Monograph

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AN ANALYSIS OF SMEs, ACCESS TO E-COMMERS, E-BUSINESS, AND E-MARKETING

IN AFGHANISTAN
Chapter 1
Introduction
Problem Statement:
Human beings are living in an era in which everything is evolving rapidly. Technology makes
this happen. The technology advancement has influenced all industries including commerce and
telecommunication industries. Advanced communication technology enables people to buy and
sell products 24/7 around the world. Online-businesses help both buyers and sellers to create an
alternative model for traditional business models. According to the United Nation conference on
trade and development (UNCTAD) (2017), the value of global e-commerce has increased from
$16 trillion in 2013 to $25trillion in 2015.
Afghanistan has a population of 33.3 million, of which only 2.2 million have access to the
internet. The afghan market is still at an early stage of development and penetration remains
relatively low compared to other countries in Asia.
In the case of Afghanistan, The e-commerce market in Afghanistan is still in an infant stage. This
is due to several factors: first of all the country’s poor IT infrastructure, the lack of secure online
payment methods and also the cultural tradition according to which afghans prefer to buy from
nearby shops they are familiar with.
E-commerce is one such area that can empower micro, small and medium enterprises (SME),
Digital technology, specifically information and communications technologies (ICT), and their
application to e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing have had a significant impact on business
at a global level . for small to medium enterprises (SMEs) the spread of digital technologies is a
significant opportunity and also a potentially serious threat. The opportunity comes from the
ability of SMEs to access digital technologies that were previously only available to large
companies and to use these to compete in inter-national markets. Yet the threat emerges from
SMEs losing business by not embracing the opportunities and becoming uncompetitive in
increasingly digital and online markets.
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The best Ecommerce website engines in Afghanistan are Aseel, Justwish.af, Microcis Software
Solutions, sawda.af, and the best online advertising agencies in Afghanistan are Ebtekar
marketing, Justwish.af, Zinnia designer.
Sawda.af
Kabul Afghanistan
Online grocery and retail – Afghanistan
Sawda.af is the first comprehensive online grocery store in Kabul with over 3,000 products and
100 brands. In grocery list you will find everything that you need.
ZINNIA Designer
Herat, Afghanistan
ZINNIA Designer was created to develop and design websites, advertisements, services and
other related activities.
Justwish.af
Kabul, Afghanistan
This website provides jewelers to the customers.
Background of study
How e-commerce helps the growth of SMEs
Small and medium enterprises in a country is the backbone of its national economy. In
developing countries, in particular, the role of SMEs is quite pivotal to the development of
economy.
According to the world bank, SMEs account for the majority of business worldwide and are
significant contributors to global economic development. It goes on to say further that SMEs
represent about 90% of business and more than 50% of the employees worldwide.
E-commerce and SMEs

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The ever-evolving internet has brought about sweeping changes in the world of business.
For SMEs, Electronic Commerce ( e-commerce) offers a significant opportunity for expanding
their revenue, market share and customer base and penetrating new markets in both global and
local contexts.
Challenges in e-commerce Adoption
While there are many benefits of e-commerce for SMEs, they also have to overcome a number of
challenges in adopting e-commerce.
Lack of suitable e-commerce solutions for SMEs
The majority of ecommerce solutions available at the moment dose not cater to the requirement
of SMEs. SMEs require an adoptable, cost effective and easy to manage e-commerce solution
that fits across multiple business models.
Difficulty of adaptation
Some SMEs may find it exceedingly difficult to change the existing procedures or practices to
match with e-commerce adoption. Especially in the case of moving an existing brick and mortar
store to an online shop.
Inadequate transportation and delivery facilities
Delivery is an indispensable function of ecommerce operation. The quality of service matters as

much as the speed of delivery.
However, SMEs unlike mid level and large retails find it difficult to invest in delivery methods
required from conventional e-commerce solutions.
Lack of online payment method
Many e-commerce solution available in the market do not facilitate low cost multiple payment
methods, which calls for compulsory investment on a payment gateway, an option that is not
feasible to SMEs.
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Research Questions:
1. How to develop SMEs in Afghanistan?
2. When Afghanistan has developed SMEs, what is the positive effects it on economy?
Research Objectives:
1. To know how to develop SMEs in Afghanistan?
2. To know when Afghanistan has developed SMEs, what is the positive effects it on
economy?
Significance of study
The main goal of this study is to make afghan citizens more familiar with e-commerce
and e-marketing and to make e- commerce more widely used in our country. Due to
Doing business online is easy, and if more people have access to it, it can boost the
country’s economy.
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Chapter2
Review of Literature
E-commerce has been expanding as technology and communication grew. Based on

Investopedia, website online business or e-commerce is a type of business model, or segment of
large business model, that enables a firm or individual to conduct business over an electronic
network, typically the internet. From an academic perspective, researchers and academicians
started to
write both theoretical papers and conducted empirical empirical studies from the early 1990s
when the internet was invented for the first time. Like any other economic activities, doing
online business has both benefits and challenges which can be found in the literature. In one of
the first studies regarding the of internet in the business, Fojit (1994), pointed out some
challenges that businesses will be going to face in the process of adoption with the internet such
as lack of knowledge of executives about this phenomenon to assess its impacts on the
businesses. In order for them to assess the consequences, they have to understand the differences
between the traditional way of business and doing it through the internet.
At the same time, they need to know the usage of content, context and infrastructure of which a
business takes its value from. Also, Haynes (1998) looked at that issue from another perspective,
concluded that in the early stage of entering internet in the market unlike big and small
enterprises the adaption speed of mid-sized businesses will be slow which is a type of “stuck in
the middle” scenario. They will be under a considerable compilation pressure till they optimize
using the internet in their business by investing in their Information Technology (IT), he added.
Empirical evidence from a study focused on people who changed the phone-based business to
online business, showed that availability of lots of information-illusion of knowledge, lead to
overconfidence which sometimes could be harmful (Barber& Odeam, 2002).
Khatibi and Thyagararajan(2003) highlighted the issues such as understanding of the

