COMMON INSECT PEST OF ORANGE

CITRUS THRIPS

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION:

Scientific name: Scirtothrips aurantii taure

Common name: Citrus thrips

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

Class: Insecta

Order: Thysanoptera

Family: Thripidae

Genus: Thrips Linnaeus 1758

Species: Thrips physapus

LIFE CYCLE

Citrus thrips hatch from an egg and develop through two actively feeding larva stages
and two non-feeding stages. Those are the pre pupa and pupa, before becoming an adult.
Thrips do not have a true pupal stage. Over wintered eggs hatch in March about five times of
the new spring growth. First, instar larvae are very small, second, instar larvae are about the
size of adult, third and fourth instar (pro pupa and pupa) thrips do not feed and complete
development on the ground or in the crevices of trees. When adults they move actively around
the tree foliage.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

*Yellow or silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings.

* Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base.

* Damage leaves roll inwards along the margins.

* Feeding causes leaf drying resulting poor crop growth.

DAMAGE:

Citrus thrips punctures epidermal cells leaving scabby, grayish or silvery scares on the
rind. Thrips feed on leaves, flower buds, flowers or fruits depending on the species. It's
damages cause discoloration, distortion, premature drying and shedding of leaves, flowers and
buds. Feeding can also impact a plants ability to grow causing stunting or dwarfing.

MANAGEMENT:

In order to manage thrips, petroleum spray oils can be used. Thorough coverage is very
important. Early harvest will also help reduce damage from greenhouse thrips since they will
also damage ripe fruits.

Greenhouse thrips is readily controlled with thorough application of contact spray such
as horticultural oil, natural pyrethrins or insecticidal soaps to the underside of infected leaves.
 CITRUS WHITE FLY

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION:

Scientific name: Dialeurodes Citri

Common name: Citrus White Fly

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hemiplera

Family: Aleyrodidae

Genus: Dialeurodes

Species: Tabaci
LIFECYCLE:

White fly life cycle takes 6.10 days for egg hatch, 3-4 days as a nymph 1, 4-5 days as a
nymph ll, 4-5 days as a nymph lll, 6-10 days for the pupa. Adults can live for 30 to 40 days.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION:

* Leaf yellowing,

* Sticky upper surface of leaves

* Possible black sooty mould from sticky honey dew produced by larval stages.

DAMAGE:

The damage of citrus whitefly is consuming large quantities of sap, which it obtains with
its sucking mouth parts. White flies suck phloem sap which can cause leaves to wilt and drop.
The primary concern with white flies is the honey dew they produced. It is excreted by nymphs
and adults collect dusts and support the growth of sooty mold; large infestations blackened
entire trees including fruits as well as attract ants which interfere with the biological control of
white flies and other pests.
MANAGEMENT:

Avoid excessive damp and dark crop growing environment in glasshouses, do not
transplant white fly infested seedlings, inter crop with non - preferred crops such as wheat and
barley into the main crop to reduce whitefly infestation. Also, a simple solution made from liquid
dish soap and water will kill adult white flies without harming plants.
 BROWN CITRUS APHIDS

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Toxoptera Citricida

Common name: Brown citrus aphids

Domain: Eukaryote

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hemiptera

Family: Aphidoidea
LIFECYCLE:

The life cycle of Brown Citrus Aphids is much less complex than the most aphids. Brown
citrus aphids has no sexual cycle in the autumn and those no males, no aviparae and no eggs.

Most aphids reproduce sexually and develop through gradual metamorphosis and also through
the process called parthenogenesis. In which the production of off spring occurs without mating.
Females do not need to mate to produce young and no eggs are laid. Live young are produced
through a process termed parthenogenesis. Female aphids are born pregnant and adult
females can be wingless or winged.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

*Colonies of aphids clustered on young stem leaves and buds.

*Witling and distortion of leaves and young shoots.

*Yellowing and premature death of leaves and young plants.

*Honeydew on leaves and fruits,with black sooty moulds fungus.

DAMAGE

Aphids can build to high population densities,removing plants nutrients and may damage
plants by removing enough saps to cause withering and death.Aphid honeydew excrement can
build enough on plants to be a growth medium for sooty molds that impair photosynthesis and
promote other fungal diseases.

