READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY LECTURE NOTES

March 14, 2023 - Orientation

Economics, Culture, and Politics are related to history.

March 21, 2023

I. Ano ang kasaysayan? Paano na dodokumento ang makasaysayang pangyayari? Sinu-
sino ang mga historian ng Pilipinas o mga tao sa likod ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas?

Skills to have:

Political Thinking – most important skill in the 21st century.

“21st century is a make or break” – James Martin, "The meaning of the 21st Century”.
Critical Thinking - ability to assessed, analyze, and transform.

Sa kasaysayan palaging may tanong na "para kanino”

KASAYSAYAN - siyantipikong pag-aaral gamit ang mga facts & evidences patungkol o para
sa mga mamamayan.

Book Reference

 What is History?

History is a continuous and a systematic narrative past events as relating to a particular

people, country, period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account; chronicle
records. It studies the past and the legacies of the past in the present.

 Why is it important to revisit and study history?

 It allows us to know and appreciate our past, which in turn allows understanding our
present and the present will be our foundation for the future.
 Studying history can provide us a vision into our cultures of origin & cultures with
which we might be less familiar.
 It will increase our cross-cultural awareness and understanding of things we do not
know from our past.

Philippine Historians

a. Renato Constantino: supposed that our Philippine History is a story of struggle - we

need to reevaluate some of our story from the past to capture a clearer picture of those
events and the patriotism and heroism of those early Filipinos.

b. Felipe Landa Jocano: famous Filipino Anthropologist, who disputed Henry Otley
Beyers regarding Filipinos who descended from Negretos and Malays through Beyers
Migration theory. According to Jocano, “it is difficult to prove that the first inhabitants of
this country were the Negritoes.”

c. Teodoro A. Agoncillo is quoted as saying “There is a great similarity between legal

evidence and historical evidence. The only difference lies in the fact that in legal
evidence it is the judge who determines whether the account of a witness is acceptable
or not. The historian is prosecuting attorney and defense attorney and the judge all
rolled into one, and he is the narrator and the interpreter."

A big part of how history is explained depends greatly on how historians plot and
narrate the historical facts.

The Birth of Philippine History

According to H.O. Beyers Migration Theory, the history of the Philippines is believed to have
taken off with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as
the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested. Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and more
groups later migrated to the islands like the story of the Ten (10) Bornean Datus.
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But the written record of the Philippine Islands started with the coming of the Spaniards. Not
because the country had no history, culture and literature before but many believed that
Spaniards destroyed the earlier records as completely as possible. The same scenario
happened when the Philippines was under the American and Japanese colonization.
Many pre-colonial records were lost and were no longer retrieved.

Much of what is known about pre-Spanish days is still insufficient. There is still much to be
uncovered. Others said that some of our recovered records came from other countries which
were in touch with the islands.

Example, Murillo-Velarde Map: a hydrographical and chorographical chart of the Philippine

Island drawn by the Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila
in the year 1734. The first and believed to be the most important map of the Philippines.
It shows that our country that time was a vital part of Spain and it illustrates the maritime routes
from Manila to Spain and to those colony of Spanish Empire in the new world. The map
contains captions. It also shows of great interest from the geographic point of view, and as an
ethnographic document.

Importance of Studying Philippine History

Studying our own history is a gateway to know who we are through our past. It can give us
ideas why we call ourselves Filipinos and why do we need to stand by it. Our history will serve
as a guide for us in dealing with the present times and in preparing our future.

Some Problems in Studying Philippine History

Why do most students nowadays lack interest in studying our Philippine History?
1. Some teachers do not dig deeper in the discussion of Philippine History to hopefully trigger
enthusiasm of students about our history.
2. Lack of training and seminar to opportunities for both teachers and students learning
together about Philippine History.
3. Presentations of topics in textbooks, at times no longer fit the interest of the students.
4. The pedagogy of teaching Philippine History must help students become critical thinkers
rather than being just passive recipient of lessons.

Types of Sources

Primary Sources (Primaryang Batis)

 They do not change and vary from each other.
 Just subject for interpretation/study.
 Tala, dokumento, o impormasyong galing mismo sa may akda.
 Two types of Primary sources

1. Sulat (Written)
 Agreement
 Official Records
 News
 Autobiographies
 Diary
 Letters
 Speeches
 Laws/Constitution

2. ‘Di Sulat (Non-written)

 Artifacts
 Photos
 Oral history (kwentong bayan na pasalinsalin-nagiging primary sources sa proseso
ng paglilipat lipat ng kwento)
 Anything that is not written

Secondary Sources (Sekondaryang Batis)

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 The outcome.

