Waste To Wealth Technology Compendium

Waste to Wealth
Compendium of technologies
2021
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

(CSIR)
2 Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan
NEW DELHI
S.NO TECHNOLOGY CSIR-LAB PAGE
SOLID MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
1. Building products from Kota stone waste CSIR-CBRI 8-9
Extraction of zinc oxide and metallic zinc from CSIR-CECRI 10-11
2.
galvanizer ash
Advanced red mud based synthetic heavy density CSIR-AMPRI 12-13
3.
aggregates and radiation shielding concrete
4. Advanced pavers block from copper tailings CSIR-AMPRI 14-15
Waste minimization in ceramic sector (White ware CSIR-CGCRI 16-17
5.
units at Khurja)
Development of polished & unpolished granite tiles CSIR-CGCRI 18-19
6.
in different colors using granite dust waste
Utilization of calcium hydroxide in ceramic CSIR-CGCRI 20-21
7.
industries
Technology up-gradation of pottery industry at CSIR-CGCRI 22-23
8.
Khurja
Development of leather and products from chicken CSIR-CLRI 24-25
9. feet skins, “exploring the unexplored raw materials
for leather processing”
10. Sole from fleshing waste CSIR-CLRI 26-27
Preparation of compost from animal hair waste CSIR-CLRI 28-29
11.
(process based technology)
Co-digestion of tannery solid wastes for biogas CSIR-CLRI 30-31
12.
generation
13. Collagen sheet CSIR-CLRI 32-33
Demineralized bone matrix: an osteo-inductive CSIR-CLRI 34
14.
material which induces new bone formation
15. Dog chew CSIR-CLRI 35
16. Retanning agent from paper industry wastes CSIR-CLRI 36-37

Integrated municipal solid waste disposal system CSIR-CMERI 38-40
17.
(IMSWDS)
Preparation of halogen scavenger grade synthetic CSIR- 41-42
18.
hydrotalcite (SHT) CSMCRI
Management of solid waste of tanneries and CSIR- 43-44
19.
textiles: recovery of industrial grade sodium CSMCRI
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chloride (>98.5% w/w NaCl) and sodium sulphate
(>98.5% w/w Na2SO4)
Processes for the utilization of kimberlite waste for CSIR- 45-46
20. the manufacture of sodium silicate, detergent CSMCRI
grade zeolite a and precipitated silica
CSIR- 47-48
21. Palladium recovery from spent catalysts
CSMCRI
Manufacture of zeolite-a (detergent builder) from CSIR- 49-50
22.
bauxite or bauxite leachate (bayer liquor) CSMCRI
Room temperature process for biodiesel CSIR-IIP 51-53
23.
production from used cooking oils.
Neeraksha: solid waste disinfection and CSIR-NEERI 54-55
24.
carbonization
Improved primary treatment system for dung and CSIR-NEERI 56-57
25. fats and oil & grease (fog) management in
slaughter house industry (du-fog)
Manufacturing of gel bonded gypsum bricks and CSIR-NIIST 58-59
26.
CLC foam blocks
27. Biofilter: technology for industrial odor control CSIR-NIIST 60-61
Technology for extraction of tungsten as yellow CSIR-NML 62-63
28. tungsten oxide (yto)/ ammonium para-tungstate
(apt)/tungsten metal powder from W scraps.
Production of cold bonded iron ore slime briquettes CSIR-NML 64-65
29.
for its application in iron/steel making
Geopolymer concrete, cement from industrial CSIR-NML 66-67
30.
wastes
Production of DRI using iron ore fine/slime and CSIR-NML 68-69
31.
non-coking coal in tunnel kiln
Commercial process for the recovery of high purity CSIR-NPL 70
32.
gold and silver process waste
SEWAGE & EFFLUENT WATER
33. Effluent water treatment plant CSIR-CMERI 72-73
34. Waste water treatment plant CSIR-CMERI 74-75

CSIR- 76-77
35. Spent wash management (SWM) technology
CSMCRI
Recovery of ammonium sulphate from highly CSIR-NEERI 78-79
36.
colored & high TDS wastewater (pharmaceutical)
37. Ca-rid: system for recovery of marketable calcium CSIR-NEERI 80-81
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byproducts from high TDS process effluent
rendering treated-effluent suitable for subsequent
treatments
Process for recovery of anhydrous white sodium CSIR-NEERI 82-83
38. sulphate from crude green hydrous global salt
obtained from RO reject of textile industry
“Tapping the untapped wealth”- recovery of CSIR-NEERI 84-88
39. commercially viable hematite pigments from iron-
rich wastes through bio- chemical process
Modular onsite wastewater treatment cum CSIR-NIIST 89-90
40.
resource recovery unit (NOWA)
BFBR: A high-rate anaerobic reactor for complex CSIR-NIIST 91-92
41.
wastewater treatment
Premium grade iron oxide pigment from waste CSIR-NML 93-94
42.
chloride pickle liquor of steel industries
BIOMASS & AGRO WASTE
Microbial inoculums for the management of coffee CSIR-CFTRI 96-97
43.
pulp effluent
Low cost technology for converting biomass CSIR-CIMAP 98-100
wastes into nutrient rich biochar for improving the
44.
soil fertility and carbon sequestration: a circular
and zero-waste system
Incense sticks and fragrant cones from offered CSIR-CIMAP 101-103
45.
flowers
Technology for dietary fiber extraction from apple CSIR-IHBT 104-105
46.
pomace
Development of Punica granatum peel based CSIR-IHBT 106-107
47.
nutraceutical for cardio-protection
Formulation of herbal incense cones from herbs CSIR-IHBT 108-109
48.
and flowers
49. Ready to eat crispy fruits and vegetables CSIR-IHBT 110-111
50. Tea catechins CSIR-IHBT 112-113
51. Tea wine CSIR-IHBT 114-115
52. Ready to serve tea concentrates CSIR-IHBT 116-117
53. Compost booster for cold region CSIR-IHBT 118-119

Eco-friendly process for textile fiber from plant CSIR-IHBT 120-121
54.
resources for various applications
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Anaerobic gas lift reactor (AGR): a high rate bio- CSIR-IICT 122-127
methanation technology to treat organic solid
55.
waste for the generation of biogas and bio manure
from organic waste
Green/renewable bio-hydrogen (H2) and platform CSIR-IICT 128-130
56. chemical production from biogenic (solid /liquid)
waste
Protein hydrolysate-liquid fertilizer for plant growth CSIR-IIIM 131-132
57.
promotion
Microbial fermentation process for biofertilizer and CSIR-IIIM 133-134
58.
bio control agents
Vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process for up- CSIR-IIP 135-137
59. gradation of raw biogas to pipeline quality bio-
methane
Mobile pyrolyser for turning agricultural waste into CSIR-IIP 138-142
60.
energy and fertilizer
61. Herbal floor cleaner (Floormop) CSIR-NBRI 143-144
62. Herbal Gulal from floral temple waste CSIR-NBRI 145-146
63. Turmeric (Kesari) leaf essential oil CSIR-NBRI 147-148
64. Cashew nut shell liquid and derivatives (CNSL) CSIR-NIIST 149-150
Biodegradable cutleries, cups, glass, and plates CSIR-NIIST 151-153
from agri wastes (wheat barn, sugar cane
65.
bagasse, rice husk, fruit peels, and pineapple
leaves)
66. Compact food waste biogas plant CSIR-NIIST 154-155
67. Plates from coconut husk CSIR-NIIST 156
68. Activated carbon from waste biomass jute sticks CSIR-NPL 157-158
69. Particle board from rice husk CSIR-NPL 159-160

Process for extraction of fibers from banana CSIR-NEIST 161-162
70.
pseudo stem
71. Composite board from agro-waste CSIR-NEIST 163-164
72. Process for making handmade paper CSIR-NEIST 165-166
FLY ASH
73. Clay fly ash bricks CSIR-CBRI 168-169
74. C-brick machine CSIR-CBRI 170-171
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Ambient cured geopolymer for making concrete CSIR-CBRI 172-173
75.
and building materials
76. Geopolymer concrete for in-situ construction CSIR-CBRI 174-175
77. Sintered lightweight fly ash aggregates CSIR-CBRI 176

Fly ash based advanced (cement free) CSIR-AMPRI 177-178
78.
geopolymeric concrete for rigid pavement road
79. Advanced geopolymeric tetrapod using silo fly ash CSIR-AMPRI 179-181
Hybrid wood substitute composite materials (cm- CSIR-AMPRI 182-183
80.
wood)
High-performance hybrid composite materials (HP- CSIR-AMPRI 184-187
81.
composites)
Advanced hybrid composite wood and wood CSIR-AMPRI 188-189
82.
substitute (ac-wood)
Sisal potential for rural employment and making CSIR-AMPRI 190-192
83.
hybrid composite wood materials using fly ash.
Evergreen hybrid composites of parali (agro CSIR-AMPRI 193-196
84. wastes) and industrial wastes (evergreen hybrid
ply and composite wood).
Development of fly ash based geopolymeric CSIR-AMPRI 197-198
85. coating material for corrosion protection of mild
steel
Advanced chemically designed, non-toxic, material CSIR-AMPRI 199-200
86.
using fly ash based geo polymerized brine sludge
Fly ash utilization for wasteland reclamation and CSIR-AMPRI 201-202
87.
improve the agricultural productivity
88. A study on use of fly ash in ceramics products CSIR-CGCRI 203-204
Fly ash utilization for development of various CSIR-CGCRI 205
89.
glasses
Fly ash/blast furnace slag utilization for CSIR-CGCRI 206-207
90.
development of ultra-low expansion glass-ceramics
91. Fly ash for road embankment construction CSIR-CRRI 208-209
92. Fly ash for road pavement construction CSIR-CRRI 210-211
93. Walue: Cenosphere extraction from fly ash CSIR-NEERI 212-213
94. Geopolymer cement from fly ash CSIR-NML 214-215

