APhO Team Selection Test 1

APhO
Team Selection Test 1
Physics Enhancement Programme 2015‐2016
Department of Physics, HKBU The Hong Kong Academy for Gifted Education

Rules and Regulations
1. Answer all the questions in the answer book provided.
2. Full mark of this written selection test is 100 Marks.
3. The selection test is a 3‐hour written test.
Useful Constants
Unless specified otherwise, the following symbols and constants will be used in this exam paper.
Astronomical Unit, 1 AU = 1.496×108 km Air density at the sea level = 1.2 kg m‐3
Earth‐Moon Distance, d = 384,400 km Gas Constant = 8.31 J/(molK)
Mass of the Sun, MS = 1.991030 kg Velocity of Light in Vacuum, c = 3108 ms‐1
Mass of the Earth, Me = 5.971024 kg Specific Heat of Water, CW = 4200 J/(kgK)
Mass of the Moon, Mm = 7.3510 kg 22 Planck Constant, h = 6.63×10‐34 Js
Radius of the Sun, RS = 696300 km Stefan–Boltzmann Constant,  = 5.67×10‐8 W m−2 K−4
Radius of the Earth, RE = 6370 km Charge of Electron, e = 1.6×10‐19 C
Radius of the Moon, RM = 1738 km Mass of Electron, me = 9.1×10‐31 kg
Gravitational Constant G = 6.6710‐11 m3 kg‐1 s‐2 Mass of Neutron, mn = 1.68×10‐27 kg
Acceleration due to Gravity, g = 9.8 ms‐2 Coulomb Constant, ke = 8.988109 N m2/C2

Trigonometric Identities:
1
sin x  y   sin  x cos  y   cos x sin  y  sin  x cos y   sin x  y   sin x  y 
2
1
cosx  y   cosx cos y   sin x sin  y  cos x  cos y   cos x  y   cos x  y 
2
1
sin 2 x   2 sin  x cos  x  sin  x sin  y   cos x  y   cosx  y 
2
cos2x   cos2  x  sin 2 x 

Tayler Series: Series Summation:
3 5 m
mm  1
sin x   x 
x

6 120
x
 k 
k 1 2
x2 x4
m
mm  12m  1
cos x   1      k 
2
6
2 24 k 1
 mm  1 
2
x3 2x5 m
tan x   x     k3  
3 15 k 1  2 
x 2 x3
exp x   1  x    
2 6

1

APhO Team Selection Test 1

Hyperbolic functions:
d
sinh x   cosh x sinh( x  y )  sinh  x  cosh  y   cosh  x  sinh  y 
dx
d
cosh x   sinh x cosh( x  y )  cosh  x  cosh  y   sinh  x sinh  y 
dx
d
tanh x   1 2
dx cosh x

Sketch of hyperbolic functions
sinh (x) cosh (x)

tanh (x)

2


1. [ 11 Marks ] As shown in the following diagram, a block (mass m) is projected up an inclined plane (slope ) with initial
velocity v. The coefficient of sliding friction is .
(a) Calculate the distance (d) that the block moves up the slope. Express your answers in terms of v and g (acceleration due
to gravity)
(b) Calculate  such that d is minimum; then find the minimum d. Express your answers in terms of , v, and g.
(c) In terms of , find the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction s such that the block does not slide back.
(d) Find the velocity that the block returns to its starting point. Express your answer in terms of v.


Fig Q1
2. [ 7 Marks ] A inclined plane is fixed on a rotating turntable. A block is placed on the inclined plane (width x and height y)
and the coefficient of static friction between the inclined plane and the block is . The block remains at a position r from the
rotation center of the turntable. Find the minimum angular velocity to keep the block from sliding down the plane. Express
your answer in terms of x, y, , r, and g (the acceleration due to gravity).
Right r
Angle

y

x



Fig Q2

3


3. [ 6 Marks ] A student is standing on the Earth equator on a sunny day. The student feels interested in the parameter of the
Sun angular diameter.
(a) Calculate the angular diameter of the Sun in degree and in arcminute, as it is observed by the student.
(b) Find the size of the Sun image when a pin hole on a piece of paper is placed perpendicular to the Sun ray, where the Sun
image is projected on a screen 20 cm away from the pin hole.
Hint: You may ignore all atmospheric refraction and scattering effects.
4. [ 12 Marks ] As shown in Fig. Q4, a water droplet is suspended in the air. A ray of light enters a spherical drop of water
(Point A) at an angle of incidence , and then undergoes total internal reflection (Point B). The refraction index of water
droplet is n.
(a) Derive an expression of d sin 1 x  .
dx
(b) Find the angle of refraction , and give an expression to indicate that total internal reflection will not occur at Point B.
(c) Find the angle of deflection . Express your answer in terms of  and .
(d) Find the angle  such that the angle of deflection is minimum.