technology, high skilled employee, rules and regulation and high switching cost as serious
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challenges of online business. Finally, Awoyelu and Tangba (2010) discussed the online business
from a technical point of view concluded that the traditional business models are associate with
lots of challenges for both buyers and sellers such as high level of time consumtion in shopping,
physical presence requirement and price discrimination.
On the other hand, research have presented the advantages of using the internet in the commerce
industry as well, Fojit(1994), argued that fast-growing technologies-disruptive which are
changing the way people do business the following actions are suggested : confirm the expected
interest, developing what your business stand for, improve the current infrastructure, have an
offensive and defensive strategies or look beyond a simple customer-supplier relationship and
finally building a creative partnership. Moreover, in a profound study by Hoffman and Novak
(1995) conceptually analyzed the impact of the internet on businesses.
Their study suggests that offering products through internet turned the businesses to be
consumer driven, enable the customers to compare different products, save the shopping time,
reduce shopping cost, enhance the quality and increase the variations of the products as the result
of a fierce competition initiated by the internet. Apart from that, doing business online creates
numerous benefits for firms at least in three aspects namely; distribution, marketing
communication and operation. To illustrate, some digital products can be sold and delivered
quickly through direct communication between producer and customer; some intermediary or
distribution cost, some marketing cost and cost of transferring information to customers-
distribution cost will be reduced.
In marketing related issues, the information about the company and its products will be available
24/7 for customers. A website can be functioning as customer relation tool, enable customers to
communicate with the company through email or filling some forms. Finally, in their paper, they
argued that online businesses reduce errors, time, and some overhead costs, nable the companies
to expand their market segments or penetrate to new markets which are geographically far away.
To analyze the effects of internet on the business and to change the behaviour and the decision
making. Barber and Odean (2002) concluded that availability of more and accurate information
helps the people to anticipate the issues and do not only rely on their confidence in decision
making. Khatibi and Thyagarajan (2003) suggested in their paper that competitiveness, efficient
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process and information system and better image can be added to the list of advantages of using
online business. Moreover, Awoyelu and Tangba (2010) believed that lots of the negative points
and shortage of traditional business models could be reduced significantly with online business
platforms which are safer, comfortable and contained lots of information about the parties,
products and delivery. Finally, these platforms enable small business to compete with the more
significant business. Hence, taking into account the opinions and arguments of the respected
authors and the real practice of online business one can understand that the e-commerce sector is
improving and providing tremendous benefits despite its minor adverse effects.
To investigate the online business from the customer perspective, Lina et al. (2007) conducted a
systematic literature review on the factors influencing the online shopping behavior of a
customer. The study shows that factors such as Demographic, internet usage experience, non-
positive beliefs, the shopping tendency, and motivational force, individual attributes, online
streaming experience and psychological factors are influential on customer’s will toward online
parches. Furthermore, the authors identified and pointed out the individual factors affecting
online shopping as well. Factors are: gender, age, income, education, culture, how much they
spend on the internet, the amount of time being spent online by individuals, internet usage
satisfaction level, how innovative he or she is, emotions, risk-taking traits and frequency of
internet purchases are inevitable in the process of determining the behaviour of the customers
toward online shopping.
Similrly, Putit (2013) finds that trust and risk are the most critical factors that influence the
purchasing behaviour of women in online shopping in Saudi Arabia. Online economic activities
are a combination of online and real-world social network which is being shaped based on trust.
In theory of communal shopping online is the short form of a general relationship between
economic behaviour and social structure plus the dynamic of those economic actions which are
generated from interpersonal roles of a society (Chong,2008).
Literature on the context of SME sector in Afghanistan
Afghanistan, unfortunately, has been dependent on foreign aids for decades now. In other words,
since 2001, with the rise of new government after several years of civil wars which put the
country in ruins and instability as well as with the failure of Taliban, the international community
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has been helping hugely, especially between 2001 and 2014, Afghanistan received a huge
amount of money and other supports from international community. This support still went on
after 2014 ; yet after new president came to power, the supports from international donors have
been significantly reduced. However, the afghan government hopes that Afghanistan will be less
dependent to foreign aids by 2025.
The main reason behind the government’s claim of being less dependent by 2025 is that it has
been focusing and working more on its engines recently, and its engines are SME sector. In other
words, although SMEs in Afghanistan are still facing wide variety of challenges but the afghan
government has been supporting its SMEs recently and that’s because it realized the importance
of SMEs that they can play for the economic growth of the country.
Most recently, for example, the afghan government has passed a law in which several incentives
are given for new businesses, especially for Startups. Under that law, the afghan government also
made SMEs not to pay their tax for three years upon their establishment. More importantly, since
Afghanistan has a fragile and unpredictable economy, the risk of large businesses/companies is
high. Given these reasons, the afghan government has been prioritizing SMEs recently.
However, among all SMEs in Afghanistan, the afghan government supports and prioritizing
those SMEs which are more profitable in the country or those SMEs in which Afghanistan has
advantage and thus is more productive than others; for example, SMEs in mining sector because
Afghanistan is one of the countries which, according to several finding, has natural resource
worth of multitrillion dollars, and one of those natural resources is mine. Thus, the afghan
government has been focusing on SMEs of mining sector so that it can get the most out of its one
of the great advantages.
The afghan government is also supporting and prioritizing SMEs of fresh and dry fruits and
that’s because Afghanistan is among the countries which has the best fresh and dry fruits with
high quality both in the region and the world. For example, it has been the third consecutive year
that the Saffron of Afghanistan ranks first in all around the world. In fact, Afghanistan exports
up to20 tons or more of its highly qualified Saffron to international markets, such as China,
Pakistan,India and etc.
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Last but not least, the afghan government has also been supporting and prioritizing
handicraft industries like carpets which are mainly made by woman in north of Afghanistan
mostly in Balkh and Faryab provinces. As a matter of fact, the afghan made carpets or
Afghanistan’s carpets, like its Saffron, are one of the top carpets with best quality globally.
Every year, the afghan government exports its carpets in all around the world, including USA,
UAE, and most of the Asian and European countries.
E – business probably began with electronic data interchange in the 1960s (Zwass, 1996).
However, (Melao,2008) suggests that it was only in the 1990s, primarily via the internet, that e-
business has emerged as a core feature of many organizations. In his opinion, the hope was that
e-business would revolutionize the way in which organizations interact with customers,
employees, suppliers and partners. Some saw e-business as part of a recipe to stay competitive in
the global economy.
The term e-business has a very broad application and means different things to different people.
Furthermore, its relation with e-commerce is at the source of many disagreements. (Melao,2008).
A more comprehensive definition of e-business is: “the transformation of an organization’s
processes to deliver additional customer value through the application of technologies,
philosophies and computing paradigm on the new economy. “ in a simple sense, E- business can
be defined as, “ the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for profit, products and
services that satisfy society’s needs through the facilities available on the internet”(Brahm
Canzer, 2009)
Some authors view e- business as the evolution of e- commerce from the buying and selling
over the internet, and argue that the former is a subset of the latter. (Turban etal., 2006). Others
defend that, although related, they are distinct concepts (Laudon and Traver,2008). Others use
both terms interchangeably to mean the same thing (Schneider,2002). (Kalakota and
Robinson,2000) proposed a definition of e-business that clearly stresses the difference between
e-commerce and e-business. More precisely they assume that “e-business is not just e-commerce
transactions or about buying and selling over the web; it is the overall strategy of redefining old
business models, with the aid of technology, to maximize customer value and profits”. Kalakota
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and Robinson’s definition is of great importance because it describes e-business as an essential