Dr. Zeus Salazar

 Isang historian sa University of the Philippines.
 Ayon sa kanya, "hindi magkasingkahulugan ang kasaysayan sa nakaraan.”

Ang kasaysayan ay:

 Isang kwento (isinasalaysay)
 May saysay (kabuluhan)

Hindi lahat ng nangyari sa nakaraan ay dapat maging parte ng kasaysayan.

Ang pagsasalaysay ng makabuluhang salaysay ay para sa mga mamamayan.

Repositories of Philippine History

Where primary sources our protected and preserve.

 National History Commission of the Philippines

 National Library of the Philippines
 National Archives of the Philippines
 Letters and official documents (particulary from spanish occupation)

March 28, 2023

Acoording to the paper of Francisco Jayme Paolo A. Guiang, in studying Philippine history, it
is important to note the various historical accounts that exist in order to explain and expound
the complexities of the past.

II. Conflicting views in Philippine history: There’s always conflict in history.

THE FIRST CATHOLIC MASS

17th century, two Jesuit historians accounted for Magellan’s voyage in the Philippines:

a. Fr. Francisco Collins, S.J. (1592-1660) - in his work, Labor Evangelica, published in 1663
(three years after his death), recounted the events when Magellan first landed on the local
shore.

According to his account, Combes explained that Magellan landed in Butuan and he put the
cross in a solemn ceremony, but he did not mention about the first mass held.

Two contradicting versions of the two Jesuits historian:

1. Combes - Magelan went first to Limasaua then to Butuan and went back to Liamasua
before sailing to Cebu.
2 Collin - Magellan went first to Butuan then to Limasaua before sailing to Cebu.

Evidence that shows Limasawa as the place where the first mass was held:
1. Albo's Log Book
 Francisco Albo was part of Magellan Expedition. He was the pilot (called
contramaestre) in Magellan's flagship Trinidad. He was one among those eighteen (18)
survivors of the expedition who returned to Spain with Sebastian Elcano on the ship
Victoria. Albo kept his own diary by a “log book" during their voyage.

2. Pigafetta's Chronicle
 Antonio Pigafetta was the official chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan; he recorded
everything he observed during their voyages. They used Pigafetta's records like:
a. Pigafetta's testimony regarding the route.
b. Pigafetta's drawn Map.
c. The two native kings as stated in Pigafetta's chronicle.
d. The seven day-stay in the place called “mazaua"

3. Summary of Albo and Pigafetta Testimony

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4. Confirmatory Evidence from Legazpi expedition

In relation to this issue a law was passed in congress even though it is still under debate,
Republic Act 2733 declares Limasawa Island in the province of Leyte as the place where
the first Mass in the Philippines was held.

The location of the first catholic mass: Limasawa Island

The significant of the first catholic mass:
Beginning & mark of Catholicism in the Philippines

THE TRUTH ABOUT CAVITE MUTINY

June 12, 1898 - The Philippine Independence Day

1896 - The year when the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Filipinos'desire to be
free from the abuses of the Spanish colonial regime.

Two major events:

1872 - Cavite Mutiny and the other was the Martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the
persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). The
execution of GOMBURZA effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the
Filipinos (Pugay,2012).

Spanish Perspective:
Reason behind Mutiny: An overt attack of defiance to the Spanish Government.
Role of Secular priests in Cavite Arsenal:
An active call for secularization.

Filipino perspective:
Reason why Spaniards blame the armed revolt to the secular priests: Due to the abolition of
privileges (tax increase, force labor, & compressive labor practice).

