Pr

e-Moder
nLegalPhi
losophi
es

Whati
sthemeani
ngofnat
ural
law?

 Theideat
hatther
eisareal
,pr
e-pol
i
tical
setofr
ulest
hatpr
ovi
det
hey
ardst
ick
agai
nstwhichhumanl
awscanbemeasur ed

 Nat
ural
lawi
samet
aphy
sical
concept(
notsomet
hingphy
sical
)

 Cannotbet
ouched,
seenormeasur
ed

Whati
sthemeani
ngoft
hecommongood?

 Her
etheassumpt
ioni
sthatt
hecommuni
tyi
smor
eimpor
tantt
hant
he
i
ndi
vi
dual

 Ter
mssuchas“
humanr
ight
s”ar
einappr
opr
iat
efort
hist
ypeoft
hinki
ng

 I
deaofi
ndi
vi
dual
right
sbei
ngi
nconf
li
ctwi
tht
hei
nter
est
soft
hegr
oupi
s
unt
hinkabl
e

Whati
sthemeani
ngmet
aphy
sics?

 Met
aphy
sical
assumpt
ionsl
edt
othedev
elopmentoft
het
heor
yofnat
ural
l
aw

 Met
aphy
sical
ideasi
ncl
udebel
i
efsi
nghost
s,dev
il
sandGods

 I
deasofreali
tybey
ondt
hephy
sical
meantasepar
atesetofl
awsex
ist
metaphy
sical
ly

Whati
sthemeani
ngofnat
ural
order
?

 Ther
eisanat
ural
orderornat
ural
har
monyt
hatappl
i
est
osoci
all
i
feandt
he
l
aw

 I
nlegalthi
nki
ng,
thehi
erar
chical
str
uctur
eofthesesoci
eti
eswer
enev
er
quest
ionedandwerej
usti
fi
ed(Nazi
’s,
Apart
heid)

 Thi
smeantt
hatl
awswer
eof
tenr
egar
dedasbei
ngbey
ondcr
it
ici
sm

 I
fyourl
awsar
efr
om nat
ural
orderandy
ouror
dercomesf
rom God,
then
 cr
it
ici
sm ofl
awsi
sindi
rectcr
it
ici
sm ofGod

TheGr
eekphi
l
osopher
s

Pl
ato

 I
deasonl
awandnat
ureofj
ust
icear
eli
nkedt
ohi
stheor
yofknowl
edge

 Hewant
edt
ounder
standhowwet
ell
whati
str
ueandwhati
sfal
se

 Hi
sfamousst
oryofthecave:
Imagineagr oupofpr
isoner
sti
edupi
nacav
einaway
t
hatt
heycanonl
ylookatthewal
linfrontofthem

 Behi
ndt
hem af
ir
eisbur
ning

 Bet
weent
hem andt
hef
ir
ethi
ngsar
emov
ingf
astcr
eat
ingshadowsont
hewal
l
s

 Ther
efor
epr
isoner
sonl
yseet
heshadows,
theydonotseet
he“
real
thi
ngs”

 Ev
ery
thi
ngweseear
etheshadowsofr
eal
thi
ngs(
ideas/
ideol
ogi
es)

 Hethoughtoursenseswerenotal
way
srel
i
abl
e(somet
imeswet
hinksomet
hing
happened,
butwasj ustadr
eam)

 Hebel
i
evedwecoul
dnott
rustoursubj
ect
ivesenses-si
ght
,smel
landt
ouch

 Accordi
ngt
ohim,pol
i
tical
powershoul
dbeexcl
usi
vet
ophi
l
osopher
sbecauseonl
y
theyknowt
heeter
nali
deaofgood

 I
mpor
tantf
orev
ery
onet
ohav
easpeci
fi
crol
eint
hest
ate

 Youwer
eei
theraphi
l
osopher
-ki
ng,
awar
ri
ororawor
ker

 I
fyouwerebornawor
ker,y
ouneverbecameany
thi
ngel
se,
yourr
olei
nsoci
etyand
wi
thi
nthestat
ewassetdownforet
erni
ty

 Thisisbecauseyourst
ati
oni
nli
fewasdet
ermi
nedbyt
henat
ural
orderandnoone
couldarguewit
hthat

 Wasev
enwor
sef
orwomen:
expect
edt
obar
echi
l
drenandobey

 Hisi
deasofpredet
ermi
nedr
ulesandl
awsmeantchangeandt
ransf
ormat
ionwas
notpossi
ble

 Heequat
edchangewi
thchaosanddecay
  Het
houghtt
hatt
her
ehadt
obesomet
hingt
hatnev
erchanges

 Thi
sist
hereasonofEter
nalFor
msi
nPl
ato’
stheor
y-i
nthemet
aphy
sical
wor
ldof
for
msnothi
ngeverchanges

 Tri
edtogiv
eusaf i
xed,unchangi
ngsetofrul
esbywhi
chwecanmeasurewhet
hera
speci
fi
clawisagoodlawornot( t
hisgav
easenseofcer
tai
ntyi
nthewor
ld)

 Pl
ato’
stheor
yoft
hei
deal
scanbeseeni
nthehi
erar
chi
cal
nat
ureofhi
sideal
cit
y

 Essenti
ali
sm:
thev
iewpoi
ntt
hatobj
ect
sori
deashav
eani
nnat
e,unchangi
ngcor
eof
meaning

 Forexampl
e,“
just
ice”meansexact
lyt n21stcent
hesamei uryAf
ri
caasi
tdi
din
Greecemor
ethan2t housandy
earsago

 Ev
identPl
atodev
elopedanat
ural
lawt
heor
yinwhi
chi
deal
sfor
mthenat
ural
law

 Thi
sfor
m ofnat
ural
lawi
sknownasi
deal
i
sm

 Whatisi
deal
ism?Thei
deathathumanlawsshoul
dbemeasur
edagai
nsti
deal
sof
j
ust
ice(whi
chisuni
ver
sal
andabsolut
estandar
d)

Ar
ist
otl
e

 Hewasal
sot
ryi
ngt
ofi
ndanswer
stot
henat
ureofr
eal
i
tyandhowdoweknow

 Pl
ato’
stheor
ychar
act
eri
sedbyi
deal
i
sm wher
easAr
ist
otl
e’
sthi
nki
ngcanbecal
l
ed
Real
i
sm

 Ar
ist
otl
ewasadi
ff
erentt
ypeofmet
aphy
sical
thi
nker

 Hebel
i
evedwecoul
dtr
ustoursensesbecauseal
lthi
ngshav
eanat
ural
pur
poset
hat
i
tisst
ri
vi
ngt
owar
ds

 Becauseoft
hisnat
ural
pur
pose,
ever
ythi
ngi
sal
way
smov
ingt
owar
dsi
tsnat
ural
goal
(
it
’sf
orm)

 For
m pr
ovi
dest
hepot
ent
ial
ofat
hingwhi
l
emat
teri
stheact
ual
i
tyoft
het
hing

 Real
i
sm:
whatwesee,
hearorf
eel
isobj
ect
ivel
yreal

 Hewasanessent
ial
i
st(
thi
ngshav
eanessent
ial
,unchangi
ngmeani
ng)
  I
nthecaseofl
aw,
just
icei
susedt
otr
ansf
orml
awsi
ntoar
eal
pur
poset
oachi
eve
j
ust
ice(
thi
sist
hef
orm)

 Nat
ural
just
icei
suni
ver
sal
andunchangi
ngwhi
l
econv
ent
ional
just
icei
sbasedon
agr
eementandcanbechanged

 Accor
dingt
oAr
ist
otl
e,t
her
ear
e2t
ypesofconv
ent
ional
just
ice:

1)DISTRIBUTI
VEJUSTI CE meansthosewhoareequalshoul
dbetreated
equall
yandthosewhoar enotequalshoul
dbetr
eatedunequal
l
y( t
hisj
ust
ice
i
susedwhendi str
ibuti
ngwealt
handhonour )

2)CORRECTIVEJUSTICEisusedbyt
hecour
tst
ocor
rectani
mbal
ancet
hathas
occur
redeg:br
eachofcontr
act

 Ev
identf
ormspl
ayt
hesamer
olei
nAr
ist
otl
e’
sthi
nki
ngl
i
kei
deal
sinPl
ato’
stheor
y

 Hisideaofst
ate,
lawandpoli
ti
cswasti
edtohismetaphysi
calbel
ieft
hatthe
essenti
alpur
poseforhumanbei
ngsi
stocult
ivat
ethevir
tuesneededtoli
veagood
ethi
call
ife

 Hesai
dthatpeopl
ebecomeast
atenotmer
elyt
oensur
esur
viv
al,
butt
omakea
goodl
i
fepossi
ble

 Her
eser
vedt
hisgoodl
i
fef
ormal
eGr
eeksonl
y

 Mani
saci
ti
zenwhof
ir
standf
oremostpar
ti
cipat
esi
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
hecommuni
ty