business-reengineering factor that can promote company’s growth.
According to (Melao, 2008) the clear commonalities among these definitions, include the
improvement of business processes and the use of ICT in intranets, extranets and the lnternet to
conduct business. He defines e-business as the use of ICT as an enabler to (re) design, manage,
execute, improve and control business processes both within and between organizations. Thus,
front and back-office integration and multi-channel integration become crucial in e-business
which requires a challenging process improvement approach to support the necessary
organizational, technological and social changes.
The article published by Rahmath Safeena. Hema Date and Abdullah Kammani in January 2001,
states that, the various areas where the banks are preparing to use e-business approach include
familiar and relatively mature electronically based products in developing markets, such as
telephone banking, mobile banking, credit cards, ATMs, and direct deposit. This means that most
of the banks have recognized the need to change their business process to conform to changing
business trends in order to keep up with competition.
The customers are using net banking, to pay the utility bills, insurance premium, to book orders
online, to book railway tickets also to book flight tickets, purchasing the products online using
net banking or online banking (e-banking), credit cards, debit cards or smartcards also.
The development in the e-business however means that an increasing number of jobs are being
changed from traditional tellers to branch advisors/ counselors. Bank staff is increasingly asked
to provide highly qualified financial advice rather than perform simple teller functions. By using
intranet the communication is very fast in the banks. The banks can handle their transaction
very fast online, using e-banking.
Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data
processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and
partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customer, e-business refers to
more strategic focus with an emphasis on the functions that occur using electronic capabilities.
(Yen-Yi,2006)
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In the article published by Windrum, and De Berranger in 2002 focussed on the integration of
the internet and related ICTs into the business organization forming e- business. It has two
facets. One is the integration of the supply chain so that production and delivery become a
seamless process. The other is the creation of new business models based on open systems of
communication between customers, suppliers and partners. Where the integration of the supply
chain provides increased efficiency and significant cost advantages through waste minimization,
the development of new products and services are facilitated by new ways of conducting
business based on internet working between organizations and individuals.
The stages theory has been widely used as a way of examining the adoption and progression of
various aspects of electronic business in organizations. The main assumption of the stages
theory is that organizations progress towards electronic business through an number of clearly
defined and successive stages or phases. Each adoption stage or phase is characterized by the
existence of distinctive applications, benefits and problems while it reflects a particular level of
maturity in terms of use and management of information systems and information technologies
(Taylor and Murphy,2004).
Within the stage adoption models, early stages of electronic business adoption are typically
characterized by gaining access to the internet followed by the use of relatively simple
applications, such as electronic mail, in order to dispense and gather information. Later, the
business starts to publish a wider range of information in order to market its products or services
and perhaps provide after-sales support. The deployment of electronic commerce practices
comes next, allowing the users of the corporate site to order and/or pay for goods and services.
In the most mature stages, the corporate website is fully integrated with the various back office
systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management
(CRM),and integration supply chain management(SCM) applications (Mendo and Fitzgerald,
2005)
Electronic business can be approached in many different ways, depending on the specific
business process that might be carried out through the internet. Thus, several internet usage
profiles or approaches are possible. A company must determine which profile or combination of
profiles best suits its particular business context and strategy (Mendo and Fitzgerald,2005).
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According to Basu and Muylle (2007), companies can gain two fundamental types of benefits
from e-business. These are generally described as: value creation or value enhancement for one
or more of a company’s stakeholder group; and lower cost of providing goods and services to the
market place. Example under value creation include improvement in internal and external
communication through effective e-marketing , increment of sales through an e-commerce
website integrated with a back office systems and improvement in supplier relation and
productivity through collaborative workspace (Basu and Muylle,2007). And example under
lower cost are: reduction in communication and travel costs using online meeting tools; shared
workspaces and; benefit from license free open source alternatives to proprietary software.
In banks the online banking facility allows the customer to check their balance or pay a bill at
any time of the day or night. The services offered by online banks typically include (David
Whiteley2001)
 Online balance and statement giving up-to-the-minute information. The statement can be
used to check that any apecific debit or credit has gone through;
 Credit transfers so that bills can be paid online. Included, is the facility to set up a
transaction for the bill to be paid at a later date;
 Maintenance of the standing orders and direct debits
Businesses also see tremendous opportunities for cost saving, revenue generation, increased
market share, marketing and market access, and improving customer service through direct links
that facilitate speedy enquiry and feedback. Similarly, consumers can inter alia, access the world
market through the virtual economy on the internet, choose from a wider variety of products, and
shop in the comfort of their homes. Globalization and specifically liberalization of
communication networks have all facilitated this break-through that further presents a massive
boost for international trade (A.K. Sohani,2009).
Windrum and Berranger (2002) suggest that the commercial benefits of e-business lie in five
areas. Firstly, firms are able to expand their geographical reach. Secondly, important cost
benefits lie in improved efficiency in procurement, production and logistics processes. Thirdly,
there is enormous scope for gaining through improved customer communications and
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management. Fourthly, the internet reduces barriers to entry for new market entrants and
provides an opportunity for small firms to reorient their supply chain relationships to forge new
strategic partnerships. Finally, e-business technology facilitates the development of new types of
products and new business models for generating revenues in different ways.
Chapter 3
Data and methodology
This chapter explains the research method adopted to accomplish study, including research
design, population size, sample size, data collection method and source of data. This research has
examined an analysis of SMEs, access to e-commerce, e-business, and e-marketing in
Afghanistan. The data collected by secondary data have been analyzed by SPSS.
Research Design
This study is descriptive research, because this topic has been investigated previously and the
nature of problem is known but we would like to add more information on the selected topic.
This research will used descriptive, the aim of this research is to an analysis of SMEs, access to
e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing a case of Bakhtar university and shetreno high school
in Afghanistan.
Population
The target population which considered for this research, a total number of 25 customer or users
out of 50 of different place bakhtar university and shereno high school.
Sampling size
To conduct the research, a questionnaire distributed and total number of 25 out of 50 users and
customers of two popular place bakhter university and shereno high school.
Sampling technique
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Sampling is subset of population, the process of picking a portion of the population to represent
the whole population is known as sampling (Biondo et al, 1998). The random sampling
technique has been acquired for this research. I was prepare questionnaires (close-ended or fixed
alternative questions). And I was collected the information about my topic in different people
that included: males, females, young, old in different place of populous of Kabul (bakhtar
university and shereno high school).
Source of Data
Both primary and secondary data were collected during the study. The techniques that were used
included administering of written questionnaire as well as reviewing existing data such as books,
reports, published papers, internet search, chapters, review of literature to meet the objective of
the data. The study relied on qualitative tools such as close-ended questionnaires.
Primary Data Collection
Primary data was collected from the users and customers, by developed close-ended
questionnaires.
Secondary Data Collection
The secondary data is collected from following reliable sources:
 Books (especially e-business books)

