STUDY ON COCONUT SHELL POWDER WITH E-GLASS

FIBRE COMPOSITES PREPARATION PROCESSING

AND CHARACTERIZATION
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
PARTHASARATHY P ( Reg no:822719114034 )
PRAVEEN R ( Reg no:822719114036 )
VISHWA S ( Reg no:822719114054 )
VISUBAKANTH S ( Reg no:822719114055 )

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SENGIPATTI ,THANJAVUR
(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025
MAY 2023
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “STUDY ON COCONUT SHELL POWDER

WITH E GLASS FIBRE COMPOSITES PREPARATION PROCESSING
AND CHARACTERIZATION”is the bonafide work of PARTHASARATHY P
(Reg no : 822719114034) PRAVEEN R (Reg no:822719114036 ) VISHWA S
( Reg no:822719114054 ) VISUBAKANTH S ( Reg no:822719114055 ) who
carried out the project work under supervision.

Dr.S. JAYABAL., M.E, Ph.D., Dr. V. SUBRAVEL M.E, Ph.D.,

PROFESSOR & HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MECHAICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SENGIPATTI, THANJAVUR. SENGIPATTI , THANJAVUR.
.

Submitted for viva-voice examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work entitled “STUDY ON COCONUT SHELL

POWDER WITH E GLASS FIBRE COMPOSITES PREPARATION
PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION “is submitted in partial
fulfillment for the award of the Main Project in the Fourth year (degree in B.E) in
Government College of Engineering - Thanjavur, is a record of our own work
carried out by us during the academic year 2022-2023 under the supervision and
the guidance of Dr. V. SUBRAVEL M.E.,Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering - Thanjavur. The
matter embodied in this work is original and has not been submitted for the award
of any other degree or diploma, other than in this or any other University.

(Signature of the candidates)

NAME REG.NO SIGNATURE

PARTHASARATHY P 822719114034

PRAVEEN R 822719114036

VISHWA S 822719114054

VISUBAKANTH S 822719114055

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidate is true.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like thank “Almighty God” for making us efficient to
complete project.

With immense pleasure and heartfelt gratitude , we express our sincere thanks to
Our Principal. Dr.S.JAYABAL M.E Ph.D for his great support for our project.

We sincerely thank Dr.S.JAYABAL M.E Ph.D Head of the Department of the

Mechanical Engineering for encouraging us during the course of this project

We would like to express our thanks to our project coordinator and for deep interest,
and untiring efforts from Dr.T.RADHIKA M.E Ph.D for the complecation of our
project.

We feel happy to extend our whole hearted thanks to our project internal guidance
Dr. V. SUBRAVEL M.E Ph.D for her help till the project submission.

We are reverentially grateful to all lectures of mechanical engineering department

and non-teaching staff, for their precious suggestions to complete our project in
grand manner.

Last , but not least, we thank everyone who helped us directly throughout this
endeavor. Finally we are greatful to our PARENTS for their support.

4
 ABSTRACT

This chapter discusses the isopolymer resins, their good and versatile properties
can be considered now days the most important classes of thermo setting
polymers. In particular the chapter first reviews both the isopolymer resins
commonly available on the market, including a new class of new bio-derived
isopolymer resins, and the most used curing agents. It then describes the
principal characteristics of the isopolymer resins and how it can possible to
enhance them with the adding of several fillers to the isopolymer system.
Finally, the chapter analyses the main engineering fields in which isopolymer
resins find applications today and their possible future utilizations isopolymre
resins as a matrix material in coconut shell powder with eglass fiber using
isopolymer resign composites.

5
 Contents

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT 5

LIST OF FIGURES 7

LIST OF TABLE 8

1. INTRODUCTION 9

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 15

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20

4. MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTS 36

5. APPLICATION 42

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 43

7. CONCLUSION 46

8. REFERENCE 47

6
 LIST OF FIGURES Page No

3.1 Classification of Fibers 20

3.2 Coconut shell powder 24

3.3 E-glass Fiber 27

3.4 Hand Lay-up 33

4.1 Tensile Specimen 37

4.2 Tensile testing machine 38

4.3 Hardness testing machine 39

4.4 Toughness test 40

6.1 Leaf spring 44

6.2 Tensile and Charpy 44

6.3 Tensile testing specimen 46

7
LIST OF TABLES Page No

3.1.E-Glass Composition 25
3.2.E-Glass Composition 28
3.3.E-Glass Chemical properties 28
3.4.Epoxy Resin Hardners 31
6.1. Tensile test 43
6.2. Hardness survey 43
6.3. Impact test 43
6.4. Flexural test 44

8
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In
contrast to metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and
mechanical properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The
main advantages of composite materials are their high strength and stiffness,
combined with low density, when compared with bulk materials, allowing for a
weight reduction in the finished part.(Ref.1)
The reinforcing phase provides the strength and stiffness. In most cases, the
reinforcement is harder, stronger, and stiffer than the matrix. The reinforcement is
usually a fiber or a particulate. Particulate composites have dimensions that are
approximately equal in all directions. They may be spherical, platelets, or any other
regular or irregular geometry. Particulate composites tend to be much weaker and
less stiff than continuous fiber composites, but they are usually much less
expensive. Particulate reinforced composites usually contain less reinforcement (up
to 40 to 50 volume percent) due to processing difficulties and brittleness. A fiber
has a length that is much greater than its diameter. The length-to-diameter (l/d) ratio
is known as the aspect ratio and can vary greatly.
Continuous fibers have long aspect ratios, while discontinuous fibers have
short aspect ratios. Continuous-fiber composites normally have a preferred
orientation, while discontinuous fibers generally have a random orientation.
Examples of continuous reinforcements include unidirectional, woven cloth, and
helical winding. While examples of discontinuous reinforcements are chopped
fibers and random mat. Continuous-fiber composites are often made into laminates
by stacking single Sheets of continuous fibers in different orientations to obtain the
desired strength and stiffness properties with fiber volumes as high as 60 to 70

9
percent. Fibers produce high-strength composites because of their small diameter;
they contain far fewer defects (normally surface defects) compared to the material
produced in bulk.
➢ Composite is a combination of two or more chemically distinct and insoluble
phases.
➢ Constituent materials or phases must have significantly different properties
for it to combine them: thus metals and plastics are not considered as
composites although they have a lot of fillers and impurities
➢ The properties and performance of composites are far superior to those of the
constituents
➢ Composites consist of one or more discontinuous phases (reinforcement)
embedded in a continuous phase (matrix)

Examples: –
• Cemented carbides (WC with Co binder)
• Rubber mixed with carbon black
• Wood (a natural composite as distinguished from a synthesized composite)

Some examples of composite materials:

• ply wood is a laminar composite of layers of wood veneer,
• Fiber glass is a fiber-reinforced composite containing stiff, strong glass fibers
in a softer polymer matrix and concrete is a particulate composite containing
coarse sand or gravel in a cement matrix (reduced 50%).

