatives on Mytilini. Furthermore, if pirates were to attack our ship on the journey, we might swiftly find ourselves back in Rome. Then our story would start again, just as it began ‘a year ago, with chalk on our feet and wooden signs around our necks. No, for the present we shall stay here, for my mistress’s home is now our home, and her family has become our family, too,146 ABOUT THE AUTHOR AND ILLUSTRATOR RICHARD PLATT first explored engineering, graphic design, and photography before he realized that he loved to write. Platt likes to investigatea complex topic and then try to explain it simply. More than 60 nonfiction books later, Platt stl loves writing, exploring, and the fascinatingresearch that goes along with it. He has written on a wide variety of subjects including spiders, plagues, rain forests, shipwrecks, space travel, and the histories of cities like New York and London. Platt and his wife live in Ket, England where five chickens call the Platt backyard home. DAVID PARKINS first began making illustrations of wildlife before he moved on to illustrating textbooks. Ultimately, Parkins ended up creating artwork for a wide variety of children’s books, magazines, comic books and comic strips. Born in England, Parsuus evenly inoved to Canada, where he is proud to say he has learned to ice skate. AVTHOR’S AND ILLUSTRATOR’S PURPOSE ‘The author and illustrator have collaborated ‘on many of the illustrations and captions in Roman Diary. Whet additional facts and details do these feaures provide readers?Use important details from Roman Diary to summarize what you have learned about daily life in ancient Rome. information from your Point of View Chart may helpyou How does Richard Platt’s use of figurative language help you understand what life was like in ancient Rome? Use these sentence frames to organize your text evidence. Richard Platt uses figurative language to... His descriptions and illustraticns help me see why Iliona ... This point is important because... 8 Make Connecti it was life like for slaves in Ancient Rome? ESSENTIAL QUESTION Describe one aspect of life in ancient Rome that interested you, How is it similar to or different from _ the way we live today? TEXT TO WORLD ) 147What was life like for people in ancient cultures? Read how the Romans brought water to a growing city. Many ancient Roman aqueducts, such as this one [pictured] are still in use. t's a hot and mugay day and you've been outside all afternoon, maybe playing catch or jumping rope. Naturally, you're thirsty and a long drink of cold water would certainly hit the spot. You pick up a glass, walk to the faucet and turn it on. You experience first a trickle and then a steady stream of cool, clear water. Ah, that tastes good! Did you know that many children in ancient Rome did the same thing? In fact, they played many of the same games you do, jumping rope or playing catch, and when they were thirsty they came inside for a drink or went to any number of public king fountains around the city. 148 Most children in Rome knew how water was transported to their city. But did you ever wonder where the water you drink comes from? Or how it got to your faucet? The fact is, if you do not have a well in your own backyard, the water you use at home may come from a long distance away. However, it doesn’t travel by truck or train. Water is transported to you via @ complex system of connected pipes and tunnels. These pipes and tunnels channel water from reservoirs and transport it to you. We call the system that carries water an aqueduct. In Latin, this word means “a conductor of water.”What Did People Do Long Ago? ‘Thousands of years ago, if you wanted water there was often a river nearby, For a city or civilization to thrive, water is essential. People need water for domestic purposes like bathing and cooking. It is also used to irrigate farms and for commerce, the transportation, buying, and selling of goods. Many early civilizations, such as those in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India, grew up alongside rivers such as the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and the Indus. The city of Rome was no different. It also grew up alongside a river, the Tiber, one of the longest rivers in Italy. But as Rome grew and became the capital of a large empire, it needed more water than the Tiber could provide. So how did the ancient Romans obtain and transport this water? Aqueducts in Rome The Romans didn't invent the idea of aqueducts. They had been used in Mesopotamia to supply water to crops some distance from the Tigris and Euphrates. However, the aqueducts the Romans built were far more complex than anything that had come hefore them. Long, long before engines had been invented that could pump water, the ancient Romans figured out how to use natural forces to do the same thing. They used — Aqueducts ‘ — Walls the water pressure created by gravity to move water hundreds of miles. It would travel from mountaintop lakes, down the sides of mountains, across valleys and into cities and towns. Over a period of 500 years, from approximately 300 .c. to 200 An, Roman slaves end paid laborers built 11 major aqueducts throughout the city of Rome. Every stage of the equeduct had to be carefully planned to make sure that the water, pulled by gravity, made its way gradually downhill to the city, Roughly four of every five miles of Rome's aqueducts ran underground, to protect Rome's water supply from possible enemies. When water had to travel through a valley that was lower than the surrounding countryside, Roman engineers would construct arcades, or bridges with a series of arches. Many of these (helene