 Mor
aleducat
ionofci
ti
zenswasi
mpor
tant

 Thest
atei
sanat
ural
phenomenon(
nat
ural
forf
ami
l
ytogr
owi
ntoast
ate)

 Thel
i
feofpar
ti
ci
pat
ingi
npubl
i
caf
fai
rsi
sthehi
ghestl
i
feat
tai
nabl
eformal
es

 Hesayst
hest
ateasacommuni
tydi
ff
erst
oot
hercommuni
ti
es(
hier
archi
cal
order
)

Medi
eval
phi
l
osophy
-Aqui
nas

 Hewast
hemosti
mpor
tantphi
l
osopheroft
hemedi
eval
per
iod

 Het
ookAr
ist
otl
e’
sideasandcombi
nedt
hem wi
tht
radi
ti
onal
Chr
ist
iani
deasabout
t
hel
awandsoci
ety

 Hebel
iev
edt hatadi
vi
neGodcr
eat
edt
heuni
ver
seandev
ery
thi
ngi
nit
,incl
udi
ng
humanbeings
 God’
swi
l
lgav
eev
ery
thi
ngi
nhi
scr
eat
ionapr
escr
ibedpl
aceorpur
pose

 All
thepar
tsoft
hecr
eat
ionwor
ktoget
hert
owar
dsasi
ngl
ehar
monyandgl
ori
fi
cat
ion
ofGod

 Everyhumani
spar
tofahousehol
d,whi
chi
sint
urnpar
tofacommuni
tyofhuman
beings

 Thecommunityofhumanbei
ngsi
spar
toft
hewhol
ecommuni
tyoft
heuni
ver
set
hat
i
sgovernedbydiv
iner
eason

 Godr
ulest
heuni
ver
se,
heensur
eshar
monybymeansofet
ernal
law

 Aqui
nasarguedt
hatt
henatur
alpur
poseofmani
stobeapol
i
tical
ani
mal
(takepar
t
i
nsocial
andpoli
ti
cal
li
fe)

 Ther
efor
esomeki
ndofpol
i
tical
organi
sat
ioni
snat
ural
tohi
m

 Thest
atei
spar
tofGod’
sdesi
gnf
ort
hewor
ld

 I
nthisor
gani
sat
ion,
ther
eisal
soahi
erar
chi
cal
ordert
hati
sasnat
ural
ast
hel
awsof
nat
ure

 Hef
urt
herdev
elopedt
hei
deaofnat
ural
law

 Heagreedwit
hArist
otl
eaboutt
hei
deat
hatt
hehi
ghestgoodi
sGod(
ther
easont
hat
ev
eryt
hingexi
sts)

 Ther
ei sauni
versall
awthatf
lowsfrom God’
sreasonbutmancannotknowthi
s
uni
versall
aw(theref
oreGodcreat
edtheeter
nall
awwhi chr
ulesev
eryt
hing)

 Highl
yunl
i
kel
ythatmostofthepeopl
einthi
ssocietywoul
dev
erhav
eencount
ered
peopl
ewit
hadiff
erentski
ncol
our,l
anguageorcult
ure

 Ther
ebyensur
ingahomogenoussoci
ety

 Every
onewassubj
ectt
othesamesetofl
egal
andmor
alr
ules(
notpl
ural
i
sti
cin
natur
e)

 Hearguedever
ysoci
etyneedsagovernmenttopr
otectandpromot
ethecommon
goodandthi
scommongoodi sdeter
mi nedbyChr
ist
ianviews

 Heheldlawsofthest
atedi
dnothavetocorr
espondt
othepopul
arwil
loft
hepeopl
e
buthadtocorr
espondtot
hetr
uthoftherev
ealedwor
dofGod(mixt
ureofphi
l
osophy
andrel
igi
on)

 Tr
uel
awgi
vesex
pressi
ont
oet
ernal
law
  Anyhumanl
awi
nconf
li
ctwi
thnat
ural
lawi
snotl
aw,
butacor
rupt
ionofl
aw

 Forhi
m nat
ural
lawcanbeknownt
hroughhumanr
easonandr
ati
onal
i
ty

 Hebel
i
evedGodr
uledov
ert
heuni
ver
seandhumanki
ndov
ernat
ureonear
th

 Heget
sthei
deaf
rom Ar
ist
otl
eandt
heBi
ble

Di
scuss3t
ypi
cal
l
yAf
ri
canappr
oachest
ophi
l
osophy

1) Et
hnophi
losophy:
descr
ibescommunal
thoughtandcol
l
ect
ivet
houghtwhi
ch
ar
eoral
lytr
ansfer
red

 I
tisnotabodyofl
ogi
cal
thought
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
s

 Itr
eli
esonmet aphy
sical
assumpti
onsandtradit
ionalAfr
icanwi sdom
andtendstocombinephil
osophy
,mysti
cism andreli
gion(reasonand
cri
ti
calanal
ysi
stakeabackseat)

 I
nordertocreateacoll
ect
ivephil
osophyitdoesnotdi
sti
ngui
sh
bet
weendiffer
entAfr
icancult
uresandtendstoglossovert
he
di
ff
erences

2) Sagephi
l
osophy:repr
esent
sthethoughtsofi
ndi
vidual
swhoar
econcer
ned
wit
hthefundamental
ethi
cali
ssuesofthei
rsoci
ety

 Hav
etheabi
l
ityt
oof
feri
nsi
ght
ful
sol
uti
onst
osomeoft
hosei
ssues

 Awi
seper
soni
sthecust
odi
anoft
hesur
viv
alofhi
ssoci
ety

 Thi
ski
ndofphi
l
osophyr
epr
esent
sacul
tur
e’swor
ldv
iew

3)Nat
ional
ist
ic-
ideol
ogi
calphi
losophy
:att
emptst
opr
oduceauni
quepol
i
tical
t
heorybasedont r
adi
ti
onalAfri
cansoci
ali
sm

 Thi
spol
i
tical
phi
l
osophyseemst
obenei
thercapi
tal
i
stnorsoci
ali
st

 Af
ri
canphi
l
osopher
shav
eapol
i
tical
rol
etopl
ay

 RepresentstheCour
t’
sdesir
etohaveatr
ulyAfr
icanapproachto
consti
tuti
onalmatt
ers(Sout
hAfr
icanC.
C.logo–agr oupdiscussi
on
underatree)

Br
ief
lydi
scusst
heconceptofUbunt
u

 I
tmeanshumani
ty,
humaneness,
mor
ali
tyandcompassi
on

 St
resseshar
monyt
hroughsoci
alr
elat
ionswi
thi
nthegr
oup
  Dut
iest
owar
dsot
her
s:car
ing,
war
mthandempat
hy

 Respectf
orol
derpeopl
ewhohav
emor
eknowl
edgeofl
i
fet
hany
oungerones

 I
tcondemnsdog-
eat
s-dogcompet
it
ion

 I
tseekscooper
ati
onnev
erconf
ront
ati
on

SvMakwany
aneandanot
herandt
heconceptofUbunt
u(Iam becausewear
e)

 Gener
all
yUbunt
utr
ansl
atesas“
humaneness”

 Mostf
undament
alsensei
ttr
ansl
atesasper
sonhoodandmor
ali
ty

 Signi
fi
canceisongr
oupsur
viv
alski
l
ls,
env
elopskeyv
aluesofgr
oupsol
i
dar
it
yand
compassion

 Respectofhumandi
gni
tyandconf
ormi
tyt
obasi
cnor
ms

 Ubunt
uhasbecomeanot
ionwi
thapoi
ntofbui
l
dingademocr
acy

 TheconceptofUbunt
uisr
elev
antt
othev
aluesweneedt
ouphol
d

 I
trecogniseshumanbei
ngsareenti
tl
edtor
espect
,di
gni
tyandaccept
ancef
rom t
he
member softhecommunit
yandvicever
sa

 I
tregul
atest
heexer
ciseofr
ight
s(emphasi
sesshar
ing)

 St
ressest
heuni
ver
sal
brot
her
hoodofAf
ri
cans

Basi
cideasofAf
ri
canphi
l
osophy

 Afri
canphil
osophyregar
dssagephil
osopher
sasbei
ngr
esponsi
blef
oraddr
essi
ng
thefundamentali
ssuesrel
evantt
othei
rsoci
ety

 Theyhav
eapol
i
tical
rol
etopl
ay

 I
nthesocial
arena,f
orcesmeetanddebat
etodet
ermi
net
hecommongoodi
nthe
t
ruepol
it
icalsenseofthewor
d

 Themostst
ri
ki
ngf
eat
ureofAf
ri
canphi
l
osophyi
stheemphasi
sont
hecommon
good

 I
tconsi
der
edconf
li
ctsamongmember
sofapol
i
tical
communi
tyasdest
ruct
ive

 Conf
li
ctst
her
efor
ehav
etobeset
tl
ed

 Thi
sisnotdi
ff
icul
tasmember
sofapol
i
tical
communi
tywi
l
lhav
eessent
ial
l
ythe
 samei
nter
est
s,goal
sandv
alues

