What is noun?

A word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things.

There are several types of nouns, including:

1. Proper Nouns: These are nouns that refer to specific people, places, or things and always begin
with a capital letter.

Example: Mary, Paris, Coca-Cola.

2. Common Nouns: These are nouns that refer to general or nonspecific people, places, or things.

Example: man, dog, city.

3. Concrete Nouns: These are nouns that refer to physical objects or substances that can be
perceived through the senses.

Example: chair, water, tree.

4. Abstract Nouns: These are nouns that refer to ideas, emotions, or concepts that cannot be
physically touched or perceived.

Example love, courage, freedom.

5. Collective Nouns: These are nouns that refer to groups of people, animals, or things.

Example: family, herd, flock.

6. Countable Nouns: These are nouns that can be counted or quantified.

Example: apple, book, child.

Non-countable Nouns: These are nouns that cannot be counted or quantified, e.g. milk, happ Reflexive
pronouns

What is pronouns?

Pronouns are short words we swap in for other nouns to make our writing and speech faster and
more varied.

Types of pronouns

1. Personal pronouns

When you think of pronouns, you most likely think of personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are
pronouns that refer to specific individuals and groups. Personal pronouns include

I/me

She/her

He/him

They/them
We/us

You

Here are a few examples of personal pronouns in italics, with the nouns they’re referring to bolded:

1. The new student will arrive today. They will need a seating assignment and a name tag.
2. My family loves nachos. We make them every Friday for movie night.
2. Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are another class of pronouns. They connect relative clauses to independent clauses.
Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in the sentence. Relative
pronouns include these words:

That

What

Which

Who

Whom

Traditionally, who refers to people, and which and that refer to animals or things. Here are a few
examples of relative pronouns at work:

1. The woman who called earlier didn’t leave a message.

2. All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved.

3. My car, which is nearly twenty years old, still runs well.

3. Demonstrative pronouns

That, this, these, and those are demonstrative pronouns. They take the place of a noun or noun phrase
that has already been mentioned or is clear through context, either in written or verbal communication.

This is used for singular items that are nearby. These is used for multiple items that are nearby. The
distance can be physical or metaphorical. Take a look at these examples:

Here is a letter with no return address. Who could have sent this?

What a fantastic idea! This is the best thing I’ve heard all day.

If you think gardenias smell nice, try smelling these.

That is used for singular items that are far away. Those is used for multiple items that are far away.
Again, the distance can be physical or metaphorical. Here are a few examples of these pronouns in
action:

1. A house like that would be a nice place to live.

2. Some new flavors of soda came in last week. Why don’t you try some of those?
3. Those aren’t swans, they’re geese.

4.Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person or thing that doesn’t need to be
specifically identified. Some common indefinite pronouns are one, other, none, some, anybody,
everybody, and no one.

Here are a few examples of indefinite pronouns in sentences:

1. Everybody was late to work because of the traffic jam.

2. It matters more to some than others.

Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen.

When indefinite pronouns function as subjects of a sentence or clause, they usually take singular verbs.

5. Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves:

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Herself

Itself

Oneself

Ourselves

Yourselves

Themselves

Use a reflexive pronoun when both the subject and object of a verb refer to the same person or thing.
Here are a few examples:

1. She checked herself out of the hotel thirty minutes before check-out time.

2. Take care of yourselves.

Using myself when you mean me is a common mistake writers and speakers make. Reflexive pronouns
are only correct when the subject and object of a sentence are the same.

6. Intensive pronouns

Intensive pronouns look the same as reflexive pronouns, but their purpose is different. Intensive
pronouns add emphasis. Conceptualizing the difference between them and reflexive pronouns can be
challenging because the emphasis isn’t always obvious. Take a look at these examples of intensive
pronouns and examine how they’re different from the examples in the previous section:

I told them I could do it myself.

We asked ourselves, is this business really worth saving?

If you can remove a pronoun from a sentence and it loses emphasis but its meaning stays the same, it’s
most likely an intensive pronoun. Compare these two sentences:

•I built this house.

•I built this house myself.

See how the second one emphasizes that the builder had no outside help? Intensive pronouns can help
you express pride, shock, disbelief, credulousness (or incredulousness), or any other strong emotion.
Here are a few more examples:

1. They hiked the entire Appalachian Trail themselves?

2. Did you, yourself, see Loretta spill the coffee?

7. Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are pronouns that show possession. They include the following:

My

Your

Our

Their

His

Her

Its

These can also be called possessive adjectives if they modify a noun in a sentence. Take a look at these
examples of possessive adjectives in action:

I crashed my bike into a telephone pole.