tne tet 149gee arcades can still be seen near Rome. Today they are what most people picture when they hear the word aqueduct, Millions of Gallons of Water The aqueducts worked because they enabled water to flow downward at a specific angle. The angle had to be steep enough to propel the water forward, but it couldn't be so steep that it would make the water burst through the pipes or make channels overflow. Although the route of the water might seem indirect, it always moved in a way that would allow gravity to get it where it had to go. It might first run downward and then level off as it travelled across the tap of an arcade Then it might proceed downward again in a stepped fashion. Regardless, the force of gravity was central to the design. At the height of Roman civilization there were more than one million citizens of Rome. All of them relied on the aqueducts to provide more than 40 million gallons of water each day. For a privileged few, such as the emperor, senators, and military leaders, water pipes connected directly into their homes. However, while outdoor fountains today are merely decorative, in ancient Rome, they were actually the main source of water for most Romans. People rarely lived or worked more than a couple of hundred feet from a fountain. 150 Fountains in ancient Rome allowed all people access to running water. Rome would have been very different if the aqueducts had not existed. It is hard to imagine what the city would have looked like without @ fountain on every square. Many historians believe that without running water, the culture of Rome might never have reached its extraordinary heights. Make Connections Why were aqueducts an important contribution of the ancient Romans? ESSENTIAL QUESTION What have you learned about the technologies developed by ancient cultures? TEXT TO TEXTReplicating Water Pressure in a Roman Aqueduct Question: How does water pressure affect the way water moves? With this science activity you can see the effect of wator pressure. Use your science lab safety equipment and ask an adult to help. Material ‘Step i Ast yourself this question before you begin the activity: Waat clo you think will happen when you fil the - Pee eee bottle with water after making a small hole on the sicle? seeatate Now mala eecond prediction based cn this quattin: A thin nal with a What wil fanpen if two more holes are added on the side lately dllplat of the botte—one above and one below the frst? Do you think the fw of the water will change depencing upon Plastic tub or bow the placerrent of the holes? In what way? Why? Se tha! ‘Accesso running A water orlarge pitcher 4 . ae Sie pene ‘Step 2: Wth the marker, carefully make dots on the side filled with water of the botte, The marks will indicate where you should rake the three holes, Start about V4 away from the bottom of the bottle and make sure that the marks for the Marker, pencil, tntee notes ere evenly spaced and sheet of paper Duct tape and sisors Stop 3 Tate the nail and carefully make the holes. Be sure that the heles are both evenly spaced and sized, = A ‘Step 4: Cut off a piece of duct tape large enoush to 2asily cover the three holes. Carefully Ws place the tape over the holes. bem ‘Stop 5: Fillthe bottle to the neck by going to the sink or using wate: from a pitcher. Make sure you have a tub or Lum! plaved below the bottle = Stop &» Pul off the chict tape in ane even mavement ‘What do you observe about the flow from the three holes? Explanation: The more water there is to press down, the further the water will go. As a result, the arc of water from the hole closest to the bottom travels further. 151Essential Question What influences the development of a culture? Read about a boy's quest to learn about the art of making pottery in 12th-century Korea eeein Shar by Linda Sue Park illustrated by Julie Kim Kees is an anciert country located on a peninsula on the eastern edge of Asia. In the T100s, Korea was a kingdom of farmers and nobks. However, it also had potters, people who made beautiul vases and other objects from clay. The potters were considered to be artists, Tree-eay, the hero of this selection, has only one wish—to become a potter and make works of art from clay. SS‘ear Was SO called after the mushroom that grew in wrinkled half-circles on dead or falen tree trunks, emerging from the rotten wood without benefit of parent seed. A good name for an orphan, Crane-man szid. If ever Tree-ear had had another name, he no longer remembered tt, nor the family that might have named him so. “ ‘Tree-ear shared the space under the bridge with Crane-man— or rather, Crane-man shared it witr him, After all, Crane-man had been there first, and would no: be leaving anytime soon, The shriveled and twisted calf and foot he had been born with ~~ made sure of that. Tree-ear knew the story of nis friend's name, “When they saw my leg at birth, it was thought I would not survive,” Crane-man had said, “The, as | went through life on ‘one leg, it was said that! was like a crane. But besides "standing on one leg, canes are also a symbol of long life.” True enouch, Crane-man added. He had outlived all his famiy and, unable to work, had been forced to sel his possessions one by one, _ ineluding, at last the roof over his head. Thus it was that he had come to live under the bridge. ‘Once, a year or so earlier, Tree-ear had asked him how long he had lived there. Crane-man shook his head; he no longer remembered, But then he brightened and hobbled over to one side of the bridge, beckoning Tree-ear to join him.