 Communi
tyi
sal
way
sregar
dedasbei
ngmor
eimpor
tantt
hant
hei
ndi
vi
dual

 Member
sofasoci
etyhav
etoexer
ciset
hei
rtal
entandski
l
lst
othebenef
itofsoci
ety

 Thei
ndi
vi
dual
canonl
yfl
our
isht
hroughmember
shi
pofgr
oups

 Man’
shumani
tycanonl
yber
eal
i
sedi
nasoci
alcont
ext

 Hei
sthepr
oductofhi
ssoci
ety

 Emphasisi
sonthegroupandsol
i
darit
ywit
hot
hermember
soft
hecommuni
ty
(r
athert
hanont
heindivi
dual
’
sautonomy)

 I
dent
it
yisdef
inedbyr
elat
ionshi
pswi
thot
hermember
soft
hegr
oup

 Cul
tur
almember
shi
pgi
vesv
aluet
othei
ndi
vi
dual
’
sli
fe

Br
ief
lydi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenWest
ernandAf
ri
canphi
l
osophy

1.Rat
ional
thoughtv
semot
ion Rat
ional
i
tyandsci
encear
ety
pical
l
yWest
ern
i
deas

2.Sci
ent
if
iccr
it
ici
sm v
smagi
cal
bel
i
ef

3.I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm v
scommuni
tar
iani
sm

4.Li
ter
aryv
sor
alt
radi
ti
on
Ear
lyModer
nLegalPhi
losophi
es

Expl
ainhowt
he3basi
cposi
ti
vi
sti
deashav
ebeenappl
i
edi
nlegal
posi
ti
vi
sm?

 Bui
l
tonut
il
it
ari
ani
sm (
theor
yofl
egi
sl
ati
on)

 Whatisl
egal
posit
ivi
sm?I
sanat
temptt
omaket
hegener
alt
heor
yofposi
ti
vi
sm
appl
i
cabl
etolaw

 Posit
ivi
sm hasnot
hingt
odowit
hbei
ngposi
ti
veorbei
ngnegat
ive(
addr
esses
questi
on“Howdoweknow? ”
)

 I
satheoryofadj
udicat
ion,
theor
ythathast
odowi
thasci
ent
if
icappr
oacht
olaw
andsoci
alsci
ences

 2i
mpor
tantl
egal
posi
ti
vi
stJer
emyBent
ham andJohnSt
uar
tMi
l
l

 The2highli
ghtedkeyconceptssuchaslegal
posi
ti
vi
sm,uti
l
itar
iani
sm,
epi
stemologi
calthesi
s,soci
althesi
sandcommandthesi
s

 The3t
hemesi
dent
if
iedi
nlegal
posi
ti
vi
sm ar
e:

1. Epi
stemol
ogi
calt
hesi
s:i
sbasedontheposit
ivi
sti
deat
hatknowl
edgeoff
act
s
andknowl
edgeofval
uesar
elear
nti
ndiff
erentways

 Asaresul
tthedescr
ipt
ionofthel
aw( f
acts)mustbedi
sti
ngui
shed
fr
om t
hedescri
pti
onofmor al
i
ty(v
alues)

 Lawandmor
ali
tymustbesepar
ated

 I
nthel
egalcontext,
thet
erms“ri
ghts”and“
dut
ies”canonl
yhav
e
meani
ngdeter
mi nedbyposi
ti
velaw

 Thi
siswhynat
ural
lawandnat
ural
right
sdonotf
orm par
tofposi
ti
ve
l
aw

 I
fmor
ali
tycannotbet
hebasi
sforl
aw,
whatwoul
dbeasoundbasi
s?

 Bent
ham andMi
l
lanswerwast
hecr
it
eri
onofut
il
it
y

 Whati
sut
il
it
y?Thegr
eat
esthappi
nessoft
hegr
eat
estnumberand
 t
hiswast
he“
measur
eofr
ightandwr
ong”

 Ther
eforeuti
l
itar
ianism i
sat
heoryofcr
eati
nglegal
rul
esand
i
nsti
tut
ionsbasednotonmor al
it
ybutonquesti
onofwhetheri
t
maximisedhappinessandmini
misedunhappi
ness

 Onceyouhavei
denti
fi
edt
her
ules,
youcanmakeaccur
atepr
edi
cti
ons
r
egardi
ngfut
ureevent
s

 Nat
ural
lawl
i
nksl
awandmor
ali
tywhi
l
eposi
ti
vi
sm separ
atest
hem

 Acqui
reknowledgeoflawandv
aluesi
n2di
ff
erentway
s(gr
owi
ngup
andschoolorcol
lege)

 St
opatredl
i
ght(
thel
aw)andbeni
cet
ool
dpeopl
e(mor
als)
…ri
ghtand
wrong

 Di
ff
erencesbet
weenl
awandmor
ali
ty:

1.Et
hicalr
ulesal
way
sdealwi
thi
mportantthi
ngs,
whi
l
elawof
tendeal
s
wi
thv er
ymundaneanduni
mpor
tantthi
ngs

2.Ethi
calr
ulescannotbechangeddel
i
ber
atel
y,whi
l
elegal
rul
esmustbe
changeddeli
berat
ely

3.Moralobl
i
gat
ionsar
eunder
takenv
olunt
ari
l
y,whi
l
elegal
rul
esf
orce
youtocompl
ywitht
hem

4.Thekindofpr
essureappl
i
edt oobeymor
alr
ulesi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
he
pressur
eusedtoenfor
celegalr
ules

 Ther
efor
ewhyl
awandmor
ali
tymustbesepar
ated

 Whenyouseparat
eyoucanseemor
eeasi
l
ythatsomel
awsmaybev
ali
dbutnot
moral
l
yacceptabl
eeg:Nazi
’
s

2.Soci
althesi
s:i
saboutthei
deat
hatl
awdoesnotdependonanat
ural
order
,but
onsoci
alandscient
if
icf
acts

 Thereforel
awsareconti
ngent,t
heyarenotuniver
sal
andet
ernal
(but
determinedbysoci
alandpoli
ti
calci
rcumstances)

 Bent
ham r
eject
ednat
ural
lawast
hebasi
sforl
aw
  Heandot
heruti
l
itar
ian’
sthoughtt
hatlawwasi
nst
eadbasedonconv
ent
ion,
t
hati
sonagreementbetweenpeople

 Lawi
snotuni
que(
anot
hermet
hodofsoci
alcont
rol
)

 Mor
ali
tymustal
sober
emov
edf
rom t
hei
deaofanat
ural
order

 Mor
ali
tyi
salsoi
ncreasi
ngl
yseenasconv
ent
ional
,weaspeopl
ecr
eat
eour
mor
alrul
esaswell

 Mor
alr
ulesar
ever
yreal
humanpr
oduct
s

 Har
taccept
edi
deat
hatl
awi
sasy
stem ofsoci
alr
ules

 “
Soci
al”becausei
tregul
ateshumanconductandbasedonhumanpr
act
ices

 Lawi
sasy
stem ofsoci
alr
ules

3.Commandthesi
s:oneoft
heol
desti
deasinlegal
theoryi
sthei
deathatl
awis
essent
ial
l
yacommandbyasoverei
gntothosewhohav eahabi
tofobeyi
ngthose
commands

 Bent
ham i
nsi
stedthatthel
egisl
atur
ecannotdoanyt
hingt
hatisunlawf
ul,
but
i
tcandosomethingthatwi
llcausetheci
ti
zensnott
oobeytheircommands

 Bent
ham nev
eraccept
edt
hei
deaofanunl
i
mit
edsov
erei
gnasHobbesdi
d

 Her
ecogni
sedasepar
atecl
assofl
awst
hatr
est
ri
ctedl
egi
slat
ivepower
s

 Thi
sisnotmor
ali
ty,
butani
ntegr
alpar
toft
hest
ruct
ureofl
aw

Howdoest
hiswor
kinamoder
ndemocr
acy
?