Paving blocks from fly ash and steel slag CSIR-NML 216-217
95.
combination
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96. Quick road repairing material CSIR-NML 218
97. Eco-friendly geopolymer concrete blocks CSIR-SERC 219-220
E WASTE
Recycling of waste batteries to recover metal salts CSIR-CSIO 222-224
98.
and other reusable products
99. Recycling of waste CFLs and tube lights CSIR-CSIO 225-226
Recovery of gold from waste mobile phones and CSIR-NML 227-228
100.
scraps of various equipment
Recovery of cobalt from discarded li-ion batteries CSIR-NML 229-230
101.
of mobile phone
Recovery of neodymium as a value added product CSIR-NML 231-232
102.
from waste hard disk of personal computers
PLASTIC WASTE
Recycling of plastic wastes into tiles for structure CSIR-NPL 234-235
103.
designing for societal usage
A process of using Thermocol (expanded CSIR-CRRI 236-237
104. polystyrene) waste in hot bituminous mixes for
road construction
Utilization of PVC pipe waste in modifying bitumen CSIR-CRRI 238
105.
for paving applications
CARBON CAPTURE
106. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to oxalic acid CSIR-CECRI 240-242
Simultaneous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CSIR-CECRI 243-245
107.
Adipic acid
Bio-waste derived activated carbon for energy CSIR-CECRI 246-247
108.
storage in super capacitors
High surface area porous carbon from CSIR- 248-249
109. carbonaceous wastes e.g. agro-residues, industrial CSMCRI
organic rich wastes etc.
Annexure 250-251
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Utilization of
“Solid municipal and industrial waste”
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1. Building Products from Kota stone Waste
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary The amount of wastes generated during cutting, querying,
sawing and polishing processes from flaggy limestone
industries reaches up to 10-12 MT per year. This technology
is helpful for stone Industry in disposing off the huge solid and
slurry stone wastes economically without effecting the
environment. The developed technology is ~35-45% cost-
effective as compared to the conventional tiles/blocks.
Salient features Product developed
Floor-cum-wall Tiles, Paver & CFC Blocks
 Size of Tiles & CFC Blocks (L*B*T): 300*300*30 mm &
400*200*200 mm
 Wet transverse strength (Tiles): 3.50 - 5.54 MPa
 Compressive strength (Cellular blocks): 0.38-6.75 MPa
 Grade & Thickness: M30 to M50, thickness (50 mm-
100 mm)
 No. of working days: 300 per annum
 Land area required : Approx. 500 m2
 Capacity: 5000 unit per day
 Shift: 1 shift (8 hours/day)
 Quality (standard specifications IS): 1237, 15658,
2185 (IV)
Problems Solid waste generation as flaggy limestone slurry easily
addressed/application reaches about 4.5-5 MT annually i.e. approx. 75-80% of total
mined out reserves. It contains around 38% lime, 15-18%
silica, 3-4% alumina and around 1-2% iron as FeO and Fe2O3.
There is a tremendous scope and need for recycling and
using such stone wastes to develop sustainable building
materials.
Application/Uses:
Floor tiles- Light traffic loads & heavy traffic conditions
 Paver blocks- Non traffic to Heavy traffic conditions
 CFC blocks- Infill material & brick replacement
Scale of development The technology transferred to Rajasthan State Pollution
Control Board (RSPCB), Jaipur on 08th Aug.‟2017 for Rs. 20
Lakh. Demonstration has been given successfully to a few
Entrepreneurs.
IP status Indian Patent (under Process)
Status of Transferred to Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board,
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commercialization Jaipur. Two such plants have been approved in Kota by Govt.
including status of of Rajasthan under Start-up-project.
deployment
Techno-economics Profitability is ~35-45% as compared to market tiles, paver &
CFC blocks; on Annual turnover. Pashan welfare foundation,
Kota have earned 25 to 35 % profit approx. on the developed
products
Environmental  Minimization in environmental pollution
considerations  Saving of natural resources through waste utilization
 Sustainable construction, green materials
Contact Details Director
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute (CSIR-CBRI)
Roorkee
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 01332-272243
Tiles, Paver & CFC Blocks using Kota stone
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2. Extraction of Zinc Oxide and Metallic Zinc from Galvanizer Ash
Lab CSIR-CECRI
Executive summary Zinc ash from galvanizing units (tower and wire gauze units).
The yearly production of zinc in India is at 1.8 lakhs tonnes,
while its demand in a year is around 2.7 lakhs tonnes. Due to
the steady industrial growth, there is a gradual increase in the
utilization of zinc. In India, annually around 20000 tonnes of
zinc ash is generated during galvanization of steel/iron. It
contains 60-70% of zinc which on recovery would provide
12000 tonnes of zinc. We have a developed dual process
from which high pure ZnO and metallic Zinc can be produced
from the secondary source.
Salient features Selective precipitation of Zinc Oxide from galvanizer ash.
Conversion of galvanizer ash to metallic Zinc with greater than
95% current efficiency
Problems Zinc ash obtained from molten galvanizer ash in India
addressed/application accounts to approximately 12,000 tonnes of Zinc. The
valuable secondary source contains other anionic and cationic
impurities. The technology employs a two stage process of
purification subsequently followed by chemical precipitation or
electro-winning to yield ZnO and Metallic Zinc, respectively.
The resultant materials are 99% pure.
Scale of development 10 Kg per batch (both ZnO and metallic Zn)
IP status Patent yet to be filled
Status of Non-technical note prepared and submitted to MSMEs.
commercialization Currently a project has been undertaken for a MSME.
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Estimated future demand : 2.7 lakhs tonnes per year
Market Price of Zinc Oxide : Rs. 170/- per Kg
Production Cost by this process : Rs. 115/- per Kg
Environmental The process utilizes less toxic chemicals for processing
considerations
CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
Karaikudi
Phone: 04565-227777, 227778
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Zinc ash from galvanizing units
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3. Advanced Red Mud Based Synthetic Heavy Density Aggregates and
Radiation Shielding Concrete
Lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR-AMPRI has developed radiation shielding concrete,
using Red Mud based Synthetic Shielding Aggregates. Design
Mix for radiation shielding concrete was developed using
different proportions, compositions of Synthetic Shielding
Aggregates followed by curing and engineering properties
testing of specimens. The developed concrete achieved
Target parameters. The test for Durability/ Assessment of
compressive Strength after 224 days was carried out and
concrete was found durable. The Corrosion resistant test is
conducted for optimized design mix by immersing the
concrete cube samples in standard 3.5% NaCl solution (after
28 days of curing). It is observed that there is very marginal
variation in compressive strength in due course of time.
Concrete slabs of size 30cmX30cmX7.2 cm were tested at
Radiological Physics and advisory Division (RPAD), BARC,
Mumbai for Radiation Shielding attenuation Factor using
137Cs, 241Am and 300 KV X-rays. The developed concrete
achieved attenuation factor of 5.8 for high energy radiation
source. Radiation Shielding Concrete can be used for the
various shielding applications in Nuclear Power Plants,
Strategic Sector and Medical diagnostic installations.
Salient features Non Toxic: Lead free & Hematite Ore Free
Specific Gravity of developed Red Mud based Synthetic
Aggregates: 4.16
Density of Advanced Radiation Shielding Concrete: 3586
Kg/m3
Shielding (High energy Radiation): X Ray, Gamma Ray
HVT (Shielding Thickness): Low thickness
Problems Developed Radiation Shielding concrete having Gamma ray
addressed/application shielding properties can have application for: Nuclear Power
Plants, Bunkers for Strategic Sector, Medical diagnostic
installations.
Scale of development Semi Pilot Plant Level
IP status Radiation shielding hybrid composite low energy panels and
process for preparing the same. Filed in USA, China, Spain,,
Italy, South Africa, Turkey and Brazil. 2019. NF 0052 - Applied
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Status of Know-How ready for transfer on Non-exclusive basis
commercialization
Techno-economics Red Mud based synthetic Heavy Density Aggregates and
Advanced Radiation Shielding Concrete will be Techno-
Economical Feasible if Produced in Bulk quantity.
Environmental Nontoxic lead free Radiation shielding Concrete.
considerations The use of waste will save the Non – replenish able resources
such as Hematite Ore aggregates and thus a waste will be
converted in to a highly value added shielding materials.
CSIR-Advanced Materials & Processes Research Institute
Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Email: [email protected],
Web: www.ampri.res.in
Red Mud based Radiation Shielding Synthetic Aggregates
Radiation Shielding Concrete Radiation Shielding Slabs
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4. Advanced Pavers Block from Copper Tailings
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary This project was awarded to CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal by M/s
Hindustan Copper Limited, Malanjkhand Copper Project,
Malanjkhand, District Balaghat (M.P.) for utilization of copper
tailings. The copper tailings were used as 100% replacement
of conventional river sand for the preparation of paver blocks
along with other conventional ingredients like cement and
coarse aggregates. The tailings mainly contain around 85-
88% of silica as quartz. During the preparation of paver
blocks, it was observed that around 25-30% of copper tailings
were used in the mix preparation. The pavers block developed
from Malanjkhand copper ore tailings have average
compressive strength of 27.0 MPa.
Salient features Tailings mainly contain around 85% silica, 5.0 – 6.4% alumina
followed by magnesia etc. The paver blocks were prepared
according to mix ratio of M-25 grade. Developed process
enables “in-situ” mineralization of toxic elements in the
advanced matrix ensuring safe utilization of copper tailings.
Problems Addresses serious environmental concerns pertaining to
addressed/application leaching of toxic elements from copper tailings and illegal
sand mining.
Scale of development Technology on „Advanced Pavers Block from Copper Tailings‟
transferred to M/s Hindustan Copper Limited, Malanjkhand
Copper Project, Malanjkhand, District Balaghat (M.P.) on 31st
May 2017.
IP status Patent No.: 0193NF2015/ 201611000546
Status of Technology has been transferred to M/s Hindustan Copper
commercialization Limited, Malanjkhand Copper Project, Malanjkhand, District
including status of Balaghat (M.P.) on „Non-Exclusive‟ basis. Demonstration of
deployment 5000 nos. of „Advanced Pavers Block‟ done at Scientist
Apartments, CSIR-AMPRI. Successful demonstration by
making around 125 nos. of pavers block at Hindustan Copper
Limited, Malanjkhand
Techno-economics Advanced copper tailings pavers block are 10-15%
economical than conventional pavers block.
Copper Tailing based Pavers Block (Cosmic shape): Rs. 13/ -
14/- per Paver Block (approx.)
Environmental Replacement of river sand with copper tailings in conventional
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considerations concrete mechanism. Environment friendly and economically
viable material.
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Pavers Block Demonstration of Copper Tailings Pavers Block at CSIR-AMPRI
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5. Waste Minimization in Ceramic Sector
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary Two waste Minimization Circles (WMCs) consisting of five
industries in each circle were established at Khurja to find out
the waste generation area and quantity of the waste.
Identification of waste streams necessary steps for waste
minimization and recycling of the waste was followed.
Appropriate measures were adopted in those units and
encouraging results were observed. The units were benefited
with saving of materials and time as the waste generation
reduced noticeably.
Salient features To implement Waste minimization techniques in the ceramic
units at every stage of production resulted considerable
savings in terms of energy, raw materials and time as well as
house keeping
Problems After organizing training on the subject these techniques were
addressed/application implemented in about all the industries and getting its benefit
Scale of development Ceramic units (10) manufacturing insulators and crockery
wares were covered during the programme
IP status Not patented
Status of It is disseminated through training & seminars
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics The process & techniques implemented by discussions made
during meeting with proper implementations in selected units
without any investment of money and found saving in
considerable amount with making clean environment in the
working places.
Environmental Reduction in pollution by saving of solid and liquid waste and
considerations reutilization of waste.
CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 033-24735829,24839241
Khurja Centre ,G.T. Road, Khurja-203131
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Before Implementation of Waste Minimization Techniques
After Implementation of Waste Minimization Techniques
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6. Development of Polished & Unpolished Granite Tiles in Different Colors
Using Granite Dust Waste
Lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary The sponsoring agency produces huge volume of Granite dust
as a waste and has approached CSIR-CGCRI, Khurja Centre
to find out possibilities for making polished and unpolished
tiles in different colors utilizing this granite dust. Under this
activity, Tiles of different designs were made by pressing.
About 700 kg tiles of different sizes were made.
Salient features Granite dust waste can be used for manufacturing glazed,
unglazed and chemical bonded tiles in different sizes for the
use on the wall and floor. It can be used for decorating
purposes. Having strength 124 kg/cm2 with water absorption
4.66%.
Problems Suitable for manufacturing mosaic tiles with different designs
addressed/application and shaped as well as interlocking brick blocks for street
Scale of development Technology transferred to the sponsored industry
Status of Developed technology was transfer to the sponsored industry
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Granite dust waste can be used to make valuable products for
the house, hotels, parks and buildings with increase their
income.
Environmental Granite dust waste can be used to make valuable products for
considerations the house, hotels, parks and buildings with increase their
income.
Phone: 033-24735829,24839241
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Tiles from Granite dust
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7. Utilization of Calcium Hydroxde in Ceramic Industries
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary M/s Moser Baer Photo Voltaic Ltd., Greater Noida
manufactures photo voltaic panels in which a mixture of
Hydrofluoric acid, Nitric acid and De-ionized water is
produced. The mixture is acidic and is sent to an Effluent
Treatment (ET) Plant where it is treated with a strong base
like, Lime in order to neutralize the mixture. The neutralized
mixture or water is then released for horticulture use. As an
outcome of the process Calcium Hydroxide is produced as a
byproduct (waste). M/s Moser Baer approached CGCRI,
Khurja Centre to take up a consultancy project in order to find
out any possibility of utilizing the Calcium Hydroxide in
ceramic industries. For the use in ceramic industries, several
glaze compositions were formulated using the Calcium
Hydroxide waste replacing Calcite in the original glaze
compositions 15-20%. The glazes were also applied on the
crockery wares from some units in Khurja and the glaze
showed better glossiness and whiteness than the existing
ones
Salient features Developed glaze showed better glossiness and whiteness on
stoneware crockery than the existing ones. It also reduced the
cost of glaze by 10-15%
Problems For making of ceramic glazes to use on crockery wares as
addressed/application well as it can be used in making of frit for ceramic industries.
Scale of development Developed glaze were used on crockery wares and found very
suitable to increase glossiness & whiteness.
IP status NIL
Status of Developed technology was given to the party sponsored the
commercialization project. They then supplied to a entrepreneurs at Khurja in
including status of large quantity who used it for making of frits.
deployment
Techno-economics Entrepreneurship development at local level utilizing local
resource
Environmental Reduced pollution by utilizing solid waste near by the plant
considerations
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Phone: 033-24735829,24839241
Ceramic glazing using calcium hydroxide waste
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8. Technology Up-Gradation of Pottery Industry at Khurja
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary Utilization of Solid waste (Fired stoneware crockery
rejects)can be done in to fresh tableware (Stoneware)
composition up to 40% on the basis of following properties:
• Water absorption results show that the developed
composition was almost close to vitrification.
• There is no deformation of shape in spite of having higher
shrinkage than fresh table ware composition.
• Tremendous increase in the strength (477 to 1058 Kg/cm2)
was observed for the sample fired at 1220 oC. It may be due to
close vitrification along with good mullitisation.
• In conclusion, waste fired stoneware waste can be used with
improvement in fired properties
Salient features Developed composition with use of fired stoneware waste can
be used up to 40% in fresh composition with saving of fresh
raw materials as well as reduction in solid waste. It also
reduced the cost of products by 7-8%.
Problems Fired Stoneware waste can be very suitable to use in
addressed/application manufacturing of crockery in ceramic industries.
Scale of development Developed composition was used for making crockery wares
in large quantity and found very suitable.
Status of Developed technology was given to the party sponsored the
commercialization project and also disseminated the same to the entrepreneurs
including status of and students through training programme.
deployment
Techno-economics Entrepreneurship development at local level utilizing local
resource
Environmental Reduced solid pollution by utilizing solid waste near by the
considerations ceramic units.
Phone: 033-24735829,24839241
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Tableware (Stoneware)
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9. Development of Leather and Products from Chicken Feet Skins
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Technology to process leather from chicken feet skins and
value added products from chicken feet leathers has been
developed. The technology developed is commercially viable
and affordable with no major deviation from conventional
process technology. The strength characteristics are very
good and therefore can be stitched to make variety of leather
products such as foot wear, handbags and other small leather
goods. The raw material is a waste product from poultry and
hence is cost effective.
Salient features  Developed a method for easy removal of the skin from
chicken feet.
 Appropriate enzymes extracted from non-pathogenic
organisms were employed in beam house processing for
scale & pigment removal.
 Full Chrome process, full Veg process & semi-chrome
processes were standardized.
 Suitable post tanning methodologies were adopted to
attain good substance, softness and strength
characteristics.
 Liaised with chicken processing centers and pilot scale
studies were carried out to check the validity of the
technology for commercial scale production
Problems Absence of commercially viable process technology for the
addressed/application conversion of alternative raw materials into leather has been
addressed and developed technology to process leather and
value added products from unconventional raw material -
chicken feet skin (a byproduct of poultry farms). The raw
material is a waste product from poultry and hence is cost
effective.
Scale of development Already Commercialized
Status of Already Commercialized
commercialization
Techno-economics Process is compatible with commercial process. This
technology has more societal benefits and would create
opportunities for fresh entrepreneurs to start small scale
leather and leather product industries.
Environmental Environmental friendly, mineral free, full veg process has been
considerations standardized highlighting the exotic grain pattern of chicken
24 | P a g e
feet leathers. Enzyme application for easy removal of skin
from the chicken feet bone and for removal of scale from the
skin is addressed avoiding sodium sulphide during beam
house process
CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI)
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
Leather from chicken feet skins
25 | P a g e
10. Sole from Fleshing Waste
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Activated carbon from fleshing waste - A technology providing
dual solution to both fleshing waste problem of tanning
industries and the carcinogenic filler replacement of rubber
industries has been developed
Salient features
Problems • Avoid the disposal of fleshing waste into landfill
addressed/application • Enables wealth from fleshing waste
• Reduce the environmental pollution load
• Avoid the use of carcinogenic filler carbon black
• No imprint on carpet
• Good vulcanized rubber
• Manufacture of rubber soles, rubber products, wastewater
treatment
Scale of development Lab and pilot scale trials were carried out. 30 pairs of soles
made and tests carried out. Wear trial tests have also been
carried out.
IP status Patent Application number:1401/DEL/2015
Patent No: 346320
Status of Not commercialized
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Total fleshing waste generated in India per annum is 50,000
tons and 2,000 tons of activated carbon can be prepared from
this waste. Assuming 25% utilization of fleshing waste using
the developed technology about 500 tons of activated carbon
can be manufactured, which has a sales value of Rs. 5 crores
and assuming 10% margins, the profit per annum could be
Rs. 50 lakhs. Hence, the financial returns from this technology
may be placed at a minimum of Rs. 50 lakhs. However, the
transfer has to come from multiple clients and the actual
pricing per client may be pitched depending on the production
volume intended for manufacture. The minimum technology
pricing per client may be fixed as Rs. 12-15 lakhs.
Environmental Disposal of fleshing waste is a major challenge faced by
considerations tanners worldwide. Current disposal methods have several
disadvantages like high initial cost of investment, maintenance
26 | P a g e
and not complete utilization of waste. This leads to dumping of
large quantities of limed fleshing waste, which causes
environmental impact.
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
Sole from fleshing waste
27 | P a g e
11. Preparation of Compost from Animal Hair Waste
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary A process has been developed for degradation of hair with a
microorganism and then the degraded medium is used in the
preparation of compost along with other ingredients such as
soil, sawdust, dry leaves etc. The period of composting could
be reduced significantly within 7-10 days compared to the
normal composting period of 3 months
Salient features Hair is one of the solid wastes generated from leather
industry. Presently the hair waste is not utilized properly and
needs to be disposed safely. For the utilization of the
constituent amino acids and elements of keratin, it is of
importance to degrade the hair. Therefore, a process has
been developed for degradation of hair with a microorganism
and then the degraded medium is used in the preparation of
compost.
Problems Safe disposal of animal hair waste is an alarming problem that
addressed/application gets addressed by utilizing it as a major raw material in the
preparation of compost. The product could be used as an
organic fertilizer in fields for improving the yield of crops.
Scale of development 1kg to 500 Kg level
IP status Patent Application number:201711043100
Status of Yet to be commercialized