• In recent years, polymeric based composites materials are being used in many
application such as automotive, sporting goods, marine, electrical, industrial,
construction, household appliances, etc.

10
 • Polymeric composites have high strength and stiffness, light weight, and high
corrosion resistance.

• Natural fibres are available in abundance in nature and can be used to

reinforce polymers to obtain light and strong materials.

The natural fiber present important advantages such as low density, appropriate
stiffness, mechanical properties with high disposability and renewability

CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON THE TYPE OF MATRIX MATERIAL
• Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
• Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
• Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
• Carbon/Carbon Composites (C/Cs)

BASED ON THE GEOMETRY OF REINFORCEMENT

• Particulate reinforced Composites
• Whisker/Flakes reinforced composites
• Fiber reinforced composites

Hybrid:
A composite laminate comprising of laminae of two or more composite material
systems or a combination of two or more different fibers such as C and glass or C
and aramid into a structure

I) POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (Ref 12)

(PMCs) Are prominent class of composites compared to other composite materials
in commercial applications

11
Fiber Materials: Boron, Graphite, Carbon
Most of the PMCs use either carbon-graphite or aramid fibers, which are the main
commercial fibers

Matrix Materials:
Thermoplastic, Isopolymer and Thermo-set materials.
➢ Thermoplastics offer the advantages of good mechanical and tribological
properties.
➢ Isopolymer resin remains the most important matrix polymer.

II) METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCS) (Ref 13)

➢ MMCs are advanced class of structural materials consisting of non metallic
reinforcements incorporated into the metallic matrix.
➢ MMCs are widely used in engineering applications where the operating
temperature lies in between 250 ºC to 750 ºC.

Matrix materials:
Aluminium, Titanium, Copper, Magnesium and Super alloys.
Reinforcement materials:
Silicon carbide, Boron, Molybdenum and Alumina
iii) CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (CMCS) (Ref 11)
CMCs are advanced class of structural materials consisting of metallic/non-metallic
reinforcements incorporated into the ceramic matrix CMCs are widely used in
engineering applications where the operating temperature lies in between 800ºC to
1650ºC

12
iv) CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES (C/CS)
C/Cs are developed specifically for parts that must operate in extreme temperature
ranges. Composed of a carbon matrix reinforced with carbon yarn fabric, 3-D
woven fabric, 3-D braiding, etc.
Applications:
C/C composites meet applications ranging from rockets to aerospace because of
their ability to maintain and even increase their structural properties at extreme
temperatures.
Advantages:
• Extremely high temperature resistance (1930°C – 2760°C).
• Strength actually increases at higher temperatures (up to 1930°C).
• High strength and stiffness.
• Good resistance to thermal shock.

Uses of composites
The biggest advantage of modern composite materials is that they are light as well
as strong. By choosing an appropriate combination of matrix and reinforcement
material, a new material can be made that exactly meets the requirements of a
particular application. Composites also provide design flexibility because many of
them can be moulded into complex shapes. The downside is often the cost.
Although the resulting product is more efficient, the raw materials are often
expensive.
Merits of composite materials composites
Can be very strong and stiff, yet very light in weight, so ratios of strength-to-weight
and stiffness-to-weight are several times greater than steel or aluminium
• High specific strength and
• High specific stiffness Long fatigue life

13
 • High creep resistance Low coefficient of thermal expansion
• Low density
• Low thermal conductivity
• Better wear resistance Improved corrosion resistance
• Better temperature dependent behavior

APPLICATIONS
Space craft: Antenna structures, solar reflectors, Satellite structures, Radar,
Rocket engines, etc.
Aircraft: Jet engines, Turbine blades, Turbine shafts, Compressor blades, Airfoil
surfaces, Wing box structures, Fan blades, Flywheels, Engine bay doors, Rotor
shafts in helicopters, Helicopter transmission structures, etc.
Miscellaneous: Bearing materials, Pressure vessels, Abrasive materials, Electrical
machinery, Truss members, Cutting tools, Electrical brushes, etc.
Automobile: Engines, bodies, Piston, cylinder, connecting rod, crankshafts,
bearing materials, etc.

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The history of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites can be traced back to the
advent of synthetic polymers in the early twentieth century. In 1850s, shellac was
compounded with wood flour. Research on natural fiber composites has existed
since the early 19th century but has not received much attention until late in the
1980’s.During 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s, a good deal of research was carried
out on natural fiber reinforced composites. Caldwell and Clay carried out their
research work on natural fiber reinforced composites for lighter materials to be used
in aircraft primary structures.
Composites, primarily glass but including natural reinforced composites are
found in countless consumer products like boats, agricultural machinery and cars. A
major goal of natural fiber composites is to alleviate the need to use expensive glass
fiber, which has a relatively high density and is dependent on non-renewable
sources. Recently, car manufacturers have been interested in incorporating natural
fiber composites into both interior and exterior parts. This serves a two-fold goal of
the companies that is to lower the overall weight of the vehicle thus increasing fuel
efficiency and to increase the sustainability of their manufacturing process. Many
companies such as Mercedes Benz, Toyota and DaimlerChrysler have already
accomplished this and are looking to expand the uses of natural fiber composites.
The mechanical behviour of jute and kenaf fiber reinforced polypropylene
composites has been studied by Schneider and Karmaker Pothan et al. reported that
kraft pulped banana fiber composite has good flexural strength. Luo and Netravali
studied the mechanical properties like tensile and flexural strength of the green
composites with different pineapple fibre percentage and compared with the virgin
resin. Belmeres et al. reported that sisal, henequen, and palm fibre have similar