MANAGEMENT:

Early detection can reduce aphids infestation. Examination of plants will help to
determine the need for control. Summer oils can be used against aphids on some type of trees
and ornamental plantings. They kill by suffocating the insects and disrupting their membranes.
Fatty acids, salt or insecticidal soaps are very good against aphids. As with summer oils, they
apparently work to disrupt insect cell membranes. Insecticides such as malathion, dursban
(chlorpyritos) and outhene (acephate) are used for aphid control.
 Common insect pest found on lemon

CITRUS MEALY BUG

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Planococcus citri

Common name: Citrus Mealybug

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hemiptera

Family: Pseudococcidae

Genus: planococcus

Species: Planococcus

Species: Planococcus citri

 LIFE CYCLE

Planococcus citri female can lay from 300 to 600 eggs in her lifetime. Male citrus
mealybufs live for approximately 27 days and females live for 115 days. It's lifecycle
duration ranges from 20 to 44 days. Eggs are deposited as white cottony masses called
ovisacs. Adult size ranges in length from 3mm to 4.5mm. Nymphs emerge from the
ovisacs and typically settle along midribs and viens underside of leaves, young twigs
and fruit buttons.

PHYSICAL FEATURE AND IDENTIFICATION

- Their oral bodies ringed with waxy filaments.

- Have distinct parallel segment.

- White, slow moving, wingless females typically feed in large sticky colonies.

- Nymphs known as crawlers hatch from cottony masses of yellow-orange eggs.

DAMAGE
 Citrus mealy bug feeding results in wilted, distorted, and yellowed cholorotic
leaves, premature leaf drop, stunted growth and occasional deaths of infested plant or
plants parts. Sooty mold may degrade fruit quality by reducing the photosynthetic
capacity of leaves. Feeding under the adjacent to the button of lemon results fruit drop,
discolored and poor quality of fruit.

MANAGEMENT

Chemical control of citrus mealybug is often an in effecient management strategy

due to their habit of hiding. We can use high pressure water sprays, whale-oil soap,
preand post bloom spray application are recommend for management of citrus
mealybugs.

Biological control, several natural enemies have been identified that are effective
at controlling citrus mealybugs. Leptomastix dactylopii howard and anagyrus
pseudococci are common wasp parasitic of second and third instar nymphs. Some
insect are susceptible to infection by the entomophatogenic fungus, common predators
occasionally feed on mealybugs.

COMMON INSECT PEST OF BANANA

 BLACK BEAN APHIDS

FAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific Name: Aphis fabae

Common name: Aphids

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hemiptera

Family: Aphididea

Genus: Aphis

Species: A.fabae

LIFE CYCLE
 Most of aphids reproduce asexual in mind climate throughout most or all of the
year with adult females giving birth to live offspring - often as many as 12 per day -
without mating. Young alphids are called nymphs. They molt, shedding their skin about
four times before becoming adults. There is no pupal stage. Some species produce
sexual forms that mate and produce eggs in fall or winter, providing a more hardy stage
to survive harsh weather and the absence of foliage on deciduous plants. In some
cases, alphids lay these eggs on an alternative host, usually a perennial plant for winter
survival.

When the weather is warm, many species of aphids can develop from newborn
nymph to reproducing adult in seven to eight days. Because each adult alphids can
produce up to 80 offspring in a matter of a week, aphid population can increase with
great speed.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

Aphids have soft pear - shape bodies with long legs and antennae and maybe
green, yellow, brown, red or black depending on the species and the plants they feed
on. A few species appear waxy or woolly due to the secretions of a waxy white or gray
substance over their body surface. Most species have a pair of tube-like structure called
cornicles projecting backward out of the hind end of their body. The presence of
cornicles distinguishes aphids from all other insects.

DAMAGE
 The damage of banana plant from aphids has in three ways. Firstly, there is a
certain amount of direct feeding damage as the aphids remove nutrients and water from
the plants. Secondly, the aphids produce honeydew which encourage the growth of
sooty mould. Lastly, they transmit viruses, in this case, banana bunchy top virus.

MANAGEMENT

Export plantation may require regular fungicide application; increase plant spacing
to improve air circulation and reduce humidity; remove leaves with mature spots.

CULTURAL CONTROL

Measures include good weed control around the banana patch and pruning
unwanted suckers which can support high aphid populations.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Has been attempted with the introduction of predators, but has had little impact.