commercialization
Techno-economics
Environmental  Elimination of disposal of animal hair waste to the
considerations environment
 Product is stable and safe to handle
 No significant environmental impact expected
CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI)Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
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Compost from animal hair waste
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12. Co-Digestion of Tannery Solid Wastes for Biogas Generation
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Solid waste generation from tanning industry is inevitable and
is a major concern from the environmental pollution point of
view. Co-digestion of tannery solid wastes (fleshing and waste
activated sludge- (WAS) generated from effluent treatment
plant) is taken as substrates for biogas generation. The
quantity of mixed waste to be digested in the pilot plant is 750
kg per day on wet weight basis. After size reduction of
fleshing, the fleshing and sludge will be mixed in an optimized
mix ratio and will be fed into the anaerobic digester fitted with
gas collection system
Salient features Fleshing and secondary biological sludge generated during
treatment of tannery wastewater can‟t be disposed of in
Secured Landfill Facilities because of presence of organic
matter. Therefore, any option available to manage these two
wastes generated from the same industry.
Problems Utilization solid waste generated from Tanning Industry and
addressed/application Biogas Generation
Scale of development Pilot Scale plant is being implemented in Calcutta Leather
Complex (CLC), Kolkata, Capacity of Pilot Plant: 750 kg per
day on wet weight basis
Status of Licensed awaiting for commercialization
commercialization
Techno-economics Elimination of groundwater pollution and odor problems
associated due to disposal of solid wastes generated from the
tanning industry. Biogas Generation and use of digest as soil
conditioner
Environmental Solid waste disposal problem in tannery sector can be
considerations eliminated. Biogas generation from tannery solid waste Odor
and Groundwater pollution problem can be eliminated.
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
30 | P a g e
Biogas from tannery solid waste
31 | P a g e
13. Collagen Sheet
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Serosa membrane of cattle intestine is made free from non-
collagenous impurities by treating with wetting agent,
proteolytic enzyme and acid and the resulting pure
collagenous material is stabilized by a suitable crosslinking
agent followed by sterilization and subsequent ampouling.
Being of collagenous origin, the collagen sheet is very much
useful as a temporary biological cover for all types of wounds
including open raw areas, burns of first, second or third
degree, tropical ulcers, leprosy ulcer, thermal wounds etc.
Salient features Collagen Sheet prepared using bovine collagen exhibits
excellent wound/ulcer healing properties and can be used for
healing of 2nd degree non infected wounds.
Problems Burn/Wound cover dressings (dressing material), and
addressed/application Collagen sheets are proteinous in nature and the raw material
is abundantly available from slaughter houses
Scale of development 10000-15000 sheets per month
Patent No : 190798
Status of Commercialized
commercialization
Techno-economics The sheet provides economical and effective option for
reducing fluid loss as well as pain to minimum by controlling
the infection immediately
Environmental Reduce environmental pollution and same time value added
considerations products can be prepared
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
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Collagen Sheet
33 | P a g e
14. Demineralized Bone Matrix
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary A simple process for the preparation of Demineralized Bone
Matrix prepared using bovine bones. The process is
environment friendly and a value added product
Salient features Chronic ulcers/Bourn/Wound dressing material (wound care)
Problems Used in bone repair and regeneration and in oral surgery; and
addressed/application the material is prepared using bovine bones and the process
is simple.
Scale of development It is estimated that more than 500000 bone grafting
procedures are completed each year
Patent No : 189968
commercialization
Techno-economics The color, size and functionality of the present Demineralized
Bone Matrix are at par with those of the other available
products. It is envisaged to be a very good competing product,
especially for the benefit of the Indian market.
Environmental Reduce environmental pollution and same time value added
considerations products can be prepared
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
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15. Dog Chew
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Dog chew is essentially a value added product made from
tannery trimmings/splits used for keeping dogs/pups engaged
in biting the same.
Salient features The unique feature is that the process provides an eco-
friendly as well as economical option to utilize tannery
trimmings/splits, which would otherwise add to disposal
problem, into a value added product, thereby creating value
addition and utility for a byproduct of tannery
Problems The unique feature is that the process provides an eco-
addressed/application friendly as well as economical option to utilize tannery
trimmings/splits, which would otherwise add to disposal
problem, into a value added product, thereby creating value
addition and utility for a byproduct of tannery.
The process for preparation of dog chew involves dehairing
and deliming of tannery trimmings and splits available
abundantly in a tannery, followed by sterilization, casting into
various sizes/shapes and subsequent drying
Scale of development 90 tons per annum
IP status Patent Application No : 665DEL2006
Patent number : 257926
commercialization
Techno-economics The manufacturing cost of the dog chew produced by the
technology witness a significant reduction, thereby enhancing
the economy of the process significantly
Environmental It provides an eco-friendly as well as economical option to
considerations utilize tannery trimmings/splits
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
35 | P a g e
16. Re-tanning Agent from Paper Industry Wastes
lab CSIR-CLRI
Executive summary Development of retanning agent from wastes of the paper and
pulp industry, having the potential for the multi-functional
activity such as retanning cum dyeing. There is need for a
product which is not of petrochemical origin, does not have
harsh chemical reactions for aromatic syntan preparation and
does not employ use of chemicals such as formaldehyde for
condensation reaction (molecular weight buildup). Hence, in
the project, black liquor from the paper and pulp industry,
which predominantly contains modified lignin as a good
source of aromatics have been employed for the development
of retanning agent. The black liquor is available as a
byproduct of the paper and pulp industry, a major industrial
segment of India.
Salient features  A retanning agent from wastes of the paper and pulp
industry, having the potential for the multi-functional
activity such as retanning cum dyeing.
 Product is free from formaldehyde
 Imparts excellent softy touch and wet feel to the leather
 Smooth and fine grain
 Compactable with all kind of syntans, vegetable tannins
and fat liquors
Problems • Retanning and dyeing through single product
addressed/application • Absence of petroleum precursors and harmful cross linkers
• An option for circular economy
• A product which is not of petrochemical origin, does not have
harsh chemical reactions for aromatic syntan preparation and
does not employ use of chemicals such as formaldehyde for
condensation reaction (molecular weight buildup)
• Black liquor from the paper and pulp industry, which
predominantly contains modified lignin as a good source of
aromatics have been employed for the development of
retanning agent
Scale of development Using Black liquor obtained from mixed source one product
was developed at 10 kg level in pilot level
IP status Patent Application No : 3120/DEL/2015, Inventors Name : Shri
G. C. Jayakumar, Shri Mohan Vedhanayagam, Dr. K.J.
Sreeram, Shri Pandian Balsubramanian, Dr. R. Aravindhan,
Dr. J. Raghava Rao, Dr. Balachandran Unni Nair
36 | P a g e
Status of Awaiting for commercialization
commercialization
Techno-economics Eliminates the dependence on petrochemical industry at least
for about 50% of the aromatic syntan requirements of the
leather industry, thus avoiding cost fluctuations. Promotes
circular economy that links paper and leather auxiliary industry
Environmental Utilization of the black liquor of the paper and pulp industry,
considerations which is a very hard biodegradable material provides
environmental solution to the paper industry.
Chennai
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
37 | P a g e
17. Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System (iMSWDS)
lab CSIR-CMERI
Executive summary Safe and effective disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is
a challenge of the era. MSW has become a challenge for
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) throughout the world. The
generation and efficient management of solid waste is
unambiguously a prime concern. CSIR-CMERI has developed
Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System (iMSWDS).
CSIR-CMERI has already developed a MSW Management
Pilot Plant where day to day wastes generated at CMERI
Colony are being processed aiming towards “Zero Waste
CMERI Colony”
Salient features  Mechanized segregation of waste into bio-degradable,
polymer, inert and metallic components
 Utilization of the bio-degradable component of the waste
in a sustainable fashion for production of biogas used in
cooking and electricity generation purposes
 Re-use of biomass waste such as dry leaves, dead
branches, dry grass etc. for making briquettes to be used
as fuel in smokeless stoves
 Disposal of polymer waste utilizing pyrolysis process and
re-use of by-product for sustainable heating
 Recycling of inert waste for making bricks
 Decentralized decimation of solid wastes
 Created value-added end-products from abundantly
available redundant stuffs to operate the facility in a
sustainable fashion.
Problems Can be used by Municipal Corporations to install in different
addressed/application areas in the country
Scale of development
IP status  Mechanized segregation and processing of construction
and demolition waste to generate value added products
for reutilization in construction work
[IPMG/Copyright/2020-21/152, sent to IPU, CSIR:
04.05.2020]
 Waste plastic disposal utilizing pyrolysis process through
combustion of Biogas generated from organic waste and
system generated Syn-Gas [IPMG/Copyright/2020-
21/153, sent to IPU, CSIR: 04.05.2020]
 Biomass grinder cum stirrer for biomethanation of food
waste [CSIR-CMERI/IPMG/ DR/2017-18/33, dated
20.02.2018
38 | P a g e
Status of  The prototype has been installed at Residential Campus
commercialization of CSIR-CMERI and is under regular operation for last
including status of 2.5 years. Almost 200 kg/day waste is processed in the
deployment plant. WBPCB has issued certificate for consent to
operate.
 Integrated Rural Solid Waste Disposal System
(iRSWDS)” Capacity: 2 TPD & 1 TPD installed at Senapti,
Bisnupur, Imphal East and Imphal West districts of
Manipur
 iMSWDS at Group Centre, CRPF, Amrawati (Capacity: 1
TPD), Durgapur, WB
 Installed Biogas plant of 25 cum capacity at Pratapaditya
Nagar Gram Panchayat, South 24 Parganas, WB
 Installed Biogas plant of 5 cum capacity at (i)
Ramakrishna Mission, Belur, WB, (ii) Saharda Kalipada
Vidyapith, Paschim Medinipur, WB (iii) Environ Solutions,
Guwahati
 Briquette making plant consisting of biomass briquetting
machine, biomass shredder & mixing machine etc. will be
installed at Donyi Polo Tea Estate, Pasighat, A.P
 iMSWDS segregation plant will be installed at IISCO,
Burnpur (Order awaited).
Techno-economics Rs.21.0 Lakh
Environmental CSIR-CMERI has already developed a MSW Management
considerations Pilot Plant where day to day wastes generated at CMERI
Colony are being processed aiming towards “Zero Waste
CMERI Colony”
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
(CSIR-CMERI)
Durgapur
Phone: 0343-2546749, 2546401
39 | P a g e
Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System (iMSWDS)
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18. Preparation of Halogen Scavenger Grade Synthetic Hydrotalcite (SHT)
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary This lead free environmentally friendly halogen scavenger
type hydrotalcite can be prepared from three industrial wastes
such as aluminum chloride waste- generated, bittern
containing magnesium compounds generated in solar salt
work, and ammonium carbonate solution generated in organic
pigment industries
Salient features  Synthetic hydrotalcites (SHT), also known as anionic
clays or layered double hydroxides are rarely found in
nature. They are functionally akin to zeolites.
 This layer type material finds utility in plastic processes
wherein it deactivates the residual quantities of acidic
Substances associated with Ziegler-Natta reactions and
other acid catalysts used in producing polymers.
 This environmentally friendly material is halogen
scavengers in heavy-metal free stabilizer systems.
Because of its anionic exchange capacity and the ability
to capture organic and inorganic anions makes
hydrotalcite almost unique as inorganic material.
 Hydrotalcite increases the bioavailability of the active
ingredient, especially of poorly soluble substance. These
special features enable a huge number of applications
with high added-value in several fields.
Problems  SHT finds application in pharmaceutical industry as an
addressed/application antacid.
 SHT has also replaced heavy metal based heat
stabilizers for PVC.
 SHT like compounds are imported under the trade name
like DHT-4A, L-55R-II and Alcamizer. They are used as
halogen scavenger in plastic processes such as the
production of polypropylene.
 Other applications include base or Support catalysts,
adsorbent for wastewater treatment, ion exchangers,
drug releasers, and storage for nuclear waste
anticorrosive materials as well as a wide range of
environmental applications.
Scale of development Pilot scale, licensee is working at larger scale
Process demonstration at 5 kg/batch has been provided to
M/s Heubach Color Pvt. Ltd, Ankleswar, Gujarat.
IP status Indian patent No. 192168 (Pharma grade)-2005;
US patent No. 7033302 (Halogen scavenger grade)
Japanese patent No. 4,387,312
41 | P a g e
EP patent No. 1,575,874,
US Patent No No. 9567233 B1,2017
Status of M/s Heubach Color Pvt. Ltd has set up 1000 TPA plant of
commercialization Synthatic hydrotalcite during 2012.Expansion to 3000 TPA
including status of production is in progress.
deployment
Techno-economics Varies with scale and availability of raw materials (as waste),
Pay-back period is < 3 years (for 1000 TPA)
Environmental This lead free environmentally friendly halogen scavenger
considerations type hydrotalcite can be prepared from three industrial wastes
such as aluminum chloride waste- generated, bittern
containing magnesium compounds generated in solar salt
work, and ammonium carbonate solution generated in organic
pigment industries /related waste generating industries.
CSIR-Central Salt Marine Chemicals Research Institute
(CSIR-CSMCRI)
Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
Synthetic hydrotalcites (SHT)
42 | P a g e
19. Management of Solid Waste of Tanneries and Textiles: Recovery of
Industrial Grade Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulphate
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary The solid waste from textile/leather industries mainly contain
sodium chloride and sodium sulphate along with minor
organic and trace metal impurities. Sodium chloride and
sodium sulphate have overlapping solubility and are difficult
to separate by chemical or physical methods. The current
process involves mechanical washing of solid waste with
saturated brine followed by crystallization of sodium sulfate
and recycling of left out saturated brine for up gradation of
subsequent batches of solid waste.
Salient features  Through the process sodium chloride >98.5 wt% and
sodium sulphate > 98.5 wt% purity are recovered in a
cost effective manner.
 Liquid and solid waste of leather and textile industries
containing sodium chloride and sodium sulphate are
major waste used.
Problems The technology is useful for recovery of salt (>98.5% w/w
addressed/application NaCl) and sodium sulphate (>98.5% w/w Na2SO4) from solid
waste of textile and leather industries. The recovered salt are
suitable as raw material for various industrial applications
such as soda ash, alkali, pulp and paper industry, textiles,
deicing and detergents etc.
Scale of development Pilot scale
IP status India Patent No. 232395 granted on 27 March 2009.
India Patent application Number : 202011009669, dated 06
Mar 2020
Status of Demonstration of process on 5 TPH capacities has been
commercialization given to the leather industries association of Tamil Nadu.
including status of The process was demonstrated from RO reject stream and
deployment waste solid salt generated in textile effluent at pilot scale level
and commercially implemented at Chinnakarai CETP, in
association with Tamilnadu Water Investment Corporation.
The plant (6 klph) is in operation since 2017.
Techno-economics Plant Capacity: 5 TPH salt washery cum sodium sulphate
recovery plant
Estimated project cost : Rs. 555 lakhs
Annual Expenditure : Rs. 209 lakhs
Annual Revenue : Rs. 302 lakhs
43 | P a g e
Surplus Revenue Per Annum: Rs. 93 lakhs
Environmental RO reject & solid waste containg sodium sulphate and
considerations sodium chloride, with minor site-specific variations, can be
employed with improved economics in conjunction with
upcoming ZLD facilities to achieve complete waste
management regime in tannery , textile dyeing sector
industries generating similar waste.
(CSIR-CSMCRI)Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
Recovery of industrial grade sodium chloride and sodium sulphate
44 | P a g e
20. Processes for the Utilization of Kimberlite Waste for the Manufacture of
Sodium Silicate, Detergent Grade Zeolite A and Precipitated Silica
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary The present invention provides a process for the preparation
of detergent builder Zeolite-A from Kimberlite tailing
generated as solid waste during diamond mining is disclosed.
The process comprises, reacting an acid treated Kimberlite
tailing with alkali solution to obtain sodium silicate and
reacting it with alkaline aluminum source at room temperature
and crystallizing at higher temperature to obtain Zeolite-A.
The product is useful as builder in detergent formulation.
Salient features  National Minerals Development Corporation (NMDC),
Hyderabad is involved in the mining of diamonds from
Panna mines in Madhya Pradesh. It is observed that for
mining of 10 carats of diamond, about 100 tons of
Kimberlite is generated. In Panna mines itself, mining of
about 80,000 carat of diamond is carried out, which
generates around 0.9 million ton of Kimberlite waste
every year.
 A process for the utilization of kimberlite waste for the
preparation of sodium silicate on ~ 50 kg/batch has been
developed. Processes for the preparation of detergent
grade zeolite-A (10 kg/batch) and precipitated silica (5
kg/batch) have been developed using the sodium silicate
prepared from Kimberlite waste
 Major Raw Materials to be utilized: kimberlite waste,
NaOH, H2SO4, HCl
 Comparison of the properties and specification required
for the rubber grade precipitated silica and detergent
grade Zeolite A
Problems Huge quantity of kimberlite waste is available in Panna, major
addressed/application constituents of this mineral waste is magnesium silicate
mineral of serpentine group. The conversion of the waste to
value added products make diamond mining more
environmental friendly. There is a scope of preparation of
magnesia and titania base products also.
IP status 1. A process for the preparation of zeolite a from kimberlite
tailings. (Joint applicant: NMDC, Hyderabad)
(IN01290DELNP2005, CA2592499, CN101090864 (B),
USA11/024369, US7560093, WO2006070399 (A1),
ZA2007/05224)\
45 | P a g e
2. A process for the preparation of sodium silicate from
kimberlite tailings.
(US7335342, IN253874, CA 2629083, CN101296865 (B),
WO2007054955, ZA2008/02284)
3. A process for the preparation of amorphous silica from
kimberlite tailings.
(US 7037476, IN246306, CA2592518, CN101094808B,
WO2006070400 (A1), ZA2007/05227)
Status of The technology transferred to-
commercialization 1. Credo Mineral Industries ltd, Ahmedabad
including status of (Using low grade bauxite)
deployment 2. NMDC Hyderabad (using Bauxite leachate)
Techno-economics Available, will be submitted on specific request.
Environmental Environmentally friendly technology
considerations
(CSIR-CSMCRI) Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
46 | P a g e
21. Palladium Recovery from Spent Catalysts
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary CSIR-CSMCRI developed two alternative routes for the
recovery of palladium (palladium chloride) from spent silica.
The process was demonstrated to the party successfully at
10 kg Calcined silica batch (in three batches). Strides Arcolab
Ltd., Bangalore, is using silica gel for the separation of
mixture of pallaldium phthalcyanine complexes. During the
process of silica column operation 0.2% to 0.5% weight of
palladium gets adsorbed into silica gel pores, which is difficult
to recover by usual methods. With the prolonged process
operation, M/s Strides Acrolab Ltd. has accumulated a
substantial quantity of this silica with phthalocynine
complexes along with some organic impurities, which are
similar in structure adsorbed onto it. In view of the high cost
of palladium metal, M/s Strides Arcolab Ltd., Bangalore was
interested in developing a process for recovery of palladium
from the used silica. We have developed two alternative
routes for the recovery of palladium (palladium chloride) from
spent silica. They have installed a calciner to process the
spent silica to recover palladium from it by our technology.
Salient features  Thermal treatment of spent silica at reasonably lower
temperature of less than 450Â° C. Recovery of
palladium with 99Â 100% recovery as palladium
chloride.
 Recovery of palladium without resorting to the use
expensive and hazardous organic solvent and
complexing ligands.
 Recovery of pure palladium without destroying structure
of the inorganic support silica.
 Possibility of recovering expensive phthalocyamine
ligands as well as silica as a value added product.
Problems Precious transition metal irons and their coordination
addressed/application complexes such as palladium, silver, platinum find industrial
applications as supported catalysts for oxidation,
hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions and
performance chemicals in fine chemicals industries. Various
polymeric materials modified silica, zeolite or various clay
materials are used as support for these metals. It is important
to recover the precious metals from the support, from ore or
scrap including spent catalysts or from subsequent reaction
47 | P a g e
effluent which may comprise of various remnants to the
maximum extent possible once the catalyst is deactivated.
Scale of development 10Kg Batch/ Pilot scale
IP status 1. A process for the recovery of palladium from spent silica.
(US7108839 B2, IN252378, CA2508237, CN1306048 (C),
DE, EP1576200, FR, GB, JP4384989, KR10-0792639,
WO2004050926, PCT/IB02/05734)
2. An improved process for the recovery of palladium from
spent catalyst.
(US7473406, IN232461, CN100336923 (C), EP1636393
(B1), JP4417907, KR10-2005-7022957, WO2004106563
(A1))
commercialization Technology transferred to –
1. Stirdes ArcoLab Ltd., Bangalore
Techno-economics Not conducted
Environmental There is no hazardous waste after recovery of palladium.
considerations
(CSIR-CSMCRI)
Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
Palladium (palladium chloride) from spent silica
48 | P a g e
22. Manufacture of Zeolite-A (Detergent Builder) from Bauxite or Bauxite
Leachate (Bayer Liquor)
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary An improved process for the manufacture of detergent grade
zeolite from aluminosilicate gel, which comprises heating
aluminosilicate gel in the temperature range of 25 °C to 95 °C
to form a crystallization bath, maintaining the crystallization
bath at 95°C for a period ranging from 30-90 minutes under
continuous stirring, recovering the product detergent grade
zeolite by filtration, washing with water till pH of filtrate is
about 10, drying the product at 110°C and passing the
product through 300 mesh British Standard Sieve.
Salient features  Detergent grade Zeolite-A is a crystalline aluminosilicate
with a three dimensional micro porous structure built up
from SiO4- and AlO4- tetrahedrons in which the negative
charges are compensated by extra framework mono or
multivalent cations. These cations can easily be
exchanged from a solution to Zeolite or vice versa
without affecting the lattice structure.
 Cation exchange property of Zeolites is responsible for
its action as a water softener wherein calcium cations
present in water are exchanged with sodium ions of the
zeolite. This explains its commercially very important
application as a water softener in house hold detergents,
substituting sodium tripolyphosphate.
 In recent years, there has been an upsurge of interest in
use of Zeolite-A as a builder in the detergent powder.
The most important reason is the increased awareness
and concern about the polluting effect on the
environment caused by the phosphates, the
conventionally used builder in the detergent formulation.
 Major Raw Materials to be Utilized: Bauxite, Sodium
silicate etc.
Problems Tested under critical conditions, the phosphate-free builder
addressed/application system containing zeolite proved superior to the earlier
sodium triphosphate system.
Due to the increased demand of detergent powders, and
increased awareness about the polluting effects of phosphate
builders, demand for Zeolite-A is likely to increase
substantially in number of developing countries
IP status US patent no. US7560093 [USA]
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Indian patent no. IN182635 [India], IN182636 [India]
Status of  Commercial plants of 10,000 TPA using pregnant liquor