15
physical, chemical, and tensile properties. A systematic study on the properties of
henequen fiber has been made by Cazaurang et al. And reported that fibers have
mechanical properties suitable for reinforcement in thermoplastic resins. Various
aspects of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites have been studied by
various investigators. Cazaurang et al. have done a detailed study on the properties
of henequen fibre and concluded that these fibres have mechanical properties
suitable for reinforcing thermoplastic resins.
The mechanical properties of jute faber reinforced polyester composites were
evaluated by Gowda et al. It is reported from their study that they have better
strengths as comparison to wood based composites. The use of cotton fibre
reinforced isopolymer composites along with glass fibre reinforced polymers was
done by Khalid et al. The effect of various loading rate on mechanical properties of
jute/glass reinforced isopolymer based hybrid composites has been studied by
Srivastav et al. showed that chemical treatments (alkali, benzoyl chloride,
KMnO4and silane treatment) of banana fiber based polypropylene composites
improved the thermo physical properties (thermal conductivity and diffusivity) in
each case. Kushwaha et al. have found the optimum alkali percentage for best
results and have discussed the effects of chemical treatments on mechanical
properties bamboo fiber composites. Hongwei Ma et al. effect of silane coupling
under different types of radiation on the structural properties of bamboo fiber
reinforced poly (lactic acid) bio composites.
Today's plastic auto bumpers and fascia systems are aesthetically pleasing, while
offering advantages to both designers and drivers. The majority of modern plastic
car bumper system fascias are made of thermoplastic olefins (TPOs),
polycarbonates, polyesters, polypropylene, polyurethanes, polyamides, or blends of
these with, for instance, glass fibers, for strength and structural rigidity.
Hosseinzadeh RM and et.al.

16
 The mechanical behviour of jute and kenaf fiber reinforced polypropylene
composites has been studied by Schneider and Karmaker Pothan et al. reported that
kraft pulped banana fiber composite has good flexural strength. Luo and Netravali
studied the mechanical properties like tensile and flexural strength of the green
composites with different pineapple fibre percentage and compared with the virgin
resin. Belmeres et al. reported that sisal, henequen, and palm fibre have similar
physical, chemical, and tensile properties. A systematic study on the properties of
henequen fiber has been made by Cazaurang et al. And reported that fibers have
mechanical properties suitable for reinforcement in thermoplastic resins. Various
aspects of banana fiber reinforced polymer composites have been studied by
various investigators. Cazaurang et al. have done a detailed study on the properties
of henequen fibre and concluded that these fibers have mechanical properties
suitable for reinforcing thermoplastic resins.
The mechanical properties of jute fiber reinforced polyester composites were
evaluated by Gowda et al. It is reported from their study that they have better
strengths as comparison to wood based composites. The use of cotton fibre
reinforced epoxy composites along with glass fibre reinforced polymers was done
by Khalid et al. The effect of various loading rate on mechanical properties of
jute/glass reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites has been studied by Srivastav
et al. showed that chemical treatments (alkali, benzoyl chloride, KMnO4and silane
treatment) of banana fiber based polypropylene composites improved the thermo
physical properties (thermal conductivity and diffusivity) in each case. Kushwaha et
al. have found the optimum alkali percentage for best results and have discussed the
effects of chemical treatments on mechanical properties bamboo fiber composites.
Hongwei Ma et al. effect of silane coupling under different types of radiation on the
structural properties of bamboo fiber reinforced poly (lactic acid) bio composites.

17
 In their paper says that bumper beams are one of the main structures of
passenger cars that protect them from front and rear collisions. In this paper, a
commercial front bumper beam made of glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) is studied
and characterized by impact modeling using according to the E.C.E. UNITED
NATIONS AGREEMENT [UNITED NATIONS AGREEMENT, Uniform
Provisions concerning the Approval of Vehicles with regards to their Front and
Rear Protective Devices (Bumpers, etc.), E.C.E., 1994]. Three main design factors
for this structure: shape, material and impact condition are studied and the results
are compared with conventional metals like steel and aluminum. Finally the
aforementioned factors are characterized by proposing a high strength SMC bumper
instead of the current GMT. In this paper, Marzbanrad JM et.al
Discussed the most important parameters including material ,thickness, shape
and impact condition are studied for design and analysis of an automotive front
bumper beam to improve the crashworthiness design in low-velocity impact. The
simulation of original bumper under condition impact is according to the low-speed
standard of automotives stated in E.C.E. United Nations Agreement
Regulationno.42,1994. In this research, a front bumper beam made of three
materials: aluminum, glass mat thermoplastic (GMT) and high-strength sheet
molding compound(SMC) is studied by impact modeling to determine the
deflection, impact force, stress distribution and energy-absorption behavior.
The mentioned characteristics are compared to each other to find best choice
of material, shape and thickness .The results show that a modified SMC bumper
beam can minimize the bumper beam deflection, impact force and stress
distribution and also maximize the elastic strain energy. In addition, the effect of
passengers in the impact behavior is examined. Different countries have different
performance standards for bumpers. Under the International safety regulations
originally developed as European standards and now adopted by most countries

18
outside North America, a cars. America (FMSS: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Researchers are trying to improve many of existing designs using novel approaches.
Many times there is conflicting performance and cost requirements, this puts
additional challenge with R&D units to come up with a number of alternative
design solutions in less time. Some of the modern CAD and FEM tools are capable
of effecting quick changes in the design within virtual environment.

19
 CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS AND METHODS

CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
Natural fibers include those made from plant, animal and mineral sources. Natural
fibers can be classified according to their origin.
➢ Animal fiber
➢ Mineral fiber
➢ Plant fiber(Ref 14)

Fig 3.1 classification of fibres

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1. ANIMAL FIBER
Animal fiber generally comprise proteins; examples mohair, wool, silk, alpaca,
angora.
Animal hair (wool or hair)
Fiber taken from animals or hairy mammals. E.g. Sheep‟s wool, goat hair
(cashmere, mohair), alpaca hair, horse hair, etc.
Silk fiber:
Fiber collected from dried saliva of bugs or insects during the preparation of
cocoons. Examples include silk from silk worms.
Avian fiber
Fibers from birds, e.g. feathers and feather fiber.
2. MINERAL FIBER
Mineral fibers are naturally occurring fiber or slightly modified fiber procured from
minerals. These can be categorized into the following categories:
Asbestos
The only naturally occurring mineral fiber. Varietions are serpentine and
amphiboles, anthophyllite.
Ceramic fibers:
Glass fibers (Glass wood and Quartz), aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and boron
carbide.
Metal fibers
Aluminum fibers
3. PLANT FIBER (Ref 14)
Plant fibers are generally comprised mainly of cellulose: examples include cotton,
jute, flax, ramie, sisal and hemp. Cellulose fibers servers in the manufacture of
paper and cloth. This fiber can be further categorizes into following.

