Edexcel

IGCSE
BIOLOGY
Structures and Functions in Living Organisms
Coordination and Response 1

Time allowed
60 minutes

QUESTION MARK

Score Percentage

/50 %
4.1 | CELL BIOLOGY | QUESTION PAPER 1 1
1 (a) The diagram shows a piece of apparatus called a calorimeter.

to filter
pump

waste gas pipe

water

small dish
oxygen

1 gram of
glucose

The calorimeter is used to investigate the energy content of one gram of glucose.
The glucose burns in the calorimeter and the energy released heats the water.
(i) Suggest why oxygen gas is passed into the calorimeter.
(1)

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(ii) Suggest why the waste gas pipe is coiled.

(2)

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(iii) Suggest why stirring the water will improve the data collected.
(1)
(b) The calorimeter contains 200 g of water. The graph shows the rise in temperature
of the water in the calorimeter during the investigation.

25 –

Temperature
in °C
20 –

15 –
–

0 5
Time in minutes

(i) Use the graph to find out the increase in the temperature of the water during
the investigation.
(1)
o
C

(ii) Use the formula to calculate the energy content of the 1 g of glucose.

mass of water in g × temperaturre increase in °C × 4.2

energy content in J per g =
mass of food in g
(1)
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(Total for Question = 6 marks)

2 Pigeons are birds that eat seeds. They are hunted by predators called hawks.

(a) Use this information to draw a food chain in the space below.
(2)

(b) Pigeons often feed in small groups. The size of the group of pigeons affects the
success rate of a hawk in catching a pigeon. Pigeons use their eyes to see an
approaching hawk.

The table gives information about the success that a hawk has in catching pigeons
when pigeons are in different group sizes.

Average distance when Success rate of hawk

Number of pigeons in
pigeons first see hawk catching a pigeon
group
(metres) (%)
1 3 80
2 to 10 16 58
11 to 50 30 17
more than 50 40 6
 (i) Use the information in the table to describe and explain the relationship
between the size of a group of pigeons and the success rate of the hawk.
(2)

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(ii) Describe the changes that would take place in the eye of a pigeon to help it
focus on an approaching hawk.
(4)

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(iii) Describe what happens to protein from pigeon meat when it is in a hawk’s stomach.
(3)

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(Total for Question = 11 marks)

3 The eye can respond to changes in light intensity.

The diagram below shows how pupil size changes in different levels of light.

bright light

dark room

(a) Use a ruler to measure the change in pupil diameter between bright light and a
dark room.
(1)

change in diameter = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

(b) Where in the eye are the cells that detect the change in the stimulus to cause this response?
(1)

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(c) Explain the changes that take place in the pupil as a person moves from bright
light into a dark room.
(3)

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(Total for Question = 5 marks)

4 Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge
to answer the questions that follow.

Conditioned Reflexes
Humans respond to stimuli such as sound, sight, smell and taste. Sometimes the
response is a simple reflex. If we get a puff of air onto our eye, we blink. If we
touch a hot object with our fingertips, we pull our hand away.
Another type of reflex is a conditioned reflex. These were first described around
5 the beginning of the 20th century by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
Pavlov was studying digestive processes in dogs when he discovered that the
dogs began to produce saliva before they received their food. In fact, after several
occasions of the lab assistants bringing the food, the dogs started to produce
saliva at the sight of the lab assistants. Pavlov called this ‘psychic secretion’.
10 He noted that dogs responded to a biological need (hunger) and also to a need
developed by learning.

To experiment on conditioned reflexes, Pavlov used a tuning fork that produced a

note of constant frequency. He hit the tuning fork and then gave the dog food.
In the beginning the dog produced saliva only when given the food. After the
15 combination of sound and then food were repeated, the dog produced saliva
at the sound of the tuning fork. Even when Pavlov took away the food, the dog
continued to produce saliva at the sound of the tuning fork alone. The dog
had learned to associate one stimulus with another. The dog learned that the
first stimulus is to be followed by the second stimulus. In Pavlov’s experiments,
20 the sound of the tuning fork informed the dogs that food was coming. The
production of saliva was a conditioned reflex.
Pavlov then used a different tuning fork to produce a note of a different
frequency. He measured the size of the dog’s response to this note. He could
then compare this response to the dog’s response to the original tuning fork.

25 Many examples of conditioned reflexes exist in humans. Some psychologists

believe that phobias, such as the fear of spiders, may develop by associating a
neutral stimulus with a fearful one.
 (a) Humans produce saliva when food is in their mouth.
Describe the function of saliva in humans.
(2)

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(b) Complete the table by giving two sense organs that the dogs use to detect the
arrival of food and the stimulus that each sense organ detects.
(2)
Sense organ Stimulus

(c) Explain how reflex responses, such as blinking (line 2), differ from other nerve
responses, such as picking up a pencil.
(2)

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 (d) Pavlov originally conditioned the dogs with a tuning fork of note B. The dogs would then
produce saliva when the tuning fork was hit.
Different tuning forks produce notes of different frequencies as shown in the box.

E G B D F

highest frequency lowest frequency

(i) Suggest why notes G and D produce a greater response in the dogs than notes E and F.
(1)

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(ii) Suggest how Pavlov might have measured the size of the conditioned response.
(2)

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(e) Scientists make conclusions about humans from studying animal behaviour.
Suggest two reasons why these conclusions may not be valid.
(2)

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 (f ) Simple reflexes are responses to stimuli.
Explain the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc, using the example of
the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object.
(5)

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(Total for Question = 16 marks)

5 The diagram shows a section through an eye with the iris and parts A, B and C labelled.

iris

(a) Name parts A, B and C.

(3)

A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) When you move from a bright room into a dark room you cannot see very well for
a while. After a brief time, a change in the iris helps you to see more clearly.
(i) The iris contains muscle tissue.
What is meant by the term tissue?
(1)

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 (ii) Describe the changes that take place in the iris when moving into the dark
room and explain how they help you to see more clearly.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 7 marks)

6 The drawing shows an elephant. Elephants live in Africa where it is hot.

(a) The elephant is adapted to live in a hot environment by having large ears.
Suggest how having large ears helps prevent the body temperature of the
elephant from rising too high.
(3)

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(b) Explain why the elephant may die if its body temperature rises too high.
(2)

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(Total for Question = 5 marks)