 Internet( google, and difference websites)
 Chapters(that we study in during of university)
 Published papers
 Literature of review
 Others.
Data Analysis
The study analyzed data by using Excel software. data processing involved editing, coding,
tabulation which were used as key factors in the whole process of research. This was done in
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order to make the research accurate and effective. Total questions are five that I ask from 25
users out of 50. The data was decoded and entered in to the latest version Excel. The statistical
functions were used to test the hypothesis and analyze the objectives of this study and the results
are presented in the next sections of this study.
Chapter4
Data Analysis and interpretation Report
Table1: shows distribution of respondents gender wise
Frequency percent Valid percent Cumulative

percent
Graph
Male 15 60.0 60.0 60.0
1
valid Female 10 40.0 40.0 40.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: primary Data
Gender
40.0
male
female
60.0
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Table 1 and Graph 1 indicates gender wise distribution of the respondents. Gender of the
respondents has been classified into two sub-categories i.e. Male and Female. The result reveals
that out of total 25 respondents, 15 respondents i.e. 60% are males and 10 respondents i.e. 40%
are females. Hence, it is concluded from the results of the above table that majority of the
respondents belongs to male category of gender.
Table 2: shows distribution of respondents as per their ages

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative
percent
18-20 years 5 20.0 20.0 20.0
21-30 years 8 32.0 32.0 32.0
valid
30-45years 12 48.0 48.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 2
Age
20.0
48.0
21-30 years
30 - 45years
18-20 years
32.0
Table 2 and Graph 2 indicates age wise distribution of the respondents. The ages of the
respondents has been categorized into 5 sub-categories i.e. less than 18 years, 18-21 years, 21-30
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years, 30-45 years. The result indicates that out of total 25 respondents, 5 respondents i.e. 20.0%
are 18-20 years, 8respondents i.e. 32.0% are21-30 years and 12respondents i.e. 48.0% are 30-45
years old. Hence, it is concluded from the results of the above table that majority of the
respondents refers to 30-45 years old.
Table 3: shows distribution of respondents as per Education Status
Frequency percent Valid percent Cumulative percent

High school graduated 5 20.0 20.0 20.0
14th class graduated 4 16.0 16.0 16.0
Bachelor 10 40.0 40.0 40.0
valid
Teachers 6 24.0 24.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources: primary data
Graph 3
EducationStatus
24% 20% high school

14 class graduated
bachelor
teachers
16%
40%
Table 3 and Graph 3 indicates education status distribution of the respondents. The education
status of the respondents has been categorized into 4 sub-categories i.e. High School
Graduated,14th Class Graduated, Bachelor and teachers. The result indicates that out of total 25
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respondents,5 respondents i.e. 20.0% are high school graduated,4 respondents i.e. 16.0% are 14th
class graduated, and10 respondents i. e. 40.0% are bachelors.
Therefore, the results concluded that in above table, majority of the respondents are bachelors.
Table 4: shows distribution of respondents’ Marital Status

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
percent percent
Single 10 40.0 40.0 40.0
Vali married 15 60.0 60.0 100.0

d Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 4:
MaritalStatus
single
mairried
single
mairried
Table 4 and graph 4 indicates marital status distribution of the respondents. Marital status
of the respondents has been classified into two sub-categories i.e. single and married. The
result reveals that out of total 25 respondents, 10 respondents i.e. 40.0%are single and 15
respondents i.e. 60.0% are married.
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Thus, it is concluded from the results of the above table that majority of the respondents
belongs to married category of marital status.
Table5: for what purpose do you use e-commerce?