Your house is always decorated so nicely.

This category also includes independent versions of possessive pronouns. These include:

Mine

Yours

Ours
His

Hers

Theirs

Its

When you use an independent possessive pronoun, you drop the noun it’s referring to. Here are a few
examples:

1. She forgot her jacket, so I gave her mine.

2. I had no idea whose bid won the auction, then my cousins told me theirs did.

8. Reciprocal pronouns

There are only two reciprocal pronouns:

Each other

One another

These pronouns refer to two or more people who are both the subject of the sentence. Take a look at
these examples:

1. Javier and Priya, the two top salespeople on our team, are competing with each other for Salesperson
of the Year.

2. All my siblings are blaming one another for letting the boa constrictor out last Thanksgiving.

9. Distributive pronouns

Distributive pronouns refer to people, animals, and objects as individuals within larger groups. They
enable you to single out individuals while acknowledging that they’re part of a larger group. Distributive
pronouns include the following:

Either

Each

Neither

Any

None

Here are a few examples of distributive pronouns in sentences:

1. All of my friends entered the costume contest and none of them won.

2. Cookies and muffins are available for dessert. Neither is appealing to me.

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/pronouns/
What Is a Verb?

A verb is a word that describes what the subject of a sentence is doing. Verbs can indicate (physical or
mental) actions, occurrences, and states of being.

Examples: Verbs in a sentence

Jeffrey builds a house.

Anita is thinking about horses.

Type of verb

• Verb conjugation

• Regular vs. irregular verbs

• Transitive and intransitive verbs

• Stative and dynamic verbs

• Linking verbs

• Auxiliary verbs

• Modal verbs

• Phrasal verbs

• Gerunds

Grammatical mood Function Example

Indicative Express a fact “Tony likes chocolate.”

Imperative Express a command or a request “Wash the dishes.”

Interrogative Ask a question “Did you do your homework?”

Conditional Express a condition “If you want to borrow that book, you can.”

Subjunctive Express a wish, demand, doubt, or hypothetical situation “If I were rich, I would
buy an island.”

Active and passive voice

Most sentences can use either the active or the passive voice. An active sentence is one in which the
subject performs the action.

Example: Active sentence

Lucas broke a chair.

A passive sentence is one in which the subject is acted upon. Passive sentences are constructed using a
form of the auxiliary verb “be” (e.g., “was,” “is,” “were”) followed by the past participle of the main verb
(e.g., “eaten,” “taken”).

Passive sentences are useful for emphasizing the outcome of an action rather than the action itself.

Example: Passive sentence

A chair was broken (by Lucas).

Participles

Participles are formed from verbs. There are two types of participles:

Past participles are typically used in combination with an auxiliary verb (e.g., “has,” “have,” “had”) for
perfect tenses (connecting a past action or event to a later time). Past participles are typically formed by
adding the suffix “-ed” (e.g., “worked”).

Present participles are used for continuous tenses (describing an action that is ongoing). They are
formed by adding the suffix “-ing” (e.g., “reading”).

Participles are often used as adjectives (e.g., “running shoes”).

Regular vs. irregular verbs

Regular verbs follow the standard conjugation rules for English verbs—most verbs are regular. A verb is
considered regular if its simple past and past participle are formed by adding the suffix “-ed” (or “-d” if
the word already ends in the letter “e”).

Example: Past simple and past participle of “finish” in a sentence

Sarah finished her work.

Claude had finished his dinner when James called.

Jock has finished writing in his journal.

Tina will have finished her course by the end of next month.

Irregular verbs form their simple past and past participles in some way other than by adding the suffix “-
ed.”

Example: Past simple and past participle of “swim” in a sentence

Andre swam in all five of the Great Lakes last summer.

I had swum almost a mile when the island came into view.

Melissa has swum every Saturday for the last three years.

If he succeeds next week, Antonio will have swum the English Channel ten times!

Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb is a verb that acts on someone or something and therefore takes a direct object (the
thing being acted upon).

Examples: Transitive verbs in a sentence

Kelly asks a question.

Toby buys groceries.

Intransitive verbs do not act on someone or something and therefore do not take a direct object.