21
Seed fiber:
Fibers collected from the seed and seed case e.g. cotton and kapok.
Leaf fiber
Fibers collected from the leaves e.g. sisal and agave.
Skin fiber
Fibers are collected from the skin or bast surrounding the stem of their respective
plant. These fibers have higher tensile strength than other fibers. Therefore, these
fibers are used for durable yarn, fabric, packaging, and paper. Some examples are
flax, jute, banana, hemp, and soybean.
Fruit fiber
Fibers are collected from the fruit of the plant, e.g. coconut (coir) fiber.

Stalk fiber
Fibers are actually the stalks of the plant. E.g. straws of wheat, rice, barley, and
other crops including bamboo and grass. Tree wood is also such a fiber. The natural
fibers can be used to reinforce both thermosetting and thermoplastic matrices.
Thermosetting resins, such as isopolymer, polyester, polyurethane, phenolic, etc.
are commonly used today in natural fiber composites, in which composites
requiring higher performance applications. They provide sufficient mechanical
properties, in particular stiffness and strength, at acceptably low price levels.
Considering the ecological aspects of material selection, replacing synthetic fibers
by natural ones is only a first step. Restricting the emission of green house effect
causing gases such as CO2 into the atmosphere and an increasing awareness of the
finiteness of fossil energy resources are leading to developing new materials that
are entirely based on renewable resources.

22
Applications of natural fiber composites
The natural fiber composites can be very cost effective material for following
applications: Building and construction industry: panels for partition and false
ceiling, partition boards, wall, floor, window and door frames, roof tiles, mobile or
pre-fabricated buildings which can be used in times of natural calamities such as
floods, cyclones, earthquakes, etc. Storage devices: post-boxes, grain storage silos,
bio-gas containers, etc. Furniture: chair, table, shower, bath units, etc. Electric
devices: electrical appliances, pipes, etc. Everyday applications: lampshades,
suitcases, helmets, etc. Transportation: automobile and railway coach interior, boat,
etc. Toys
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
This chapter describes the details of processing of the composites and the
experimental procedures followed for their mechanical characterization. The
materials used in this work are
➢ Isopolymer
➢ Coconut shell powder
➢ E-Glass fiber

COCONUT SHELL POWDER

🞂 Coconut shell powder is a natural, biodegradable material that is obtained
from the outer shell of mature coconuts. It is made by finely grinding and
sieving the coconut shells, resulting in a fine, light brown powder with a
grain size of around 40-80 mesh.

🞂 Here are some additional details about coconut shell powder:

🞂 Composition: Coconut shell powder is primarily composed of cellulose,

lignin, hemicellulose, and small amounts of ash.

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🞂 Uses: Coconut shell powder has a variety of applications, including as a filler
in the production of thermosetting plastics, as a raw material for the
production of activated carbon, as an abrasive for polishing and cleaning
surfaces, and as a natural exfoliant in cosmetic and personal care products.

🞂 Benefits: Coconut shell powder is a sustainable, eco-friendly material that is

biodegradable and renewable. It is also hypoallergenic, gentle on the skin,
and has natural anti-bacterial properties.

🞂 Storage: Coconut shell powder should be stored in a cool, dry place away
from direct sunlight and moisture to prevent degradation and contamination.

🞂 Safety: While coconut shell powder is generally considered safe for use, it is
important to avoid inhaling the powder or getting it in your eyes, as it may
cause irritation or respiratory problems.

Fig 3.2 coconut shell powder

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COCONUT SHELL POWDER PROPERTIES
Mechanical properties
Particle size 40-80 mesh
Bulk density 0.45-0.75 g/cm³
Moisture content less than 6%
Specific gravity 1.2-1.4
Chemical properties
Lignin content 36-45%
Cellulose content 33-40%
Hemicellulose content 7-12%
Ash content 1-4%
pH value 6.0-7.0
Fig 3.1 mechanical and chemical properties
It's worth noting that these properties can vary depending on the source and
processing of the coconut shell powder. Additionally, some of these properties may
be influenced by external factors, such as temperature and humidity. Therefore, it's
important to consult with a reputable supplier or manufacturer for accurate and up-
to-date information on the specific properties of a particular batch of coconut shell
powder.

2. E- GLASS FIBER
GLASS FIBERS are among the most versatile industrial materials known today.
They are readily produced from raw materials, which are available in virtually
unlimited supply. All glass fibers described in this article are derived from
compositions containing silica. They exhibit useful bulk properties such as
hardness, transparency, resistance to chemical attack, stability, and inertness, as

25
well as desirable fiber properties such as strength, flexibility, and stiffness. Glass
fibers are used in the manufacture of structural composites, printed circuit boards
and a wide range of special-purpose products.
Fiber Forming Processes. Glass melts are made by fusing (co-melting) silica
with minerals, which contain the oxides needed to form a given composition. The
molten mass is rapidly cooled to prevent crystallization and formed into glass fibers
by a process also known as fiberization. Although this is the only process used for
manufacturing optical fibers, which are not discussed in this Volume, it is a
specialty process for manufacturing structural glass fibers such as silica or quartz
glass fibers. These and other specialty processes are highlighted wherever
appropriate but not discussed in full.
Additional details about fiber forming are provided in the section “Glass
Melting and Fiber forming” in this article. Sizes and Binders. Glass filaments are
highly abrasive to each other (Ref 4). “Size” coatings or binders are therefore
applied before the strand is gathered to minimize degradation of filament strength
that would otherwise be caused by filament-to-filament abrasion. Binders provide
lubrication, protection, and/or coupling. The size may be temporary, as in the form
of a starch-oil emulsion that is subsequently removed by heating and replaced with
a glass-to-resin coupling agent known as a finish. On the other hand, the size may
be a compatible treatment that performs several necessary functions during the
subsequent forming operation and which, during impregnation, acts as a coupling
agent to the resin being reinforced.
FIBER-GLASS SELECTION
There are four main types of glass used in fibreglass.
1. A-glass
2. C-glass
3. E-glass

26
 4. E-glass

E-GLASS FIBER
E-Glass Fiber E-Glass fiber (“E” stands for electric) is made of alumina borosilicate
glass with less than 1 wt% alkali oxides. Some other elements may also be present
at low impurity levels. A typical nominal chemical composition of E-glass fibers is
SiO2 54 wt%, Al2O3 14 wt%, CaO + MgO 22 wt%, B2O3 10 wt% and
Na2O+K2O less than 2 wt%. Some reported advantages and disadvantages of E-
glass fibers are listed in Table 2.