 TheConsti
tut
ionofSouthAf
ri
cai
sasetofr
ulest
hatamongstot
hert
hings,
li
mitt
he
l
egisl
ati
vepowerofparl
i
ament

 Ther
esul
tist
hatpar
li
amentcannotmakel
awst
hatar
einconf
li
ctwi
tht
heBi
l
lof
Ri
ght
s

 TheConst
it
uti
oni
sapi
eceofl
egi
slat
ionandpar
toft
heposi
ti
vel
awsoft
hel
and

 Hartthoughtt
hatlawisacombi nat
ionofprimarydut
y-i
mposi
ngrul
es( r
ulesof
cri
minallaw)andsecondarypower-
conferr
ingrul
es(r
ulest
hatgi
vecit
izensthe
powertochangethelegalposit
ioneg:cont
racts)

 Ther
ear
e3ki
ndsofsecondar
yrul
es:

1. Rul
esofr
ecogni
ti
on:t
hesear
erul
est
hatt
ell
youwhet
herar
ulei
sav
ali
dlegal
 r
ule

 eg:
thepr
ocedur
esf
oll
owedt
opassal
awi
npar
li
ament

2. Rulesofchange:regul
atethewayinwhichl
egalr
ulesandst
atuscanbe
changedbyindivi
duals(t
hoserel
ati
ngtomarri
age)

3. Rul
esofadj
udi
cati
on:thoser
ulest
hatt
ell
youhowt
ogoaboutset
tl
inga
di
sput
einacourtofl
aw

 Har
tacknowl
edges2f
urt
herr
equi
rement
sforal
egal
syst
em:

1.I
tmustbegener
all
yaccept
edbyt
hepubl
i
casl
aw

2.Accept
edbyof
fi
cial
sasst
andar
dsofof
fi
cial
behav
iour

Whati
saut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm?

 I
sthev
iewt
hatt
hosei
npowerar
eal
way
sri
ghtandshoul
dnotbequest
ioned

I
sPosi
ti
vi
sm t
obl
ame?

 Forwhathappenedi
nNazi
Ger
manywher
ejudgeswer
eunwi
l
li
ngt
ojudget
hemor
al
cont
entofthelaw

 Samecanbesai
dofApar
thei
dSout
hAf
ri
ca

 Theseparat
ionofl
awandmor
ali
tyl
eadt
odi
ctat
orshi
p,oppr
essi
onandApar
thei
d
cannotbeaccept
ed

 Ther
eisnol
ogi
cal
reasonwhyposi
ti
vi
sm shoul
dleadt
oaut
hor
it
ari
ani
sm

 Themi st
akeinjudgesduri
ngAparthei
dwasnotintr
yingtosepar
atel
awandmor
ali
ty,
butaccepti
ngthemor al
i
tycont
ainedinApar
thei
dlegi
slat
ion

TheEpi
stemol
ogi
cal
thesi
s

 Rej
ect
smet
aphy
sical
assumpt
ions

 Thati
sbecauser
ulescanbephy
sical
l
yobser
vedwhi
l
eval
uescannotbesoobser
ved

 Ther
efor
erul
esar
erel
evantt
osci
enceandv
aluesar
enot

TheSoci
alt
hesi
s
  Rej
ect
sthei
deaofanat
ural
order

 Legal
rul
escomef
rom humans,
notf
rom Gods

 Ther
efor
elegal
rul
escanbecr
it
ici
sed

TheCommandt
hesi
s

 Rej
ect
sthei
deaoft
hecommongood

 Rul
esdeal
wit
hindi
vi
dual
right
s

 Ther
efor
elawmanagest
heconf
li
ctbet
weensoci
etyandt
hei
ndi
vi
dual

Ear
lymoder
nthi
nki
ng

Rej
ect
sthef
oll
owi
ng: Andaccept
sinpl
ace:

Commongood I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm

Met
aphy
sics Sci
ent
if
icmet
hod

Nat
ural
order Sci
ent
if
icwor
ldv
iew

Whati
sindi
vi
dual
i
sm?

 Ref
erstoavi
ewofsoci
etywheretheposi
ti
onandr
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
is
emphasi
sedr
athert
hanthatoft
hecommuni t
y

Whati
ssci
ent
if
icmet
hod?

 Onecannotassumet
hatt
her
eisamet
aphy
sical
wor
ld“
outt
her
e”

 Thesci
ent
if
icmet
hodr
equi
redempi
ri
cal
evi
denceandl
ogi
cal
deduct
ion

Whati
sthemeani
ngofadj
udi
cat
ion?

 Deal
swi
thwhathappensi
nacour
tcase

 Ter
msusedt
odescr
ibet
hest
udyofhowj
udgesdeci
decases
JohnLocke

(soci
alcont
ract
ari
an:
meani
nghet
hinkst
hest
atei
sther
esul
tofacont
ractbet
weenci
ti
zens
eg,tr
eati
es)

 Lockewast
heopposi
tet
oHobbes

 Lockeal
sousedast
ateofnat
ureasst
art
ingpoi
nt,
buthi
sst
ateofnat
urewasv
ery
di
ffer
ent

 ForLocke,t
hest
ateofnat
urei
schar
act
eri
sedbypeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nmut
ual
cooper
ati
on
andtrust

 I
nthest
ateofnat
uremani
sal
sosubj
ectt
othel
awofnat
ure

 Throught
hel
awofnat
ure,
hei
srequi
rednott
oinj
uret
hel
i
fe,
li
ber
tyorpr
oper
tyof
other
s

 Thepeopl
einthestat
eofnatur
eeventual
l
ydeci
det
ofor
m agov
ernmentf
ort
hesol
e
pur
poseoftheprot
ecti
onofproper
ty

 Todot
his,
theygi
veupt
hei
rri
ghtt
oenf
orcet
hei
rot
herr
ight
stot
hest
ate

 Howev
er,
thei
rbasi
chumanr
ight
scanNEVERbegi
venup

 Theri
ghttol
i
f e,
li
bertyandproper
tyar
einal
i
enabl
eri
ght
sthatal
lpeopl
ehav
eby
vi
rt
ueofthefactthattheyar
ehuman

 I
fthest
atenolongerpr
otectstheser
ight
sorencr
oachesont
her
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens,
t
hecit
izenshav
ear i
ghttorevolt

 Ther
efor
easi mpl
ecaseofbr
eachofcontr
act
:ift
hegover
nmentbr
eachest
he
cont
ract
,theci
ti
zenscant
akeawaythei
rpowerandr
ightt
ogover
n

 Lockepr
ovi
dedt
hej
ust
if
icat
iont
hatt
hepeopl
ehav
ear
ightt
ochooset
hei
rown
gover
nment

 Thi
stheor
yhasbeeni
mmensel
yinf
luent
ial

 TheSouthAfri
canConst
it
uti
oni
nit
spr
eambl
eseemst
opoi
ntt
owar
dsaki
ndof
soci
alcont
ract

 Onewher
ethepasti
srepl
acedbyanewdi
spensat
ion

 Theideathathumanright
sarei
nal
i
enabl
eri
ght
stober
espect
edbyal
li
sbasedon
thi
sbasicideaofJohnLocke

 Locke’
sbr
eakwi
thpr
e-moder
nthoughtwasnotasr
adi
cal
ast
hatofHobbes
  Lockewassti
ll
appl
yi
ngtheMedi
eval
tradi
ti
onr
egar
dingt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
l
awandethics(t
hegoodl
if
e)

 Lockecl
aimedt
hatthedut
ytor
espectt
henat
ural
right
sofi
ndi
vi
dual
swasi
nher
ent
i
nthestat
eofnatur
e

 Thebasi
cri
ghtsanddut
iesofindivi
dual
sarenotcr
eatedbythest
ateasHobbes
cl
aimed,
butcomefrom God(precedethest
ateandit
sposit
ivel
aws)

1. Humanri
ghts:r
ight
sar
enat
uralandcannotbegi
venup(
peopl
ehav
eri
ght
sthatar
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
ist
ic)

2. Soci
alcontr
act:pur
posei
stopr
otectpr
oper
ty(
concl
udesoci
alcont
ractt
oest
abl
i
sh
apol
iti
calst
ate)

3. St
ateofnat
ure:i
sasi
tuat
ionofmut
ualcooper
ati
onandhar
mony

ThomasHobbes

(soci
alcont
ract
ari
an:
meani
nghet
hinkst
hest
atei
sther
esul
tofacont
ractbet
weenci
ti
zens
eg,tr
eati
es)

 Hobbeswast
hedef
enderoft
hei
deaofanabsol
utemonar
ch

 Someonewhohasnoli
mit
stohi
spowerandwhosesubj
ect
shav
eno
recour
set
oanyri
ght
sagai
nsthi
m

 Hebel
i
evedt
hatl
awcoul
dbemadei
ntoasci
ence

 Heusestheideaofnatur
all
aw:
itmeansnot
hingmor
ethanr
ati
onal
stepst
akenby
i
ndi
vidual
stofurt
herthei
rowni
nter
est
s

 Het
ookt
hei
sol
atedmal
eindi
vi
dual
ast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntofhi
snewsci
enceofl
aw

 Thisi
ndi
v i
dual
mani scapabl
eofrati
onal
thi
nki
ngandal
sot
hebasi
sofhi
s
descr
ipt
ionofli
fei
nthestateofnat
ure

 Accor
dingt
oHobbes,
themostbasi
clawofnat
urei
sthatofsel
f-
preser
vat
ion

 Hethoughtt
hatbefor
ethestat
ecameint
obei
ng,
all
peopl
eli
vedi
nast
ateof
nat
ureandweresimplyt
ryi
ngtosur
viv
e

 Li
fef
ormani
nthi
sst
ateofnat
urewas“
poor
,nast
yandshor
t”