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulativ
e percent
For personal use 5 20.0 20.0 20.0
Valid For business use 8 32.0 32.0 32.0
For both personal 12 48.0 48.0 100.0

and business use
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources: Primary Data
Graph 5
For what purpose do you use e-commerce?
5; 20%
for personal use

for business use
12; 48% for both
8; 32%
Table 5 and graph 5 illustrates that from 100% of respondents, 5 respondents i.e. 20.0%
are for personal use, 8 respondents i.e.32.0% of respondents are for business use,.12
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respondents i.e. 48.0% are for both personal and business use that for what purpose do
you use e-commerce. It shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e.48.0%are use
e-commerce for both personal and business.
Table 6: From the types of e-commerce, what according to you has the largest market
share?

percent
B2B Commerce 6 24.0 24.0 24.0
B2C Commerce 9 36.0 36.0 36.0
Valid B2G Commerce 7 28.0 28.0 28.0
C2C Commerce 3 12.0 12.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Graph6
From the types of e-commerce, what according to you has the largest market share ?
3; 12%
6; 24%
B2B Commerce
B2C Commerce
B2G Commerce
7; 28% C2C COMMERCE
9; 36%
Table 6 and graph 6 elucidates that from 100% of respondents. 6 respondents i.e. 24.0% are
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choice B2B Commerce, 9 respondents i.e. 36.0% are choice B2C Commerce,7 respondents
i.e.28.0% are choice B2G Commerce and 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are choice C2C Commerce
that from the types of e-commerce, what according to you has the largest market share.
Furthermore results reveal that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 36.0%are choice B2C
commerce with from the types of e-commerce, what according to you has the largest market
share and minimum number of respondents i.e. 12.0% are choice C2C Commerce.
Table 7: For how many years you are using e-commerce?

percent
Less than one year 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
One year 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

Vali
d More than five year 12 48.0 48.0 48.0
Do not know 2 8.0 8.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources: primary Data
Graph 7
For how many years you are using e-commerce?
2; 8% 3; 12%
less than one year

one year
more than five year
do not know
8; 32%
12; 48%
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Table 7 and graph 7reveals that from 100% respondents,3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are less
than one year, 8 respondents i.e. 32.0% are one year,12 respondents i.e. 48.0% are more
than five years and 2 respondents i.e. 8.0% are do not know that from how many years
you are using e-commerce.
It shows that the maximum number of respondents 48% of users are use ecommerce more
than one year and the minimum number 8.0% respondents are do not know how many
years they use e-commerce or online shopping.
Table 8: Please select the reason that you purchasing product online?
frequency percent Valid Cumulative

percent percent
Preferred brand 7 28.0 28.0 28.0
Do not need go 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

outside
Valid
Product quality 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
Price
Transparency 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
24 hours a day/7
days a week 9 36.0 36.0 100.0
continues working
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources : primary Data
Graph 8 Please select the reason that you purchasing product online?
preferred brand
28%
do not need go outside
36%
product quality
price transparency
24 hours a day/ 7 days a week
continues working
12%
12%
12%
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Table 8 and graph 8 depicts that from 100% of respondents. 7 respondents i.e. 28.0% are agree
with preferred brand,3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are agree with do not need go outside,3
respondents i.e. 12.0% agree with product quality,3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are agree with price
transparency,9 respondents i.e. 39.0% are agree with 24 hours a day/7 days a week continues
working, that please select the reason that you purchasing product online.
Moreover, results reveal that maximum number of respondents i.e. 36.0% are agree with 24
hours a day/7day a week continues working .
Table 9: please select the reasons that you don’t purchasing product online?
Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent
No internet 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

access
Delivery 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

mistakes
Low quality 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

Valid
Take many time 7 28.0 28.0 28.0
Cannot see real 5 20.0 20.0 100.0

product
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Source : primary data

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Graph 9
please select the reasons that you don't purchasing product onlone?
5; 20% 5; 20%
no internet access
delivery mistake
low quality
3; 12% take many time
canot see real product
7; 28%
5; 20%
Table 9 and graph 9 shows that from 100%of respondents. 5 respondent i.e. 20.0% are
agree with not internet access, 3 respondents i.e. 12.0 % are agree with delivery mistakes,
5 respondents i.e. 20.0% agree with low quality, 7 respondents i.e. 28.0% are agree with
take many time and 5 respondents i.e. 20% are agree with cannot see real product.
Furthermore results reveal that maximum number of respondents 28.0% are agree with
take many time, and minimum number of respondents i.e.12.0% are agree with delivery
many time.
Table 10: these factors below were supported by internet enable technology, which of
them attract you to choose an online shop?

percent
Good 6 24.0 24.0 24.0

website
performance
Ease of 7 28.0 28.0 28.0

placing order
Good
production 4 16.0 16.0 16.0
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information
Valid support
Website has 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

options about
shipping
online
On- time 5 20.0 20.0 100.0

delivery
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Graph 10
These factors below were supported by internet enable technology, which of them atrract you to
choose an online shop?
5; 20% good website perfofrmance

6; 24%
ease of placing order
good production information support
website has option about shipping
3; 12% online
on -time delivery
4; 16% 7; 28%
Table 10 and graph 10 shows that from 100% of respondents. 6 respondents i.e. 24.0%
are agree with good website performance, 7 respondents i.e. 28% are agree with ease of
placing order, 4 respondents i.e. 16.0% are agree with good production information
support, 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are agree with website has options about shipping
online and 5 respondents i.e. 20% are agree with on- time delivery that which of them
attract you to choose an online shop?
Furthermore results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 28% are agree with
ease of placing order, and minimum number of respondents 12.0% are agree with website has
options about shipping online .
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Table 11: did you find enough range of products?

percent
Strongly 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

disagree
Disagree 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

Valid Not sure 0 0 0 0
Agree 10 40.0 40.0 40.0
Strongly agree 2 8.0 8.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Sources :primary Data
Graph 11
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did you find enough range of products?
8%
21%
strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
agree
38% strongly agree
33%
Table 11 and graph 11 indicates that from 100 % of respondents. 5 respondents i.e.
20.0% are strongly disagree, 8 respondents i.e. 32.0% are disagree, 0% respondent not
sure, 10 respondents i.e. 40.0% are agree and 2 respondent i.e. 8.0% are strongly agree
that did you find enough range of products?.
Furthermore results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 40.0% are
agree with did they find enough range of products online, and minimum number of
respondents i.e. 8.0% are strongly agree with this question.
Table 12: Did you find enough products details?

percent percent
Strongly 1 4.0 4.0 4.0

disagree
Disagree 2 8.0 8.0 8.0

Valid
Not sure 5 20.0 20.0 20.0
Agree 10 40.0 40.0 40.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0