commercialization in the alumina refinery was set up during 2002 at
including status of NALCO, Orissa using pregnant liquor (bauxite leachate)
deployment of Alumina refinery
 Gujarat Credo Mineral Industries Ltd, Naredi Naredi,
Kutch, Gujarat using low grade Kutch bauxite ore during
2016.
Techno-economics Available, will be submitted on specific request
Environmental Environmentally friendly Zeolite-A (Detergent Builder)
considerations technology using low grade bauxite resources, bauxite and
bauxite leachate.
(CSIR-CSMCRI)
Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
SEM image of CSIR-CSMCRI Zeolite-A
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23. Room Temperature Process for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking
Oils
lab CSIR-IIP
Executive summary Conventional biodiesel normally generates more NOx
emission. A low NOx emission biodiesel produced from used
cooking oil would add significantly more value from an
environmental perspective. CSIR-IIP technology for biodiesel
Production aims to strengthen the CSR (Corporate social
responsibility) activities undertaken by different state biofuel
boards like CBDA Raipur, UP Bioenergy etc. related to rural
development and empowering livelihoods by creating
distributed energy models for such communities. The
biodiesel produced through CSIR-IIP process will be utilized
to run tractors, pumps, Genset etc. in rural areas and also
nearby hotels/restaurants and flight kitchens.
Salient features  Process is suitable for feed stocks (edible/non-edible oil)
having FFA up to 10%.
 Transesterification is carried out at ambient conditions
 Process is suitable for small scale operations in the form
of mobile unit.
Problems The alternative fuel, biodiesel is potential candidate for
addressed/application creating sustainable economy. Various feed stocks have
been already screened like non-edible oils; animal fat etc. for
biodiesel production but owing to low availabilities approach
is not much promising. Moreover, consumption of used
Cooking oil after single use can cause diseases including
hypertension, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer‟s disease and fatty
liver/hepatomegaly. Used cooking oil (UCO) from starchy
foods may contain traces of acryl-amide which is a potential
carcinogen. In order to avoid the UCO in our food chain
system, its use for biodiesel production is better. Keeping the
fact in mind, UCO can be considered as pivotal feedstock for
biodiesel production.
Scale of development Trail run on 5 lit and 50 lit/batch at IIP on going at CSIR-IIP,
Dehradun
IP status Indian patent No- 297967, granted in May 2018
Status of Commercialization at CBDA, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) by March,
commercialization 2021. Received requirement request of unit from UP bio-
including status of energy board and private partners HUL, HPCL etc. and few
deployment startup/entrepreneurs
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Techno-economics Process economics has been calculated by assuming feed
cost Rs. 30/kg (Used cooking oil) and selling price of UCO
biodiesel Rs 47.43/kg (Rs.52.7/lit as per MoPNG guidelines).
However, the process will be economical even at about 1.8
tons per day of U-FAME and can be linked to a cluster of
unrefined biodiesel units. Also, if we compare the selling price
of the biodiesel with the current market rate (~ Rs.80/lit), the
profits will come even for small-scale units. A DPR can be
prepared and submitted depending on the plant capacity
starting from 0.18 to 3.6 TPD.
Environmental The use of Bio-diesel as fuel will reduce carbon footprint in
considerations transportation, off-road uses, and distributed power
generation. UCO collection and use for biodiesel production
will improve societal health through reduced reuse of harmful
UCO in cooking.
CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP)
Dehradun
Phone: 0135-2660205
5 lit/Batch Unit
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50 lit/Batch Unit
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24. NEERAKSHA: Solid Waste Disinfection and Carbonization
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary CSIR -NEERI developed process know how for disinfection
with concomitant chemical carbonization for converting waste
into char (WICHAR) & sanitary napkin-based char "Sanchar”
using IP protected activators. The customized systems
illustrated above are suitable for destroying cellulosic and
biodegradable soiled sanitary napkins and other similar
menstrual waste products. The product "Sanchar"/WICHAR
can be used in soil as decadal carbon pool & soil conditioner
Salient features • Provides decentralized chemical carbonization system for
treatment of biodegradable biomedical & menstrual waste by
heating at 65oC (in specific for sanitary napkin)
• Provides decentralized chemical carbonization system for
treatment of non-degradable components of biomedical &
menstrual waste by heating at 250oC (in specific for plastic
sheets in sanitary napkin etc.)
• Provides decentralized system for resource recovery as
char referred to as " WICHAR & Sanchar"
• A single unit can treat and 0.25 Kg of cellulosic wastes &10
napkins/batch /hour for a family, office etc.
• The system can be scaled up or multiplied to meet the
needs of the family, office, schools and community
Problems Subjecting cellulosic & biodegradable wastes including
addressed/application biomedical waste (cotton, tissues, masks) to CSIR-NEERI‟s
proprietary catalyst/activator disinfects the wastes and
enhances oxidative hydrolysis of cellulose with further
coalification steps to convert waste into char referred to as
WICHAR and when made from biodegradable sanitary
wastes is referred to as "Sanchar" at moderate temperatures
(65-70oC) in presence of appropriate promoters and
activators. Non bio-degradable sanitary napkins require
heating at 250oC
Scale of development Personal use: A single unit can treat 0.25 Kg of cellulosic
wastes &10 napkins/batch /hour for a family, office etc. Field
demonstrations at schools and colleges in and around
Nagpur
IP status Patent filed (0010NF2020)
Status of Technology transferred to Rudraksha Chemicals Limited,
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commercialization Nagpur
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Cost competitive with existing treatment technologies
Environmental Addresses environmental issues (odor, fouling and microbial
considerations contamination) pertaining to disposal and treatment of
menstrual waste
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(CSIR-NEERI)Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
Sanchar Bin Conduction Oven Solar Pasteurizer
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25. Improved Primary Treatment System for Dung and Fats and Oil & Grease
(FOG) Management In Slaughter House Industry (Du-FOG)
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary Dung Solids and fats, oil & grease contribute major burden in
a typical Slaughter house Industry. Ineffective primary
treatment leads to lot of operational problems right from
formation of scum, foam, choking of anaerobic attached
reactor, biomass washout, reduced performance of
secondary biological treatment system etc. Keeping this in
mind an improved primary treatment system for slaughter
house industry is developed as described below:
• Segregation of streams from various slaughtering
processes/operations based upon the nature of pollutants.
• Separate removal of dung and FOG thereby facilitates ease
of operation in subsequent secondary treatment.
• Provision of skimming tank so as to reduce FOG load on
Dissolved Air Flotation Unit.
• Briquetting of separated dung for its use as a boiler feed for
steam and hot water generation in solid fuel boiler.
• Design of float clarifier to handle/thicken slurry from
Dissolved Air Flotation Unit.
Salient features It ensures separate removal of dung and FOG, thereby
facilitates ease of operation in subsequent secondary
treatment. The system is techno-economical and
environmentally sustainable as it recovers substantial
quantity of dried dung and thickened FOG, which is further
used for manufacturing of dung briquettes
Problems Conventional primary treatment of slaughterhouse effluent
addressed/application cause downstream process upsets, frequent cleaning and
increased operation and maintenance costs since dung
solids, FOG contribute major burden in slaughterhouse
wastewater. Improved primary treatment System reduces
dung solids, FOG and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), as
a result aeration requirement in aerobic biological processes
is reduced significantly and problems such as choking of
filters, formation of scums and foam, fouling of membrane,
deterioration of methanogenic activity and biomass washout
are completely avoided and hence offer significant cost
saving. Dung briquettes are utilized in boilers for hot water
and steam generation.
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Scale of development Full scale, recovery of dung and FOG for 1650 m3/d flow
IP status Not applicable
Status of Deployed on full scale at Client‟s industry
commercialization
Techno-economics Return on investment, 18 months
Environmental Nil
considerations
(CSIR-NEERI)
Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
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26. Manufacturing of Gel Bonded Gypsum Bricks and CLC Foam Blocks
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary Gypsum, chemically CaSO4.2H2O, is a soft sulfate by-product
generated from mineral processing industries. The annual
production of gypsum by natural mining is 4 million Ton per
year and as a by-product is 3 million Ton per year. SPIC from
Tamil Nadu, FACT and Travancore Titanium Products Ltd
(TTPL) from Kerala produces bulk quantities of gypsum. In
TTPL, the gypsum by-product is contaminated with Fe2O3
and hence it is termed as RED-GYPSUM. Industrial gypsum
is extensively used as raw material for making plaster of
Paris (POP), POP cement boards, Portland cement
manufacturing and Wall-Plaster Mix. Industrial Gypsum is
priced at affordable rate [Rs.12/ ton] and hence Micro-Small-
Medium-Enterprises largely invest in Gypsum based products
for sustainable business.
Waste to Wealth: Chemically, gypsum is a reactive material
hardened when water is added. In the presence of lime,
calcium silicate and polymer binders, the gypsum can be
converted to water-resistant silicate boards and slabs. If the
gypsum matrix is enriched with enough calcium-silicate
hydrate networks, the strength can be enhanced. Hence in
this technology, CSIR-NIIST is developed Process Know-
How for Silicate Bonded Gypsum Bricks, Tiles and Light
weight CLC blocks.
Salient features • Process Optimized for Red Gypsum available in TTPL,
Kerala
• Foundry Sand Waste available from Metal-Casting
Industries is utilized
• Silicate-Polymer hybrid binder is used for manufacturing
Bricks and Tiles
• Process viable for both Compression as well as Casting
technology
• Gypsum bricks can be manufactured by Rural-Women
• Light-weight, good thermal insulation and comparable
strength
• No-firing and hence No-CO2 release and fire-wood firing for
any dust pollution
Problems Gypsum has tendency for water absorption and that
addressed/application decrease the strength. Hence polymer-silicate binder is
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formulated and utilized.
Scale of development 100 kg level processing is done. Gypsum bricks by
compression as well as casting routes involving Industry
scale Brick-making Machine as well as Rubber moulds
IP status No-IP is generated
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Industrial Feasibility Study Pending
Environmental No threat to Environment
considerations
CSIR-National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and
Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
Thiruvananthapuram
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
Gypsum-Cement- CLC Blocks
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27. Biofilter: Technology For Industrial Odor Control
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary Biofilter technology developed by CSIR-NIIST is unique for
the treatment of odorous gaseous stream. CSIR-NIIST
undertakes a careful study of customer requirements before
the design of the odor control system. NIIST Biofilter
technology has been implemented in various industries, i.e.,
shrimp feed plants, fish meal plants, gelatine factory, bone
meal factory, composting plant, etc.
Salient features NIIST high-performance, low-cost BIOFILTER MEDIA (US
Pat. 6,696,284) has unique characteristics like provides
moisture, provides support of growth, provides nutrients,
provides neutralizing agents, low-pressure drop, high water
holding capacity, enables the mass transfer of contaminants
from air to microbes, green and eco-friendly material, long
life.
Problems This technology can be used to industrial odor emission
addressed/application control.
Scale of development Depending upon emission load for different industries
IP status Patented (US Pat. 6,696,284)
Status of Commercialized, Biofilter technology transferred to Elixir
commercialization Enviro Systems (P) Ltd, and M/s. A.P. engineers
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Feasible
Environmental Environmental Friendly
considerations
Thiruvananthapuram
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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Biofilter technology for odor control
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28. Technology for Extraction of Tungsten as Yellow Tungsten Oxide (YTO)/
Ammonium Para-Tungstate (APT)/Tungsten Metal Powder from W Scraps
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary Tungsten is a strategically important metal; India does not
have any primary ore deposits. This technology is aimed at
indigenous tungsten powder production through recycling of
available scraps. The alloy scraps made friable through a
suitable pre-processing is ground and leached in suitable
leachate. High pure WO3 (Yellow Tungsten Oxide) is
precipitated which is then subjected for hydrogen reduction.
Salient features  99.9% pure YTO & W-powder with high pure cobalt salt
as by-product
 Efficient metal recovery (98%) with no solid/liquid
effluents
 Lower CAPEX/OPEX, viable for small scale production
(50 ton/year)
 Higher ROI over the existing technologies
Problems  Developed a technology with reduced recycling cost
addressed/application viable for small/ medium entrepreneur
 Simultaneous recovery of other valuable metals (e.g. Co,
Ni, Mo, etc.)
 Effluent (solid/liquid) free process with enhanced metal
recovery
Scale of development 100 kg /day
IP status Patent being filed
Status of  WC-hard metal scrap recycling technology have been
commercialization commercialized
including status of  W-heavy alloy scrap recycling technology up-scaled to
deployment 100 kg/day scale
Techno-economics ROI: >50% for a 100 MT/Y tungsten powder production plant
from scraps
Environmental No hazardous effluents generated
considerations
CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR-NML)
Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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YTO & W-powder and pure cobalt salt
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29. Production of Cold Bonded Iron Ore Slime Briquettes for its Application in
Iron/Steel Making
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary Focus has been on developing a process for utilizing the
slime discarded during washing of iron ore. The process
produces briquettes of sufficient strength for its use as a
coolant in BOF steel making. The slime briquette tested at a
commercial BOF (160 t/batch) established its suitability as a
coolant
Salient features  Material values lost in the slime is utilized
 Conserves the limited lump iron ore used for the purpose
 Reduces the impact of slime being dumped on
environment/ecology
Problems  Utilization of the dumped slime
addressed/application  Addressed the problems of fine size and chemistry
 Environmental and ecological issues arising from the
vast slime ponds
Scale of development Briquetting: 1 tons/day; as a coolant in commercial BOF (160
t/batch)
IP status Patent filed jointly with Tata Steel
Status of Requires consent from joint IPU holder
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Rs 3500/ton
Environmental Reduces the impact of slime being dumped
considerations
Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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Cold bonded iron ore slime briquettes
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30. Geopolymer Concrete, Cement from Industrial Wastes
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary The geopolymer concretes developed used a low
temperature process with industrial wastes (fly ash, slag, red
mud etc.) as the raw materials. The pavers produced with the
process meets IS 15658 specification, and EPA 1311
specification for toxicity
Salient features  No virgin material
 Low temperature process and reduced carbon emission
 Resource conservation through waste utilization
Problems  Variability of origin of individual raw material
addressed/application  Minimized problems of efflorescence
Scale of development 5 ton/day
IP status 2626DEL2005
Status of Ready for commercialization
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Less than or comparable with the conventional processes,
but with less carbon foot print
Environmental Green process
considerations
Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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Pavers using industrial wastes
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31. Production of Dri Using Iron Ore Fine/Slime and Non-Coking Coal in
Tunnel Kiln
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary Focus has been on developing a process for utilizing the lean
grade iron ore fine, lean grade coal; The DRI process
eliminates the expensive processing step of induration as
green/air dried pellets are charged get DRI (FeM:84.5%,
metallization 98%) suitable for steel making. The process
tested at a commercial tunnel kiln is ready for
commercialization
Salient features The process utilizes ~100% sub-grade raw materials.
Yields low Sulphur (0.006%) DRI.
Problems The development of this technology will not only convert the
addressed/application waste in to value but also eliminate the problem of disposal
and loss of materials leading to minimization of environmental
issues
Scale of development Tunnel Kiln: 12 -18 tons/day
IP status 201911000836
Status of Available for commercialization
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Cheaper (2/3rd of the conventional DRI process)
Environmental Less than conventional DRI processes
considerations
Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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DRI using iron ore fine/slime and non-coking coal
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32. Commercial Process for the Recovery of High Purity Gold and Silver
Process Waste
lab CSIR-NPL
Executive summary Gold and silver are precious metals. The recovery of gold and
silver is a challenging task. There are several metals which
may be present in gold and silver. The recovery of gold and
silver in presence of such metals is very tough and may
leach out during purification process. We have
developed process for the recovery of high purity of gold
and silver. Besides this nanoparticles of these metals can
be prepared in water/solvent medium for desired
applications
Salient features Low cost, highly effective, environment friendly process
Problems Recovery from process waste and nanoparticles preparation
addressed/application
Scale of development Laboratory scale
Status of Not Commercialized
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Not conducted
Environmental Recovery of precious material
considerations
CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL)
New Delhi
Phone: 011-45609201, 45609301
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Utilization of
“Sewage and Waste water”
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33. Effluent Water Treatment Plant
lab CSIR-CMERI
Executive summary There is an urge for development of an inexpensive,
innovative and simple effluent water treatment technology for
the betterment of water quality parameters. From the
economic perspective and environmental awareness of the
developing countries, there is a high need for such cavitation
based green technology that is easy to retrofit to existing
operations and requires less maintenance as well to give our
community an easy, affordable and user friendly prototype
module for betterment of agricultural low standing water
issues
Salient features  Both mechanical and physico-chemical treatment
processes have been employed in order to purify the
municipal sewage water from the household uses.
 Inexpensive, inert waste materials have been used for
converting waste water to potable water.
 Flow rate ~ 1000 L/ Hour (it can be scaled up)
 Back wash followed by rinsing method enhances the
adsorbents life time.
 No trained personnel is required to operate the treatment
plant
Problems The effluent water treatment plant can be implemented in the
addressed/application areas having severe crisis of potable water through various
industries working on this relevant field, NGOs, SHGs etc.
The plant can be deployed to produce agricultural water from
various unused or contaminated sewage water resources.
This water treatment initiative will support movements like
“Swachh Bharat Mission” and “ Atmanirbhar Bharat”
Scale of development In-house lab facility
IP status Copyright has been submitted
Status of The technology is ready for commercialization. The prototype
commercialization is running on a regular basis in CSIR-CMERI premises.
Techno-economics Treated Water cost: 3-4 paisa/L
Environmental This method has some environmental benefits compared to
considerations other conventional methods (electrode position, reverse
osmosis etc.) for waste water treatment. Herein, both
mechanical and physico-chemical treatment processes have
been employed in order to purify the municipal sewage water.
In addition, naturally abundant materials after their
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chemical/thermal treatment have been used as a feedstock
material for treatment of waste water. One step ahead, the in-
situ generated sludge materials are reused for preparing
various constructional materials emphasizing “Waste to
wealth” initiative.
(CSIR-CMERI)
Durgapur
Phone: 0343-2546749, 2546401
Effluent water treatment plant
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34. Waste Water Treatment Plant
lab CSIR-CMERI
Executive summary CSIR-CMERI has developed a simple, low cost, eco-friendly,
waste water treatment technology by using inexpensive and
naturally abundant R&D modified materials in the filtration
unit which is easy to handle.
Salient features  Chemically modified naturally abundant adsorbents have
been used
 Flow rate ~ 1000 L/ Hour (it can be scaled up)
 Cost Of Treated Water ~ 4-5 paisa / L of treated water
 Dosing Pump, UV & Ozonator act as disinfectants.
 Back wash followed by rinsing method enhances the
adsorbents life time.
 No trained personnel is required to operate the treatment
plant
 Adsorbent materials after exhaustion of their lifetime
may be considered as sludge which can be used in
preparing various construction materials like bricks, tiles
etc.
Problems The waste water treatment plant can be implemented in the
addressed/application areas having severe crisis of potable water through various
industries working on this relevant field, NGOs, SHGs etc.
The plant can be deployed to produce potable water from
various unused or contaminated water resources. This water
treatment initiative will support movements like “Swachh
Bharat Mission” and “ Atmanirbhar Bharat”
Scale of development in-house lab facility
IP status Patent filed: 0061NF2019
Status of The technology is ready for commercialization. The prototype
commercialization is running on a regular basis in CSIR-CMERI premises.
Techno-economics Treated Water cost: 4-5 paisa/L
Environmental This method has some environmental benefits compared to
considerations other conventional methods (electrode position, reverse
osmosis etc.) for waste water treatment. Herein, naturally
abundant materials after their chemical/thermal treatment
have been used as a feedstock material for treatment of
waste water. One step ahead, the in-situ generated sludge
materials are reused for preparing various constructional
materials emphasizing “waste to wealth” initiative.
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(CSIR-CMERI)
Durgapur
Phone: 0343-2546749, 2546401
Waste water treatment technology
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35. Spent Wash Management (SWM) Technology - A 'Zero Waste' Process for
Recovery of Potash Fertiliser from Spent Wash
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary CSIR-CSMCRI has developed a technology whereby
Potassium Sulphate (SOP) can be recovered from mixed salt
produced from bittern and MOP as raw material. This
technology is suitable for implementation in low humidity
(arid) regions. SOP is a premium two nutrient fertilizer (50%
K2O and 18% S) with the highest total nutrient value (68%)
and the lowest salt index (46.1) which lowers osmotic effect
and thereby reduces the dehydration of plants.
Salient features Technology utilizes spent wash as resource for recovery of
potash fertilizer and other value-added products while water
is recycled in the process. Key feature of the process is
separation of potash salts and salt free spent wash organics
as 2 distinct streams.
Major benefits are indigenous potash fertilizer, augmented
farmer income, conservation of water resource, boost to
ethanol production, reduction in import bill, additional revenue
streams for industry as well as government etc.
This technology is well aligned with flagship National
Missions viz., „Make in India‟, „Swachh Bharat‟, „Namami
Gange‟ and UNSDGs (2, 6, 8, 13, 14 & 15).
Major Waste Material to be utilized: Effluent of sugarcane
molasses based alcohol distilleries, commonly known as
spent wash / vinasse, bittern and MOP
Problems Uses Effluent management through of effluent wastewater
IP status Granted Indian patent no.IN 318659
US patent no. 10683211
US Patent no. 10793480
Status of Licensed to M/S Aurangabad Distillery Ltd., Walchand nagar,
commercialization Maharashtra (60 klpd distillery). Plant is operational.
Techno-economics Varies with scale,
Nominally pay-back period is < 3 years (typically for 60 klpd
distillery)
Environmental Spent Wash Management (SWM) Technology - a 'Zero
considerations Waste' process for recovery of potash fertilizer, water & other
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value added by-product(s) from spent wash
CSIR-CSMCRI Bhavnagar
Email: [email protected] Phone: 0278-2569496
Recovery of potash fertilizer using spent wash
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36. Recovery of Ammonium Sulphate from Highly Colored & High TDS
Wastewater (Pharmaceutical)
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary
Salient features  Provides solution for management of highly colored &
high TDS complex wastewater
 Recovery of pure (95%) crystalline ammonium sulphate
 Yield: > 65% (w/w)
 Doesn‟t require any sophisticated machinery; expected
to have low O&M
 Not very energy intensive (lower energy requirement
than multiple effect evaporation or incineration)
 Saves the cost of hazardous solid waste disposal
 Major Waste Material to be Utilized: Wastewater with
>2% ammonical nitrogen and corresponding or more
sulphate
Problems  Marketable byproduct for
addressed/application  Fertilizer/industrial applications
 Chemical industry- Insecticide, pesticides, herbicides,
etc. (water-soluble agricultural spay)
 Low cost cleansing agent
 Water/wastewater treatment
Scale of development The basic technological components are integrated together