IMPORTANCE OF E-GLASS
The E-glass fibre is a high quality glass, which is used as standard reinforcement
fibre for all the present systems well complying with mechanical property
requirements. Thus, E-glass fibre was found appropriate for this application.

Fig 3.3 E-glass fiber

27
E-GLASS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
E-Glass - the most popular and inexpensive. The designation letter "E" means
"electrical implies that the it is an electrical insulator". The composition of E-glass
ranges from

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION RANGE

Sio2 52-56%
Al2O3 12-16%
CaO 16-25%
B2O3 5-10%

Fig 3.2 chemical composition

PROPERTICE OF E-GLASS FIBER

PROPERTICE VALUE
Density, gm/cc 2.58
Elongation% 4.8
Annealing point ‘C (‘ F) 657(1215)

Fig 3.3 chemical properties

28
METHODS

DIE MAKING
The tooling involved in plastic molding is quite similar to that of stamping dies. The
principal difference is that stamping requires force, while molding does not. In
plastic molding, two units are required whose design is such that, when brought
together, they make up a system of closed cavities linked to a central orifice. Liquid
plastic is forced through the orifice and into the cavities, or molds, and when the
plastic solidifies, the molds open and the finished parts are ejected. (Ref 3)

FIBER AND ALUMINIUM AND FIBER WITH ISOPOLYMER

RESINE
MAKING PROCESS
Kenaf, coir and banana fiber knitted fabric with are used in this study. Hardener used
is polyamide hardener. The isopolymer resin and hardener are mixed in the ratio of
2:1 and stirred thoroughly. Release agent used was mansion polish. Experimental
methods Most mentioned method to clean fibers found in literature is distilled water
cleaning and then alkaline treatment (NaOH). The concentration of NaOH used is
5%. The fibers are washed with fresh water thoroughly. The fibers are then soaked
in NaOH solution for 8 hours. The fibres were then washed several times with fresh
water to remove the residual NaOH sticking to the fibre surface and neutralized by
Acetic acid finally washed again with water. The fibers were then dried at room
temperature for 10 hours. Removal of lignin, hemicellulose, silica and pith from the
fiber to have better impregnation between fiber and matrix and improving fiber
surface roughness to have a better interaction are the main objectives of fiber
chemical treatment .

29
MIXING PROCESS
Two part isopolymer compounds are normally supplied in separate A - B
containers, either both full or in a pre-measured kit. Under the Resin lab
designation; Part A is the isopolymer resin and the Part B is the polyamine
hardener, with some systems the Part B may be an anhydride. Isopolymer resins are
normally clear to slightly amber, high viscosity liquids which may be filled with
mineral fillers to improve performance and lower cost. These sometimes can settle
to the bottom of the container and must be stirred to a homogeneous consistency
before adding the hardener. Isopolymer resins can cause mild skin irritation and a
form of dermatitis upon repeated contact. It is important to limit skin contact with
any isopolymer resin or hardener. Therefore, we recommend that you wear rubber
gloves when mixing and using the isopolymer compounds.

Hardeners: Part B, the hardener, is typically a polyamine or mixture of polyamines

and has can have strong ammonia-like smell. Most are considered DOT Corrosive
materials and should be respected as such. They are typically light colored to dark
amber liquids. The hardener, like the resin, can be filled with metal or mineral
fillers to improve performance or lower costs. And just like the resin, these fillers
may settle over time and must be stirred to a homogeneous consistency before
mixing with the resin. Some isopolymer hardeners are based on anhydrides rather
than amines. These hardeners are more likely used in electrical potting and
encapsulation applications and are likely to be heat cured in nature. Both
polyamines and anhydrides are somewhat sensitive to moisture. (Ref 7)

Keep containers tightly sealed and when used in meter-mix-dispense

equipment it is best to use a dry nitrogen purge or a desiccating air drier on the vent.
Static Mixing Guidelines Resin lab Technical Data Sheets include this general

30
guide for ranking the ability of a product to function acceptable in a range of
applications. In general best case is a 1/1 ratio with even viscosity, worst case is a
10/1 ratio with a wide viscosity difference. The type of cartridge can also have a
dramatic effect on dispense quality, especially when used in a pulsing mode.

Larger and thin walled cartridges can induce a lead / lag effect where A and
B show an extreme ratio change in a very short period due to the expansion and
relaxation of the cartridge barrel. The thicker walled cartridges show much less
tendency to produce this lead lag effect which is a primary cause on intermittent
tacky areas on small potting’s or castings

Fig 3.4 epoxy resin hardeners

This rating scale is a general guideline to give the user an expected level of success
in a typical bench-top dispensing scenario. Important process variables to consider
are: Cartridge type and size, wall thickness; manual or pneumatic gun type; static
mixer design and dimensions; product viscosity spread and ratio; shot size, shot
frequency, flow rate; temperature range during use. This scale also address’s
product stability in a cartridge. Factors such as filler content and settling rate,
storage temperature and cartridge orientation are important factors which affect
this. It is important for the user to define the optimum static mix for each

31
dispensing process, a change in any of the above variables can affect the mix
quality. Dispensing the product on a flat surface using the dispensing pattern can
help show the quality of mixing in terms of thoroughness and lead/lag consistency.