Location of Cavite Mutiny: San Fort Felipe - Cavite City

Cavite arsenal (pinangyarihan ng Cavite Mutiny) → pagawaan ng armas
Spanish Viewpoint:
 Jose Montero y Vidal (a prolific Spanish historian) & Governador-General Rafael
Izquierdo – knows about the event before it happens
 Nagkaroon daw ng conspiracy o sabwatan ng mga educated also known as
illustrados, secular priests to plan a revolution sabi niya (a big conspiracy among
educated leaders, mestizos, abogadilfos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and
Cavite and the native clergy).
 Before the event, may fireworks kasi sa may Feast of Virgin Loreta (January 20,
1872), then may fireworks, inakala ng mga tauhan ni Srgt. Lamadrid ay hudyat ng
maglusob. About 200 Filipinos were killed.
 Gov. General Izquierdo ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to
suppress the revolt.
 Main leaders (Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the battle, while the GOMBURZA were
tried by a court-martial and were condemned to die by strangling (Garote).
 Patriots (Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other
abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law,
arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
 Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the formation
of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares (Spanish-born
Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in newly colonized countries).
 1871 - naglabas ng rule ang king of Spain to remove the political power of the friars
(malaki raw influence nila eh). That’s why natatakot sila na magtagumpay ang secular
movement kaya nagsabwatan sila para hindi nalang ipatupad.
 Kasi if ever mahihirapan sila ma-control yung rule ang mga Pilipino pag wala nang
powers.
 So, for them the purpose of Cavite Mutiny is to liquidate high-ranking Spanish
officials and friars.
 Then blame the event to the secular priests (GOMBURZA particularly).
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Filipino Viewpoint:
 Sinulat ni Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Traveda
 Mali raw si Governor-General Rafarl Izquierdo.
 Simple mutiny lang kasi nga dahil iyon sa compressive labor practices (yung abolition of
privileges, natural response na magalit).
 Plus kasi dahil sa exclusion of fhe creation of School of Arts and Trades.
 That time, walang interest ang mga secular priests sa pag-aaklas kasi nga umuusbong
palang ang secular movement (Filipino priest and mamuno sa church).

Thus, in conclusion: Cavite Mutiny ay isang simpleng pag-aalsa lamang laban sa hindi
pantay na karapatan ng mga mangagawa sa arsenal.

CRY OF BALINTAWAK/PUGADLAWIN
Pagtatakwil sa España

 Declaration of Revolution → Cry of the Pugadlawin

 It all started when the secret society of the Filipinos, known to be the Katipunan, was
discovered by the Spaniards. When the news spread all over Manila and neighboring
areas, the Governor General rendered the arrest of all the members of the Katipunan.
 The Supremo Andres Bonifacio vigilantly instructed his messengers w inform all the
Katipunan leaders to attend a general assembly to be held on the 24th day of August in
Caloocan.
 On the evening of August 19, Andres Bonifacio & his brother Procopio together with
Teodoro Plata, Emilio Jacinto (Brain of Katipunan) and Aguedo Del Rosario slipped
through the cordon of Spanish patrols and reached the meeting place before midnight.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela followed them the next day. (1886)
 Pio Valenzuela – unang pangulo ng asosasyon.
 Agenda: Sila ay nag-usap na ganapin ang revolution sa August 29.
 On the day of the called assembly, Andres Bonifacio asked his men whether they
were willing to fight to the bitter end. Despite the objection of his brother-in-law,
Teodoro Plata, almost all assembled members agreed to fight to the last. And because
of that, the Supremo shouted, bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces.
Cry of Balintawak kasi pagsisimula ng isang madugong labanan.

JOSE RIZAL RETRACTION FROM ANTI-CATHOLIC IDEAS

Si Doña Teodora ang nagturo kay Rizal ng Catholicism; 5 years old palang skilled na siya sa
rosary. Namulat si Rizal sa isang Religious Family.
Si Marciano Rizal (panganay) – ang unang guro ni Rizal at tinuruan siya nito ng mga liberal
ideas.
1872 – Nakasaksi si Rizal sa execution ng GomBurZa sa Bagumbayan.
“Hindi anti-christ si Rizal, but he's anti-Catholicism.”

 Jose Rizal retracted to his anti-Catholic ideas arguments:

 He retracted to marry Josephine Bracken [though, there was no evidence of marriage
certificate]
 Primary intention: To get the permission of the church.
 There's no enough time for them to get married. He was also forced daw but it is still not
proven.
 Mr. Nick Joaquin, Nicolas Zafra of UP, León Maria Guerrero III, GregorioZaide,
Guillermo Gomez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo, John Schumacher, Antonio Molina, Paul
Dumol and Austin Craig, all known historians, affirmed the authenticity of Rizal's
Retraction.
 The document was judged as such by a foremost expert on the writings of Rizal,
Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and “handwriting experts...recognized and
renowned in our courts of justice," H. Otley Beyer and Dr. José I. Del Rosario, both
from University of the Philippines.