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Sources: primary Data

Graph 12
Did you find enough products details?
4%
8%
28% strongly disagree
disagree
20% not sure
agree
strongly agree
40%
Table 12 and graph 12 indicates that from 100% of respondents. 1 respondent i.e. 4.0% is
strongly disagree, 2 respondents i.e. 8.0% are disagree, 5 respondents i.e. 20.0 %are not
sure, 10 respondents i.e.40.0% are agree and 7 respondents i.e. 28.0% are strongly agree
that did you find enough products details?.
Furthermore results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e.40.0% are
agree did you find enough products details and minimum number of respondents i.e.
4.0% are strongly disagree with did you find enough products details.
This table reveals that more information are available in any website that using e-
commerce
Table 13:Do you generally find various alternatives for the same product?

percent percent
Strongly 4 16.0 16.0 16.0

disagree
Disagree 4 16.0 16.0 16.0

Valid Not sure 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
Agree 9 36.0 36.0 36.0

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Total 25 100.0 100.0

Graph13
Do you generally find various alternatives for the same product?
20% 16%
strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
16% agree
strongly agree
36% 12%
Table 13 and graph 13 shows that from 100% of respondents. 4 respondents i.e. 16.0%
are strongly disagree, 4 respondents i.e. 16.0%are disagree, 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are
not sure,9 respondents i.e. 36.0% are agree and 5 respondents i.e.20.0% are strongly
agree with do you generally find various alternatives for the same product?.
Furthermore results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 36.0% are
agree that they generally find various alternatives for the same product and minimum
number of respondents i.e. 12.0% are not sure with do you generally find various
alternatives for same product.
Table 14: How satisfied are you with the quality of products?

percent
Strongly 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

disagree
Disagree 10 40.0 40.0 40.0

Valid
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Not sure 0 0 0 0
Agree 5 20.0 20.0 20.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 14
how satisfied are you with the quality of products?
5; 20% 5; 20%
strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
5; 20%
agree
10; 40% strongly agree
Table 14 graph 14 shows indicates that from 100% of respondents. 5 respondents

i.e.20.0% are strongly agree, 10 respondents i.e.40.0% are disagree, 0% not sure, 5
respondents i.e.20.0% are agree and 5 respondents i.e. 20.0% are strongly agree that how
satisfied are you with the quality of products?.
Additionally, the results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 40.0%
are disagree that are you satisfied with the quality of products, and lowest number of
respondents i.e. 20.0% are agree with quality of products that the buying online.
Table 15: How safe did you feel while sharing your card details?

percent percent
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Strongly 4 16.0 16.0 16.0

disagree
Disagree 8 32.0 32.0 32.0
Not sure 1 4.0 4.0 4.0

vali
d
Agree 6 24.0 24.0 24.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 15
How safe did you feel while sharing your card details?
4; 16%
6; 24% strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
agree
strongly disagree
8; 32%
6; 24%
1; 4%
Table 15 and graph 15 indicates that from 100% of respondents. 4 respondents i.e. 16.0%
are strongly disagree, 8 respondents i.e. 32.0% are disagree, 1 respondent i.e. 4.0% is not
sure, 6 respondents i.e. 24.0% are agree and 6 respondents i.e. 24.0% are strongly agree
that how safe did you feel while sharing your card details?.
Additionally, the results indicates that the maximum number of respondents i.e.32.0% are
disagree that how safe did you feel while sharing your card details and lowest number of
respondents i.e. 4.0% is not sure with did you feel while sharing your card details.
Table 16: Did you receive your product within the expected timeline?
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percent percent
Strongly 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

disagree
Disagree 4 16.0 16.0 16.0

Vali
d Not sure 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
Agree 8 32.0 32.0 32.0
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Graph 16
did you receive your product within the expected timeline?
5; 20% 5; 20%
strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
agree
4; 16% strongly agree
8; 32%
3; 12%
Table 16 and graph 16 indicates that from 100% of respondents.5 respondents i.e. 20.0%
are strongly disagree,4 respondents i.e. 16.0% are disagree, 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are
not sure ,8 respondents i.e. 32.0% are agree and 5 respondents i.e.20.0%are strongly
agree that you receive your product within the expected timeline?.
Moreover, results shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 23.0% are agree
that you receive your product within the expected timeline and minimum number of
respondents i.e.12.0% are not sure with you receive your product within the expected
timeline.
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Table17: Did you receive your product at the shipping address?

percent percent
Strongly 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

disagree
Disagree 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

Vali Not sure 2 8.0 8.0 8.0
d
Agree 9 36.0 36.0 36.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 17
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Did you receive your product at the shipping address?
12%
strongly disagree
32%
12% disagree
not sure
agree
8% strongly agree
36%
Table 17 and graph 17 indicates that from 100%of respondents.3 respondents i.e. 12.0%
are strongly disagree, 3 respondents i.e.12.0% are disagree, 2 respondents i.e.8.0% are
not sure, 9 respondents i.e. 36.0%are agree and 8 respondents i.e.32.0%are strongly agree
that did you receive your product at the shipping address?.
Moreover, results shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 36.0% are agree
with did you receive your product at the shipping address and lowest number of
respondents 8.0% are not sure with did you receive your product at the shipping address.
Table 18:What kind of product you purchase from online shop?

percent percent
Home electrical 2 8.0 8.0 8.0
Beauty and 10 40.0 40.0 40.0

health care
Valid Food and 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

clothes
Furniture 1 4.0 4.0 4.0
Phones 4 16.0 16.0 100.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0

