ALTINBAŞ UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

2022-2023 ACADEMIC YEAR
Homework for Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
NAME-SURNAME: Dima Ammar Mohammed
STUDENT ID:180506009

Q1-A
Given:
C25/S420
Ec = 30000 Mpa
𝑊1 = 1350 + 5(0) = 1350 𝑘𝑁
𝑊2 = 900 + 5(9) = 945 𝑘𝑁
Lower Story h=300+5 (0) = 3m
Top Story h=250+5 (4) = 2.95m
R=8
𝑉𝑡 =100 𝑘𝑁

0.7 for column,

0.35 for beams

Moment of inertia.
For Columns:
0.7∗0.3∗0.753
𝐼𝑐1 = = 0.0073828 𝑚4
12

0.7∗0.75∗0.33
𝐼𝑐2 = = 0.00118125 𝑚4
12

For Beams
0.35∗0.3∗0.83
𝐼𝑏 = = 0.00448 𝑚4
12

𝑰
Columns and beams stiffnesses (k) ( 𝑲 = )
𝑳

For Story 1 Columns:

𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐1 = ℎ1 = 0.00246066 𝑚4 /m

𝐾𝑐2 = 0.00039375 𝑚4 /m

𝐾𝑐3 = 0.00246066 𝑚4 /m

For Story 2 Columns:

𝐼𝑐
𝐾𝑐1 = h2 = 0.0025026 𝑚4 /m

𝐾𝑐2 = 0.0004004 𝑚4 /m

𝐾𝑐3 = 0. 0025026 𝑚4 /m

For Beams:
Ib 0.00448
Kb= = = 0.0003584 𝑚4 /m (this one will be used)
L 12.5

𝐾𝑏 0.00448
= = 0.0007466 𝑚4 /m
Ib 6

̅
Stiffness of columns 𝒌
𝑘1+𝑘2+𝑘3+⋯
𝑘̅ = for normally and top story columns
2𝑘𝑐
𝑘1+𝑘2+𝑘3+⋯
𝑘̅ = for bottom story columns (fixed, pinned)
𝑘𝑐
a = Coefficient representing rotation of joint according to relative ratio of
column-beam rigidity
0.5+𝑘̅
𝑎= ̅
, fixed column
2+ 𝑘
̅
𝑘
𝑎 = 2+ 𝑘̅ , story column

to get the value of 𝜮𝒅𝒙

story column K 𝐤̅ a dx= a*k

1 0.0024609 0.146 0.3 0.0007381998

2 0.00039375 1.82 0.607 0.000239006
1
3 0.0024609 0.146 0.3 0.00073827
𝛴𝑑𝑥= 0.0017154056
1 0.0025026 0.1432 0.0668 0.00016717368
2 0.0004004 1.79 0.47229 0.000189105
2
3 0.0025026 0.1432 0.0668 0.00016717368
𝛴𝑑𝑥= 0.0005229569
Beam 0.0003584

Load distribution
1. 𝑭𝑵= 0, Vt = 100
W∗h 1350∗3
𝐹1 = ∑ ∗ (Vt − FN) = ∗ 100 = 41.87𝑘𝑁
W∗h 9672.75

945∗5.95
𝐹2 = = 9672.75
∗ 100 = 58.129𝑘𝑁

Calculate the period T1 in the x-x direction using

the Rayleigh method.
Deflection calculations
𝑉𝑡∗ℎ2 100×32
For Story 1: ∆1 = = = 0.00145738𝑚 = 1.45738 mm
12∗Ec∗ΣDx1 12×30×106 ×0.0017154056

𝐹2∗ℎ2 58.129×2.952 mm
For Story 2: ∆2 = = 12×30×106×0.0005229569 = 0.00277886189 𝑚 = 2.7788
12∗Ec∗ΣDx2

m
d f1 = 1 = 1.45738

d f2 = 1 + 2 = 1.45738 + 2.7788 = 4.23618mm

 Period calculations (T)
𝐰∗𝐡 d w*d
𝟐
F*d
Story w h w*h F
𝚺𝐰 ∗ 𝐡
1 1350 3.0 4050 0.418 41.87 0.001457 0.0028668 0.0609
2 945 5.95 5622.75 0.5813 58.129 0.0042538 0.00170995 0.247269
Σ = 9672.75 Σ =100 Σ =0.005693 Σ= 0.019966 Σ= 0.3082