 Becauseoft
hisst
ateofnat
ure,
wasaconst
antst
ateofwarofev
ery
one
 agai
nstev
ery
one(st
ateofnat
urer
efer
stot
hesi
tuat
iont
hatex
ist
edbef
ore
stat
esweref
ormed)

 Noonecoul
denj
oyor
deroreconomi
cpr
osper
it
yofapeacef
ulcommuni
ty

 Theindi
vi
dual’sf
earofot
heri
ndi
vi
dualsi
nastat
eofnat
urei
srepl
acedwi
thanev
en
st
rongerfearoft
hestat
einapol
it
ical
soci
ety

 Ast
hest
atecanusei
tspoweragai
nstt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
ifhebr
eakst
hel
aw

 Humanbei
ngsar
efor
cedi
ntosoci
etyandkeptt
her
ebyf
ear

 Thei
ndi
vi
dual
oughtt
obel
eftt
opur
suehi
sownchosenwayofl
i
fe

 Pr
ovi
dedt
hathi
sfr
eedom doesnott
hreat
ent
hepeace

 Hobbescl
aimedfreedom ofr
eli
gionoropi
nioncoul
dconst
it
uteat
hreatt
othepeace
andgoodorderi
nsociet
y

 Al
lpeopl
egaveupt
heiri
ndependenceandr
ight
sinf
avouroft
heruleofoneoft
hem
whowill
guar
ant
eethei
rsecur
ity(
thisi
scal
l
edthesoci
alcont
ract
)

 Every
onesurr
ender
sthei
rindependenceandr
ight
stoonemanwhor
uleswi
th
absolut
epower

 All
thatt
heyar
eguar
ant
eedi
sasor
tofpeacechar
act
eri
sedbyar
bit
rar
yandabsol
ute
power

1. Humanri
ght
s:ri
ghtsareconventi
onal
,gi
venanddet
ermi
nedbyt
heabsol
uter
uler
(
peopl
ehaveri
ghtsthatar
eindiv
idual
i
sti
c)

2. Soci
alcont
ract
:isther
esul
toffear
,pur
posei
stost
opt
hewar(
concl
udesoci
al
cont
ractt
oestabli
shapoli
ti
cal
stat
e)

3. St
ateofnat
ure:st
ateofwarofev
ery
oneagai
nstev
ery
one

Radi
cal
Legal
Real
i
sm

 Wi
thi
tsemphasi
sont
hepol
i
tical
cont
extandt
her
oleofpower

 Theywant
edt
odoawaywi
thf
ormal
i
sm andr
epl
acei
twi
thacont
ext
ual
appr
oach

 Coreproblem f
orReal
ist
swashowj
udgement
scoul
dremai
nsci
ent
if
icandy
et
respondedtosoci
etal
needs

 Radi
cal
Real
i
stst
ri
edt
osol
vet
hispr
obl
em byshowi
ngt
hatj
udgesdomake
 deci
sionsbasedonsubj
ect
ivef
act
ors(
thi
sshoul
dbeopenl
yacknowl
edged)

 Tr
iedt
oshowt
hatl
awmustbeunder
stoodwi
thi
nit
spol
i
tical
cont
ext

 Didthisbyshowi
ngt
hatl
awhaspol
i
tical
powert
hatmustbet
akeni
nto
consider
ati
on

 Theideathatproper
tyi
ssomet
hingnat
ural
andabst
ract
,coul
dbeusedt
ojust
if
y
maintai
ningthestat
usquo

 Lawmustbeanal
ysedwi
thi
nit
shi
stor
ical
andsoci
alcont
ext

 Legalformal
ism hadthepr
act
ical
eff
ectoff
avour
ingandent
renchi
ngt
heeconomi
c
i
nterestsoft
heweal t
hy

 Radi
calReal
ist
sther
eforeanegat
iver
eact
iont
ofor
mal
i
sm/
posi
ti
vi
sm (
adv
ocat
eda
pol
it
ical
cri
ti
queofthelaw)

Pr
ogr
essi
veLegal
Real
i
sm (
dev
elopedf
rom t
hepr
agmat
ism ofHol
mes)

 Usedapragmati
capproachtorepl
acet hefor
mali
sm wi
ththei
deaofl
awasasoci
al
sci
encebasedonindet
erminacyeg:sociol
ogyorpsy
chol
ogy

 Theywer
elesspol
i
tical
int
hei
rappr
oachandi
nst
eadt
ri
edt
oanal
ysel
awobj
ect
ivel
y

 Judgeshadt
oanal
yset
hesoci
alandpol
i
tical
cir
cumst
ances

 Thencomet
oadeci
si
ont
hatr
efl
ect
edt
her
eal
i
tiesofexi
stenceandofpol
i
tical
goal
s

 Theycl
aimedt
hatthesoci
alsci
encescoul
dbeusedt
opr
edi
ctanddescr
ibewhat
j
udgesdoandtheeff
ectofthi
sonsociet
y

 Becauset
hisi
sdoner
ati
onal
l
yandsci
ent
if
ical
l
y,j
udgescant
henuset
hist
ocomet
o
arati
onal
deci
sion

 Thepr
ogr
essi
veswant
edt
o:

1.Repl
aceabst
ractr
uleswi
thf
unct
ional
rul
es

2.Repl
acegener
alr
uleswi
thspeci
fi
crul
es

3.Repl
aceabst
ractappr
oachwi
thcont
ext
ual
appr
oach

 Theybel
i
evedabst
ractr
uleswer
etooeasi
l
ymani
pul
ated

 Pr
ogr
essi
veswer
etr
yingt
omakel
awmor
esci
ent
if
icbuti
naspeci
fi
cway
  Thecontex
tualapproachref
erst
othesocial
,poli
ti
cal
andeconomi
cci
rcumst
ances
thatt
heywantedjudgestotakei
ntoconsi
derat
ion

 Legali
ndeter
minacyfort
heProgressi
veReali
sts:ever
yrul
eorpr
inci
plet
her
ewas
potent
ial
l
yanequallyval
i
d,count
er-r
uleorcounter-
pri
nci
ple

 Answer
stol
egal
probl
emsdi
dnotaut
omat
ical
l
yfol
l
owf
rom t
heconcept
sorr
ules

 I
fjudgescoul
drecogni
set
hei
rf r
eedom ofchoi
cetheywoul
dbebet
tert
o
accommodatethesoci
alr
eal
i
tiesandneedsatthetime

 Judgesshoul
dtheref
oreconcent
rat
eonsoci
ali
nter
est
sandr
idt
hemsel
vesoft
he
conser
vati
sm ofposi
ti
vi
sm

 Judgesshouldr
eal
i
set
hatt
heywer
emaki
ngpol
i
cyi
nmucht
hesamewayast
he
l
egisl
atordi
d

 Thi
sreal
i
sat
ionwoul
denabl
ethem t
omakebet
terpol
i
cychoi
ces

 ThePr
ogr
essi
vest
ri
edt
obaser
eal
i
sm i
nmoder
nsoci
alsci
ences

 Waswi
del
yaccept
edandbecamet
he“
off
ici
al”v
ersi
onofReal
i
sm

Whati
nfl
uencedt
heReal
i
sts?

 TheReal
i
stswer
einf
luencedbyl
egal
posi
ti
vi
sm +exi
stent
ial
i
sm +mar
xism

 Posit
ivi
sm i
saninsi
stenceonseei
ngl
awasascienceandinsi
sti
ngthatcourt
deci
sionsmustbebasedont hel
awandnotonoutsi
deconsi
derat
ions(moral
s,
poli
cyoropi
nion)

 Marxi
sm av
erymoder
nistideaseekst
oexpl
ainhi
stor
yast
hecont
inui
ngcl
ass
st
ruggl
ebet
weenthe“
hav es”andthe“
hav
enots”

 Theywantt
hecl
assst
ruggl
etoendandest
abl
i
shacl
assl
esssoci
ety

 Ri
seofmarxi
sm worl
dwi
deledtother
ecogni
ti
onofwor
ker
s’r
ight
sandan
awar
enessofpoweri
mbalancesi
nsoci
ety

 Exi
stent
ial
i
stsbel
i
evedwhoandwhaty
ouar
eisnotdet
ermi
nedatbi
rt
h

 Youdeter
mineyourowndestinyandpur
posebymaki
ngf
reechoi
cesev
ery
dayandaccept
ingtheconsequences

 Ver
ycl
oset
otheBuddhi
sti
deaofkar
ma(
youract
ionswi
l
ldet
ermi
ney
ourl
i
fe)

 Theseideasal
lconcer
nedwit
hther
eject
ionofmetaphysi
cs,
theadv
ancementof
ri
ghts,
li
bert
yandchoiceandt
heawarenessofsoci
etal
probl
ems
TheSout
hAf
ri
cancont
extandr
eal
i
sm

 Fai
rl
yobv
ioust
hatReal
i
sm wasandi
sex
tremel
yimpor
tanti
ntheAmer
icancont
ext