“| do not remember how long | have been here,” he said, “but | know how long you have,” And he pointed upward, to the underside of the bridge. “I wonder that | have not shown you this before.” On one of the slats was a series o° deep scratches, as If made with a pointed stone. Treeear exainined them, Uhen shouk his Head at Crane-man. “So?” “One mark for each spring since you came here,” Crane-man explained. “| kept count of your years, for | thought the time would come when you would like to know how old you are.” Tree-war luke eyein, is tine with keen interest, There was a mark for each finger of both hands—ten marks in al. Crane-man answered before Tree: ear asked, "No, you have more than ten years,” he said. “When you first came and | began making those marks, you were in perhaps your second year—already ‘on two legs and able to talk.” Tree-ear nodded. He knew the rest of the story already. Crane-man had learned but little from the man who had brought Tree-ear to the bridge. The man had been paid by a kindly monk in the-cily of Songdo lo bring Tree-ear to the little seaside village of Ch'ulp’o. Tree-ear's parents had died of fever, and the monk knew of an uncle in CFulo'‘, When the travelers arrived, the man discovered that the uncie no longer lived there, the house having been abandoned long before. He took Tree-ear to the temple on the mountainside, but the monks had be2n unable to take the boy in because fever raged there as well. The villagers told the man to take the child to the bridge, where Crane-man would care for him until the temple was free of sckness.“And,” Crane-man always said, “when amonk came to fetch you a few months later, you would not leave. You clung to my good leg like a monkey to a tree, not crying but not letting go, either! The monk went away. You stayed.” When Tree-ear was younger, he had asked for the story often, as if hearing it over and over again might reveal something more—whal hig fathier's rade had been, what his mother had looked like, where his uncle had gone— If there was more to having a home than Crane-man and the bridge, Tree-ear had neither knowedge in, nor need of it. A i but there was never anything more. It no longer er Make Predictions Do you think Tree- ear will one day try to find out what i happened to his uncle? Cite evidence from the text to support your prediction.Breakfast that morning was a feast—a bit of the rice boiled to a gruel ina ast earthenware pot, served up in a bow! carved from a gourd. And Crane-man produced yet another surprise to add to the meal: two chicken leg-bones. No flesh remained on the arid bones, bul the lwo friends cracked them open and worried away every scrap of marrow from inside. Afterward, Tree-ear washed in the river and fetched a gourd of water for Crane- man, who never went into the river if he could help it; he hated getting his feet wet. Then Tree-ear set about tidying up the area under Une bridge. He luk care lu keep the place neat, for he disliked having to clear a space to sleep at the tired end of the day. Housekeeping complete, Tree-ear left his companion and set off back up the road. This time he did not zigzag between rubbish heaps but strode purposefully toward a small house set apart from the others al a curve in the road.‘Tree-ear sowed as he neared the mud-and-wood structure, Hetilted his head, listening, and grinned when the drening syllables of a song-chant reached his ears, Themaster potter Min was singing, which meant that it was a “throwing” day. Min’s house backed onto the beginnings of the foothills and their brushy growth, which gave way to pine-wooded mountains beyond. Tree-ear swung wide of the touse. Under the deep eaves at the back, Min kept his potter's wheel. He was there now, his gray head bent over the wheel, chanting his wordless song. Tree-ear made his way cautiously to his favorite Spot, behind a paulownia tree whose low branches kept hint hidden from view. He peeped through the leaves and ceught his breath in delight. Min was just beginning a new pot. Min threw mass of clay the size of a cabbage onto the cen:er of the wheel. He picked it up and threw it again, threw it several times. After one last throw he sat down and stared at the clay for a moment. Using his foot to spin the base of the wheel, he placed dampened hands on the sluggardly lump, and for the hundredth time Tree-ear watched the miracle. Inonly 2 few mornents the clay rose and fell, grew taler, then rounded down, until it curved into perfect symmetry. The spinning slowed. The ctant, too, died out and became a mutter of words that Tree-ear could not hear.)) ) eemmemmall 3 ~~) es, t aT emma 44 Min sat up straight. He crossed tis arms and leaned back a little, as if to see the vase from a distance, Turning the wheel slowly with his knee, he inspected tre graceful shape for invisible faults. Then, “Pah!” He shook his head and in a single motion of dsgust scooped up the clay and slapped it back only the wheel, whereupon il collapsed, into an oafish lump again, as if ashamed. Tree-ear opened his mouth to le: out his breath silently, only then realizing that he had been keeping it back. To hiseyes the vase had been perfect, its width half its height, its curves like those of a flower petal. Why, he wondered, had Min found i: unworthy? Whit liad fe seer Unal 90 displeased him? Min never failed to reject his first attempt. Then he would repeat the whole process, This day Tree-ear was able to watch the clay rise and fall four Limes befere Min was satisfied. Each of the four efforts had looked identical to Tree-ear, but something about the fourth pleased Min. He took a length of twine and slipped it deftly under tre vase to release it from the wheel, then placed the vase carefully on a tray to dry. As Tree-ear crept away, he