Graph 18
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What kind of product you purchased from online shop?
2; 8% 2; 8%
3; 12% home electrical
beauty and health care
food and clothes
furniture
10; 40% phones
8; 32%
Table 18 and graph 18 indicated that from 100% respondents. 2 respondents i.e. 8.0% are
agree with home electrical, 10 respondents i.e. 40.0% are agree with beauty and health
care, 1 respondent i.e. 4.0 is agree with furniture and 4 respondents i.e. 16.0 are agree
with mobile phone that what kind of product you purchased from online shop?.
Furthermore, results shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 40.0% are agree
with beauty and health care and minimum number of respondents i.e. 4.0% is agree with
furniture that they shop online.
Table19:The internet based technology, bring benefit for help your purchase online:

percent percent
Understand
product 6 24.0 24.0 24.0
information
Communication 5
Valid without charge or 20.0 20.0 20.0
low charge
Collect
information 7 28.0 28.0 28.0
easily
More selection 4 16.0 16.0 16.0

on product
Fun 3 12.0 12.0 100.0

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Total 25 100.0 100.0
Graph 19
The internet based technology, bring benefit for help your purchase online
3; 12%
6; 24% understand product information
communication without charge or
4; 16% low charge
collect information easily
more selectionon product
fun
5; 20%
7; 28%
Table 19 graph 19 shows that from 100% of respondents.6 respondents i.e. 24.0% are
agree with understand product information,5 respondents i.e.20.0% are agree with
communication without charge or low charge,7 respondents i.e.28.0% are agree with
collect information easily, 4 respondents i.e.16.0 are agree with more selection on
product and 3 respondents i.e. 12,0 are agree with fun that the internet based technology,
bring benefit for help your purchase online?.
Table 20: Do you like shopping through mobile?

percent percent
Strongly like 7 28.0
Like 5 20.0
vali Neutrality 4 16.0
d
Dislike 6 24.0
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Strongly dislike 3 12.0

25
Total 100.0
Graph 20
Do you like shopping through mobile?
3; 12%
7; 28% strongly like
like
neutrality
6; 24% dislike
strongly dislike
5; 20%
4; 16%
Table 20 graph 20 shows that from 100% of respondents. 7 respondents i.e. 28.0% are strongly
like, 5 respondents i.e. 20.0% are like,4 respondents i.e.16.0% are neutrality,6 respondents i.e.
24.0% are dislike and 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are strongly dislike that do you like shopping
through mobile?.
Besides, results shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 28.0% are strongly like with
do you like shopping through mobile, and minimum number of respondents i.e.12.0% are
strongly dislike with do you like shopping through mobile.
Table 21: Do you think limitation of internet technology could not show ”real” product quality
to customers?

percent percent
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Strongly disagree 4 16.0 16.0 16.0
Disagree 4 16.0 16.0 16.0
Not sure 3 12.0 12.0 12.0
Agree 6 24.0 24.0 24.0
Total 25 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary Data
Graph 21
Do you think limitation of internet technology could not show "real" product quality?
17%
29% strongly disagree
disagree
not sure
17% agree
strongly agree
25% 13%
Table 21 and graph 21 shows that from 100% of respondents.4 respondents i.e. 16.0%are
strongly disagree, 4 respondents i.e. 16.0% are disagree, 3 respondents i.e. 12.0% are not sure,6
respondents i.e. 24.0% are agree and 7 respondents i.e. 28.0% are strongly agree that do you
think limitation of internet technology could not show “real” product quality?.
Furthermore, the results shows that the maximum number of respondents i.e. 28.0% are strongly
agree with the limitation of internet technology could not show “real “ product quality and the
minimum number of respondents i.e. 12.0% are not sure about that limitation of internet
technology could not show real product quality.
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Chapter 5
Finding, Recommendation and Conclusion
Findings:
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1. It is concluded by analysis in chapter 4 that the majority of the respondents to the

questionnaire (55%), related to male category of gender, in which 60% are from 30-45
years old (unbalance gender ratio)
2. The result of the analysis indicated that the majority of participants i.e. 10 from total 25
are bachelor degree holders.
3. Subsequently from the analysis conducted through Excel software, the majority of
applicants i.e. 60.0 are married.
4. In this research we found that the people use e-commerce for personal use and business
use.
5. This research paper shows that the B2C commerce has largest market share .
6. Reason that people purchasing product online is 24 hours a day /7 days a week continues
working.
7. And the reason that people don’t purchasing product online is that they can not see the
real product quality.
8. According to respondents 10 respondents i.e. 40% are disagree about quality of product
it shows that the quality of product in online isn’t good, for this reason people not using
online shopping.
9. From the applicants point of view that they purchasing product online they received their
product in expected timeline it shows that the online buying is good in the time delivery.
10. According to respondents, products that they buying more in online shopping are beauty
and health care.
11. According to respondents views, many people strongly like shopping through mobile or
online because it is consuming less time.
12. We found in this research that most of people complain about the true quality of the
goods they buy online.
Recommendations:
The following are recommendation for e-commerce, e-business and e-marketing:
 Starting an e-commerce business requires the creation of a popular website, where you
can find a customer.
 The online commerce website should be such that the customer can access it easily and
simply.
 So that the customer can buy the goods he/she needs.
 To increase your sales, you need advertising to attract more customers building an online
marketplace is the most important part of your online business.
 In online commerce, from the website you use, all your products must be listed along
with their price so that the customers can buy goods according to their financial ability.
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 Customer trust and customer attraction is one of the most important parts of business
because if there is no customer, there is no money, there is no profit and there is no
business.
 Well, in order to attract customers, you need to produce quality goods, and the price of
your goods should be based on the customer’s financial ability.
Limitations of study:
It have to say that due to many reasons, I could face with challenges, obstacles and problems
from different aspects and sides.
 Data collection consumed a lot of time, lack of time was also limitation for this research.
 It took more time to elucidate and make agree some of the employees to fill the
questionnaire.
 Some of the employees were not collaborating in answering the research questionnaire.
 Lack of resources was also another limitation of my research.
 Some people are not willing to answer my questionnaire.
 Limitation of time that I couldn’t communication with people in proper way such as
teacher based on lockage of time for visiting.
Conclusion
This research contains the summary of findings, recommendations, and limitations come
out from the analysis. It is a highpoint of issues that were exposed during the research.
The ever- evolving internet has brought about sweeping changes in the world of business.
In the case of SMEs, e-commerce offers a significant opportunity for expanding their revenue,
market share and customer base and penetrating new markets in both global and local context.
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 References
 A Gilmore, D Gallagher, S Henry-European Business emerald.com-Review 2007.
 Research gate.net-DRNSINGH,MRAKUMAR
 W olatokun. M Kebonye-International journal of research gate.net-Emerging…2010
 M Mashal- university of central Asia-Institute of public papers.ssrn.com-policy and
administration (IPPA)working paper, 2014
 Waqas khan, khalid adel kardan journal of economics and management sciences 2 (4),17-
30,2019.
 National inception workshop on e-commerce in Afghanistan 28th January 2021.
 Abdul Fareed Delaweri faculty of economics and management science, international
Islamic university of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Journal of business and
economic management.
 https://www.unescap.wesellonline.org
 https://academiapublishing.org
 journal of emerging economies and Islamic research 7(2) 2019,43-55
 https://www.researchgate.net
 https://www.tradeclub.standarbank.com
 https://www.sortlist.com
 delight.af
 Abterkar marketing
 Justwish.af
 https://zinniadesigner.com
 sawda.af
 ebeyonds.com/blog/ecommerce
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ANNEX 1 Questionnaire
BAKHTAR UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Study on an analysis of SME, Access to E-commerce, E-business, and E-marketing in
Afghanistan
Investigator Research Supervisor