 I
nthepost
-Apar
thei
dsi
tuat
iont
hatt
heReal
i
stcr
it
iqueseemst
obemostr
elev
ant

 Sout
hAfri
caseemstobegoi
ngt
hrought
hesameki
ndofsoci
alchangeasAmer
ica
di
dattheti
meoftheReal
i
sts

 Ther
ei sal
soanat
temptt
oest
abl
i
shaki
ndofsoci
alwel
far
esy
stem andt
oenf
orce
soci
o-economi
cri
ght
s

Basicf
actsofPri
ncevPr
esi
dentoft
heLawSoci
etyoft
heCapecase(
freedom of
rel
i
gionrai
sed)

 Appl
i
cantappl
i
edt
oLawSoci
etyt
ohav
ehi
scommuni
tyser
vicer
egi
ster
ed

 I
nappl
i
cat
ion,
hedi
scl
osed2pr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionsf
orpossessi
onofdagga

 Al
soi
ndi
cat
edhi
sint
ent
iont
ocont
inueusef
orr
eli
giouspur
poses

 LawSoci
etydecidedcri
minalr
ecorddisqual
if
iedhi
m ongroundsofnotbeing“
afi
t
andpr
operperson”fort
helegalpr
ofessionandref
usedt
or egi
sterar
ti
cles

 Theonl
yquest
ioni
swhet
hert
hel
awi
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
heConst
it
uti
on

 Appell
antcontendsthatiti
nterf
ereswi
thhi
sri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofr
eli
gionand
hi
srighttopracti
cehisreli
gion

Phi
l
osophi
cal
appr
oachesf
oll
owedi
nPr
ince’
scase

1.Maj
ori
tydeci
si
on

 Courtstat
edonl
yquest
ioni
swhet
hert
hel
awi
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
he
Consti
tuti
on

 Theappell
antarguesi
tisbecauseitinter
fer
eswi
thr
ightt
ofr
eedom of
rel
i
gionandrighttopr
acti
cethatrel
igion

 Cour
tshadt
hesameat
ti
tudei
nSvLawr
ence

 Acour
tcanstr
ikedownlegi
slat
iont
hati
sunconsti
tut
ional
,i
tcanseveror
r
eaddownprovisi
onsofl
egi
slati
oni
nconsi
stentwi
ththeConsti
tut
ion

 Butwhati
tcannotdoi
slegi
slat
e
  Thesequotesi
ndi
cat
eaposi
ti
vi
stat
ti
tudet
owar
dsi
nter
pret
ati
onand
adj
udicat
ion

 I
tshowst
hecourtbel
i
ev esther
ear
eri
ghtanswer
stov
erydi
ff
icul
tquest
ions
deal
i
ngwi
threl
i
giousfreedom

 Theyar
enoti
nter
est
edi
ngoi
ngout
sidet
het
ext

Onl
yinter
est
edi
nwhet
herl
egi
slat
ioni
sinaccor
dancewi
th
Const
it
uti
on

 Ther
efor
epolicyconsi
der
ati
onsandsoci
alci
rcumst
ancesdi
dnotpl
ayar
ole
i
nthedecisi
onsofjudges

 ButReal
i
stshav
eshownj
udgesdo“
makel
aw”whent
heyi
nter
pretl
egi
slat
ion

2.Mi
nor
it
ydeci
si
on

 SachsJsai
dthatt
heRastafar
iarepol
it
icall
ypower
lessandunabl
etosecur
e
posi
ti
onbymeansofalegisl
ati
veexemption

Ther
efor
etheyarecompelledt
oli
ti
gat
etoi
nvoket
heConst
it
uti
on
(t
hei
rConsti
tut
ional
right
s)

 Theyexper
iencel
i
feasmar
ginal
i
sedgr
oup,
seent
odr
essandactst
rangel
y

Li
vingont
heout
err
eachesr
athert
hani
nthemai
nst
ream oft
hepubl
i
c
l
if
e

 Cour
tacceptedt
hat“tounder
standt
heot
her
”,onemustt
ryt
opl
aceonesel
f
i
ntheposit
ionoftheother

 Rastaf
arinotonlyinconfl
ictwi
thpubl
i
caut
hor
it
ies,
theyar
eisol
atedf
rom
mainstr
eam rel
igiousgroups

 Anylegisl
ati
veaut
hori
typassi
ngwhichsuppr
essedcentral
bel
i
efsand
pract
icesofChri
sti
ani
ty,
Isl
am orJudai
sm wi
llnothappeni
nSout
hAfri
ca
today

Thesearewel
l
-or
gani
sedr
eli
gions,
capabl
eofmount
ingst
rong
l
obbies

I
naposi
ti
ont
oaf
fectt
heout
comeofel
ect
ions

 Appel
l
anthasshownhi
msel
ftobeaper
sonpfpr
inci
ple

Wi
l
li
ngt
osacr
if
icehi
scar
eeri
npur
suanceofhi
sbel
i
efs

 Li
ket
heReal
i
sts,
SachsJt
ri
est
oemphasi
set
hatj
udgesshoul
dpl
ayapar
tin
 t
ransf
ormi
ngsoci
ety

 Het
ookt
hepasti
ntoconsi
der
ati
on

 Heal
soseest
hatpol
i
ticsmi
ghtpl
ayapar
tint
hesedeci
sions

 Thefactt
hattheappel
l
anthastochoosebet
weenhi sconsci
enceandhi
s
car
eerthr
eatenstoi
mpoveri
shnotonlyhi
mselfbutal
lofSouthAfr
ica

Andquest
ionst
hef
actofanopendemocr
acy
?

Lat
eModer
nLegalPhi
losophi
es

WhatwasDwor
kinr
eact
ingagai
nst
?
 Hewasal atemoder
nthinkerwhotr
iedt
oov
ercomeex
cessofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm and
sci
ent
if
icclai
msinearl
ymoder nt
hought

 Focusedont
hewayj
udgesdeci
decasesbyconst
ruct
ivel
yint
erpr
eti
ngex
ist
ingl
egal
materi
al

 Hebeli
evedadj
udi
cat
ionnotsci
ent
if
ic/f
unct
ional
processr
atheri
nter
pret
ati
ve
pr
ocess

 Real
ist
sprobl
em:ifi
tist
ruet
hatl
egaldeci
sionsar
enotbasedonr
ati
onalar
gument
,
whatstopsj
udgesfr
om maki
ngdeci
sionsi
nanywayt heywant
?Whatconst
rai
ns
j
udges?

 Hepr
esents3opti
onsofhowtounder
standlegal
inst
it
uti
onsi
ncont
empor
ary
West
ernl
iber
alcommunit
iesanddemocraci
es:

1. Lawasconv
ent
ional
i
sm:i
sat
erm Dwor
kincr
eat
edt
oref
ert
oposi
ti
vi
sm

 Thecoreofconventi
onal
i
sm i
stheideathatt
hef undament
alpur
pose
ofourl
egalpract
icesi
stogi
vepeopleduenoti
ceoft he
ci
rcumstancesunderwhi
chcoer
civ
epowerwi ll
beusedagainstt
hem

 Thi
senabl
esi
ndi
vi
dual
stopur
suet
hei
rowni
nter
est
sinapur
posi
ve
manner

 Therul
eoflawandtheprinci
pleofl
egal
i
tyar
ecent
ral
val
uei
n
conv
enti
onall
egal
thinki
ng

 Rul
esar
ecent
ral
tot
heconv
ent
ional
i
stv
iewofl
aw

2. Pr
agmat
ism:i
sat
erm Dwor
kincr
eat
edt
oref
ert
oAmer
icanReal
i
sm

 Ther
uleofl
awandl
egal
i
tyar
eabsentf
rom pr
agmat
ict
hinki
ng

 Pol
i
ciesar
ecent
ral
tot
hepr
agmat
istv
iewofl
aw

 Thecoreofpr
agmati
sm i
sthei
deathatthefundamentalpurposeof
ourl
egalpr
act
icesi
stobri
ngaboutcer
tainsoci
alconsequences

 Nei
theroft
hese2appr
oachesar
esat
isf
act
oryt
oDwor
kin

 Pr
obl
em wi
thconv
ent
ional
i
sm:
itdoesn’
tleav
espacef
orv
alues

 Problem wi
thpr
agmati
sm:f
ocusest
oomuchonpol
i
cy(
somet
hingwhi
chDwor
kin
beli
evesisnott
hepur
poseofadj
udi
cat
ion)
  Asanal
ter
nat
ive,
Dwor
kinpr
esent
shi
sownt
heor
yLawasi
ntegr
it
y

3. Lawasintegr
it
y:aper
sonact
swi
thi
ntegr
it
yifheact
sont
hebasi
sofhi
s
conv
ict
ionsorpri
nci
ples

Dworkinbeli
evesapol
i
tical
communi t
yactswi
thi
ntegr
it
yifi
tput
s
pr
inci
pleabovethei
mplementat
ionofpol
icy