with real world samples and tested at bench scale.
Validation of the technology by the real-world users are done
as per requirement
IP status
Status of To be explored after successful pilot scale study that is in
commercialization progress.
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Market price of commercial ammonium sulphate for
(industrial and fertilizer application) varies from `5/Kg to
`15/Kg
Environmental
considerations
(CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur
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Phone: 0712-2249999
Crude Ammonium Sulphate Recovered Ammonium Sulphate
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37. Ca-RID: Recovery of Marketable Calcium Byproducts from High TDS
Process Effluent Rendering Treated-Effluent Suitable for Subsequent
Treatments
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary The process involves sequential chemical treatment of raw
effluent at the first stage, followed by settling and clarification.
Does not involve electrochemical process for separation of
Ca (or Cl). Polishing of the clarified effluent with adsorbent is
optional. Further neutralization of the clarified effluent leads
to treated-water suitable for subsequent treatment processes.
The solid by-products obtained in the first stage can be dried
to get high purity Ca (80-90%) in the form of white powder.
Salient features  Reduces Ca content in the treated effluent to a minimally
optimal making it suitable for further biological/ tertiary
treatment (RO) as required.
 It also helps achieving ZLD status (increase life tome of
RO membrane)
 Low operation & maintenance cost
 Less energy intensive & automation
 Manageable with low skilled manpower
 The system is techno-economical and environmentally
sustainable as it ensures separate recovery of
substantial quantity of marketable Ca by-products and
treated water facilitating reuse of treated water in
process.
 Helps conservation of fresh water resources
Major Waste Material to be Utilized: Wastewater with
>1% calcium
Problems  Environmental system development and optimization
addressed/application  Management of High TDS Process Effluent-
Technological process for removal of Calcium from high
TDS effluent
 Rendering the treated-effluent amicable for subsequent
biological or tertiary treatment
 Recovery of Calcium-based Marketable Byproducts
especially for cement industry

with real world samples and tested at bench scale. Validation
of the technology by the real-world users are done as per
requirement
IP status
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Status of Pilot study with industry is in progress
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Market price of commercial calcium carbonate for varies from
`18/Kg to `20/Kg
Environmental
considerations
(CSIR-NEERI)
Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
Raw untreated effluent (OS) and Treated effluent/ recovered acid [(i), (iii), (iv)]
Treated effluent
Recovered Ca-compound (solid white powder)
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38. Process for Recovery of Anhydrous White Sodium Sulphate from Crude
Green Hydrous Global Salt Obtained from RO Reject of Textile Industry
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary The process involves chemical treatment of RO reject at the
first stage, followed by sonication, concentration and drying.
Recovered solid by-product is crystalline, anhydrous and
white in color having >98% purity.
Salient features  Provides solution for management of RO reject
 Recovery of pure (>98%) crystalline, anhydrous sodium
sulphate
 Yield: > 80% (w/w)
 Not very energy intensive (lower energy requirement
than multiple effect evaporation or incineration)
 Saves the cost of hazardous solid waste disposal
 Major Waste Material to be Utilized: RO reject containing
sodium and sulphate from textile industry or any other
industry
Problems  Management of RO reject of high TDS and highly
addressed/application colored process effluent
 Removal and recovery of white crystalline, anhydrous,
sodium sulphate from RO reject
with real world samples and tested at bench scale. Validation
of the technology by the real-world users are done as per
requirement
IP status
Status of To be explored after successful pilot scale study
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics The total cost of production of anhydrous sodium sulphate
based on operating and consumable cost is ~ `5000/T of
crude colored hydrous sodium sulphate. Commercial cost of
sodium sulphate crystal is in the range of `10000-20000/T.
Environmental
considerations
(CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
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Crude RO solid
Recovered Na2SO4
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39. Recovery of Commercially Viable Hematite Pigments from Iron-Rich
Wastes through Bio-Chemical Process
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary  The process can be applied at industrial scale by
developing a means whereby industry can offset the
treatment costs through the production of valuable Fe
pigments.
 Applied in the hydrometallurgical operations particularly
electrolytic zinc processes where the Fe must be
removed prior to electro-winning.
 Through this process large voluminous effluents can be
treated efficiently which otherwise require further
treatment and final disposal issues.
 Use in Industries involved in: Pigments, catalysts, Paint,
Ink, Tapes, Plastic, Pharmaceutical products,
Cosmetics, Resin, polymer, Ceramic tile coloration
Salient features Environmental Benefits
• The process provides the best possible way to convert the
untapped iron precipitates (iron-hydroxy- sulphates)
(Retreat) formed in the leachates/bioleach liquors into high-
grade iron oxides (Recover). This model provided below will
not only give a solution to acid mine drainage but at the
same time, the treated water can be used back for
plantation/other mining activities (Reuse).
• Provides a solution for the mining industry whereby they
can offset the processing cost through manufacturing
commercially viable products i.e. pure iron oxides (α-
Fe2O3).
• It is an integrated process involving bio-cum-chemical
conversion.
Market Potentials
• The process will certainly open up new market for
synthetic iron oxides.
• The product, Iron oxides (α-Fe2O3) produced can be sold
as a raw material for other line productions depending upon
their color (Red, Yellow, and Black & Other) and the end
user such as in paint, dye, primer, polymer, cosmetic,
ceramic industries etc.
Social/Employment generation
• Skill development & up-liftmen of livelihood of the local
inhabitant particularly in rural areas.
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• Start-up for small-scale/cottage industry for the
unemployed youth.
Problems This approach will certainly meets the challenge to deal with
addressed/application the ferric rich slurry generated in the process of filtration in
Iron Removal Plants. It will be a step towards „Waste to
Wealth‟ generation whereby industry can offset the operation
cost by manufacturing iron oxides as a raw material for other
line productions such as in paint, dye, cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industries.
Scale of development Pilot Plant scale (25L capacity)
Status of Development of conceptual process flow sheet for recovery
commercialization of high-grade iron oxides from iron ore tailing ponds.
Techno-economics Looking to the end user and price, an estimated cost for the
recovery of iron oxides/ hematite from iron ore mine
leachates (10,000 liters capacity) was calculated (Table1).
Synthetic pigments are widely preferred over natural
pigments, due to their excellent quality and purity level, which
account the largest share of the global iron oxide pigments
market in 2014. The price of iron oxide pigments depends on
type, color & the end user. Through this process, high quality
of iron oxide pigments can be made that can be used as raw
materials in other line productions. With slight variation in
operating conditions, different types (goethite; hematite or
magnetite) and color (red, green, black) of synthetic iron
oxides can be made and put on to the market. Uses of iron
oxide in different sectors and its market price are given
inTable-1.
USE OF IRON OXIDE PRICE (Rs/Kg)

Paint 195~325/Kg
Acrylic Primer 151/Kg
Cosmetic (depends upon 650~5895 / Kg (Foundation)
uses) 1203~3804 / kg (Eyeliner)
1332~3250/ Kg (Lipstick)
Pharmaceutical (film coating 520~780/ Kg

tablet and capsules)
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Construction material (as 2340 /Kg
glazing ceramics; 19~1332 Kg
for cement: Coating pigment 85~195/Kg
Chemical (pure) 650~975/Kg
Economic analysis for the recovery of iron oxides/ hematite

from iron ore mine leachates (10,000literscapacity) was
calculated and presented in Table 2.
Sr. No. Particulars Value
A. Hematite Production & Sale Price
1. Capacity of Reactor 10 m3
2. Number of Operation days 330
3. Total Volume handled per year 3300 m3
4. Average Iron Concentration in Bioleach 4 g/l
Liquor
5. Total Quantity of Fe handled (per year) 13.2 Tons
6. Hematite Recovery Rate 90%
7. Annual Hematite Production 11.88 Tons
8 Average Sale Price of Hematite 650 Rs/Kg
9. Total Selling Price of Hematite (per 77.22 Lakh Rs.
year)
B. Installation and Operational Cost