SURFACE PREPARATION

If the surfaces that you intend to adhere together are not prepared properly, the best
adhesive in the world will not hold them together. The major problems in adhesive
delamination are dirt and oil. Whenever possible, the surfaces to be adhered should
be abraded with sand paper or by sand or shot blasting before the adhesive is
applied. Oil on the surface of steel or even oil from fingerprints can ruin a bond. If
the surface to be bonded is painted, the bond of the paint to the substrate will be a
limiting factor in the overall bond quality. Plastic surfaces should be abraded and
when possible flame treated or corona treated to remove any plasticizer from the
surface and provide an oxygen rich surface environment for the adhesive. Mixing:
When hand mixing the isopolymer resins and the hardeners, it is best to pour the
resin, the Part A, into the mixing vessel first. The product should be weighed to the
nearest gram or to the nearest 0.5%, whichever is more precise. Next, the Part B is
added using the same weighing procedure. Mix the two components using a stir
stick or a paint mixer in a drill or drill press. Mix the product for at least 3 minutes
by the clock. scraping the sides and bottom of the mix vessel frequently.
[Remember, it's just like baking a cake!] After the products have been thoroughly
mixed, the mixture should be poured into the mold or used in the adhesive step.

Often, the end product must be totally free of voids and bubbles. If this is the
case, The mix must be vacuumed before being poured into the mold. This is done
by putting the mix vessel into a vacuum chamber and pulling a vacuum of at least
28" Hg. This will usually degas the product within 5 minutes.

32
 The reaction mixture will bubble and froth. You should have a mix container
at least 4 times the volume of the liquid in the container for vacuum degassing.
Therefore, 1 quart of the liquid product will require a 1 gallon bucket to degas the
mixture. If you intend to vacuum degas a product, make sure that you tell Star
Technology about your wishes. We will need to formulate to product with a delayed
gel time and extra air release additives to allow sufficient time to accomplish the
process.

REACTION RATES

Now is probably a good time to talk about the reaction rate of the mixture and
what effects it. Reaction rates are usually stated at a certain temperature and at a
certain mass of material. If you are working with a larger mass, the reaction time
will be shorter. Lower masses and thin films will be much longer. If the reaction
starting temperature is higher, the reaction rate will be faster. A rule of thumb is
that for every 10 degrees C that you increase the temperature of the reactants, the
reaction rate will double the gel time will be cut in half. That is why larger masses
will react more quickly than small masses. As the reaction proceeds, it generates its
own heat. The heat builds up inside the mixing vessel and the reaction goes faster,
which makes more heat, which makes the reaction go even faster

Fig 3.4 Hand Lay-Up

33
PROCESS
Gel coat is first applied to the mold using a spray gun for a high quality surface.
When the gel coat has cured sufficiently, roll stock fiber glass reinforcement is
manually placed on the mold. The laminating resin is applied by pouring, brushing,
spraying, or using a paint roller. FRP rollers, paint rollers, or squeegees are used to
consolidate the laminate, thoroughly wetting the reinforcement and removing
entrapped air. Subsequent layers of fiber glass reinforcement are added to build
laminate thickness. Low density core materials such as end-grain balsa, foam, and
honeycomb, are commonly used to stiffen the laminate. This is known as sandwich
construction.

MOLDS
Simple, single cavity molds of fiber glass composites construction are generally
used. Molds can range from small to very large and are low cost in the spectrum of
composites molds.

MATERIALS PREPARATIONS

The carbon fiber, aluminium powder , and silicon powder using isopolymer resign
which is taken as reinforcement in this study is collected from local sources. The
isopolymer resin and the hardener are supplied. Wooden mould having been first
manufactured for composite fabrication. The fiber material is mixed isopolymer
resin by simple mechanical stirring and the mixture was poured into various
moulds, keeping in view the requirement of various testing conditions and
characterization standard. (Ref 6)
Different type of fiber is used, while keeping the length of the glass fiber
constant. The detailed composition and designation of composite materials. A

34
releasing agent is used on the mould release sheets to facilitate easy removal of the
composite from the mould after curing. The entrapped air bubbles are removed
carefully with a sliding roller and the mould is closed for curing at a temperature Of
30 degree C for 24 hours at a constant load of 50kg .after curing the specimen of
suitable dimension is cut using a diamond cutter for mechanical test as per the
ASTM standards.

35
 CHAPTER-4
MECHANICAL PROPERTY TESTS
Tensile tests are performed for several reasons. The results of tensile tests are used
in selecting materials for engineering applications. Tensile properties frequently are
included in material specifications to ensure quality. Tensile properties often are
measured during development of new materials and processes, so that different
materials and processes can be compared. Finally, tensile properties often are used
to predict the behavior of a material under forms of loading other than uniaxial
tension. The strength of a material often is the primary concern. The strength of
interest may be measured in terms of either the stress necessary to cause
appreciable plastic deformation or the maximum stress that the material can
withstand. These measures of strength are used, with appropriate caution (in the
form of safety factors), in engineering design. Also of interest is the material’s
ductility, which is a measure of how much it can be deformed before it fractures.
Rarely is ductility incorporated directly in design rather, it is included in material
specifications to ensure quality and toughness.
Low ductility in a tensile test often is accompanied by low resistance to
fracture under other forms of loading. Elastic properties also may be of interest, but
special techniques must be used to measure these properties during tensile testing,
and more accurate measurements can be made by ultrasonic techniques. This
chapter provides a brief overview of some of the more important topics associated
with tensile testing. These include

• Tensile specimens and test machines

• Stress-strain curves, including discussions of elastic versus plastic
deformation, yield points, and ductility

36
 • True stress and strain
• Test methodology and data analysis
It should be noted that subsequent chapters contain more detailed information on
these topics.
Tensile Specimens and Testing Machines
Consider the typical tensile specimen. It has enlarged ends or shoulders for
gripping. The important part of the specimen is the gage section. The cross-
sectional area of the gage section is reduced relative to that of the remainder of the
specimen so that deformation and failure will be localized in this region.