 Jose Rizal did not retract to his anti-Catholic ideas arguments:

 The said retraction document was discovered in 1935.
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 After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Mr.Ricardo Pascual determined that the
retraction document was not in Rizal's handwriting.
 Former Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines
and a prominent Mason, disputed that the retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's
personality and matured beliefs. He named the retraction story a “pious fraud."
 Mr.Frank Laubach, a Protestant minister; Mr. Austin Coates, a British writer; and Mr.
Ricardo Manapat, Director of the National Archives also denied the authenticity of
the written retraction.

The original text was discovered by Father Manuel Garcia. C.M. on May 18,1935.

THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

Emilio Aguinaldo was the first Philippine president, according to history books.

 The justifications of Aguinaldo's Presidency include:

1. He won in Tejeros Convention over Bonifacio and became the President.

2. He was the President of the Biak-na-Bato Government established in San Miguel
Bulacan.
3. After his exile in Hong Kong, he established dictatorial form of government
preceding the Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12,1898, and he was still
the President.
4. Gen. EmilioAguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini formed the Malolos Convention in
Bulacan to establish a new Philippine Government which is a Republic and once
again Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President of the first Philippine Republic.

 Arguments why Andres Bonifacio should be considered the first President:

Other Filipino historians, even today, struggle to considerate the Supremo Andres Bonifacio as
the Philippine first President. their justifications are as follows:
1. President of the Supreme Council
2. Supreme President
3. President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation
4. President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the
Revolution
5. Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

One issue of the Spanish newspaper La Illustrasción Esoañola y Americana published in

February 1897 addressed “Andrés Bonifacio-Titulado "Presidente"de la Republica Tagala."

Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of
“Tagalog Republic"). They said that it was a justification for Andres Bonifacio, as even the
Spaniards acknowledged the title of President of the Republic.

III. Yugto ng Kasaysayan ng daigdig

Yugto ng Rebolusyong Pilipino (political and economical reason)

2 Philosophical Conflicting Ideas

1. METAPHYSICS (materialism) – ayon dito, yung mga nag-eexist/will/truth sa mundo ay may

beyond the material world.
- The foundation of philosophical views.
- Example: Love is Blind. History repeats itself. Supernatural forces.
- Mga “idealism”. Pre-destined ang mga bagay.
- Concept of God → first basis of metaphysical philosophy

2. DIALECTIS (Dialectical principle) – ayon dito, there's no other truth in this world than matter
(anything that occupy space) means anything that is perceivable.
- Existence of matter has something to do with the occurring and future events.
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- LAW OF CONTRADICTION states that “existence of something naturally coexist with its
negation (opposite)”
- Contradiction causes things to MOVE, CHANGE, & DEVELOP which are inevitable. Move →
change → development
- In every contradiction, we expand our knowledge.
- All things move, change and develop [because of inevitable and endless contradictions].
- Change become stagnant when contradiction/s is/are not resolved.
- Thus, history does not repeat itself.
- The movement, change, and development are SPHERICAL.
- Middle leap = development
- Contradiction (example) = the decision to start a revolution
- Solution to contradiction is inclusive [because deciding on something is internal].
- Movement, change, & development varies in sizes; they are NOT equal.
- When this theory is applied in the study of history, it is called Historical Materialism.

“We may share the same contradiction/s, but the way we solve it differ from each other.”

“If things change, our minds will also change. When our minds changed, the society will also
change.”

- Sir Jerry (2023)

STAGES OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

By Karl Marx
The absolute rule of the general

2 factors of history movement, change, & development:

 Human
 Human Activities

1. PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM

Primitive = “nomadic” [the way of living]

Communal = “owned by the community”; no private property

Contradiction: Man vs. Nature [no contradiction of man vs man because all means, mode, and
relation of production are shared by all].

Means of Production (kagamitan/tools): Communal

Modes of Production (way/paraan): Communal
Relation of Production (relationship of the producer to product): Communal (all members
have roles) Hindi lang para sa main producer kundi para sa lahat.

Reasons why primitive communalism didn't last:

- Advancement in production & the discovery of fire.
- Due to the emergence of Private Property.

Because of lack of knowledge, nagkaroon ng SURPLUS: sobrang products. Ito ay napupunta

sa mga TRIBE ELDERS at nagiging private property nila (economic power) that leads to
stratification or existence of CLASSES to EXPLOITATION (that help them gain political
power) that leads to slavery stage.

2. SLAVERY STAGE (yugto ng lipunang alipin)

Stage of the Philippines when Magellan arrived (1521); last phase in slavery. Time of J.C.