CHEMICAL CONTROL of the aphids is carried out using approved insecticides and
soap/oil mixtures.

COMMON INSECT PEST OF JACKFRUIT

 FRUIT FLY

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Drosophila melanogaster

Common name: Fruit fly

Domain: Eukaryote

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Insecta

Order: Piptera

Family: Drosophila

Genus: Drosophila

Species: D.melanogaster meigen 1830

LIFECYCLE
 Fruit flies undergo three stages of development before emerging as adults. Egg,
lava, pupa. At room temperature, fruit flies can develop into adults within one to 2
weeks. The eggs and larval stage span approximately 8 days, while the pupal stage
losts 6 days. The adult fruit flies live for several weeks.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND

IDENTIFICATION

Adults are 1/8 inch long and usually have red eyes. The front portion of the body
is tan and rear portion is black. Fruit flies lay their eggs near the surface of fermenting
foods or other moist, organic material, upon emerging, the tiny larvae continue to feed
near the surface of the fermenting mass.

DAMAGE TO CR

Fruit flies cause direct damage by puncturing the fruit skin to lay eggs. During laying
bacteria from the intestinal flora of the fly are introduce into the fruit. These bacteria
cause rotting of the tissue surrounding the egg. When the egg hatches, the maggots
feeds on the fruit flesh making galleries.
MANAGEMENT

Reduce the increase of summer bunch rot. Good fertilizer and irrigation
management and use of the giberellins (Thompson seedless only) may reduce the
number of tight bunches, thus decreasing the incidence of bunch rot. Good sanitation
practics in storage or processing plant are helpful in reducing population of this pest.
Pyrethrin and spinosyn insecticide can be used to and after harvest, but are not
effective for long-term control as they only provide short residual suppression of adults.
 COMMON INSECT PEST OF STAR APPLE

TWIG BORER

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Apate tenebrans

Common name: Twig borer

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Metazoa

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

Class: Insecta

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Bostrichidae

Genus: Apate

Species: Tenebrans
 Twig Borer insect young fruit such as star apple and emerge when the fruit
ripens. Constitutes a serious problem since it makes the fruit inedible.

LIFECYCLE

Adult beetles primarily are active in the early spring, but cold winter may reduce
black twig borer population or slow insect development. Adult beetles overwinter in
infested tree twigs and branches, and the adult female begin to emerge about the time
dogwood bloom. The female then re-enter new twigs and small branches, from their
brood chamber or galleries in the stem pith, and then lay eggs. It takes approximately
28 to 30 days to complete the life cycle ( from egg to adult) within the host plant. During
the spring, all stages of the beetles are found within their galleries and 10 to 15 beetles
may develop within a single gallery.

The adult beetle also introduce spores of a fungus ( Fusarium solani) into the
galleries that grow to produce white fungal ambrosia on which both adults and their
immature grubs feed. Unfortunately, this ambrosia fungus is a pathogen of trees and as
it spread, the fungus clogs the xylem tissue of the twig, resulting in wilting and death of
the end of the twig.
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

Twig borer attacks stressed fruit and nursery trees.The sign of

infestation includes a round outsance hole that is approximately 1 millimeters in
diameters.This lude can have a tooth pick - like string compacted boring dust and frass
emerging and sometimes weeping or bozing of plants sap from it.

DAMAGE

The legless,gsub - like larvae tunnel into twigs,girdling them and cassing die
back.This insect is considered to be a secondary pest in most situation as larval attacks
are restricted to parts of trees previously wounded or diseased and in decline.Adults
that emerge during late summer may out into healthy wood to feed and produce winter
shelters.

Management

- within an IPM program, the preferred management strategy for twig borer is well-
timed treatments of environmentally sound insecticide around bloom time. These
include Bacillus thuringiensis, spinosad( Entrust, success), methoxyfenodize ( intrepid)
and diflubenzuron ( Dimilin).

- Can be cantrolled with spray in the delayed dormant season to kill overwintering larvae
in the hibernacula.