(Approximate)
1. Bacterial Ferrous Oxidation Tank 5.0 Lakhs
(BACFOX) – one time
2. Pump and Accessories (one time) 1.2 Lakhs
3. Hydrothermal Conversion (one time) 20.0 Lakhs
4. O & M and Operational Charges (per 1.2 Lakhs
year)
5. Supervision, Administration Charges (per 2.0 Lakhs
year)
6. Product Testing Charges - External (per 3.0 Lakhs
year)
7. Miscellaneous Expenses 5.0 Lakhs
8. Total Cost 37.4 Lakhs
9. Payback Period < 1 year
Environmental Leach liquors/ effluents / tailings containing high Fe
considerations concentration
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(CSIR-NEERI) Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
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40. Modular Onsite Wastewater Treatment cum Resource Recovery Unit
(NOWA)
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary NIIST Onsite Wastewater treatment cum resource recovery
unit (NOWA) is a means for recovering reuse quality water,
biogas, and organic manure from organic-rich wastewater.
This is a combined anaerobic-aerobic process module with
the specially developed microbial system in each unit.
Additional, there is a sludge handling and disinfection
module (optional). There is a built-in mechanism to control
excess sludge build-up. This system can treat wastewater
with COD up to 4000 mg/L (tested maximum). NOWA is
particularly suitable for canteens, restaurants, agro-based
MSMEs, cottage industries, etc. and also for places without
sewerage connections
Salient features 1. Recover reuse quality water, biogas, and organic manure
from organic-rich wastewater.
2. Compact and modular unit with a low footprint
3. Can treat high strength organic wastewater.
4. Free from a sludge disposal problem
5. Purely biological process
Problems NOWA is particularly suitable for canteens, restaurants,
addressed/application agro-based MSMEs, cottage industries, etc. and also for
places without sewerage connections
Scale of development Up to 10,000 L/D
IP status Patent application submitted to CSIR HQ
Status of Two companies licensed the technology
commercialization
including status of
deployment
considerations
Thiruvananthapuram
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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41. BFBR: A High-Rate Anaerobic Reactor for Complex Wastewater Treatment
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary The Buoyant Filter Bioreactor (BFBR) has designed for
treatment of high strength complex wastewater. BFBR
converts wastewater containing a high ratio of suspended
COD to total COD. Suspended organic materials that
contribute to anaerobically degradable COD include
starches and complex carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils.
Conventional high-rate anaerobic reactors are not efficient at
retaining suspended COD. Unlike in conventional high-rate
UASB, the BFBR has a high efficiency retention mechanism
with forced cleaning system to retain both suspended solids
and biomass, and thus achieve high efficiency for
wastewaters with suspended COD. The high velocity
backflow is created by periodic release of gas accumulated
in the reactor, thereby avoiding extra pumping systems and
power consumption. BFBR system has been customized
and installed in different rice mill and ice-cream factories as
per the effluent capacity.
Salient features  BFBR effectively used for the treatment of difficult and
complex wastewaters like ice-cream factory
wastewater, rice-mill effluent and fishmeal effluent.
 The BFBR is able to decouple both solids and biomass
retention time from hydraulic retention time, while
providing high mass-transfer conditions.
 The BFBR provides the performance of an anaerobic
membrane bioreactor without the drawbacks of
expensive systems and high power costs. The BFBR
retains all microflora – settling, dispersed and slow
growing– enabling the development of high activity
sludge.
 The BFBR achieves 95% COD removal (fat content
60% of COD) for dairy effluent.
 COD removed is completely converted to methane.
Loading rate 7 kg COD/(m3.d).
Problems Treatment for industrial complex wastewater having high fat
addressed/application content.
Scale of development Industrial scale varying from 1KLD to 200 KLD
IP status Patented (US Pat. 6592751)
Status of Commercialized , BFBR technology transferred to M/s
commercialization Galaxy Environ and M/s Victoria innovative LLP
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considerations
Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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42. Premium Grade Iron Oxide Pigment from Waste Chloride Pickle Liquor of
Steel Industries
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary Highly uniform size iron oxide of different shapes was
produced from waste chloride steel pickle liquor through a
low temperature hydrothermal precipitation process. A
specific size, shape and color grade iron oxide could easily
be engineered. Using the technology, wide color range of
pigment grade iron oxides with darker to lighter tone has
been produced. Some of the grades produced were found
comparable to few best grades of iron oxides available in
international markets
Salient features  Ferrous chloride pickle liquor is used instead of ferrous
sulphate
 In-situ rejection of impurities present in pickle liquor
without any additional unit operation
 Easy control of particle size, shape and color by
controlling formation of ferric hydroxo-complex
intermediate
 Batch time is only ~10 h against ~120 h for existing
sulphate process
Problems Ferrous/ferric chloride is a common effluent from many
addressed/application metallurgical industries such as steel pickling and titania
production units, which is neutralized and dumped. The
process can treat these liquors to produce high value ferrite
and pigment grade iron oxide. This will not only generate
revenue but also take care of land and environment.
Scale of development 50 kg of iron oxide
IP status 0251DEL2013, 2422DEL2004
Status of In commercial production
commercialization
Techno-economics On request as the techno-economics depends on the plant
location
Environmental No hazardous effluents generated
considerations
Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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Utilization of
“Biomass & Agro Waste”
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43. Microbial Inoculums for the Management of Coffee Pulp Effluent
lab CSIR-CFTRI
Executive summary The product is “Inoculum” itself. This inoculum consists of
three yeasts cultures, which will help in the breakdown of
complex molecules present in coffee pulp helping in the
management of coffee pulp effluent. Normally, CaCO3 is
used and the chemical is expensive to farmers and usage
quantity has not been standardized based on the TDS of the
effluent. The compounds precipitated by CaCO3 in the form
of calcium pectate are insoluble; hence secondary disposal
is a problem. The effluent left after precipitation has copious
amounts of sugars leading to growth of natural micro-flora
and putrefaction. This leads to air, water and soil pollution.
The present method is a biological process of waste
disposal and the organism is natural, non-pathogenic, can
be produced easily.
Salient features Due to its high acidic nature and the presence of
polyphenolics, coffee pulp is considered phytotoxic. Hence,
disposal of this waste has been a problem. Even though
coffee pulp effluent has copious amounts of sugars in the
form of pectin; polyphenols resist degradation leading to the
requirement of storing the waste for a long period of time.
Due to the development of acidic pH under natural condition
during the initial period of degradation, the pectic material
gets precipitated as pectic acids and float on the top of
forming a thick scum, which leads to the development of
anaerobic condition. During anaerobic degradation gases
produced leads to putrefaction and gases like H2S, CO2, CO
are released leading to air pollution. The above said
problems can be managed by using microbial cultures
Problems Coffee pulp effluent is a waste material with restriction on its
addressed/application disposal as it is an environmental pollutant,. Hence
bioremediation of these waste using microbes as inoculum
to management.
Scale of development 25 L of inoculum/day

IP status
Status of Licensed and Commercialized
commercialization
Techno-economics Coffee is one of the world‟s most prominent agricultural
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products, mainly used as a beverage. It is a highly popular
product, consumed by millions of people every day. The
waste and by products generate during processing of coffee
berry and it is a source of severe contamination and pose
serious environmental problems. This leads to air, water and
soil pollution and effects on economic also. The present
method is a biological process of waste disposal and the
organism is natural, non-pathogenic, can be produced
easily. The developed technology at CFTRI is worthy and
economic in all the time.
Environmental During anaerobic degradation gases produced leads to
considerations putrefaction and gases like H2S, CO2, CO are released
leading to air pollution. The above said problems can be
managed by using microbial cultures.
CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-
CFTRI),Mysore
Phone: 0821-2517760
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44. Technology for Converting Biomass Wastes into Nutrient Rich Biochar for
Improving the Soil Fertility and Carbon Sequestration
lab CSIR-CIMAP
Executive summary The char produced during pyrolysis used for carbon
sequestration and fertility enhancer of soil is usually known
as biochar. The plant absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere
during its growth and release after its senescence. The
known benefits of biochar application for agricultural
purposes are sequestration of carbon, and nutrients, water
retention, reduction in fertilizer consumption, and
greenhouse gas emissions. CSIR-CIMAP developed low
cost drum based technology. The product developed after
the field trials were release as CIM-मद
ृ ाशक्ति on the occasion
of Kisan Mela, 2020. The advantage of this technology
include non-requirement of high end machinery or huge
investment or high-grade technical skill for preparation.
Biochar has the following properties: nutrient-rich, high water
holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, carbon and soil
nutrient sequestration capacity, and soil amelioration
including restricted uptake of heavy metal contaminants.
Salient features  The production of biochar in the existing distillation units
not only utilized the waste biomass, crop
residue/processed biomass, but the volatiles released
during the process could act as fuel source to the
distillation units.
 No extra infrastructure is required. Process is
environmental friendly.
Problems The crop residue burning poses a threat to the environment
addressed/application and human health due to the emission of toxic gasses and
particulate matter. This study examines the possibility of
biochar production from crop residue and its utilization as a
soil fertility enhancer and alternative fuel as a sustainable
solution
Scale of development  The production parameters have been optimized for
biochar production.
 The material was characterized.
 The evaluation of soil conditioning and nutrient
sequestration has been done in sandy loamy &
problematic soils
IP status Nil
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Status of Evaluation of biochar produced by above process for
commercialization reduction in load of heavy metals and pesticides in ground
including status of water, contaminated soil and plants has been done.
deployment Demonstration at the farmer field has been started. The
production of biochar at Tea Research Board has been done
from tea waste under DBT Twinning project also. Field trials
are going on. Farmer field trials initiated.
Techno-economics COST OF PRODUCTION (CIM-मद
ृ ाशक्ति)
Cost of processing
Components Amount in INR
1. Dry residue material 20000.00
50q/Kg
@Rs 4/kg
2. Labour Charge - 15000.00
3. Grinding and packaging - 10000.00
charges
4. Loading and unloading 10000.00
charges
5. Others charges 5000.00
Total cost of processing 60000.00
B. Gross returns /ha

Material produces from 360000.00
one ha(20q) @ Rs. 180/Kg
C. Net profit/ha 300000.00
Cost of production /Kg = 15.00Rs/Kg

Rs 300000/2000Kg
Material selling prince 180.00Rs/Kg
CIM-मद
ृ ाशक्ति production
1: 0.4
yield Kg/g (Dry Matter:
Product yield)
Environmental The low cost technology the conversion of biomass waste
considerations into nutrient and carbon rich biochar could be sustainable
and zero waste technology. As in this technology no extra
wood or heat is needed for starting the pyrolysis of biochar.
In addition amendments of these biochar reduce the
gaseous emissions from the soils. The enhanced soil fertility
and plant growth by biochar amendment demonstrated
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circular economic system
CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (CSIR-
CIMAP), Lucknow
Phone: 0522-2719083, 2718503, 2718509
Nutrient rich Biochar
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45. Incense Sticks and Fragrant Cones from Offered Flowers
lab CSIR-CIMAP
Executive summary Floral waste from the places of worship poses problems to
hygiene and environment. Tonnes of floral wastes are
either disposed of recklessly in rivers, ponds, fields or left to
decompose in open, especially in and around the places of
worship. Floral wastes and other biomass can be utilized to
obtain useful products and to provide employment to local
people. CSIR-CIMAP has developed the technology for
utilization of floral bio-resources in to incense sticks, cones,
essential oils, floral water, and manure. It strengthens
“Swachh Bharat and Skill India Mission”.
Salient features  Scalable innovation led business model established.
 Woman can earn Rs. 3000-10,000/- p.m. as additional
income in their leisure time.
 Flower powder and jiget combination reduces Jiget by
about 10-15% as against coal powder and jiget
combination.
 Produces about 25% higher number of agarbattis with
30-40% more burning time in comparison with charcoal
based popular sticks.
 This formulation produces less smoke which reduces
toxicity level
Problems It saves environment because offered flowers creates air
addressed/application and water pollution if disposed of at the public places
including water bodies, river, etc. from religious places. The
offered flowers are used after drying and pulverizing for
making of incense sticks and fragrant cones. It also creates
livelihood opportunities in rural areas especially for women.
The holiness of offered flowers is also maintained while
recycle it.
Scale of development Commercialized in more than 20 places of worship. More
than 1,50,000 sticks per day manufactured by women and
selling in the market
IP status CSIR-CIMAP know-how
Status of Commercialized through technology transfer and deployed
commercialization at more than 20 places of worship. Trained more than 5000
women in all over India for socio-economic development.
Techno-economics Production capacity: Rs 30,000 sticks/day (2,00,000 packet
annually) (200 days)
Cost of plant and machinery: Rs 1.00 lakh
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Raw material cost
Fragrance/Essential oils: Rs 7.50 lakh (500 l @ Rs. 1500/l)
Labour cost: Rs. 90/kg i.e. Rs. 2250/day x 200 days = Rs.
4.50 lakh annual
Cost of wooden sticks: Rs. 1.30 lakh annual
Cost of Jigat: Rs. 1.00 lakh
Diluter: Rs. 1.50 lakh
Flower cost@ Rs. 2/Kg: 0.40 lakh
Cost of packaging material: Rs. 6.00 lakh
Managers cost 2 nos.@ Rs. 20000 PM Rs. 4.80
lakh/annual
Packets with 30 sticks @ Rs. 20/packet
Labour for flower collection: Rs. 0.40 lakh
Transportation: Rs. 0.40 lakh
House Rent: Rs. 1.20 lakh
Electricity charges: Rs. 1.20 lakh
Total: Rs. 29.00 lakh
Overhead charges@ 10%: Rs. 3.12 lakh
Total expenditure: Rs. 32.22 Lakh per annum
Total sale of 2,00,000 pkts @ 18: Rs. 36.00 Lakhs
Net Return/profit- Rs. 3.88 lakh (From 1st year), it will be
increased from 2nd year on-wards
Environmental • This technology saves the environment because the
considerations offered flowers create air and water pollution as it disposed
of into the water bodies.
• This technology maintain the holiness of offered flowers is
also maintained while recycle it.
CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (CSIR-
CIMAP), Lucknow
Phone: 0522-2719083, 2718503, 2718509
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Incense sticks and fragrant cones from offered flowers
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46. Technology for Dietary Fibre Extraction from Apple Pomace
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Apple pomace a residue obtained after apple juice
extraction is generated in huge quantity from apple
beverage industries. An indigenous technology for
extraction of dietary fibre from apple pomace has been
developed to convert this highly perishable residue causing
environmental pollution to highly economic value ingredient.
Salient features • High fibre content
• Light yellow and tasteless
• Broad food and beverage application
• Patented process prototype for extraction of fibre and
separation of seeds
Problems Fibre helps to keep our digestive system healthy and helps
addressed/application to prevent constipation. High fibre diets are important in
prevention and management of obesity and chronic
diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardio-metabolic
disorders
IP status Patent granted (No. 3175DEL2011; US14349305;
EP20120813533; RU2014123369A; WO2013069028A8)
Status of Technology is ready to transfer
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Return on Investment: 22.34 % with payback period of 5.25
years one shift (10 hrs) per day, 3 months per year. The
cost of development is Rs. 2,50,000 per metric ton dietary
fiber.
considerations
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
(CSIR-IHBT), Palampur
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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47. Development of Punica Granatum Peel Based Nutraceutical for Cardio-
Protection
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Punica granatum L. is agro industry component,
commercially cultivated in Maharashtra and to small extent
in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.P., U.P.
Punjab, H.P. and Haryana. In India 107.00 thousand ha
land is under cultivation and production is around 743.00
thousand tons. The peel of comprises around 50% of the
total weight and is generally regarded as a waste, but rich
in phenolics and other antioxidants.
Salient features • Strengthening the myocardial muscles
• Helps to management of atherosclerosis
• Have high antioxidant activity
• Helps in lowering damaging effect of isoproterenol on
heart.
Problems Punicalagin enriched extract from Punica granatum peel
addressed/application used as cardio protection health benefits
IP status Patent Applied
Status of Technology is ready to transfer
commercialization
Techno-economics Techno-economics study in GMP processing facility are in
progress
considerations
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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Pomegranate peel powder
Pomegranate extract Syrup Pomegranate extract candy
Punica granatum peel based nutraceutical
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48. Formulation of Herbal Incense Cones from Herbs and Flowers
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Flowers are offered in temples by people and are left
unused, resulting in waste and chokes water bodies and
rives. The present intervention of developing technology to
produce herbal incense not only reuses the generally
discarded flower waste produced by temples but also is an
ecologically viable process that helps to overcome the
problem of flower waste disposal, alleviate the odor
problem and keep the environment clean. It also provides
employment and generates livelihood for local inhabitants.
Salient features • Phthalate free
• Charcoal free
• Antibacterial activities of Dhoop samples against aerial
bacteria, Shelf life is greater than 12 months
• Low CO (0.1-0.2 ppm) and VOC (200-210 ppb)
• Variety of incense cones were standardized for various
aromas such as Dhoop, Loban, Rose, Sandalwood,
Guggal etc.
Problems • A solution for the disposal of temple waste
addressed/application • A convenient and quick method of incense cone
manufacturing
• Provide employment facilities to residents by setting up
small scale factory or enterprises near temples
• An eco-friendly way for reducing the amount of water
pollution, air pollution, and environmental pollution
Scale of development Pilot-scale
IP status Patent applied
Status of Technology transferred to
commercialization  M/s AB Scientific Solutions, Palampur,
including status of  M/s Geo Care, Baijnath
deployment  Maa Bala Sundari Temple Trust, Sirmour
Techno-economics Investment in machinery: Rs. 8 lakhs, Cost of production:
Rs. 0.30 per Cone, Production Capacity: 70 cones per min
considerations
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Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
Herbal incense product from used flowers
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49. Ready to Eat Crispy Fruits and Vegetables
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Technology developed by CSIR-IHBT for Ready to eat
crispy fruits and vegetables retains near to original nutrition,
texture, taste, aroma and color. Crisps are preservative free
and require no refrigeration. Product has excellent
reconstitution capacity. Target crops: Any perishable fruit
Salient features • Crispy fruits retain near to original texture, taste, aroma
and color
• In contrast to perishable nature, crispy fruits have a long
shelf life (3-4 months).
• Keeps the fruit nutritionally similar as of a fresh fruit.
• No added preservative.
• Refrigeration is not needed to store it.
• Excellent reconstitution capacity- can regain its original
texture, taste, color and aroma
Problems CSIR-IHBT has developed this technology for processing of
addressed/application fresh fruits into a ready to eat crispy fruits form which is a
simple cost effective processing technology that preserves
fruits at low temperature after harvesting at farm level. The
processing technology will benefit the farmers for getting
best price of seasonal fruits which otherwise deteriorates.
IP status Patent file no. 0031NF2017/IN
commercialization M/s Roots and Flowers, Palampur
Techno-economics Investment on Plant & Machinery (Batch
Capacity.60kg/batch fresh fruit.): Rs.1.23 lakhs. (Approx.);
raw material required/ year: 18000 kg.; Target area may
vary from crop to crop for hectares; Benefit cost ratio: 1.6
considerations
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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Crispy Apple Crispy Banana Crispy
Sapota
Crispy
Crispy Kinnow Crispy Mango
Sweet corn
Ready to eat crispy fruits and vegetables
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50. Tea Catechins
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Tea leaves contains 15-20% of total polyphenols of which
catechins constitute up to 80%. Epigallocatechin (EGC),
epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and
epicatechin gallate (ECG) are the major catechins. These
catechins are high value antioxidants with nutraceutical
properties.
Salient features • Green technology for catechins production from tea
• Products free from toxic chemicals and solvents
Problems • Natural antioxidants
addressed/application • Nutraceuticals
• Natural preservatives
• Anti-microbial in food
• Health-care and cosmetic usage
IP status Granted US9266818 B2, CN104105685A, JP2015508070 A,
Pending - IN2012DE00371
commercialization  M/s Baijnath Pharmaceuticals, Paprola (H.P.)
including status of  M/s Indcoserve, Tamilnadu
deployment
Techno-economics Investment on plant and machinery Rs. 150 Lakhs (For
processing of batch of 200 kg fresh tea leaves).
Net returns: Rs. 67.14 Lakhs per year.
BCR (Benefit cost ratio): 1.6
considerations
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-
IHBT), Palampur
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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51. Tea Wine
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Wine is an un-distilled fermented beverage mainly produced
from grapes and fruits. A tea-based wine has been prepared
to harness the health benefits of tea. Tea wine is a good
source of antioxidants. It is a unique product that can be
prepared from premium as well as low grade teas. Wine can
be made sweet and dry on demand with varying alcohol
content ranging between 9% and 15%.
Salient features • Low alcoholic beverage with high quality, either sweet or
dry
• Can be prepared using under-utilized fruits along with low
grade teas
• A self-preservative herbal product with valuation increases
on maturation
Problems A low alcoholic healthy beverage rich in antioxidants
IP status Patents granted - US 6793957B2
commercialization M/s Camellia Beverages, Gurgaon
Techno-economics Investment on plant and machinery Rs. 124 Lakhs (Capacity
1000 L wine per month).
Net returns per batch: Rs. 2,47,000.
considerations
IHBT), Palampur
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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Tea wine
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52. Ready to Serve Tea Concentrates
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary Tea is the second most consumed beverage after water that
has gained wide interest due to numerous health benefits. A
process has been developed to prepare concentrates from
green and black tea with refreshing taste and natural health
attributes of tea. These concentrates can be reconstituted
with hot as well as cold water
Salient features • Unsweetened tea concentrates contain all the health and
quality attributes of tea.
• Free from synthetic preservatives and artificial flavors and
colors.
• Rich in tea antioxidants.
• Contains low caffeine as compared to tea infusions
Problems Non-alcoholic healthy beverage rich in tea bioactive
IP status Patent applied (0088NF2020)
commercialization M/s Camellia Beverages, Gurgaon
Techno-economics Investment on plant and machinery Rs. 91 Lakhs (For
processing of batch of 200 L tea concentrate).
Net returns per batch: Rs. 22, 380.
considerations
IHBT) Palampur
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
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53. Compost Booster for Cold Region
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary The global compost market is expected to reach an
estimated USD 9.2 billion with a compounded annual growth
rate of 6.8% by 2024. With increasing focus on organic
farming in states adjoining the Himalayan range, the market
potential for compost booster targeting the cold region is
expected to be huge
Salient features • Ready to use formulation
• Contains cold tolerant hydrolytic bacteria
• Supplemented with biofertilizer
• Bacteria encapsulated with effective carrier material
• Enhanced nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilisation and
potash mobilization properties
• Reduced foul odour during composting process
• Suitable for organic cultivation
Problems The low temperatures limit the initial microbial load and
addressed/application hence pose technical challenges by extending the
mesophilic phase and shortening the thermophilic stage.
This delays drying of material and consequently product
maturity. Overall, the limited microbial population on the
onset of degradation, low temperature and moisture level,
inefficient proteo-ligno-cellulolytic microbes renders
composting process inefficient. In this context, CSIR-IHBT
has developed a compost booster that can be applied to
range of waste substrates such as kitchen waste,
human/animal waste and agro residues
Scale of development Pilot scale.
IP status In-house technology targeted to cold region
Status of Ready to transfer
commercialization
Techno-economics Investment on plant and machinery Rs. 1.14 Lakhs (For the
production of 1 MT compost booster). Gross projected
return: Rs. 2.50 lakhs
Net returns per batch: Rs. 1.36 lakhs.
considerations
118 | P a g e
IHBT), Palampur
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
Compost booster
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54. Eco-Friendly Process for Textile Fibre from Plant Resources for Various
Applications
lab CSIR-IHBT
Executive summary A process has been developed to find alternative fiber
source based on inexpensive, underutilized, abundantly
available and renewable lignocellulosic biomass which is
less time consuming, efficient and environment friendly as
compared to conventional methods.
Salient features • Low cost and eco-friendly process for fibres extraction
having high quality and high counts.
• Downstream fibre separation process based on
inexpensive, recyclable, industrial waste material.
• Less time consuming as compared to conventional
methods
• Process has flexibility for processing plants having stalk
diameter in the range of 8-13 mm
• Extracted fibres can be used for making pure yarns or
blended yarns
Problems Retting which is the process of separating fibres from non-
addressed/application fibre tissues in plants, involves bacteria and fungi treatments
and mechanical and chemical processes for fibres
extraction. Dew/ water retting takes long processing time,
weather dependent, create foul smell, huge water
consumption and lastly lead to environment pollution.
Therefore, a process has been developed to find alternative
fiber source based on inexpensive, underutilized, abundantly
available and renewable lignocellulosic biomass which is
less time consuming, efficient and environment friendly as
compared to conventional methods.
Scale of development Semi Pilot scale
IP status Indian patent no. 202011034404
Status of Ready to transfer
commercialization
Techno-economics Techno-economics study in progress
considerations
IHBT), Palampur
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Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
Textile fibre from plant resources
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55. Anaerobic Gas Lift Reactor (AGR)
lab CSIR-IICT
Executive summary This technology is superior in terms of biogas and bio-
manure production as it incorporates novel pre- and post-
processing technologies required for the biomethanation of
organic solid waste as per its characteristics in contrast to the
existing conventional digesters. The technology is licensed to
private entrepreneur in Secunderabad and they are installing
and commissioning the plants under the technological
guidance from CSIR-IICT. This technology provides a
decentralized treatment option for organic waste to generate
biogas for combined heat and power (CHP) applications.
Implementation of this technology could save the land which
is otherwise being land filled outside each city. Reduction of
GHG emissions as open dumping and transportation of the
waste is being avoided and organic waste is being used for
generating renewable energy
Salient features • Low Hydraulic Residence time (HRT)
• High Volatile Solids Loading Rate (VSLR)
• High methane yield
• End to end solution for solid waste management
• Incorporated with best features of high-rate anaerobic
digester.
• Could be designed for the treatment of 150 kg to 10 tons
of organic solid waste per day
• Encompasses novel pre-and post-processing
mechanisms.
• Advanced digester design: higher biogas production,
nutrient rich organic fertilizer generation, low foot print area,
semi-automatic plant operation
Problems • Solution for Organic waste disposal
addressed/application • Treatment of organic solid waste for the generation of
biogas and bio manure
Scale of development Initially the technology was developed in CSIR-IICT (25 litre
scale) and subsequently, it was demonstrated in filed (50 m 3
scale) with the help of Industry. Presently about 20
commercial scale plants are working across India and 5
plants are under commissioning
IP status Technology is patented in India and Abroad
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Status of patent: India: Granted, No.307102
Abroad: filed, under scrutiny. PT-609/0207NF2012
Status of AGR Technology is licensed to
commercialization  M/s Ahuja Engineering Services Private Limited
including status of (AESPL), Secunderabad;
deployment  M/s NYBES, Hyderabad
 M/s KEO, Secunderabad.
All the three companies are executing projects on turnkey
basis under the technical guidance of CSIR-IICT. This
technology is commercially successful. AGR Technology is
tested at pilot scale at CSIR-IICT laboratory and it is scaled
up to full scale for the treatment of organic solid wastes of
capacities in the range of 150 kg to 10 tons per day
Twenty full scale plants based on AGR Technology have
been installed and commissioned for the generation of biogas
and bio manure from organic solid waste
Techno-economics Quantity of food waste: 1 ton/day
Biogas generation: 150 m3/day
Bio-manure generation: 150 kg/day
Land area requirement for the plant: 60 m2
Manpower requirement (semi-skilled): 2 people
Biogas can be pipelined and used directly for cooking
For combined heat and power- part of biogas can be used for
cooking and remaining can be used towards power
140 m3 of Biogas can replace 4 LPG commercial cylinders
(14.2 Kg each) @ INR 812
Revenue/day: (4 cylinders x 812 INR) = INR 3248/day
Revenue/day from Bio-Fertilizer: 150 Kg x INR 1.5 =
INR225/day
Total Revenue per day: INR 3248 + INR 225 = INR 3470 per
day
Total Revenue per annum (considering 360 working days):
INR 12,49,200 per annum
Total operating cost: INR 1,00,000 per annum
Net Revenue: INR 11,49,200 per annum
Capital cost: INR 35,00,000
Pay back of capital investment: about 2.5 - 3 years
Techno-economics for 5 TPD OFMSW plant