While an intransitive verb does not take a direct object, it can be used along with an adverb or adverbial
phrase (as can a transitive verb).

Examples: Intransitive verbs in a sentence

Rita coughed.

Rita coughed loudly.

Rita coughed on me!

Some verbs are ditransitive, meaning they have two objects: a direct object and an indirect object
(usually the person for whom the action is being performed).

Example: Direct and indirect object in a sentence

Amira reads me a book.

Stative and dynamic verbs

Dynamic verbs (also called action verbs) describe specific, temporary actions or events (e.g., “eat,”
“sleep,” “write”).

Examples: Dynamic verbs in a sentence

Amy kicks the ball.

Lydia is running to school.

Stative verbs describe a state of being or perception (e.g., “she is,” “it seems,” “they belong”). They can
also be used to describe a mental, emotional, or physical state (e.g., “I believe,” “you hear”).

Stative verbs are typically used for a state of being that is general or unchanging, so they can’t be used
in the progressive (continuous) tense.

Examples: Stative verbs in a sentence

Karl believes in himself.

Karl is believing in himself.

Linking verbs
A linking verb (also called a copular verb) connects the subject of a sentence with a “subject
complement” (i.e., a noun or adjective that describes it). Common linking verbs include the verbs “be,”
“seem,” “become,” and “feel.”

Example: Linking verbs in a sentence

Fionn is proud.

The pillow feels soft.

Most linking verbs can also be used as action verbs, describing a specific action rather than a state (e.g.,
“Sofie feels the pillow”).

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) include verbs such as “be,” “do,” and “have.” They’re used in
combination with another (main) verb to modify its meaning. Auxiliary verbs can be used to indicate
tense, mood, and voice. They’re also used to form negative statements when used with words such as
“not” and “never.”

Auxiliary verbs must be conjugated for tense and person (e.g., “I am,” “she was”).

Example: Auxiliary verbs

I am waiting.

Did you enjoy the meal?

The door was locked.

Alicia has not spoken to me for a week.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used along with another (main) verb to express ability,
permission, possibility, necessity, or obligation. The main modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must,
ought, shall, should, will, and would. Modal verbs do not change form.

Examples: Modal verbs in a sentence

I can read Arabic and Hebrew.

Martin should speak a little louder.

Talia ought to perform at the talent show.

Phrasal verbs

A phrasal verb is a phrase made up of two or more words that acts as an individual verb. Phrasal verbs
typically combine a verb with an adverb or preposition to create a meaning independent of the original
words. For example, the verb “kick” and the preposition “off” combine to form the phrasal verb “kick
off,” which means “begin.”

Example: Phrasal verb

I’m going to move out next month.

Gerunds

A gerund is a noun that takes the present participle (“-ing”) form of a verb. Gerunds typically describe
the same action as the verb from which they are formed.

Example: Gerund in a sentence

Eating fruits and vegetables is good for you.

https://www.scribbr.com/category/verbs/

What is adjective?

An adjective describes or modifies noun/s and pronoun/s in a sentence. It normally indicates quality,
size, shape, duration, feelings, contents, and more about a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives usually provide relevant information about the nouns pronouns they modify/describe by
answering the questions: What kind? How many? Which one? How much?

Adjectives enrich your writing by adding precision and originality to it.

Example:

The team has a dangerous batsman. (What kind?)

I have ten candies in my pocket. (How many?)

I loved that red car. (Which one?)

I earn more money than he does. (How much?)

However, there are also many adjectives which do not fit into these questions.

Adjectives are the most used parts of speech in sentences. There are several types of adjectives
according to their uses.

Types of Adjective

1. Descriptive Adjectives

A descriptive adjective is a word which describes nouns and pronouns. Most of the adjectives belong in
this type. These adjectives provide information and attributes to the nouns/pronounsthey modify or
describe. Descriptive adjectives are also called qualitative adjectives.

Participles are also included in this type of adjective when they modify a noun.

Examples:

A. I have a fast car. (The word ‘fast’ is describing an attribute of the car)
B. I am hungry. (The word ‘hungry’ is providing information about the subject)
2. Quantitative Adjectives
A quantitative adjective provides information about the quantity of the nouns/pronouns. This type
belongs to the question category of ‘how much’ and ‘how many’.