- Prompt removal of infested branches, which may also be destroyed by composting,

burying or burning ( ag burn permit may be required)
 ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Bactrocera dorsalis

Common name: Oriental fruit fly

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Tephritidae

Genus: Bactrocera

Species: B. dorsalis
LIFE CYCLE

Under summer conditions, development from egg to adult requires 16

days.several stages can be delayed in coler conditions. B dorsalis eggs may take up to
20 days to hatch under cool conditions, extended from the usual single day.¹¹
pupariation occurs in the soil under the host plant and is normally completed within 10-
12 days, but can be delayed up to 90 days under cool conditions. Flies typically live
from 1-3 months, but this can be extended up to 12 months under cool conditions.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

Oriental Fruit fly are very small oval fly with adults growing only to be 1/8th of an
inch length.Adults are 3-5 mm long, light brown.They have mottled wings.There eyes
are iridescent and they have an overall tan appearance.

DAMAGE

Oriental Fruit fly can cause direct damage by puncturing the fruit skin to lay
eggs.During egg laying bacteria from the intestinal flora of the fly are introduced into the
fruit and it cause rotting of the tissues sorrounding the egg and when the egg hateh it
was feed on the fruit flesh making galleries.
Management

- one simple but effective technique called field sanitation, through which all
unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are
observed, so that re- infestation does not occur.

- in addition to this, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress Bactrocera species

using parasitoid, wasps including Fopius arisanus. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own
eggs into B. dorsalis eggs. The parasitoids are rearedin the host and the developed
parasitoid emerge in the pupal stage. F. arisanus has been observed to be the most
successful example of parasitoid control of B.dorsalis, and researchers are looking to
introduce it's model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly
affects.
 COMMON INSECT PEST OF APPLE

CODLING MOTH

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Cydia pomenella

Common name: Codling moth

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Tortricidae

Genus: Cydia

Species: C.pomenlla
LIFE CYCLE

Codling moth overwinters are as full -grown larvae within thick, silken cocoons
under loose scales of bark and in soil or debris around the base of the tree. The larvae
pupate inside their cocoons in early spring and emergeas adult moths mid- march to
early april. The moths are active only a few hours before and after sunset, and they
mate when sunset temperatures exceed 62⁰F.

After mating each female deposits 30 to 70 tiny disc shaped eggs singly on
fruit,nuts,leaves,or spurs. After the eggs hatch, young larvae seek out and bore into fruit
or developing nuts. After completing development, they leave the fruit anddrop from the
trees to search out pupation sites and continue the life cycle in the soil or on debris
under the tree, some crawl back up the tree to pupate in bark crevices.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

Codling moth adults are about 1/2 to 3/4 inch long with mottled gray wings that they
hold tent like over their bodies. Their appearance blends well with most tree bark,
making them difficult to detect. If you are trapping the adults, you can distinguish codling
moth from other moths by the dark, coppery brown band at the tip of their wings. The
larvae are white to light pink "worms" with a dark brown head. Yhey are one of the few
caterpillars likely to be found inside pear or apple fruit.
DAMAGE TO CROPS

On apples and pears, larvae penetrate into the fruit and tunnel to the core, leaving holes
on the fruit that are filled with redish- brown, crumbly droppings called frass. It left
uncontrolled,larvae can cause substantial damage, often infesting 20 to 90% of the fruit,
depending on the variety and location. Late maturing varieties are more likely to suffer
severe damage than early varieties.

MANAGEMENT

Codling moth can be very difficult to manage, especially if the population has been
allowed to build up over a season or two. It is much easier to keep moth numbers low
from the start than to suppress a well- established population. In trees with low levels,
codling moth often can be kept to tolerable level by using a combination of non chemical
management method; however it is important to begin implementing these
measuresearly in the season.

WOLLY APPLE APHID

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Eriosoma lanigerum

Common name: Wooly apple

Order: Homoptera

LIFE CYCLE

Simple metamorphosis, parthenogenic. Winter is spent in the egg or young

nymphal stages underground in root galls and as adult egg- laying female on the
branches and trunks of host plants. Eggs are laid in bark cracks on elm in the new
growth snd twigs for two generations (may and june), producing winged forms that fly to
other host plants (apple, hawthorn and mountain ash)
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

The woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum(Hausmann) is a reddish brown

insect covered with a white wax mass produced by specialized dermal glands. This wax
mass gives the insect its characteristic woolly appearance. The woolly apple aphid is
distributed worldwide.