A
Fig Q4. Water Droplet

4


5. [ 20.5 Marks ] Falling mass experiment is a classic experiment to demonstrate the energy transfer from potential energy to
kinetic and rotation energy (Fig. Q5a). A block (mass m) is allowed to fall, which is attached to a pulley (radius r, massless) by
a string (massless and non‐extendable) and is wrapped around the pulley. The pulley is connected to a flywheel (solid
cylinder, mass M, radius R, rotation about its central axis) so that both the pulley and the flywheel rotate together.
(a) One difficulty in conducting this experiment is to determine the actual falling height (h) because the string may not be
firmly attached to the pulley. Rather than measuring the fall height directly, an alternative approach is to study the angular
velocity () of the flywheel. Find  in terms of m, M, r, R, h, and g, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
(b) By allowing the block to fall, an electric motor is used to measure the angular velocity of the flywheel. With the typical
measured data shown in Fig. Q5b, estimate the time duration that the string is tightly attached to the pulley. You may
assume that the string is initially (time t = 0 s) tightly attached to the pulley.
(c) According to the data in Fig. Q5b, find the angular velocity () that the string is just loose from the pulley.
(d) The data measurement rate in Fig. Q5b is 50 Hz (that is, 50 data points per second), find the error in the angular velocity.
(e) Estimate the falling height (h) such that the string is tightly attached to the pulley. Also estimate the error in the falling
height, (h). Assume M = 80 gram, m = 10 gram, r = 0.5 cm, R = 3 cm.
(f) Derive the energy conversion efficiency of the flywheel in terms of m, M, r, and R. What is the physical significance if the
product (m r 2 ) is small, that is, (m  r 2 )  0 ?
Flywheel (mass M)
Motor R
Pulley
r
Central Axis
V String (massless)
Falling Mass (mass m)
h

Fig Q5a. Schematic Diagram of Falling Mass Experiment.
Voltage (V)
2
‐1
‐2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)

Fig Q5b. Typical Measured Data.
5


6. [ 12 Marks ] This question is to estimate the lifetime of the Sun (that is, how long the Sun to have reaction of hydrogen
fusion). The estimation is based on the fusion reaction. In the proton‐proton chain reaction cycle, 4 protons fuse into 1
helium nucleus.
(a) Find the energy released in the chain reaction. The mass of one individual proton is 1.67310‐27 kg and the mass of one
helium nucleus is 6.64410‐27 kg.
(b) Find the total luminosity (energy radiated per second) of the Sun. You may assume the surface temperature of the Sun is
5800 K.
(c) Calculate the number of Helium nuclei created per second.
(d) Find the percentage of the hydrogen mass converted into energy in the fusion reaction.
(e) Find the mass in the Sun being converted into energy per second.
(f) Assume that 10% of the Sun’s mass is available for hydrogen fusion, find the lifetime of the Sun.

7. [ 11 Marks ] The Sun (surface temperature 5800 K) and the Earth can be approximated as perfect blackbodies.
(a) Considering only the blackbody radiation of the Sun and the Earth, estimate the surface temperature of the Earth.
(b) Find the radiation force on the Earth.
(c) What is the percentage of the radiation force, when it is compared to the gravitational force between the Sun and the
Earth?

8. [2 Marks] Three objects of uniform density (solid sphere, solid cylinder, and hollow cylinder) are placed at the top of an
incline. They are all released at the same time from rest and roll without slipping. If all the objects have the same mass and
the same radius, which object reaches the bottom ﬁrst, and which reaches it last?
‐‐‐ To be continued ‐‐‐

6



9. [ 18.5 Marks ] As shown in Fig. Q9, the circuit region contains a constant magnetic field B , pointing outwards from the
paper, where the two parallel conduction wire is infinitely long. A conductive rod ab (mass m, cross‐sectional area A) is put
on the circuit and a resistor (resistance R) is connected to the parallel wires. The rod ab has free electron density . A
constant force F (to the right and perpendicular to the road) is exerted on the conductive rod ab. Initially at time t = 0, the
rod ab is at rest. You may assume that the conductive rod maintains electrical contact to the circuit.
(a) Derive the differential equation for the velocity v(t) of the rod ab;
(b) Given that at time t = t1 the displacement of the rod ܾܽ is x1, calculate the velocity of the rod ܾܽ;
(c) What is the final velocity vf of the rod ܾܽ as t  ?
(d) Calculate the velocity of electrons in the rod.
(e) Calculate the total Lorentz force exerted on all the electrons within the rod ܾܽ;
(f) Calculate the net force exerted on the rod ܾܽ;
(g) Calculate the total power exerted on the rod ܾܽ. Explain what Lorentz force perform to convert the external work into
current in the circuit.
Fig Q9.
‐‐‐ THE END ‐‐‐
7

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