Examples:

A. I have 20 bucks in my wallet. (How much)

B. They have three children. (How many)
C. You should have completed the whole task. (How much)
3. Proper Adjectives

Proper adjectives are the adjective form of proper nouns. When proper nouns modify or describe other
nouns/pronouns, they become proper adjectives. ‘Proper’ means ‘specific’ rather than ‘formal’ or
‘polite.’ A proper adjective allows us to summarize a concept in just one word. Instead of writing/saying
‘a food cooked in Chinese recipe’ you can write/say ‘Chinese food’. Proper adjectives are usually
capitalized as proper nouns are.

Example:

A. American cars are very strong.

B. Chinese people are hard workers.
C. I love KFC burgers.
D. Marxist philosophers despise capitalism.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives

A demonstrative adjective directly refers to something or someone. Demonstrative adjectives include

the words: this, that, these, those. A demonstrative pronoun works alone and does not precede a noun,
but a demonstrative adjective always comes before the word it modifies.

Examples:

A. That building is so gorgeously decorated. (‘That’ refers to a singular noun far from the speaker)
B. This car is mine. (‘This’ refers to a singular noun close to the speaker)
C. These cats are cute. (‘These’ refers to a plural noun close to the speaker)
D. Those flowers are heavenly. (‘Those’ refers to a plural noun far from the speaker)
5. Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective indicates possession or ownership. It suggests the belongingness of something to

someone something. Some of the most used possessive adjectives are my, his, her, our, their, your. All
these adjectives always come before a noun. Unlike possessive pronouns, these words demand a noun
after them.

Examples:

A. My car is parked outside.

B. His cat is very cute.
C. Our job is almost done.
D. Her books are interesting.
6. Interrogative Adjective
An interrogative adjective asks a question. An interrogative adjective must be followed by a noun or a
pronoun. The interrogative adjectives are: which, what, whose. These words will not be considered as
adjectives if a noun does not follow right after them. ‘Whose’ also belongs to the possessive adjective
type.

Examples:

A. Which phone do you use?

B. What game do you want to play?
C. Whose car is this?
7. Indefinite Adjectives

An indefinite adjective describes or modifies a noun unspecifically. They provide indefinite/unspecific

information about the noun. The common indefinite adjectives are few, many, much, most, all, any,
each, every, either, nobody, several, some, etc.

Examples:

A. I gave some candy to her.

B. I want a few moments alone.
C. Several writers wrote about the recent incidents.
D. Each student will have to submit homework tomorrow.
8. Compound Adjectives

When compound nouns/combined words modify other nouns, they become a compound adjective. This
type of adjective usually combines more than one word into a single lexical unit and modifies a noun.
They are often separated by a hyphen or joined together by a quotation mark.

Example:

A. I have a broken-down sofa.

B. I saw a six-foot-long snake.
C. He gave me an “I’m gonna kill you now” look.

Degree of Adjectives

Here are three degrees of adjectives: Positive, Comparative, Superlative. These degrees are
applicable only for the descriptive adjectives.

Examples:

Positive degree: He is a good boy.

Comparative degree: He is better than any other boy.

Superlative degree: He is the best boy.

Positive: Positive degree is a term that relates to adjectives.

An adjective or that does not make a comparison is said to be in the positive degree.
 Comparative: When two objects or persons are being compared, the comparative form of the
adjective is used.

Superlative: The superlative is used to say what thing or person has the most of a particular quality
within a group or of its kind.

https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/adjective

Activity 1:

Construct your own sentences using adjectives. Underline the adjective and identify its type by writing
after each of the following sentences.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 2:

Use the correct degree of adjective.

1. This is the _______________ (bad) film I have ever seen.

2. She is ______________ (happy) than her best friend.
3. He was the ____________ (clever) in our class.
4. Our holiday is the ______________ (good) of all we ever have.
5. Tom is 25 years old. Rick is 32 years old. Tom is the (young) ___________

What is adverb?

An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence.
Adverbs can be used to show manner (how something happens), degree (to what extent), place (where),
and time (when).

Degrees of Adverb

Adverbs of manner

An adverb of manner describes how an action is performed or how something happens. In most cases,
adverbs of manner occur after the main verb.

Examples: Adverbs of manner in a sentence

Jessie read quietly.

Tom laughed loudly.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree are used to qualify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs by expressing extent or degree. Some
common adverbs of degree include: “extremely,” “absolutely,” “slightly,” “quite,” and “enough.”