DAMAGE TO CROP

Injury caused by the wolly apple aphid consusts of gall - like formations and swollen
enlargements on roots and shoots. Once started, these galls increase in size from year
as a result of aphid feeding. Galls from favorable places for fungi to attack.

MANAGEMENT

Control. These are few insecticides specially labelled for control of woolly apple aphid.

Diazinon,Closer, Beleaf,Movento snd Admire pro are recommend for control of above-
ground infestations. There are no insecticides to control root infestations on bearing
apple trees.
 COMMON INSECT PEST OF CALAPI

ANTS

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Solenopsis

Common name: Ants

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Formicidae

Genus: Iridomyrmex

Species: purpereus

Ants can nest in trees and gardens. When searching for food, they can be
attracted to a wide range of products with different species preffering fruits. They will
also search indoors for water during dry periods. When desirable items are found many
species will recruit fellow nests mates to help gather use problems primarily when they
forage in buildings for food or water and when they construct the food and return it to
the nest. This can result in large numbers of ants appearing over a short period of time.
Ants can be a nuisance when attempts are made to established plants through direct
seedling. Workers will forage for the newly planted seeds, removing them to their nests
and causing reduced germination.
LIFE CYCLE

The typical ant nest begins with a single individual, the queen. This queen flew
from her home nest a day or two earlier, together with other Queen's and males from
her nest and other nests in the area. The queen search for a mate often being attracted
to large, distinctive objects such as especially tall trees, large shrubs or hill tops. This
sites act as meeting place for queens and males from many nests. Ensuring that they
can find each other. The queen then mates with one or a few males while still in the air
or in low vegetation or the ground. Once mated, she searches for a suitable nest site.
Where she searches will vary with the species and can range from the tops of trees to
open soil.

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

Ants damage the field in patches.They usually feed on plants during seedling
stage.In order to identify ants you must check for missing plants and loss of plants
stand.
DAMAGE

Ants are linked to the spread of E. Coli, streptococcus, shigella, salmonella,

staphylococcus and other bacterial organism. While carpenter ants and pavement ants
can cause food.

MANAGEMENT

In order to manage ants, we must spray the plants or trees with an insecticide
like orthene that's available on Amazon. Be sure to spray regularly in summer and get
the spray on the top and bottom of the leaves.
 COMMON INSECT PEST OF GUAVA

WHITEFLY

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Aleyrodidae

Common name: Whitefly

Domain: Eukaryote

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropod

Subphylum: Sternorrhyncha

Class: Insecta

Order: Hemiptera

Family: Alyrodidae westwood

Genus: Aleurocanthus

Species: Greenhouse whitefly

Whiteflies can seriously injured plants by sucking juices from them, causing
leaves to yellow, shrivel and drop prematurely. If the number of white flies per leaf are
great enough, it could possibly lead to plant death. The second, which is known as
"indirect" damage, is caused by the whitefly adults.
LIFECYCLE

At 70°F, the greenhouse whitefly lifecycle takes 6-7 days for egg hatch as a
nymphs ll, 4- 5 days for the pupa.
Adults can live for 30 to 40 days.

FEATURE AND IDENTIFICATION

Check the field for the following damage symptoms:

*Whitefly adults resemble small moth and the body and wings are covered in a powdery
white wax. Nymphs (or larvae) are flattened oval shape, and look more like an scale
insect.

* Plant sap General Biology. Whiteflies are" true bugs" (Hemiptera) that feeds on plants
sap, much like aphids. Adult are very small (1/16-1/10 inch) with ppwdery white wings.
Females lay eggs directly on the underside of plant leaves.

* Main symptoms: leaf yellowing, sticky upper-surface of leaves and possible black
sooty mould from sticky honeydew produced by larval stages. Most active: all year
round at 10C up to 35C, if temperature is lower, they simply slow their rate of
development.
DAMAGE TO CROP

Whiteflies can seriously injured plants by sucking juices from them, causing leaves to
yellow, shrivel, and drop prematurely. If the number of white fly per leaf is enough, it
could possibly lead to plants death. The second, which is known as "indirect" damage,
cause by the white fly adults.

MANAGEMENT

* Add 1 tablespoon of liquid dish soap to 1 gallon of water and mix well.

* A simple solution made from liquid dish soap will kill adults whiteflies without harming
plants.

