1 (1) (20 Files Merged) .Edited
1 (1) (20 Files Merged) .Edited
1 (1) (20 Files Merged) .Edited
10
. In China, vapor
--
History
Corona virus.es are, enveloped positive sense
RNA viruses ranging from 60 nm to 140 nm
in diameter with spike-like projections on
the ir surface giving them a crown-like
appearance under the electron microscopes ·e;
hence the name coronavirus [3]. Four corona
viruses
namely HKU1,. NL63, 229E.d OC43 have
been .in circulation in humans, and
generally cause mild respiratory disease...
Introduction
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCo'V) or
the severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARs..coV--2) as it is now called,
is rapidly spreading from its origin in w·uha n
City of Hub ei Province of China to the rest of
1
Therapeutics
To date, there are no generally proven effective
thera pies for COVID-19 or antivirals against SARS-
CoV-2, although some treatments have shown some
benefits in certain subpopulations of patients or for
certain endpoints (see later). Researchers and
manufacturers are conducting large-scale clinical
trials to evaluate varous therapies for COVID-19. As
of 2 October 2020) there were about 405 therapeutic
drugs in development for COVID-19, and nearly 318 in
human clinical trials (COVID-19 vaccine and
therapeutics tracker ). In th,e following sections, we
summarize potential therapeutics against SARS-
CoV--2 based on published clinical data and
experience.
Chloro, quine, and hyd horror line are other
potential but controversial drugs that interfere with
the entry of SARS-ca·V-2, They have been used in
the pr, prevention, and treatment of malaria and
autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus
erythematosus and rh, rheumatoid arthritis. They
can inhibit tl1e glycosylated nation of cellular
receptors and interfere with virus-host receptor
binding, as well as increase the endosomal pH and
inhibit membrane fusion. Currently, no, scientific
consensus h as been reached for their efficacy in the
treatment of COVID-19. Some studies showed they
can inhibit SARS CoV · 2 infection in vitro) but the
clinical data are insufficient 28 L 29• 'Two clinical studies
indicated. no association with death rates in patients
receiving chloroquine or hydroxych loroquine
compared with those not receiving the drug and
even suggest it may increase tl1e• risk of dying as a
higher risk of cardiac arrest was found in the weed
patients 130 131•. On IS June 2020) owing to the side
effects observed in clinical trials, the US Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) revoked the
emerg,ency use authorization for chloroquine and
hydroxycl11oroquine for the treatment of COVID-
19. Another potential therapeutic strategy is to b,
Jock bind... ing of the S protein to ACE2 through
soluble recombi nant hACE2, specific monoclonal
antibodies, or fusion
inhibitors that target the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 132 134
-
Vaccine·s
Vaccination is the most effective method for a long-
term strategy,gy for the prevention and control of
COVID-19 in the future. Many different vaccine
platforms against SARS-CoV-2 are in development,
the strategies of which include recombinant vectors,
DNA, m: RNA in lipid nano particles) inactivated
viruses live attenuated viruses and
protein subunits :1 TM.As of 2 October 2020,.., 174 vac
9
F1uture p,erspecti·ves
COVID-19 is the third highly pathogenic human
coro virus disease to date. Although less deadly than
SARS and MERS, the rapid spreading of this highly
conta go u t disease has posed the severest threat to
global health in this century. The SARS-CoV-2
outbreak has lasted for more than half a year now, and
it is likely that
this emergin g virus will establish a niche in. humans
and coexist with us for a long time166, Before clinically
ap, proven vaccines are widely available, there is no
bet ter way to protect us from SARS-CoV-2 than
personal preventive behaviors such as social
distancing and wearing masks, an.d public health
measures, including active testing, case tracing and
restrictions.s on social gatherings. Despite a flood
of SARS-CoV-2 research p· published every week,
current knowledge of this novel coronavir us is just the
tip of the iceberg. The animal origin and cross-species
infection route of SAR.S-CoV-2 are yet to be
uncovered. The m.olecular Il1echanism.s of SAR.S-
CoV-2 infection p·athogenesis and virus-host
the SARS- CoV. Environmental samples from
the Huanan seafood 1narket also tested
positive, signifying that the virus originated
from there [7]. The number of cases started
increasing,g exponentially, some of which did
not have exposure to the live animal
market, suggestive of the fact that human-to-
human transmission was occurring [8]. The
first fatal case was reported on 11th Jan 2020.
The massive migration of Chinese during the
Chinese New Year fuelled the epidemic. Cases
in other provinces of China,
other countries (Thailand, Japan, and South
Korea in quick succession) were reported in
people who were returning from Wuhan.
Transmission to healthcar e workers caring
for patients was described on 20th Jan 2020.
By 23:rd January; the 11 million population
of Wuhan was p]aced under lockdown with
r estrictions of entry and exit from the region.
1
Detailed
guidelines for critical care
management for COVID- 1 9 h a s been
published by the WHO [26]. There is, as of
now, no approved treatment for C0 VID-19.1
(entertainment
park
.
s etc). China is also
Preventi on [21, 30]
Since at this time, there are no app·roved
treatments for this infection, prevention is
crucial. Several properties of this virus make
prevention difficult namely, non specific
£eatures of the· disease, the infectivity even
before·e onset of symptoms in the incubation
period,
transmission from asymptomatic people,
long incubation period, tropism for mucosa!
surfaces such as the conjunctiva, prolonged
duration of the illness, and transmission even
after clinical recovery.