Examples: Adverbs of degree in a sentence

The medication had a very positive effect.

I’ll be ready soon; I’m almost finished.

Adverbs of place

An adverb of place provides information about the location of an action (e.g., position, distance, and
direction). Adverbs of place typically occur after the main verb of a sentence.

Examples: “Adverbs of place” in a sentence

Go downstairs and open the door.

Confetti was thrown everywhere.

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time (e.g., “yesterday,” “today,” “tomorrow”) describe when something happens. They are
typically placed at the end of a sentence.

Examples: Adverbs of time in a sentence

I have to run, but I’ll see you tomorrow.

Dylan has a dentist appointment, so he will be late for school today.

https://www.scribbr.com/parts-of-speech/adverbs/

What is conjunction?

Conjunctions are used to join clauses, phrases, and words together for constructing sentences.
Conjunctions make a link between/among words or groups of words to other parts of the sentence and
show a relationship between/among them.

Example:

Alex and Robin are playing together.

Alex plays well, but Robin plays better than him.

I play cricket, and Robin plays football.

When he was sick, I went to see him.

Types of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
The job of a coordinating conjunction is to join two words, phrases, or independent clauses, which are
parallel in structure. There are seven coordinating conjunctions which are by far the most common
conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet.

It’s easier to memorize the seven Coordinating Conjunctions with the acronym – FANBOYS.

For – I was meaning to leave soon, for I was getting late to the next class.

And – Freya left quickly and I was worried about her.

Nor – They weren’t up for athletics nor was I.

But – We were running late but it wasn’t possible to get out of here anytime soon.

Or – Is it okay or should I go for the last laugh?

Yet – It was early in the morning yet we were all ready to go home.

So – He was panicking so we were cautious.

Example:

We went to the stadium and enjoyed the cricket match.

Do you want ice cream or would some chocolates be more preferable?

Go away and never come back.

2. Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunction uses a set of words in a parallel sentence structure to show a contrast or to
compare the equal parts of a sentence. The words of correlative conjunctions have a special connection
between them.

The correlative conjunctions are not only – but also, either- or, neither – nor, both – and, not – but,
whether – or etc.

Example:

Neither Alex nor Robin can play baseball.

I want both ice cream and cereal

He ate not only the ice cream but also the chocolate.

Rina is both the CEO and Managing Director of the company.

She didn’t know whether to call in or wait her turn.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction joins elements of an unparallel sentence structure. These elements are
usually a dependent clause and an independent clause.

The most commonly used subordinating conjunctions are:

After, how, than, when, although, if, that, where, as, in order that, though, which, as much as, inasmuch
as, unless, while, because, provided, until, who/whom, before, since, what, whoever and whomever.

Time: Comparison: Condition:

After Than If
Before Rather than If only
As soon as Whether Unless
Until Whereas Provided
Whenever Provided that
Now Supposing
Now that Assuming
When Assuming that
Now when
Once
Till
While
As long as
Reason: Realtivity: Opinion:
As That Though
Because What Although
Since Whatever Even though
Inasmuch as Which As though
In order to Whichever As if
In order that Who How
So that Whoever
Why Whom
Lest Whomever
Whose

Example:

Before we left home, I had had my breakfast.

Provided they come, we can start class Tuesday.

When he was washing my car, I went to the store.

Even though the weather was horrible, they still went outside.

4. Compound Conjunction

These are conjunctions that have two or three parts. Each and every part of these does not have to be
conjunctions themselves. The parts become inseparable in the sense that they tend to pop up next to
one another more often and not.

Examples:

We love to go skinny dipping as well as busking in the sun.

He acted as if it were his first time under the sun.

I made a deal to see them provided that I was assured police protection.

I hurried out of the room so that I didn’t have to listen to her anymore.

5. Adverbial Conjunction

They help bring together two complete thoughts like some of the other Conjunctions while also being
Adverbs themselves. They are also called Conjunctive Adverbs.

List of Adverbial Conjunctions

To compare: To contrast: Time:

Similarly But Lately
Like However Since
As Instead Now
Likewise Rather Meanwhile
In spite of Before
To emphasize: To summarize: To exemplify:
Undoubtedly Briefly For example
Definitely Merely For instance
Certainly Quickly Namely
Of course In conclusion Typically
Indeed In summary Representatively
Effect: Sequence:
Accordingly First
Consequently Next
Hence Finally
Therefore Furthermore
Then In addition
Moreover
Examples:

I was looking for a tea stall; additionally, I needed a salon for a complete makeover.