* Pour the solution into a plastic spray bottle and spray it on all infested plant, saturating
the leaves upper and underside and the stem.

* Dimethoate was found most effective in controlling spiralling whiteflies of guava

followed by spray treatment with phosphamidon, cypermethrin, malathion.
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Lepidoptera

Common name: Moth

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Lepedoptera

Phylum: Arthropod

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Lepidoptera

Family: Zygaenoidea

Genus: Macrolepidopteran

Species: Brown house moth

An insect with wings that is similar to a butterfly, usually flies at night, and is
attracted to light. Some types of moths eat holes in clothes. A moth is an insect like a
butterfly usually flies about at night.
LIFECYCLE

There are four stages of moth lifecycle: egss, larvae, pupa/cocoon and adults.
Each stage represents a significant step in moth's lifespan. Knowing the life of a moth is
important when trying to handle an infestation too.

FEATURE AND IDENTIFICATION

Check the field for the following damage symptoms:

* Affected branches wilt as the stem tissue are killed. Fungal perithesia small brown to
black structure may develope on the infected stem.

* Physalopara psidii cause stem canker and the imperfect stage Diplodia netalensis dry
fruit root. Pathogen attack main branches and stem on which it cause crackling of
lesion.

* You can identify the presence of guava moth by small entry holes in the skin of the
fruit, along with tunnels and larvae inside the fruit.

DAMAGE TO CROP
 Guava moth is small black and white speckled moth. It lays it eggs on the fruit
surface and caterpillar leaves rotting, brown patches, excrete and mould inside the fruit,
making it inedible and it cause early fruit drop.

MANAGEMENT

Cover green fruit you wish to protect with fine mesh cloth such as curtain netting
to prevent moths laying eggs on fruit. Secure with tape to the supporting branch.
Remove fallen and rotting fruit and associated leaf litter from beneath trees and bury or
burn it. This will destroy pupating guava moths.
 COMMON
INSECT PEST OF
PAPAYA

Toxotrypana
curvicauda

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Scientific name: Toxotrypana curcauda

Common name: Papaya fruit fly

Domain: Eukaryote

Kingdom: Animal

Phylum: Arthropod

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Family: Drosophilidae

Genus: Drosophila
Species: Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly in the family of Drosophilidae. The species

is often reffed to as the fruit fly or lesser fruit fly, or less commonly the "vinegar fly" or "pomace
fly".

LIFECYCLE

Fruit flies undergo

three stages of
development
before emerging as
adults: eggs, larva and
pupa. At room
temperature, fruit
flies can develop into
adults within one to two
weeks. The egg and
larval stage span
approximately
eight days, while the
pupal stage last six
days. The adult fruit fly
lives for several weeks.
FEATURE AND IDENTIFICATION

Check the field for the

following damage symptoms;

* Deadhearths or
dead tillers that can be
confused with other
defoliating insect
pest. To confirm caseworm,
visually inspect for
appearance of the
ladder- like leaf.

* Pest that tend to be

troublesome
following application of long-
residual insecticides include
spider mites, aphids, soft
scales, armored scales and mealy bugs.

* Carefully examine plant for damage symptoms and look on, in and around damaged
plants for insect possibly responsible for observed damage.

DAMAGE TO CROPS

Fruit flies cause direct damage by puncturing the fruit skin to lay eggs. During eggs
laying bacteria causing rotting of the tissue surrounding the eggs.
MANAGEMENT

The most effective way to prevent fruit flies damaging your produce is to use fruit
fly or insect proof netting. The mesh of these nets is much finer than bird netting and
prevent fruit flies reaching your fruit. Such netting can be bought from some specialist
garden centres and online retailers.

REFERENCES

https://en.m.wikipedia.org

https://ipm.edu>PESTNOTES

https://www.agritech.tnav.ac.in>cpp

https://entnem.dept.utl.edu>creatures

https://wwwz.ipm.ucanr.edu>whiteflies
https://www.bobvila.com>articles

https://hortipm.tamu.edu>SUCKING

https://www.britannica.com>animal

https://www.agric.wa.gov. au> citrus

https://www.itis.gov>single Rpt

https://www.cabi.org>isc> data sheet

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E.M Yahia and F. Gutierrez- orozco Autonomous university of Queretaro, Mexico

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