Fig 4.1 tensile sspecimen

The gage length is the region over which measurements are made and is centered
within the reduced section. The distances between the ends of the gage section and
the shoulders should be great enough so that the larger ends do not constrain
deformation within the gage section, and the gage length should be great relative to
its diameter. Otherwise, the stress state will be more complex than simple tension.
Detailed descriptions of standard specimen shapes are given in Chapter 3 and in
sub-sequent chapters on tensile testing of specific materials.
Tensile Strength
The tensile test of the composites was performed as per the ASTM D3039
standards. The test was done using a universal testing machine (Tinius Olsen
H10KS).The specimen of required dimension was cut from the composite cast. The

37
test was conducted at a constant strain rate of 2 mm/min. The tensile test
arrangement is shown in figure

Fig 4.2 tensile testing machine

Tensile test is used to determine the tensile strength of the specimen, % elongation
of length and % reduction of area. Tensile test is usually carried out in universal
testing machine. A universal testing machine is used to test
tensile strength of materials. It is named after the fact that it can perform many
standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures.
The specimen is placed in the machine between the grips and an extensometer if
required can automatically record the change in gauge length during the test. If an
extensometer is not fitted, the machine itself can record the displacement between

38
its cross heads on which the specimen is held. However, this method not only
records the change in length of the specimen but also all other extending / elastic
components of the testing machine and its drive systems including any slipping of
the specimen in the grips. Once the machine is started it begins to apply an
increasing load on specimen. Throughout the tests the control system and its
associated software record the load and extension or compression of the specimen.
Tensile test is used to find out
Tensile strength
Yield strength
% Elongation
% Reduction
HARDNESS TEST
This gives the metals ability to show resistance to indentation which show it’s
resistance to wear and abrasion. Hardness testing of welds and their Heat Affected
Zones (HAZs) usually requires testing on a microscopic scale using a diamond
indenter. The Vickers Hardness test is the predominant test method with Knop
testing being applied to HAZ testing in some instances. Hardness values referred to
in this document will be reported in terms of Vickers Number, HV.

Fig 4.3 hardness testing machine

39
TOUGHNESS TEST
The principal measurement from the impact test is the energy absorbed in fracturing
the specimen. Energy expended during fracture is sometimes known as notch
toughness. The energy expended will be high for complete ductile fracture, while it
is less for brittle fracture. However, it is important to note that measurement of
energy expended is only a relative energy, and cannot be used directly as design
consideration. Another common result from the Charpy test is by examining the
fracture surface. It is useful in determining whether the fracture is fibrous (shear
fracture), granular (cleavage fracture), or a mixture of both.

Fig 4.4 toughness testing machine

Fracture toughness test
The fracture toughness of the composite specimens was measured using Fracture
Tester (MTS 810 material test system). The specimens were cut according to
dimensions as specified by the ASTM E1820; this test method is for the opening
mode (Mode I) of loading. The objective of this test method is to load a fatigue pre

40
cracked test specimen as shown in Figure 8 to induce either or both of the following
responses:
➢ Unstable crack extension, including significant pop-in, referred to as
“fracture instability” in this test method;
➢ Stable crack extension, referred to as “stable tearing” in this test method.
Toughness determined at the point of instability. Stable tearing results in continuous
fracture toughness versus crack extension relationship (R-curve) from which
significant point-values may be determined. Stable tearing interrupted by fracture
instability results in an R-curve up to the point of instability.
This investigation split into two major computation scopes to estimate the
fracture toughness and energy release rate: it include the experiment data for fiber
reinforcement isopolymer composites specimens. Meanwhile, the compact tension
(CT) specimen was instructed according to the ASTM E 1820 standard for the
fracture toughness measurement. The thickness was 10mm for all the specimens,
while the initial notch length to specimen was between 10mm and the notch tip was
sharpened with a razor blade to simulate a sharp crack.

41
 CHAPTER-5
APPLICATION

• Corrosion resisting areas

• Tidal power plant components

42
 CHAPTER-6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
TENSILE TEST :
ID Thickness Width CSA YL YS TL TS IGL FGL %E
mm mm mm^2 KN N/mm2 KN N/mm2 mm mm

1 13 to 14 15 210 18.81 235.64 23.08 289.17 75.06 76.04 1.10

Fig 6.1 tensile test

Ultimate tensile strength (or just tensile strength for short) is an important property
of materials to determine their mechanical performance.

HARDNESS SURVEY :
Identification Impression(Hardness Value in HRB)
1 38.7,39.1,40.6
Fig 6.2 hardness survey
The principal purpose of the hardness test is to determine the suitability of a
material, or the particular treatment to which the material has been subjected.

IMPACT TEST :
Identification Impact Value in Joules
1 6.8
Fig 6.3 impact test
Ultimate tensile strength (or just tensile strength for short) is an important property
of materials to determine their mechanical performance.

43
FLEXURAL TEST :
SNO Load F in Deflection Modulus of Flexural
Y in mm Elasticity E in Rigidity EI in
Kg N N/mm2 N-mm2
1 5 49.05 1.15 1378.42 3.19*10^6
2 10 98.1 5.24 925.63 2.18*10^6
3 15 147.15 8.36 710.57 1.87*10^6
Fig 6.4 flexural test

Fig 6.1 leaf spring

Fig 6.2 tensile and charpy test

44
It is found that the coconut shell powder and E glass fiber particles have been
successfully incorporated in reinforcement and a matrix alloy through crucible
casting technique. Composite materials especially coconut shell powder E glass
fibre siO2 54wt% Al2O3 14wt% CaO + mgo 22 wt% B2O3 10% wt% and
Na2O+K2O less than 2wt% and isopolymer having good mechanical properties
compared with the conventional materials. The coconut shell powder (40-80mesh)
is taken and it is mixed with isopolymer resin and it is kept in a box. Then the E
glass fiber is taken and it is cut into square shape. Add layer by layer of resin
coconut powder and E glass fiber for 15 layers by "Hand layering method". After
finishing the layers it is kept under the UV detailing. (UV detailing - maintain the
constant temperature for the better strength) 2 to 3 days the specimen kept under the
ultra violet rays and then it is placed under hydraulic press machine for the required
shape of leaf spring. After the process is done the specimen is measured for IGL –
75.06,Thickness-13 to 14 mm and taken for testing particularly tensile, impact and
hardness strength was performed as per the ASTM D 3039 standards Both Charpy
and Izod impact testing are popular methods of determining impact strength, or
toughness, of a material. In other words, these tests measure the total amount of
energy that a material is able to absorb. This energy absorption is directly related to
the brittleness of the material. fractural test MTS 810 materials test system. The
specimen was cut according to dimensions as specified by the ASTM E 1820 this
test method is for the opening mode of loading. This is what we discussed and
analyzed in the coconut shell with E glass fiber composites.

45
TENSILE TEST :
Ultimate tensile strength (or just tensile strength for short) is an important propertyof
materials. Dimension of test specimen with Thickness of 13 to 14 mm,Width 15 mm,CSA
210 mm2. The measured value of yield length 18.81 KN, Yield stress 235.64 N/mm2,Tensile
strength 23.08 KN, Tensile stress 289.17 N/mm2, IGL 75.06 mm, FGL 76.04 mm, The
calculated percentage of error is 1.10.