Cour
tsshoul
dactas“
for
umsofpr
inci
ple”

Hepai
ntsthepi
ctur
eofl
awast heconst
ruct
ivei
nter
pret
ati
onoft
he
communi
ty’
sshar
edpri
nci
ples

Dwor
kint
ryi
ngt
oanswerpr
obl
emsHar
tandReal
i
stspoi
ntedout

HartandReali
ststhoughtjudgesshoul
duseot
hersour
cesi
n
deci
dingcasesnotjustr
ules

Dwor
kinst
ates:
judgi
ngi
smor
ethanj
ustappl
yi
ngt
her
ules

Heaccept
slawnotonl
yconsi
stsofr
ulesbutal
sopr
inci
plesand
v
alues

Const
ruct
ivei
nter
pret
ati
on

 Accor
dingtoDworki
n,judgesdecidenewcasesbyconst
ruct
ivel
yint
erpr
eti
ng
exi
sti
nglegal
materi
alseg:legi
slat
ion

 Hesay
sjudgesjust“
gowitht
heflow”oft
helawandt
hatnoonesi
ngl
ejudgmentby
aj
udgecanchangethedi
rect
ionofthel
awforev
er

 Hest
atesmostcasesbef
oret
hel
awar
eeasy

 Usual
l
yonl
yoner
ulet
hatcanbeappl
i
ed-
judgeappl
i
esi
t

 I
nacasewher
emor
ethanoner
uleappl
i
es,
judgedeci
deswhi
chr
ulef
it
sthecase

 HOW?
??Bydeci
dingwhi
chr
ulehol
dst
hemostwei
ght

 Thi
sisdet
ermi
nedbyl
ooki
ngatpr
inci
plesbehi
ndr
ules

 Rul
esuppor
tedbypr
inci
plehol
dst
hemostwei
ght

 Thet
radi
ti
onofal
egal
syst
em wi
l
lindi
cat
epr
inci
plesoft
hatsy
stem

 Ajudgedeci
dest
hecasebasedont
radi
ti
onsofal
egal
syst
em asf
oundmost
lyi
n
caselaw
  CONSTRUCTI
VEI
NTERPRETATI
ONtheref
oremeansreadi
ngaut
hor
ati
vel
egal
sour
cesi
nawaywhi
chmakesthem t
hebestt
heycanbe

RULES FI
T WEI
GHT/
VALUE PRI
NCI
PLES TRADI
TION

HasDwor
kin’
stheor
ybeeni
ncor
por
atedi
ntoSout
hAf
ri
canl
aw?

 React
iontoDworkin’
stheor
yinSout
hAf
ri
cai
sposi
ti
ve(
wri
ter
sandl
awy
ersl
i
kei
dea
wecanincor
poratevaluesi
ntol
aw)

 Howev
ert
heywer
enotconv
inced

 WHY?
??

1.Youneedt
othi
nkaboutt
hei
deaof“
tradi
ti
on”

 Wil
lthiswor
kinSout
hAf
ri
cawher
ewehav
emor
ethan1l
egal
t
radi
tion?

 Posedquest
ionwhi
cht
radi
ti
ondoy
ouchooset
ouset
ofi
ndpr
inci
ples
andwhy?

 Whathappensi
fpr
inci
plesar
einconf
li
ctwi
thoneanot
her
?

2.Roman-
Dut
chl
awt
radi
ti
oni
snotasgr
eatasDwor
kint
ri
est
omakeust
hink

 Somet
radi
ti
onusedt
ooppr
essbl
ackpeopl
eandj
ust
if
ysl
aver
y

3.Wear
eatapoi
nti
nourhi
stor
ywher
ewear
etr
yingt
ochangeourt
radi
ti
on

Dwor
kinandt
heSout
hAf
ri
canConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t

 Hi
stheor
yenj
oyspopul
ari
tyi
ntheSout
hAf
ri
canConst
it
uti
onal
Cour
t

 Judgesusual
l
ydon’
tref
ert
ophi
l
osopher
syetDwor
kin’
snamecomesup
oft
en

1.Mokgor
oJusedDwor
kin’
sar
gument
sregar
dingpor
nogr
aphy

 Dwor ki
narguesthatpor
nographyisaform ofpol
i
ticalfr
ee
speech(thi
sisbecausei
tinf
luencesoursharedmor al
envi
ronment)

 Theref
oreshoul
dnotberegul
atedbyt
hel
egi
slat
urebutby
“di
sgustandri
dicul
eofot
herpeopl
e”

2.SachsJusedDwor ki
n’svi
ewstoarguethatt
hei
deaofacommuni
ty
i
mpliesaccept
ingall
groupsandnotjustt
hemaj
ori
ty
 3.Dwor
kin’
sanal
ysi
softheaborti
onissuei
nAmericawasr
efer
redby
McCr
eathJandhisdefi
nit
ionofpoli
cywasused

4.SachsJusesDworki
n’sel
oquencet
oexpl
aint
hedi
ff
icul
tyt
hecour
t
exper
iencedwi
thacase

Br
ief
lydi
scussRawl
s

 Deal
swi
tht
hesamei
ssuesasDwor
kin(
alsoacr
it
icofposi
ti
vi
sm andut
il
it
ari
ani
sm)

 Het
ri
est
oshowt
hatv
aluesar
eawayofconst
rai
ningj
udgesi
nthei
rdeci
sionmaki
ng

 Hedi
dsowi
thi
ncont
extoft
hemoder
nsoci
alwel
far
est
ate

 Whati
sasoci
alwel
far
est
ate?

 I
sanat
temptt
ocombi
nel
i
ber
ali
sm andcapi
tal
i
sm wi
thsoci
ali
sm

 I
ttr
iestosof
tenhar
shef
fect
sofcapi
tal
i
sm byi
ncl
udi
ngaspect
sofsoci
al
wel
fare

 Eg:Consti
tut
ionai
mst
oest
abl
i
shsoci
etybasedondemocr
ati
cval
uesand
humanr i
ghts

 Rawlsagreesi
tispol
it
ical
lyi
mpor
tantf
orani
ndi
vi
dual
tohav
efr
eedom t
opur
suea
per
sonalconcepti
onofthegoodl
i
fe

 Li
ber
alsconcedet
hatt
hisf
reedom i
snotabsol
ute,
butsubj
ectt
oli
mit
ati
ons

 Eg:
right
sofot
herpeopl
emaynotbev
iol
atedbyt
hepur
sui
toft
hegoodl
i
fe

 JohnRawl
sdef
endsani
deaessent
ial
towel
far
eli
ber
ali
sm:

 Pri
ncipl
esofjust
icewoul
dbet hathi
spur
suitmustal
waysbetothe
economicbenefi
tofthel
eastadvant
agedpersonwit
hint
hepol
it
ical
communi t
y

Thepr
ocessofr
ati
onal
del
i
ber
ati
on

 Accor
dingt
oRawl
s,ar
ati
onal
indi
vi
dual
isi
nter
est
edonl
yinadv
anci
nghi
sown
i
nter
est
swoul
dreal
i
set
heneedt
ocooper
atewi
thot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
s

 However
,scar
cit
yofr
esour
cesgi
vesr
iset
oconf
li
ctofi
nter
est
s

 Ther
efor
eforsuchcooper
ati
ont
obest
abl
e,member
soft
hatv
ent
ureneedst
oshar
e
acommonpoi
ntofv
iew
  Woul
dber
ati
onal
foragr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoar
efor
cedt
oget
herbynat
uret
o
ent
eri
ntoasoci
alcont
ractwi
theachot
her

 Thi
ssoci
alcont
ractest
abl
i
shest
hepr
inci
plesofj
ust
iceast
hebasi
sfort
hei
r
cooper
ati
vev
ent
ure

 Agr
oupofpeopl
emustr
ati
onal
l
ydeci
deonceandf
oral
lwhatcount
samongt
hem
asj
ustact
ions

 Fr
om t
hisi
deat
hatRawl
stheor
yder
ivest
het
it
le“
just
iceasf
air
ness”

 “
Just
iceasf
air
ness”meanst
hatpr
inci
plesofsoci
alcooper
ati
onar
ejustonl
yifal
l
themembersofthecooper
ati
vesoci
alv
ent
urewoul
dhav
eagr
eedt
othem i
nthe
cir
cumst
ancesthatar
efair

 Thet
ermsofagr
eement(
pri
nci
plesofj
ust
ice)ar
erat
ional
andbi
ndi
ngonl
yift
he
agr
eementwasr
eachedi
naf
airmanner

 Fai
rnessr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessbywhi
cht
hepr
inci
pleswer
eest
abl
i
shed

 BUTwoul
dbenear
lyi
mpossi
blet
odo,
hav
etogetconsentf
rom ev
ery
onei
na
soci
ety(
impossi
ble)