ΣW× d2 /g 2𝜋 0.019966
𝑇= 2π √ = 𝑇= √ = 𝑇= 0.51 s
ΣF×d √𝑔 0.3082

2. FN =0.0075 N Vt
𝑆𝑎 1.7∗0.4∗9.81
SaR = = = 0.8 = 0.0815g
𝑅 8

1350+945
Vt = mt SaR(T) = * 0.0815g = 187.04
𝑔

FN = 0.0075*N*Vt = 0.0075*2*187.04 = 2.81KN

Vt − FN = 187.04 - 2.81 =184.23

w∗h
F1= Vt * = 184.23 * 0.418 = 77.01 KN
Σw ∗h
w∗h
F2 = Vt * + FN = 184.23 * 0.5813 + 2.81 = 109.9 KN
Σw ∗h
Calculate the story drifts maximum values for displacement, and the affecting on
the floor level.
R (Structural system behavior coefficient) = 8 (given)
I (Building importance coefficient) = 1 for buildings
𝑉𝑡∗ℎ2 187.04×32
For Story 1: ∆1 = = = 0.00272588𝑚 = 2.72588 mm
12∗Ec∗ΣDx1 12×30×106 ×0.0017154056

𝐹2∗ℎ2 109.9×2.952 mm
For Story 2: ∆2 = = 12×30×106×0.0005229569 = 0.00508 𝑚 = 5.08
12∗Ec∗ΣDx2

𝑅∗∆ 8∗0.00272588
1 = 𝐼
= = 0.0218 m
1

𝑅∗∆ 8∗0.00508
1 = 𝐼
= = 0.041 m
1

So, max is = 0.041 m

Draw M-N-T diagrams.

1. Calculations of Shear Forces
For Story 1:
𝐅𝟏×𝐃𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝑉𝑥𝑐1 = = = 79.18𝑘𝑁
𝚺𝐃𝐱 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟔

𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔
𝑉𝑥𝑐2 = = 25.668𝑘𝑁
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟔

𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝑉𝑥𝑐3 = = 79.18𝑘𝑁
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟔

For Story 2:
𝐅𝟐×𝐃𝐱 𝟓𝟖.𝟏𝟐𝟗∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟖
𝑉𝑥𝑐1 = = = 35.13𝑘𝑁
𝚺𝐃𝐱 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗

𝟓𝟖.𝟏𝟐𝟗∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝑉𝑥𝑐2 = = 39.74𝑘𝑁
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗

𝟓𝟖.𝟏𝟐𝟗∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟖
𝑉𝑥𝑐3 = = 35.13𝑘𝑁
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗

2. Calculation of Column Moments:

y: The ratio of Hight of zero moment from bottom
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑
For external columns:
𝑦1 = 𝑦2 = 𝑦3 = 0.
by using this chart, we will get the value of yo

Mtop=(1-y) hi*Vi

Mbottom=y*hi*Vi

Story
h(m) Columns Vx 𝐤̅ Yo MTop Mbottom
1 79.18 0.146 0.925 9.68 119.41
1 3.0 2 25.668 1.82 0.55 18.9 23.1
3 79.18 0.146 0.925 9.68 119.41
1 35.13 0.1432 0.50 27.41 27.41
2 2.95 2 39.74 1.79 0.45 34.1 27.9
3 35.13 0.1432 0.50 27.41 27.41
 18.58 21.02 18.58

43.03 14 . 43.03

V(KN)

17.05 . 26.92 .
27.41 34.1

26.92 . 27.41

37.35 . 37.09 .

9.68 18.9
27.41 27.9 27.41 9.68

37.41 . 37.35 .

119.41 23.1 119.4

M(KN.M)
Q1-B --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a=0 C25/S420

Ec = 30000 Mpa fck = 25 Mpa fctk = 1.8 Mpa

Es = 200000 Mpa fyk = 420 Mpa

using minimum reinforced requirements

𝐴𝑠
0.01 ⩽ ρ = ⩽ 0.04
𝐴𝑐

0.01*Ac = As

0.01*b*h = 0.01* 750* 300 = 2250 mm2

Minimum Φ is = 14 so, 6Φ22 (2281) is satisfied.