Overall length of Specimen – 205 mm

Gauge length - 75.06 mm
Thickness - 13 to 14 mm
Cross section area - 210 mm2

HARDNESS SURVEY :
The principal purpose of the hardness test is to determine the suitability of amaterial, or the
particular treatment to which the material has been subjected. The overall dimension of the
specimen is 780 mm. we measured three types of impression of hardness test Mid portion
,Front portion and Back portion the value is 38.7 ,39.1 and 40.6 respectively. The hardness
of the mid portion is less than the other two portion for flexibility to act load. The mid
portion measured at the length of 380 mm. The front and back portion at 30 mm.

When comparing tensile strength and hardness, it's important to understand that they are
distinct mechanical properties used to evaluate the behavior of materials. Here's a brief
explanation of each property relationship between tensile strength and hardness depends on
the specific characteristics and composition of the material. For example, some materials,

46
such as certain types of steel, tend to exhibit a correlation between higher hardness and
higher tensile strength. However, it is not a universal rule, and the relationship can vary for
different materials. In summary, tensile strength and hardness are distinct properties used to
assess the mechanical behavior of materials. While they are both important measures, they
represent different aspects and cannot be directly compared or used interchangeably.

our coconut shell composite measured hardness is 38.7,39.1,40.6 according to the principle
hardness decreases the tensile will increase. Comparatively our coconut shell powder
composite has high tensile strength.

IMPACT TEST :
Ultimate tensile strength (or just tensile strength for short) is an important propertyof
materials to determine their mechanical performance. The measured value of impact test in
Charpy test is 6.3 in joule
The relationship between tensile properties and impact test results can provide insights into
the behavior of a material under different loading conditions. Tensile testing measures a
material's resistance to breaking or deformation under a tensile force, while an impact test
evaluates its ability to absorb energy under high-velocity loading.
Charpy impact test: This test involves striking a notched composite specimen with a
pendulum to evaluate its toughness and resistance to brittle fracture.

Izod impact test: Similar to the Charpy test, the Izod test measures impact resistance by
striking the composite specimen at the base of a V-notch.
Here are a few aspects to consider when examining the relationship between tensile
properties and impact test results:
1. Ductility and Toughness: Tensile testing provides information about a material's ductility,
which is its ability to undergo plastic deformation before fracture. Ductile materials typically

47
exhibit higher elongation and greater deformation capabilities. Impact tests assess a material's
toughness, which is its ability to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.
Ductile materials often demonstrate good toughness and can absorb more energy during
impact.
2. Transition Temperature: Impact tests, such as the Charpy or Izod test, evaluate a material's
resistance to fracture under sudden loading. The impact test results can be influenced by the
temperature at which the test is performed. Certain materials, such as steels, may exhibit a
transition in their behavior from ductile to brittle as the temperature decreases. This transition
temperature, known as the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), can affect the
material's impact properties but may not have a direct correlation with its tensile properties.
3. Microstructural Factors: Both tensile properties and impact resistance can be influenced by
the microstructure of a material. Factors such as grain size, inclusion content, and the
presence of phase boundaries can affect both the tensile and impact behavior. However, the
relationship between microstructure and performance is complex, and the specific effects
may vary depending on the material and its processing.
It's important to note that while there may be some general trends or correlations between
tensile properties and impact test results, the relationship is not always straightforward.
Different materials can exhibit different behaviors, and other factors beyond tensile
properties may significantly influence impact resistance.

In summary, tensile properties and impact test results provide complementary information
about a material's behavior under different loading conditions. Ductility, toughness, transition
temperature, and microstructural factors can influence the relationship between tensile
properties and impact resistance. Evaluating both tensile and impact properties can provide a
more comprehensive understanding of a material's mechanical performance and its response
to different types of loading.

48
FLEXURAL TEST :
Flexural testing measures the Force required to bend a beam of plastic material and
determines the Resistance to flexing or stiffness of a material.We applied the three various
types of load 5 kg, 10 kg ,15 kg also 49.05 N ,98.1 N,147.15 N.The measured value of
flexural rigidity is 3.19 * 10^6 ,2.18 * 10^6,1.87 * 10^6 N –mm2 .

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TENSILE STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL :

• The relationship between tensile and flexural properties depends on the specific
material being evaluated. Tensile and flexural tests are used to measure different
aspects of a material's mechanical behavior, and the results from these tests provide
complementary information.
• Tensile testing measures a material's resistance to breaking or deformation when
subjected to a pulling force. It helps determine the maximum stress a material can
withstand before failure or fracture occurs. Tensile properties are typically
characterized by parameters such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation.
• Flexural testing, on the other hand, assesses a material's behavior under bending or
flexural loads. It determines the material's ability to resist deformation or fracture when
subjected to bending forces. Flexural properties are commonly represented by
parameters such as flexural strength, flexural modulus, and flexural strain.
• While tensile and flexural properties are related to the mechanical behavior of a
material, they are not directly interchangeable. The relationship between these
properties can vary based on factors such as material composition, structure, and
processing methods. In some cases, the tensile and flexural properties may show
similar trends, while in others, they may exhibit different behaviors.
• For certain materials, such as isotropic and homogeneous materials like some metals,
there can be a correlation between the tensile and flexural properties. In such cases,
higher tensile strength often corresponds to higher flexural strength. However, it's
49
 important to note that this correlation is not always present, especially for anisotropic
materials like composites or fiber-reinforced materials.
• Thus the following results are taken by above the safety measures and it is verified as
the know value prove that the specimen is strong enough.

50
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

The fiber composite mechanical behavior was performed.

• Then the study in weight reduction of composite for Coconut shell powder,
E-Glass Fiber using isopolymer resign composite materials have been done.
• The coconut shell composite consists of shell powder 50% ,tamarind 5% and
epoxy resin 45%.Instead of we use the ratio of coconut shell powder
composite contains E glass 5%, coconut shell 40% and isopolymer 55%. The
properties of concrete containing coconut shell powder (CSP) as a filler it
strength increased to 40 %.

• So from these analysis mechanical behavior results.

51
 CHAPTER-8
REFERENCE
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