Tim was banking on his skills as a salesman. Meanwhile, he should have researched the clients.

I shouted my discomfort out, that is, I didn’t like the stares I was getting.

Mila was on her way back home, therefore, the world she left behind her didn’t bother her as much.

6. Punctuations with Conjunctions

Two independent clauses in a sentence must be separated by a comma and that goes for no matter
what conjunction is used. If the clauses attached by the conjunction can stand as complete sentences, a
comma must be used between them.

Examples:

I’m doing fine, but I have my own struggles.

You were running the marathon, and I was cheering you on.

My father was unsure of the result, though he was keeping it together.

While using the Subordinating Conjunctions to attach Dependent and Independent Clauses in a
sentence, there are two ways to construct these complex sentences and one of them requires a comma
separating the two clauses. The comma becomes an integral part of the sentence when the
Subordinating Conjunctions are placed at the start of the sentence.

Examples:

(Comma) If you are going for gold, I’ll come with you.

(No comma) I’ll come with you if you are going for gold.

(Comma) Though we are running late, we can help you install your home theatre.

(No comma) We can help you install your home theatre though we are running late.

In the case of Adverbial Conjunctions joining two independent clauses, the most common punctuational
practice is to use a semicolon before It and a comma after that while the two complete thoughts are
situated on either side. Some opt for two commas on both sides of the conjunction and there is another
practice to separate the two clauses with a period while the capitalized conjunction starts the next
sentence followed by a comma.

Examples:

Sam was worried about the rain; therefore, she didn’t do her laundry today.

I was there with her 24/7. Moreover, I kept a close eye on her every move.

Matt was agitated, however, the rest of us were trying to convince him to stay.

https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/conjunction#coordinating

What is a preposition?

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They
act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Prepositions are usually short
words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in
front of gerund verbs.

Examples of Prepositions

In the following sentences, examples of prepositions have been italicized. As you read, consider how
using different prepositions or even different types of prepositions in place of the examples might
change the relationship between the rest of the words in the sentence.

I prefer to read in the library.

He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.

Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.

Go down the stairs and through the door.

He swam across the pool.

Take your brother with you.

Types of Prepositions

There are three types of prepositions, including time prepositions, place prepositions, and direction
prepositions.

Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during, and until; place prepositions are those
indicating position, such as around, between, and against; and direction prepositions are those
indicative of direction, such as across, up, and down. Each type of preposition is important.

• Prepositions of Time

Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help indicate
when something happened, happens or will happen. It can get a little confusing though, as many
different prepositions can be used.

Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

For example:

I was born on July 4th, 1982.

I was born in 1982.

I was born at exactly 2am.

I was born two minutes before my twin brother.

I was born after the Great War ended.

The above makes it seem quite difficult, with five different prepositions used to indicate when
something happened. However, there is a set of guidelines that can help decide which preposition to
use:

For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:

I first met John in 1987.

It’s always cold in January

Easter falls in spring each year.

The Second World War occurred in the 20 th century.

We eat breakfast in the morning.

For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.

We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday

Christmas is on December 25th.

Buy me a present on my birthday.

For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:

Families often argue at Christmas time.

I work faster at night.

Her shift finished at 7pm.

Before and after should be much easier to understand than the other examples of prepositions of time.
Both are used to explain when something happened, happens or will happen, but specifically in relation
to another thing.

• Prepositions of Place

To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in – are also the most
common prepositions to indicate position. However, the rules are a little clearer as place prepositions
are a more rigid concept than time prepositions.

Prepositions of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The cat is on the table.

The dogs are in the kennel.

We can meet at the crossroads.

The guidelines can be broken down as follows:

On is used when referring to something with a surface:

The sculpture hangs on the wall.

The images are on the page.

The specials are on the menu, which is on the table.

• Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are less abstract than prepositions of
place and time. Essentially, they describe how something or someone moves from one place to another.
The most commonly used preposition of movement is to, which usually serves to highlight that there is
movement towards a specific destination.

Prepositions of movement examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

He has gone on vacation to France.

She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.

I will go to bed when I am tired.

They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.

Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off, down and into. These
prepositions can sometimes get mixed up with others. While they are similar, they have individual
meanings that add context to the movement.

https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/preposition/

What is Interjection

An interjection is a kind of exclamation inserted into regular speech. Actually, it is a brief and abrupt
pause in speech for expressing emotions.

They are unique and have some interesting features:

Interjections don’t have a grammatical function in sentence construction.

They usually cannot be modified or inflected.

They do not have to have a relation to the other parts of the sentence.

They are highly context-sensitive.

In spoken language, interjections are the words we instantly use to show our reaction to something
which influences our emotion. They are the initial reaction and sometimes do not even make sense.
However, for formal speech or writing, using interjections is not appropriate.

Types of Interjections

Primary Interjection

Secondary Interjection

Mild Interjection

Strong Interjection

Volitive Interjection

Emotive Interjection

Cognitive Interjection

There are basically two types of it an Interjection

7. Primary Interjection

The words that are exclusively interjections and cannot be classified as any other Parts of Speech are
called Primary Interjections.

Examples:
List of Primary Interjections

Phew Wow Oh Blah

Huh Aw God Oops

Hurray Yuck Gee Ugh

Ouch Alas Geez Meh

Oops, My bad.

Wow! You had time to join us.

Alas! I couldn’t be there on time.

8. Secondary Interjection

The Nouns, Adjectives, and other Parts of Speech that act as interjections on occasions are called
Secondary Interjections.

Examples:

Indeed, I was waiting for your premonitions.

Goodness! How did you go through all these books in a day?

Holy cow! You’re the last person I expected.

Based on the severity of the expressions, Interjections are categorized into two types –

1. Mild Interjection

The relatively mild expression of feelings and emotions is usually called Mild Interjections. These types
are typically separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

Examples:

Oh, I was looking for you.

Well, it wasn’t very easy.

Hmm, I’m doing well.

2. Strong Interjection

The strong outbursts of expression are determined as Strong Interjections. These types are typically
separated from the rest of the sentence by exclamation marks.

Examples:

Yay! I finally passed.

Bingo! Found it.

Ouch! That hurt.

Based on the kind of emotions conveyed, Interjections are divided into three categories –

1. Volitive Interjection

Commands, requests, and wishes are usually expressed with Volitive Interjections. In the speech, “I
want” expressions are replaced with Volitive Interjections.

“Enough” expresses the wish to stop listening to someone and maybe put forward a contesting
statement. “Shoo” tends to express the speaker’s wish to drive someone away.

Examples:

Shh (I want you to be quiet) – Shh! We have to keep it quiet.

Ahem (I request your attention) – Ahem! I was looking at another problem.

Psst (I want to attract attention in secrecy) – Psst! I’ve started working out.

2. Emotive Interjection

The words to express sudden spur of emotions like surprise, delight, sorrow, disgust and fear are
Emotive Interjections. These types usually replace the “I feel” expressions in speech.

“Eww” means to convey – “I feel disgusted” and “Phew” means to express – “I feel relieved”.

Examples:

Ugh (I feel disgusted) – Ugh! What is that filthy smell?

Ouch (I feel hurt) - Ouch! These ants sting.

Yippee (I feel elated) - Yippee! We ended the year victorious.

3. Cognitive Interjection

Words that are born off cognition and used as exclamations are called Cognitive Interjections. These
types are used to convey the feelings and emotions that people come across and understand through
experience.

Examples:

Well, I’ll try harder.

Bravo! What a performance!

Gosh, you’re so fast.

Interjections mainly have four roles:

Rule 1: Interjections express a sudden mood, emotions, and feeling with emphasis. There are also many
taboo words that are usually used in everyday conversation but not in formal aspects. These words fall
into the category of interjections.

Example:
Wow! That’s an amazing scene.

Aw, I did not want him to come.

What? You never told me that!

Rule 2: Some interjections interrupt a conversation or a thought or hold someone’s attention for a
moment. These are just sounds, not words because these sounds do not make any sense.

Example:

Your, um, shirt has a stain on the back.

I want to, uh, ask you out on a date.

Rule 3: Some interjections express only yes or no.

Example:

Yes! I will most definitely do it.

Nah, we are not going.

Rule 4: Some are used to get someone’s attention.

Example:

Yo, Alex! Get in the car!

Hey! Will you give me that ball?

Yoo-hoo! Is there anyone?

https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/interjection