πd2 3∗π∗222
As = As’= = = 1140.4 mm2
4 4

𝝈 = 2 fctk = 2*1.8= 3.6 Mpa

To calculate the area of column as only concrete without considering area steel,
we will use this equation.
Es 200000 Mpa
n= = = 6.67 (unitless)
Ec 30000 Mpa

n-1 = 6.67 – 1 = 5.67 and As* (n-1) = 1140.4 * 5.67 = 6466.1

then, A = h * b + 2As (n-1)

A =750*300 + 2*6466.1 = 237932.2 mm2

According to the given crosse section of columns, we have two cases.

1. When h= 750, b=300
bh3 ℎ
I= + 2As (n-1) *( – 𝑑̀ )2
12 2
300∗7503 750
I= + 2 * 1140.4 (5.67) *( – 30)2
12 2
300∗7503
I= + 2 ∗ 6466.1 ∗ 119025 = 12086*106
12
• Critical moment
I 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟔∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
Mcr = σc* h = 3.6 * = 30.97KNm
𝟑𝟕𝟓
2
σc 3.6
Ec 3000 rad/mm
Φcr = = = 0.32*10−6
h 375

C= 375mm

• Yielding moment
𝑐 𝑐 420 0.0021 c
εc = εy = (750−30)−𝑐 ∗ =
𝑑−𝑐 200000 720−c
0.0021 c
εc =
720−c
0.0021 c 63 c
σc = εc * Ec = * 30000 =
720−c 720−𝑐
63 c
σc =
720−𝑐
1 63 c
Fc = * σc * b * c = 0.5 * * 300 * c
2 720−c
9450 c2
Fc =
720−c
𝑐− 𝑑̀ 0.0021 c 𝑐 – 30 0.0021 (𝑐 – 30)
ὲ s = εc = * =
𝑐 720−c 𝑐 720−c
0.0021 (𝑐 – 30)
ὲ s =
720−c
0.0021 (𝑐 – 30) 420 (𝑐 – 30)
σ̀ s = Es * ὲ s = 200000 * =
720−c 720−c
 420 (𝑐 – 30)
F̀s = As * σ̀ s = 1140.4 ∗
720−c
478968(c – 30)
𝐹̀ s =
720−c
N KN
Fs = As * fy = 1140.4 * 420 = 478968 = 478.9

Fc + F̀s = Fs

9450 c2 478968(c – 30)

+ = 478968
720−c 720−c
2
9450 c + 957936 c – 359226000 = 0
mm
C = 150.8

9450∗ 150.82
Fc = = 337546N = 377.6 KN
720−150.8
0.0021 (150.8 – 30)
ὲ s = = 0.45*10−3 < εy =2.1*10−3
720−150.8
0.0021∗150.8
εc = = 5.563*10−4 = 0.556*10−3
720−150.8
478968(150.8– 30) N KN
𝐹̀ s = = 101650 = 101.6
720−150.8

σ̀ s = 89.14 MPa
𝑐 KN.M
My = Fc (d - ) + F̀s (d - d̀) = 377.6 * 0.670 + 101.6 * 0.69 = 322.98
3
ε𝑐 rad/mm
Φy = = 3.687* 10−6
𝑐

C = 150.8
• At ultimate state moment

Fc = 0.85*fc*b*a = 0.85*25*300*0.85*c = 5418.75 c

Fs = As*fy = 478968 N = 478.9 KN

𝑐− 𝑑̀ ̀
𝑐− 30
ὲ s = εc = 0.003*
𝑐 𝑐
̀
600(𝑐− 30)
σ̀ s = Es * ὲ s =
𝑐
684240(𝑐− 30) ̀
F̀s = As * σ̀ s =
𝑐
Fc + F̀s = Fs
̀
684240(𝑐− 30)
5418.75 c + = 478968
𝑐

C = 45.45 mm

a = 0.85*c = 0.85*45.45 = 38.6

N KN
Fc = 246282 = 246.3
̀
(45.45− 30)
ὲ s = 0.003* = 0.01042
45.45
̀
684240(45.45− 30) N KN
F̀s = = 232596 = 232.6
45.45
𝑎 38.6 KN
Mu = Fc (d - ) + F̀s (d - d̀) = 246.3(720-- ) +232.6 (720-30) = 328.31
2 2
ε𝑐 0.003
Φu = = = 66.01*10−6
𝑐 45.45
 2. When h=300, b=750
750∗3003
I= + 2 * 6466.1 * 120 = 1873*106
12

• Critical moment
1873∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
Mcr = 3.6 * = 44.9 KNm
150
σc 3.6
Ec 3000 rad/mm
Φcr = = = 0.8*10−6
𝑐 150