Quantity of OFMSW: 5 ton/day
Biogas generation: 500 m3/day
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Bio-manure generation: 800 kg/day
Power generation: 300 kWh/day
LPG replacement: 14.2 kg/day
electrical power generation and the remaining can be used
towards LPG replacement
Revenue/day: (300 kWh x INR 7.5) = INR 2250/day
Revenue/day: (14.2 kg LPG) x INR 760 = INR 760
INR1200/day
Total Revenue per day: INR 2,250 + INR 1,200+ INR 760 =
INR 4,210 per day
Capital cost: INR 1,05,00,000
Pay back of capital investment with O & M: about 9.4 years
Pay back of capital investment without O & M: about 7 years
Techno-economics for 10 TPD OFMSW & 2.5 m3/day

leachate plant
Quantity of OFMSW: 10 ton/day
Quantity of leachate: 2.5 m3/day
Biogas based electrical power generation: 1,440 m3/day
Bio-manure generation: 1,600 kg/day
Power generation: 1,440 kWh/day
LPG replacement: 14.2 kg/day
electrical power generation and the remaining can be used
towards LPG replacement
Revenue/day: (1,440 kWh x INR 7.5) = INR 10,800/day
Revenue/day: (14.2 kg LPG) x INR 760 = INR 760
INR2400/day
Total Revenue per day: INR 10,800 + INR 2,400+ INR 760 =
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INR 13,960 per day
Capital cost: INR 2,50,00,000/-
Pay back of capital investment with O & M: about 5 years
Pay back of capital investment without O & M: about 6 years
Environmental AGR Technology developed by CSIR-IICT is creating value
considerations to this waste in terms of biogas and bio manure. One ton of
food waste could generate 140 m3/day of biogas replacing
around 4 LPG cylinders per day at the kitchens of TAPF.
Revenue obtained by selling the biomanure (150 kg/day) as
organic fertilizer for Rs.1.5 per kg. GHG emissions into the
atmosphere could be reduced by utilizing the organic waste
as resource for the generation of methane rich biogas and bio
manure instead of landfilling. One ton of municipal waste
could release about 1610 kg of carbon dioxide (CO 2)
equivalent in to the atmosphere per day due to landfilling, but
due to the installation of decentralized high rate
biomethanation plants at waste generation source, CO2 is
captured along with CH4 and utilized as fuel. If the MSW is
landfilled, methane is released into the atmosphere. Methane
is a far more potent GHG contributing 21 times more to global
warming than CO2. Reduced carbon foot print and pollution
due to land filling is mitigated.
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT)
Hyderabad
Phone: 040-27193030, 27193234
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Full scale biogas plant for the treatment of poultry, Tooparan, Telangana
Full scale biogas plant for the treatment of food waste, Ahmadabad, Gujarat
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Biogas plant (250 kg/day) at CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad
Biogas plant for the treatment of 5000 kg/day of organic fraction of MSW, Jawahar
Nagar, Hyderabad
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56. Green/Renewable Biohydrogen (H2) and Platform Chemical Production
from Biogenic (Solid /Liquid) Waste
lab CSIR-IICT
Executive summary Production of biohydrogen (H2) and volatile fatty
acids/carboxylic acids (VFA) through acidogenic
fermentation from waste feedstock was demonstrated at
pilot scale (10 m3). Along with H2, acidogenic process
concomitantly produces short-chain fatty acids (VFA) as
main by-products. To maximize the resource recovery
efficiency, the acidogenic process was integrated to a
designed biorefinery platform in a circular loop strategy to
valorize multiple biobased products (CH4, algal biomass, O2
and treated water for reuse) from the fatty acid-rich
acidogenic outlet and untreated COD of AF. The integrated
bio-manufacturing unit facilitated to convert the renewable
feedstock (waste/wastewater) into fuels and platform
chemicals analogy to the conventional refinery by
maximizing the resource recovery. Application of life cycle
assessment (LCA) depicted the low impact of the process on
the environment.
Salient features • Process for production of biobased products from waste
• Designed to apply for any kind of waste/wastewater with
higher organic load (COD > 50 g/l; BOD/COD > 0.35) as
feedstock
• Generates 50,000 liters of H2 along with 60% of COD
removal efficiency when operated at loading rate of 50 g
COD/L
• Short chain fatty acids functions as platform chemicals
after separation or as feedstock for production secondary
bio-based products in biorefinery application
• Simultaneous remediation with resource recovery
• Can be embedded with existing ETPs for captive
production in Industries
• Standalone process or as a unit operation in ETPs
• Decentralized operation
• Captive and Merchant Applications
• Supports circular bioeconomy and can efficiently
embedded with biorefinery platform
• Sustainable and renewable technology
Problems Technology is intended to produce green biohydrogen from
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addressed/application waste/wastewater through acidogenic fermentation apart
from its remediation
Biohydrogen:
Energy carrier- Used as fuel or in chemical /oil refining
process; Raw material/process ingredients for various
industries viz., chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum,
fertilizer, food, etc.
Integrated Biorefinery process:
Integrate with H-CNG (as hythane); Platform chemicals
(acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc.) or as
feedstock for secondary biobased product production; VFA
are platform chemicals normally used as building blocks for
the production of polymers, acidulants, preservatives and
flavoring agents or as precursors for the synthesis of
chemicals.
Scale of development Pilot scale plant (10 m3)
IP status To be patented
Status of Available for commercialization
commercialization
Techno-economics Competitive technology is not available in the market
Environmental Environmentally sustainable process and accounts for
considerations significant reduction in GHG.
CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT)
Hyderabad
Phone: 040-27193030, 27193234
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Production of biohydrogen (H2) and volatile fatty acids/carboxylic acids (VFA)
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57. Protein Hydrolysate-Liquid Fertilizer for Plant Growth Promotion
lab CSIR-IIIM
Executive summary A liquid amino acids mixture has been prepared by
hydrolysis (acid/alkali/enzyme) of proteins. The plant
biomass and agro industry waste has been used as major
raw material. The product thus produced is rich in minerals,
amino acids and trace elements, which are known to
promote the plant growth. This product is a water-soluble
and ready to use after suitable dilutions for application to
plants. Majorly, it is used as foliar spray and has shown
significant improvement in the quality of fruits and
vegetables The Protein hydrolysate fertilizer is developed
from plant source it is having no toxic or residual effect.
Salient features • Utilization of agri waste for plant growth promotion
• Water-soluble biofertilizer for foliar spray to improve
quality of fruits and vegetables
Problems The technology is useful for organic farming and plant
addressed/application growth promotion
Scale of development 5Kg
IP status NA
Status of Technology Transferred to M/S Glow Biotech Ltd., Aligarh
commercialization
Techno-economics Highly economic process
Environmental Green Technology
considerations
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu
Phone: 0191-2584999, 2585222
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Protein hydrolysate-liquid fertilizer
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58. Microbial Fermentation Process for Biofertilizer and Biocontrol Agents
lab CSIR-IIIM
Executive summary CSIR-IIIM has developed microbial strains of Rhizobium and
Azatobacter, which have been cultivated under certain
specifically defined physico-chemical conditions upto 300L
scale. The fermentation product can be used for nitrogen
fixation to increase crop yields. Similarly technology on
production of biocontrol agents by submerged and solid
state fermentation (SSF) has been developed. A strain of
Trichoderma viride has been developed which profusely
sporulate under submerged fermentation conditions at
certain specifically defined physico-chemical conditions. This
can serve as biofertilizer, biocontrol and phosphate
solubilizing agent. The process has been scaled up to 300L
fermentation scale.
Salient features • Biofertilizers can act as nitrogen fixing agents or help to
provide nutrients to crops
• Biocontrol agents can act as antagonistic to the soil
pathogens to protect crops from diseases
• Green technology where no effluent is produced during the
process
• Easy and economic process
Problems Plant biomass, sea weeds and Agro industry by-products
addressed/application and their waste is abundantly available and has been used
to develop a product in the form of foliar spray. Foliar
application of protein hydrolysate is specifically useful and
increases yield and quality of the plant significantly
Scale of development 300L
IP status DE60232021D1, EP1471789A1, WO2002065812A1
Status of Technology Transferred to
commercialization M/S Prathista Industries Ltd.
including status of M/S Glow Biotech Ltd.
deployment M/S Haryana Biotech Industries
M/S Subhash fertilizers
Techno-economics Highly economic process
Environmental Green Technology
considerations
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu
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Phone: 0191-2584999,
2585222
Biofertilizer and biocontrol agents
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59. Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) Process for Up-Gradation of Raw Biogas
to Pipeline Quality Bio-Methane
lab CSIR-IIP
Executive summary Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) based process for
producing high purity methane gas from Bio-gas mixture.
The process was scaled up to 500 m3/day feed throughput.
A skid mounted PVSA pilot unit (500 m 3/day raw Bio-gas
throughputs) was conceptualized and fabricated. The unit
was installed and commissioned at Pune Municipal
Corporation‟s Katraj Bio-gas digester site (Kachara Ramp
K2) under a project demonstration agreement with M/s
Mailhem Ikos Environment Pvt. Ltd. which is the company
responsible for operation and maintenance of the digester
under a PPP mode with Pune Municipal Corporation. The
raw Bio-gas is produced from sorted municipal solid waste
which mainly consists of kitchen waste from hotels. The
digester is designed to process 5 TPD of organic solid waste
and generates 300-400 m3 raw Bio-gas/ day which are
stored in a dedicated balloon. This gas is used for running
an electricity generator. During the demonstration IIP‟s skid
mounted VSA unit was integrated with the digester by way of
taking a tapping from the Bio-gas storage balloon. The
process could meet the BIS 16087:2016 specifications for
pipeline quality bio-methane.
Salient features • The process simultaneously produces high purity
Methane and Carbon Dioxide
• The process can produce bio-methane having methane
purity in the range of 94-96% at a recovery of 90- 92% in a
single stage
• Applying a second stage the methane purity and recovery
can be improved further Two stage VSA: CH4 recovery
achieved 97-98% @ 98-99% purity
The methane purity achievable with this process makes the
product suitable to be used as compressed Bio-gas (CBG),
which is a renewable alternative to Compressed Natural
Gas (CNG) or as Bio-PNG which is a supplement fuel to
Piped Natural Gas (PNG).
Problems • Up-gradation of raw biogas is required
addressed/application • For increasing the calorific value
• To get constant and assured gas quality
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• To remove toxic contaminants like H2S and NH3
• To prevent corrosion due to the presence of H2S and
moisture
• To prevent ice-clogging of pipelines due to a high
moisture content
Scale of development Pilot scale demonstration completed.
IP status Indian Patent Filed: 202011021351
Status of M/s Mailhem Ikos, Pune has expressed their desire to work
commercialization with IIP for scale up and licensing. M/s Organic Recycle
including status of Systems Pvt. Ltd. (ORS), Navi Mumbai has approached IIP
deployment to provide a techno-commercial offer for establishment of a 2
TPD CBG plant at their Solapur Bio-gas generation facility. A
fast track commercialization proposal from CSIR-IIP has
been sanctioned recently for undertaking DPR preparation
including detailed engineering and cost estimation for setting
up a Bio-gas up-gradation plant at 5000 and 10000 Nm3/day
raw Bio-gas throughputs for two end uses namely Bio-PNG
as substitute of Petro-PNG and Compressed Bio-gas (CBG).
Based on the DPR, M/s Mailhem Ikos has agreed to put up a
commercial scale CBG plant at their cost with royalty sharing
based as per mutually agreed terms. A joint proposal with
CSIR-IICT is currently under consideration at CSIR for the
setting up of a 2.7 ton/day Bio-CNG production plant from
the Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Waste (PEFB). CSIR-IICT
has process for biogas generation and CSIR-IIP will be
involved in the up-gradation of the raw biogas to bio-CNG.
M/s Global Environmental Services Pvt. Ltd. has been
identified to be the commercial partner in the project.
Techno-economics A preliminary techno-economic analysis suggests that PNG
grade bio-methane can be produced @INR 24-26/ m3 of
bio-methane for a 2-5 TPD bio-methane production plant
based on CSIR-IIP process. Similarly the estimated cost for
up-gradation to CBG (which involves compressing bio-
methane to 250 bar pressure) for a 2-5 TPD plant will be in
the range of INR 36-40 per kg of bio-methane. This analysis
implies slightly higher returns in case of CBG compared to
PNG considering current selling price as per the Govt. of
India‟s recently launched SATAT scheme. Operation of both
bio-PNG and CBG plant will open up avenue for
employment generation.
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Environmental There will be significant environmental benefit through the
considerations adoption of biogas in energy mix. A 2 TPD compressed
biogas plant (CBG) translates to CO2 sequestration
equivalent of 40 TPD. Also, the harmful H2S which is a toxic
and corrosive contaminant produced with biogas can be
fixed as salts or elemental sulphur, adding to the
environmental benefits through such plant. Biogas up-
gradation also produces an enriched CO2 stream (98-99%)
which can be put to commercial use such as greenhouse
application, metal cutting gas, dry ice etc. after employing
further purification steps if required.
CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP)
Dehradun
Phone: 0135-2660205
Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA)
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60. Mobile Pyrolyser for Turning Agricultural Waste into Energy and Fertilizer
lab CSIR-IIP
Executive summary In the present process, the agricultural wastes are
densified and processed in the pyrolysis unit. The
pyrolysis vapors are condensed and collected in a vessel.
The non-condensable gases (2-3 MJ/kg) can be used for
energy applications. The bio oil (organic fraction, 25-28
MJ/kg) produced can be
• Blended with diesel/heavy fuel oil for stationary
power/heating applications
• Used as alternative furnace fuel.
The by-product bio char (20-22 MJ/kg) can be used for soil
enrichment, water purification, and energy and heat
applications.
Salient features • Low temperature conversion of agri resides to biochar

