Name Lyka Plarisan Year and Section OV 1-1

Subject Prof Ed 02 - Psychology of Learners

Activity - Child Development Theories

Theory No. 1 Freud`s Psychoanalytic Theory

Proponent Sigmund Freud

Summary

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, personality evolves through a number of stages,

each of which is characterized by a particular internal psychological conflict. According to
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, conflicts between the three parts of the
mind—the id, ego, and superego—shape behavior and personality. Additionally, personality
develops during childhood and is critically shaped through a series of five psychosexual
stages, which he called his psychosexual theory of development. Most of these conflicts are
unconscious. Each developmental stage involves a conflict between a child's biological needs
and social expectations. By successfully navigating these internal conflicts, a child will
eventually master each stage and become fully mature.

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, children develop through a series of stages

centered on various body parts that provide pleasure. Conflicts the child faces during each
stage have a big impact on how their development goes.
According to his theory, at particular stages, the libido's energy was concentrated on various
erogenous zones.

Each stage must be completed successfully for an adult personality to develop.

Failure to resolve conflicts at one stage can lead to fixations, which can then have an impact
on behavior as an adult.
Freud thought that early experiences had the biggest influence on development, in contrast to
some other theories of child development that contend personality develops and changes
throughout life. Freud believed that personality is largely fixed.

Reflection
The theory of psychoanalysis was original and based, and it has unquestionably been around
for a long time. However, what makes it even more significant is how many psychologists
have used it as a turning point to make connections that they otherwise might have missed.
Many previously unexplainable events were revealed to health professionals through
psychoanalysis, including many aspects of the human mind and its inner workings.
Psychoanalysis had a direct impact on the methods of psychological treatment that are now
accepted as guidelines or widely accepted throughout the globe. The fact that psychoanalysis
is a very reliable theory is by far one of its best aspects.

Psychoanalysis explains the nature of human development and all aspects of mental
functioning. It was originally intended as a theory to explain medicinal or mental concepts.
However, a number of experts argue that psychoanalysis can also be used to describe or
clarify a wide range of other ideas outside the scope of psychology. This comprehensiveness
suggests that the theory of psychoanalysis is, at least to some extent, pointing in the general
direction of the truth. In conclusion, it appears as if common sense does not have a place in
psychoanalytic theory and, as a result, I believe irrelevant and false assumptions are made all
too frequently.

I consider psychoanalysis to be comprehensive, applicable and contain strong arguments.

Last but not least, I think that psychoanalysis is a significant theory of personality because it
has directly contributed to the development of other psychological theories and hypotheses
that might have otherwise gone unnoticed. Although I am hardly an expert on psychoanalytic
theory, I think that to completely dismiss the theory would be a grave mistake because without
it many other beneficial psychological techniques and theories most likely would have
remained undiscovered.

Last but not least, I find it difficult to accept that all mental issues are caused by unresolved
Oedipal and Electra complexes, among other sex-related issues. This, in my opinion, is an
unjustified example of an overstatement. I firmly believe that psychoanalysis is a theory that
should not be discounted despite its many strengths, which far exceed any weaknesses the
theory may have. I keep that the theory is true in at least some important ways. Second, I
think psychoanalysis is a natural science because it can be proven false and has already
been because other forms of counseling have been shown to be successful.

References

www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068
Name Lyka Plarisan Year and Section OV 1-1

Subject Prof Ed 02- Psychology of Learners

Activity - Child Development Theories

Theory No. 2 Cognitive Developmental Theory

Proponent Jean Piaget

Summary

Cognitive Developmental Theory of Piaget

The growth of one's thought processes is a topic of cognitive theory. It also examines how
these ways of thinking affect how we perceive the world and engage with it.
One of the most well-known theories of cognitive development was put forth by theorist Jean
Piaget.

Piaget put forth what now seems like common sense, but which revolutionized the way we
view child development. Children think differently than adults.
His cognitive theory aims to explain and describe how mental processes and states develop.
It also examines how these ways of thinking affect how we perceive the world and engage
with it.
The steps and order of children's intellectual development were then explained by Piaget
using a theory of cognitive development.

The sensory-motor stage is the time between birth and age two when a baby's understanding
of the world is based purely on their sensory perceptions and motor skills. Simple motor
reactions caused by sensory stimuli represent the the whole of behavior.
Between the ages of 2 and 6, a child learns to use language during the pre-operational stage.
Children at this age are unable to mentally manipulate information, understand concrete logic,
or understand the perspectives of others.