• Yielding moment
0.0021 c 63 c
σc = εc * Ec = * 30000 =
270−c 270−𝑐
1 1 63 c
Fc = * σc * b * c = * * 750 * c
2 2 270−c
23625 c2
Fc =
270−c
𝑐− 𝑑̀ 0.0021 c 𝑐 – 30 0.0021 (𝑐 – 30)
ὲ s = εc = * =
𝑐 270−c 𝑐 270−c
0.0021 (𝑐 – 30) 420 (𝑐 – 30)
σ̀ s = Es * ὲ s = 200000 * =
270−c 270−c
420 (𝑐 – 30)
F̀s = As * σ̀ s = 1140.4 ∗
270−c
478968(c – 30)
𝐹̀ s =
270−c
N KN
Fs = As * fy = 1140.4 * 420 = 478968 = 478.9

Fc + F̀s = Fs

23625 c2 478968(c – 30)

+ = 478968
270−c 270−c

C= 60.3mm

23625∗60.32
Fc = = = 409645N = 409.6 KN
270−60.3
 0.0021 (60.3 – 30)
ὲ s = = 0.303*10−3 < εy =2.1*10−3
270−60.3
0.0021∗60.3
εc = = 0.604*10−3
270−60.3
478968(60.3 – 30) N KN
𝐹̀ s = = 69207 = 69.207
270−60.3
420 (60.3 – 30) MPa
σ̀ s = = 60.68
270−60.3
𝑐 60.3 KN.M
My = Fc (d - ) + F̀s (d - d̀) = 409.6(270- ) + 69.207 (270-30) = 118.968
3 3
604∗10−6 rad/mm
Φy = = 10.0166* 10−6
60.3

• At ultimate state moment

Fc = 0.85*fc*b*a = 0.85*25*750*0.85*c = 13546.875 c

Fs = As*fy = 478968 N = 478.9 KN

𝑐− 𝑑̀ ̀
𝑐− 30
ὲ s = εc = 0.003*
𝑐 𝑐
̀
600(𝑐− 30)
σ̀ s = Es * ὲ s =
𝑐
684240(𝑐− 30) ̀
F̀s = As * σ̀ s =
𝑐
Fc + F̀s = Fs
̀
684240(𝑐− 30)
13546.875 c + = 478968
𝑐
13546.875c2 + 205272c – 20527200

C = 32.08 = 32.1 mm

a = 0.85*c = 0.85*32.1 = 27.285

N KN
Fc = 434854.6 = 434.85
̀
(66.587− 30)
ὲ s = 0.003* = 0.001962 < εy =2.1*10−3
66.587
 ̀
684240(32.1− 30) N KN
F̀s = = 44763.4 = 44.76
32.1
𝑎 27.285 KN
Mu = Fc (d - ) + F̀s (d - d̀) = 434.85 (270- ) +44.76 (270-30) = 122.2
2 2
ε𝑐 0.003
Φu = = = 45.1*10−6
𝑐 32.1

As a conclusion with result of Moment and the Curvature

h=750 / b= 300 Φ*𝟏𝟎−𝟔 h=300 / b= 750 Φ*𝟏𝟎−𝟔
Critical moment (Mcr) 30.97 0.32 44.9 0.8
Yielding moment (My) 322.98 3.687 118.968 10.02

Ultimate moment (Mu) 328.31 66.01 122.2 93.46

Rotational Ductility
Φu 66.01∗10−6
𝜇= = = 17.9
Φy 3.687∗ 10−6

Φu 93.46∗10−6
𝜇= = = 9.33
Φy 10.02∗ 10−6

moment-curvature relation moment-curvature relation

350
140

300
120

250
100

200
Moment

Moment

80

150 60

100 40

50 20

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100
curvature curvature
Q- 2----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Log E = 1.6 (M) + 11.8

M1 = 7.2 Log E1 = 1.6 (7.2) + 11.8 = E1 = 2.0893*1023

M2 = 7.4 Log E2 = 1.6 (7.4) + 11.8 = E2 = 4.3652*1023

Total energy = 2.0893*1023 + 4.3652*1023 = 6.4545*1023

Comparing
M = 7.9 Log E = 1.6 (7.9) + 11.8= 24.44 = 2.7542287*1024
2.7542287∗1024
=
6.4545∗1023