Shila amiri Dr.
Research scholar, Assistant Professor,
Department of business Administration

Bakhtar University
QUESTIONNAIRE
Respected Sir/ Madam

Wish you a very good day
A survey is being conducted about an analysis of SME, access to e-commerce, e-business and e-
marketing in Afghanistan.
You will find herewith a series of questions.
I request your good self to be kind enough to give your frank and genuine response.
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I assure you that your shared information will be kept highly confidential and this is going to be
utilized for the research purpose alone. Here, I would like to express my gratitude for your help.
Thanking you.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
1. name of respondent:
2. organization :
3. gender :
(1)Male (2)Female
4. Age:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
5. Educational status:
(1) High School Graduated (2) 14th Class Graduated (3) Bachelor (4) Master (5) PHD
6. Marital status:
(1) Single (2) Married
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Please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following questions
Questions:-
Q1: For what purpose do you use e-commerce?

A. For personal use
B. For business use
C. For both
Q2: From the types of e-commerce, what according to you has the largest market share?
A. B2B Commerce
B. B2C Commerce
C. B2G Commerce
D. C2C Commerce
Q3: For how many years you are using e-commerce?

A. Less than one year
B. One year
C. More than five year
D. Do not know
Q4: please select the reason that you purchasing product online?
A. Preferred brand
B. Do not need go outside
C. Price transparency
D. Product quality
Q5: please select the reasons that you don’t purchasing product online?
A. No internet access
B. Delivery mistakes
C. Low quality
D. Take many time
E. Can not see real product
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Q6: these factors below were supported by internet enable technology, which of them attract
you to choose an online shop?
A. Good website performance
B. Ease of placing order
C. Good production information support
D. Website has options about shipping online
E. One time delivery
Q7: did you find enough range of products?

A. Strongly disagree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q8: did you find enough products details?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q9: do you generally find various alternatives for the same product?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q10: how satisfied are you with the quality of products?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q11: how safe did you feel while sharing your card details?
B. Disagree
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IN AFGHANISTAN
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q12: do you receive your product within the expected timeline?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q13: did you receive your product at the shipping adderss?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree
Q14: what kind of product you purchase from online shop?
A. Home electrical
B. Beauty and health care
C. Food and clothes
D. Furniture
E. Phones
Q15: the internet based technology, bring benefit for help your purchase online:
A. Understand product information
B. Communication without charge or law charge
C. Collect information easily
D. More selection on product
E. Fun
Q16: do you like shopping through mobile?
A. Strongly like
B. Like
C. Neutrality
D. Dislike
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E. Strongly dislike
Q17: do you think limitation of internet technology could not show “real” product quality to
customers?
B. Disagree
C. Not sure
D. Agree
E. Strongly agree

Monograph

Uploaded by

Monograph

Uploaded by

1

AN ANALYSIS OF SMEs, ACCESS TO E-COMMERS, E-BUSINESS, AND E-MARKETING

Online grocery and retail – Afghanistan

This website provides jewelers to the customers.

How e-commerce helps the growth of SMEs

E-commerce and SMEs

Challenges in e-commerce Adoption

Lack of suitable e-commerce solutions for SMEs

Inadequate transportation and delivery facilities

Delivery is an indispensable function of ecommerce operation. The quality of service matters as

Lack of online payment method

E-commerce has been expanding as technology and communication grew. Based on

Khatibi and Thyagararajan(2003) highlighted the issues such as understanding of the

Literature on the context of SME sector in Afghanistan

and Robinson’s definition is of great importance because it describes e-business as an essential

Data and methodology

Primary Data Collection

Secondary Data Collection

The secondary data is collected from following reliable sources:

 Books (especially e-business books)

Data Analysis and interpretation Report

Table1: shows distribution of respondents gender wise

Frequency percent Valid percent Cumulative

Table 2: shows distribution of respondents as per their ages

Table 3: shows distribution of respondents as per Education Status

Frequency percent Valid percent Cumulative percent

Total 25 100.0 100.0

24% 20% high school

Table 4: shows distribution of respondents’ Marital Status

Single 10 40.0 40.0 40.0

Vali married 15 60.0 60.0 100.0

Table5: for what purpose do you use e-commerce?

For personal use 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

Valid For business use 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

For both personal 12 48.0 48.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

For what purpose do you use e-commerce?

for personal use

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative

B2B Commerce 6 24.0 24.0 24.0

B2C Commerce 9 36.0 36.0 36.0

Valid B2G Commerce 7 28.0 28.0 28.0

C2C Commerce 3 12.0 12.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources: Primary Data

Table 7: For how many years you are using e-commerce?

Less than one year 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

One year 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

Do not know 2 8.0 8.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

For how many years you are using e-commerce?

less than one year

frequency percent Valid Cumulative

Preferred brand 7 28.0 28.0 28.0

Do not need go 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent

No internet 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

Delivery 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

Low quality 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

Cannot see real 5 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

Source : primary data

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative

Good 6 24.0 24.0 24.0

Ease of 7 28.0 28.0 28.0

Website has 3 12.0 12.0 12.0

On- time 5 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

Sources: primary data

5; 20% good website perfofrmance

Table 11: did you find enough range of products?

Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative

Strongly 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

Disagree 8 32.0 32.0 32.0

Agree 10 40.0 40.0 40.0