Between the ages of 7 and 11, children go through a stage called the "concrete operational
stage," during which they better understand how the mind works. Children begin to reason
logically about actual events, but they struggle to grasp hypothetical or abstract ideas.

Formal Operational Stage: The period from the age of 12 to adulthood during which people
learn to think abstractly. During this phase, abilities like logical reasoning, systematic
planning, and deductive thought also develop.

Reflection

In particular, it is believed that Piaget underestimated the impact that culture has on cognitive
development and that his theory is flawed due to his research, biased sample, and study
population.

Piaget shouldn't be rejected despite developments in the study of young children's thought.
His theories have had a significant affect on developmental psychology, strengthening
knowledge and encouraging new study.

The fact that he offered insights into how a child gradually comes to understand their
surroundings is Jean Piaget's legacy to the field of early childhood education. He changed
how people thought about children's worlds and how they were studied. Additionally, he
suggested that educators serve as more than just knowledge carriers; they should also serve
as important observers and mentors.

References

https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068

Name Lyka Plarisan Year and Section OV 1-1

Subject Prof Ed 02- Psychology of Learners

Activity - Child Development Theories

Theory No. 3 Vygotsky`s Sociocultural Theory

Proponent Lev Semonovich Vygotsky

Summary

Sociocultural Theory of Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky, a different psychologist, put forth a fundamental learning theory that has since
grown to be highly influential, particularly in the field of education. Vygotsky shared Piaget's
belief that young children learn best through active engagement and practical application.

In accordance with his sociocultural theory, the development of higher-order cognitive abilities
was the responsibility of parents, other adult caregivers, peers, and the culture at large.
According to Vygotsky, learning is a fundamentally social process. Learning is assimilated into
a person's understanding of the world through interaction with others.

The zone of proximal development, which is the space between what a person can do with
assistance and what they can do on their own, was another idea introduced by this theory of
child development. People are able to gradually learn and broaden their knowledge through
the assistance of others who are more knowledgeable.

Reflection

As I read the theory, it occurred to me that the best way for me to explain it is through the
gaze of my experience as a child because I am personally aware of the ways in which
interacting with others affects the way I think. According to the theory, there are two stages to
the development of cognition. The first stage is social interaction, which is essential for
creating a person's mental framework. As I got older, I realized that I picked up a lot of
knowledge by watching and interacting with the things that interest me. The second factor is
what Vygotsky refers to as the "Zone of Proximal Development" of the individual. I have to go
through it in order to learn from it (ZPD).

References

https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068
Name Lyka Plarisan Year and Section OV 1-1

Subject Prof Ed 02-Psychology of Learners

Activity - Child Development Theories

Theory No. 4 Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory

Proponent Erik Erikson

Summary

Psychosocial Developmental Theory of Erikson

During the first half of the 20th century, the psychoanalytic theory had a significant impact.
Those who were influenced and inspired by Freud went on to build on his theories and create
their own. The ideas of these neo-Freudians that have gained the most popularity are those of
Erik Erikson.

Erikson's eight-stage theory of psychosocial development focuses on social interaction and

conflicts that arise at various stages of development to explain growth and change throughout
life.
While Erikson's and Freud's theories on psychosocial development had some points in
common, they also differed greatly in many other ways. Erikson thought that social interaction
and experience played important roles in development rather than focusing on sexual interest.

This process from birth to death was described by his eight-stage theory of human
development. People experience developmental conflicts at each stage, which have an effect
on how they function later in life and their capacity for growth.
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, in contrast to many other developmental theories,
emphasizes development over the course of the entire lifespan. Children and adults
experience developmental crises that act as significant turning points at each stage.
A lasting psychological virtue emerges when each stage's difficulties are successfully
overcome.

Reflection
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, every person will go through eight developmental
stages over the course of their lifetime. As per Erikson's theory, each stage must be
successfully navigated by resolving the specific conflict that is related to each level of
development. However, moving from one stage to the next does not imply losing the
experience gained in the previous stage; rather, future knowledge and experience are built
using these past experiences as a framework.
Erikson's theory has some limitations, but it still serves as a solid foundation for understanding
the conflicts that students may be experiencing depending on their stage of development.It
will be crucial for me as a pre-service teacher to give my students the skills they need to
overcome these obstacles and eventually become active members of society.

References

https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068