counsed the days on his fingers, He knew the potter's routine well; it would be many days before another throwing day. The village of Clrulp’y faved tne seq, ils back to the mountains and the river edging it lite a neat seam. Its potters produced the delicate celacion ware that had achieved fame not only in Korea but as far away as the court of the Chinese emperor.Chiulp’o had become an importart village for ceramics by virtue of both its location and its soil. On the shore of the Western Sea, it had access both to the easiest sea route northward and to plentiful trade with China, And the clay from the village pits contained exactly the right amount of iron to produce the exquisite gray-green color of celacon so prized by collectors, ‘Tree-ear knew every potter in the village, but until recently he had known them only for their rutbish heaps. It was herd for him to believe that he had never taken the time to watch them at work before, in recent years the pottery from the village kilns had gained great favor aniong those wealthy enough to buy pieces es gifts for both the royal court and the Budahist temples, and the potters had achieved new levels of prusperily, The pickings fru Uwir rubbish heaps had become richer in consequence, and for the first time Tree-ear was able to forget about his stomach for a few hours each day. During those hours it was Min he chose to watch most closely. The other potters kept :heir wheels in small windowless shacks. But in the warm months Min preferred to work beneath the eaves behind his house, open to the breeze and the view of the mountains. Working without walls meant that Min possessed great skill and confidence to match it. Potters guarded their secrets jealously. A new shape for a teapot, 2 new inscribed design— Uhese were things Unal the potters reused ty reveal until a piece was ready to show to a buyer. Min did not seem to care about such secrecy. It was as if he were saying, Go ahead, watch me. Ne matter—you will not be able to imitate my skill. Brewers Confirm Predictions Is Tree-ear interested in finding out about his past? Con'irm or revise your prediction with text evidence.It was true, and it was also the main reason that Tree-ear loved watching Min. His workwas the finest in the region, perhaps even in the whde country. Tree-ear peered between the leaves of the paulownia tree, puzzled. Several days had passec since his last visit to Min’s house, and he had calculated -hat it was time for another throwing day, But there was no sign of Min at his work, nor any wet clay on the wheel. The workshop area was tidy, with a few chickens in the yard the only signs of life. Emboldened by the silence, Tree-ear emerged from his hiding place and approached the house. Against the wall was a set of shelves holding a few of Min’s latest creations. Thay were at the stage the potters called “leather-hard”—dried by the air but net yet glazed or fired. Unglazed, the work was of little nterest to thieves. The finished pieces were surely locked up somewhere in the house. ‘Tree-ear paused at the edge of the brush and listened hard one last time. A hen clucked protdly, and Tree-ear grinned—Min would have an egg for hs supper. But there was still no sign of the potter, so Tree-zar tiptoed the last few steps to stand before the shelves. For the first time he was seeing Min's work at close range There was a dick that would heve fit in the palm of his hand, with a tiny hole in its bill. Tree-ear had seen such a duck in use before. A painter had been sitting on the riverbank, working on a water scene. The painter had poured water from the duck’s bill onto a stone a single drop at a time, ing ink to exectly the correct consistency for his work.Tree-ear stared at Min’s duck. Though it was now a dull gray, so detailed were its features that he found himself half listening for the sound of a quack. Min had shaoed and then carved the clay to form curve of wing and tilt of head. Even the little tall curled up with an impudence that made Tree-ear smile. He tore his gaze away from the ducc to examine the next piece, ¢ lell jug will ribved lines Ural intilaled Ue shape of a melon. The lines were perfectly symmetrical, curving so gracefully from top to bottom that Tree-ear longed to run his finger along the smosth shallow grooves. The melon's stem and leaves were cleverly shaped to formn the lid of the jug. The last piece on the shelf was the least interesting—a rectangular lidded box as large as histwo hands. It was completely undecorated. Disappointed in its plainness, Tree-ear was ready lu Luni away wien @ Urought struck him. Outside, the box was plain, but perhaps inside. . Holding his breath, he reached out, gently lifted the lid, and looked inside. He grinned in double delight al his own correct guess and at Min's skill, The plain boxheld five smaller boxes— a small round one in the center and four curved boxes that fit around it perfectly. The small boxes appeared to completely fill the larger container, but Min had left exactly the right amount of space to allow any of them to be liited out. Tree-ear put the lid of the large bex down on the shelf and picked up one of the curved containe’s. On the underside of Ils lid was a lip of clay that held the Id in place, Tree-eat's eyes flickered back and forth between the small pieces in his hand and the larger container, his brow furrowed in thought, How did Min fit them together so perfectly? Perhaps he made the large box, then a second ore to fit inside, and cut the smaller boxes from that? Or did h2 make an inside box first and fit the larger box around it? Maybe he began with the ‘small central box, then the curved ones, then—