 Thi
siswhyRawl
sdev
isedast
rat
egyhecal
l
sthemaxi
minst
rat
egy

Maxi
minst
rat
egy

 Inorderforhi
sideat
osucceed,heneededtoshowever
yrati
onalper
sonont
he
conclusi
onofthesoci
alcont
ract,
wouldacceptt
hesepr
inci
plesasbi
ndi
ng

 I
fso,
theycanbebi
ndi
ngonev
eryr
ati
onal
memberofsoci
ety

 Heneedst
oindi
cat
epr
inci
plesar
edi
ctat
edbyr
easonal
oneandnotbysel
f-
int
erest

 I
magi
neagr
oupofpeopl
ewoul
dli
ket
ofor
m asoci
ety
:

 Theyhav
etoagr
eeont
hebasi
cpr
inci
plesofj
ust
ice

 BUTifever
yper
soni
sonl
yint
erest
edi
nthei
rowni
nter
est
s,t
hemost
powerf
ulwil
lwi
nandt
hati
snotfai
r

 Ther
efor
eimagi
net
hatav
eil
ofi
gnor
ancecov
ersal
lthesepeopl
e

 Thi
smeanst
hatev
ery
onei
signor
antofhi
sposi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety

 Nooneknowsi
fwhent
hev
eil
isl
i
fted,
theywi
l
lber
ichorpoor
/mal
eor
f
emale

 I
nor
dert
omakesur
eyouar
einagoodposi
ti
onwhent
hev
eil
isl
i
fted,
rat
ional
 i
ndi
vi
dual
swi
l
lagr
eet
o3pr
inci
plesofj
ust
ice

 Apersoni
ntheor i
ginal
posi
tionwoul
dnotagreet otheideathatani
ndi
vidual
canbesacri
fi
cedforthebenefi
toft
hegroup(thi
si sbecausenopersoncould
knowwhethertheywouldbetheonetobesacrif
iced)

Thr
eepr
inci
plesofj
ust
ice

 Thesepr
inci
pleswoul
dbeadopt
edbyr
ati
onal
,equal
indi
vi
dual
sunderf
aircondi
ti
ons

1. Thepri
nci
pleofgr
eatestequall
i
ber
ty:
eachper
sonhasanequal
rightt
othe
mostcomplet
ebasicli
bert
ies

 Amongl
i
ber
ti
esi
ncl
udest
her
ightt
ovot
eS19(
3)

 Ther
ightt
oownpr
oper
tyS25(
1)andf
reedom ofspeech

 Howev
er,
iti
sinev
itabl
ethati
nequal
i
tieswi
l
lar
ise(
Rawl
sfamousdi
ff
erencepr
inci
ple)

2.Socio-
economicinequali
ti
esbetweenindi
vi
dual
saret
obear
rangedina
reasonablef
ashi
ont otheadvantageofal
lort
othemaxi
mum benef
itoft
he
l
eastadv ant
aged(aff
ir
mat i
veaction)

3.Ever
yoneshoul
dhav
efai
requal
oppor
tuni
ti
est
ofi
l
lof
fi
cesandot
her
posi
ti
ons

Rawl
sandt
heSout
hAf
ri
canConst
it
uti
on

 Rawl
sisnotnear
lyaspopul
arasDwor
kinandhasnev
erbeenquot
edbyacour
t

 Ananalogycanbedr
awnbet weenRawls’
fir
stpr
inci
pleandt
hepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
o
thepr
otecti
onofi
ndi
vidual
right
sinourBi
llofRi
ghts

 S9(1)oft
heConsti
tut
ionpr
ovi
desthatever
yonei
sequal
bef
oret
hel
awandhast
he
ri
ghttoequal
prot
ecti
onandbenef
itofthel
aw

 Inter
msofS19(
3),ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ovot
eandS25(
1),
prot
ect
sther
ight
sof
every
onet
oproper
ty

 Al
ltheseandot
herri
ght
sinourBi
l
lofRi
ght
sar
eenv
isagedi
nRawl
s’f
ir
st
pr
inci
pleofj
ust
ice

 Rawl
sdemandsabsol
utepr
otect
ionofci
vil
andpol
i
tical
right
s(f
ir
stgener
ati
onr
ight
s)
fr
om whi
chnoder
ogati
oncanbeallowed

 I
tishi
sdi
ff
erencepr
inci
plet
hati
smosti
nter
est
ing
  S9(1)i
stypi
calofhisfi
rstpr
inci
plewhereasS9(2)prov
idesthatunequal
tr
eatmentwil
lbejusti
fi
edifi
tadvantagesprev
iouslydi
sadvantagedpeopl
e

 Ther
eforeRawl
s’di
ff
erencepr
inci
plecanbef
oundi
ntheSout
hAf
ri
can
Const
itut
ion

 I
tcanal
sobeseeni
nsect
ionrelat
ingtot
heri
ghtt
ohousi
ngandheal
thcar
e
(
ri
ghtst
hatar
enott
ypi
cal
l
yincludedinmoder
nconst
it
uti
ons)

Thefol
lowi
ngareexampl
esofki
ndsofpr
obl
emscour
tshav
ehadwi
thsoci
o-
economicr
ight
s

1. TheMi
nist
erofHeal
thvTr
eat
mentAct
ionCampai
gnandot
her
s

 TheCChel dthatthatstat
e’sr
efusalt
oprovi
depeopl
ewi
thNevi
rapi
neto
preventmother-
to-chi
l
dt r
ansmissi
onofHIV/AI
DSwasunr
easonabl
eand
ther
eforeunconsti
tuti
onal

 Thecourtfoundthatt
hestatehadonly2tr
ainingandresear
chsitesi
neach
prov
inceinwhichdoctor
swer eal
lowedtodispenseNevir
apineandprov
ide
thereci
pient
swithcounsel
li
ng

 Thestat
ehadunreasonablyandunconsti
tut
ional
l
yref
usedt
oal
l
owsuch
hospi
tal
sandcl
ini
cstopr ovi
detheservi
ce

2. Gov
ernmentoft
heRSAandot
her
svGr
oot
boom andot
her
s

 Theconst
it
uti
onal
chal
l
enger
elat
edt
oS26

 Thecourtf
oundthatt
hegovernmenthadagoodpr
ogr
ammef
ort
hepr
ovi
sion
ofaccesst
oadequatehousi
ng

 I
tsfai
l
uretomakepr ov
isi
onforthosewhoneedtheserv
icet
hemostby
r
easonoftheuniquecr
isi
ssituat
ioni
nwhichtheappl
i
cantsf
oundt
hemsel
ves
wasunreasonabl
eandtheref
oreunconst
it
uti
onal

 Thestat
ewasor
der
edt
opr
ovi
det
heappl
i
cant
swi
thaccesst
oadequat
e
housi
ng

Whati
srel
ati
vi
sm?

 “
Thet
rut
h”dependsony
ourownper
spect
ive

 Knowl
edgei
snotuni
ver
sal
andabsol
ute
Whati
scommuni
tar
iani
sm?

 I
sanappr
oacht
hatemphasi
sest
hecommuni
tyr
athert
hant
hei
ndi
vi
dual

Lat
emoder
nthi
nki
ng

1.Rat
ional
i
sm pl
usr
ati
onal
val
ues

2.Sci
ent
if
icwor
ldv
iewpl
usnor
mat
ivear
gument
s

3.I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm pl
uscol
l
ect
iver
ati
onal
del
i
ber
ati
onaboutv
alues

Ov
eral
lchar
act
eri
sti
csofl
atemoder
nthi
nki
ng

 Theyl
ookt or
ati
onal
debate,
dial
ogueanddel
iber
ati
onaboutsharedv
aluesand
pri
nci
plesbet
weenallmembersofthecommunit
ytosol
veproblems

 Lat
emoder
nthi
nker
sbel
i
evei
nthei
deal
ofar
ati
onal
appr
oacht
olaw

 Lat
emoder
nthi
nker
sst
il
lhadt
hesamebasi
cappr
oachast
heear
lymoder
nthi
nker
s

 Theyj
ustaddedsomet
hingt
othemi
x

 Theyst
il
laccept
edr
ati
onal
i
sm,
indi
vi
dual
i
sm andsci
ent
if
icwor
ldv
iew

 Latemoder
nthi
nker
stri
edtoref
iner
ati
onal
i
sm byaddi
ngt
hatweneedt
oal
sohav
e
rat
ional
val
uesi
nourthi
nki
ng

 Lat
emoder
nthi
nker
sar
est
il
latt
hehear
tindi
vi
dual
i
sts

 Theytemperi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm byi
ncl
udi
ngacommuni
tar
ianaspecti
nthei
r
thi
nki
ng

 Thi
sdoesnotmeant
hatt
heyt
hinkt
hegr
oupi
smor
eimpor
tantt
hant
he
i
ndi
vidual

 Theythi
nkthati
ndi
vidual
sshoul
dtoget
herdel
i
ber
ater
ati
onal
l
yand
col
lect
ivel
yaboutv
alues
 Legal
Phi
losophy
LJU4801