Contradiction: Slavery (slaves are exploit classes) vs. Slave Owners (the ruling class in this
era); Man vs. Man

Means of Production (kagamitan/tools): Owned by Slave owner

Modes of Production (way/paraan): Owned by Slave owner
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Relation of Production (relationship of the producer to product): All produce goods are
owned by the slave owner.

Reasons why slavery stage didn't last:

- Slave owners must become more powerful so they collaborated (unity lol)
- Nakaroon ng crisis kaya nabuo ang mga empire.
-++ Nabuo ang concept ng Religion.

“Who holds the economic power, holds the political power which determines the kind of culture
in the society.”

3. FEUDALISM

Feudalism: a system of political organization (as in Europe during the Middle Ages) in which a
vassal served a lord and received protection and land in return.

Pag-usbong ng mga Hacienda.

Nagkaroon ng tenant system (casama) kung saan pinatitira sa lupain kapalit ng pagsasaka.
60% sa landlord, 40% sa tenant, tinatawag itong Usura.
In the Philippines, slavery stage did not end naturally considering that feudal system was
imposed by the Spaniards.
In Mexico, nagkaroon ng peasants’ (farmers) movement (late 1700s – early 1800s)

Contradiction: Landlords vs. Peasants; Man vs. Man

Means of Production (kagamitan/tools): Land

Modes of Production (way/paraan): Land (agriculture)
Relation of Production (relationship of the producer to product): Land labor by peasants;
All produce goods by the peasants are exploit by the land owner.

Reasons why Feudalism didn't last:

- French Revolution (execution of the king of France) = the realization of the peasants began.
- Advancement or Industrialization. Nagkaroon ng mga bagong kagamitan at ways sa
pagsaka.
- Loss in World Market (dahil nga advance yung iba)
- Umusbong ang ideya ng demokrasya nang bumagsak ang feudalism (conservative vs.
liberal)
- Tho nanatili ang mga monarchs, wala na silang political power. Some countries na monarchy
pa rin ang form of government ay naregained ang power.

Industrial Revolution (transition period from feudalism to capitalism)

1800s – new modes of production are invented.
Merchantilism - Pre-Capitalism era

4. CAPITALISM

Capitalism: an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord
with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve
the best interests of society.

Many factories and mines are used in this era as well not just agriculture.

Contradiction: Capitalists vs. Proletariats (workers); Socialized production vs. Private

accumulation

Capitalist = money
Workers = their labor

No.1 Capitalist Country: USA

Means of Production (kagamitan/tools): Money

Modes of Production (way/paraan): Capitalist
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Relation of Production (relationship of the producer to product): Workers got their wages;
Capitalist got their profits.

Reasons why Capitalism didn't last:

- Not planned ang industry, not controlled by the government, and not controlled by the society
ang production kaya dumami ang production. Kasi want nila mataas ang profit.
- Nagkaroon ng OVERPRODUCTION.
- Solution sa overproduction: Imperialism (pang-aagaw ng territory: late 1800s - 1900s)

Imperialism caused the World War.

Effects of World War:

 World War I
Naging socialist country ang Russia. Na-establised ang USSR.
 World War II
China (?)

Now we are in the era of Imperialism (last stage of capitalism)

Ang Pilipinas ay Semi-feudal or Semi-Colonial (dahil nakatali tayo sa mga patakaran ng

ibang bansa.

5. SOCIALISM

Socialism: is a social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private
ownership or control of property and natural resources

The opposite of Capitalism. All are planned. Collective ang mindset.

Contradiction: Proletariats vs. Capitalists

Principle: Burahin ang Kapitalismo.

Means of Production (kagamitan/tools): Socialist

Modes of Production (way/paraan): Socialist
Relation of Production (relationship of the producer to product): Socially owned.

Paano umusbong ang:

 Kilusang Sekularisasyon
 Kilusang Propaganda
 Armadong Rebolusyon

Dahilan ng Pananakop

Mga Kaugnayan (Political & Economical)

 World War I & II
 Others

IV. Mga Isyung Panlipunan

 Isyung Pang-ekonomiya sa kasaysayan
 Isyung Pang-kultura sa kasaysayan
 Land Reform (effectiveness)

Primary Reason of revolution:

Lack of land & social justice.

Why land? Agriculture partakes a large portion in the Philippines.

V. Constitution
 Bill of Rights
 Three (3) Branches of the Government
 Taxation (Laws)
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