and bio oils.
• High through put.
• No scale up issues.
• Unskilled manpower can operate the unit with training.
Problems Utilization and turning of Agricultural residues into bio
addressed/application fertilizer and bio oils for energy applications. Utilization of
biomass pellets for co-combustion/ firing applications in
local cottage industries for replacement of pet coke/ coal.
Scale of development 30 kg/h
IP status NIL
Status of • Demonstration of mobile pyrolyser at laboratory is done
commercialization with rice straw.
including status of • Received project from Govt. of Odisha under RKVY
deployment program to setup plant/demonstrate at Nabrangapur dist,
Odisha to produce biomass pellets for energy applications
and biochar for energy / fertiliser and create awareness of
alternatives to burning with the application of pyrolysis
process.
• Combustion studies of biomass pellets and biomass-coal
mixture are in progress
Techno-economics S.
Item Cost, INR (approx.)
No
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1.6 15 TPD*
Capital 5 TPD*
TPD* (automation)
Biomass
pelletisation
unit,
1 10,00,000
(chopper, 5,00,000 25,00,000
hammer mill
and pelletiser)
Recurring
Biomass cost
(Including
2 4,000 12,500 37,500
bailing and
transportation)
Power
requirement,
3 10-12.5 1,000 3,125 9,375
KW/100 kg @
Rs. 5
Manpower
4 1,600 2,400 6,000
(per day)
Pellet
5 transport cost, 1,920 6,000 18,000
100 km radius
Pellet cost,
6 8,800 27,500 82,500
Rs. 5500/ton
Net profit 280 3,475 11,625
Payback
period
(including
20% N.F 0.72
0.96
depreciation,
300 man
days/year,
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14% interest
in capital)
Interest to be
paid 14%
74671 149342 373355
(Compound,
Monthly )
Depreciation
(20%,
100000 200000 500000
Considering 5
year plant life)
Operating
420000 1980000 6600000
Profit
Cash profit 9329 893158 3114145
Net profit -90671 693158 2614145
S. Item Cost,
No. INR
1. Capital Cost-Reactor with full 40,00,000

automation, 60 kg/hr
Operational cost (Input), Rs
1. Electricity 6552 Unit @ 5Rs/unit 32,760
2. Manpower 01 No 12,000
3. Biomass 18720 Kg @ 1.5 Rs/kg 28,080
4. Process/separation of org and aq. 10,000

Fraction (for losses of solvent etc)
Total Operational Cost 82,840
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Output Value, Rs
1 Bio-oil (org phase) 1123.2 Kg @ 25 28,080

Rs/kg
2 Char/fertilizer/heating source 6552 Kg 39,312

@ 6 Rs/Kg
3 Gas 6552 Kg @ 6Rs/kg (based on 39,312

calorific value)
4 Total Output value 1,06,704
Environmental Will be updated

considerations
CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP), Dehradun
Phone: 0135-2660205
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Mobile Pyrolyser
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61. Herbal Floor Cleaner (Floormop)
lab CSIR-NBRI
Executive summary Most of the floor cleaners in Indian market are chemicals-
based which contain laurel sulphate, acetic acid and other
chemical preservatives. They cause irritation (sulphate),
allergy (preservatives), respiratory irritation, and headache
(synthetic aroma). Institute has developed water soluble
plant-based “Floor Disinfectant & Cleaner” under CSIR-
Aroma Mission
Salient features • Plant-derived antimicrobials
• No sulphate (Irritants)
• No preservative (Allergens)
• Water soluble
• Natural aroma
• Biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly.
Problems Plant-derived antimicrobials have great potential but their
addressed/application lipophilic nature is the biggest limitation. This product
contains plant-derived nano-antimicrobials and completely
soluble in water with natural aroma. It is free-from sulphate
which acts as an irritant.
Scale of development Industrial level
IP status under process
Status of Licensed to two industries
commercialization
Techno-economics Rs. 28-30/Lit
Environmental Product is biodegradable and eco-friendly
considerations
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI)
Lucknow
Phone: 0522-2205848, 2208876
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Kills germs
Chemical free
HERBAL FLOOR Sulphate free

DISINFECTANT
&
CLEANER Allergen free
Floor Disinfectant & Cleaner
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62. Herbal Gulal from Floral Temple Waste
lab CSIR-NBRI
Executive summary The colors, extracted from temple waste flowers and
natural ingredients have commercial value. Temple
floral waste mainly consists of marigold flowers, which
are a rich source of caroteniod- leutin and flavonid-
patulinin. Rich fraction, of two colorants has been
isolated. CSIR-NBRI has also conducted a training
programme at Mahila modern Jail, Ayodhya on the
utilization of temple flower waste by extraction of colour
for making herbal gulal
Salient features The product provides an option to replace synthetic dye
based dry color composition by natural ones, which is
safe and eco-friendly. The dry colors have cosmetic
effect on skin too as the make face feel a bit soft.
Problems The majorly offered flowers in temples are marigold,
addressed/application rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, Hibiscus, etc. Such
floral waste can be utilized in different ways to produce
valuable products for economic upliftment of the
weaker sections and can also help to save environment
from pollution caused due to improper disposal of
flower waste.
Scale of development Laboratory level

IP status No IPR
Status of commercialization Ready to commercialize
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics 1 kg of waste flowers turns into 500 gm gulal.
Rs. 150 -200 /kg
Environmental considerations Eco-friendly
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-
NBRI), Lucknow
Phone: 0522-2205848, 2208876
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Herbal gulal
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63. Turmeric (Kesari) Leaf Essential Oil
lab CSIR-NBRI
Executive summary Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has an important place in
Indian systems of medicine and also in the kitchen. It is
considered very pious in religious programs. India is the
largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric in the
world. India accounts for about 80 per cent of world turmeric
production and 60 per cent of world exports. After ten years
long investigations on several accessions, CSIR-NBRI,
Lucknow has developed a new turmeric variety named
Kesari, which is tolerant to low temperature and frost,
leading to longer growing period, and high rhizome yield in
north Indian plains
Salient features  Kesari grows well under shade of trees, showing
promise as inter-crop in orchards and it remains green
upto the end of the December thus more biomass can
be collected.
 It is a natural anti-septic, anti-inflammatory in nature.
Kesari has growth period of about 210 to 240 days, as
compared to 160 to 180 days of other varieties.
 The total curcuminoid content of Kesari ranges between
1.5-2.5% which is also more than other existing
cultivated varieties of north India.
 This oil is mainly used for insecticidal and pesticidal
effects
Problems With the onset of winters (from November onwards) in North
addressed/application India, turmeric leaves start senescencing and turn yellow.
After the senescence leaves are considered to be waste as
they stop contribution to photosynthate assimilation. After
harvesting of these senescenced leaves, essential oil can be
obtained from the plant without causing any adverse effect
on the rhizome yield. Approximately 0.6-1.2% essential oil is
obtained from leaves. Total 16 compounds are identified
from the leaf essential oil. α-phellandrene (34.04%), p-
cymene (17.31%) and p-Mentha-1,4(8)diene (17.26%) are
the major compounds of the leaf oil.
Scale of development Laboratory level
IP status No IPR
Status of Ready for commercialization. Cultivation of the variety has
commercialization been undertaken with farmers.
Techno-economics Rs 400-1300/kg for turmeric leaf oil. The fresh rhizome yield
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potential of „Kesari‟ is around 30-35 ton per hectare, as
compared to 20-25 ton per hectare of other existing
varieties.
Environmental Eco-friendly
considerations
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI)
Lucknow
Phone: 0522-2205848, 2208876
Oil using turmeric leaves
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64. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid and Derivatives (CNSL)
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a versatile by-product of
the cashew industry and is the cashew nut's pericarp fluid.
The nut has a shell of about 1/8-inch thickness inside, a soft
honeycomb structure containing a dark reddish brown
viscous liquid. It is often considered as the better and
cheaper material for unsaturated phenols. The distillation of
CNSL produces Cardanol, which is regarded as a pure
form. CNSL has innumerable applications in polymer-based
industries such as friction linings, paints, and varnishes,
laminating resins, rubber compounding resins, cashew
cement, polyurethane-based polymers, surfactants, epoxy
resins, foundry chemicals, and intermediates for the
chemical industry. Process for Polyurethane polyols from
Cardanol for rigid foams, coatings, and adhesives has been
developed. The polyols are slightly cheaper than petroleum-
based polyols. Rigid foams have better compression
strength, water resistance, and thermal stability. It can also
be blended with petroleum polyols for cost reduction or
improved properties. Light color Reactive diluents for epoxy
resins from Cardanol can be blended with commercial
epoxy resins to improve the flexibility, thermal, and water
resistance proprieties
Salient features • Eco-Eco-friendly material
• Improved mechanical and corrosion resistance
properties.
• Add value to agriculture resource.
• Excellent water resistance, Better hydrolytic stability
Problems Foams, Adhesives, Coatings, and composites for leather,
addressed/application construction, and allied industries
Scale of development 500 g - 1 kg scale
IP status open
Status of Some technologies transferred to industry
commercialization
Techno-economics No study carried out
Environmental Environment-friendly processes, bio-based starting
considerations materials
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Thiruvananthapuram
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
Cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid
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65. Biodegradable Cutleries, Cups, Glass and Plates from Agri Wastes
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary Agro-wastes include rice husk, rice bran, rice straw, wheat
bran, fruit peels, banana stem, sugarcane bagasse and
pineapple/banana leaf, which are leftovers of post-harvest
and are usually discarded. These agro-wastes contain
insoluble chemical constituents (e.g., cellulose and lignin)
and soluble constituents (e.g., sugar, amino acids, and
organic acids). CSIR-NIIST developed biodegradable
products like plates, cups etc., from various agro-wastes and
by-products. The common component of all the agro
residues is polysaccharides and therefore developing a
unique process would remain applicable to a variety of
materials like wheat/rice bran, sugarcane bagasse etc.
Salient features 1. It may quickly degradable and the degrade waste utilized
for animal feed.
2. Less unit operations involved (no mixing, no grinding, no
dough preparation) during production (only compression of
wheat bran).
3. Time saving, energy saving, affordable to low cost and
within 60s, we can produce around 8 plates at time.
4. No harmful to the human beings.
5. Women empowerment as selling, marketing and
manufacturing the product.
6. Environmentally friendly and green materials and no
chemicals in the final products.
• The processing time of less than 1 min
• Final product cost very low compared existing method
• Less unit operations are involved and low energy
consumption for final production
Problems This technology can be used to replace single-use plastics
addressed/application and plastic products
Scale of development From 120 kg raw material processing, around 2500 plates
each weighting approximately 50 grams can be made.
However, depending upon the end product size and weight,
number of plates produced per day can be varied. The final
product cost roughly Rs. 2 -3 per plate.
IP status No-IP is generated
Status of Technology Transferred to two industries.
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commercialization 1. M/S AURA EXIM Pvt.Ltd
2. M/S. Marikar Green Earth Pvt Ltd.
Techno-economics 1. The plant is operating at full potential for a period of 300
working days per year.
2. Per day production capacity is fixed at 400-6000 plates.
Depending upon the season, upto 200-300 kg can be
processed in single day. The plant is considered to run
successfully for the period of 10 years (3000 working days in
total).
3. The plant is assumed to start its operations on January 1,
2021 and works continuously until December 31, 2030.
Based on successful completion of 10 years of plant run,
Calculations of Internal Rate of Return, ROI and Annualized
ROI have been done.
4. Breakeven point is analyzed in total no of plates that has
to be sold to have no profit no loss scenario.
1. The plant is operating at full potential for a period of 300
total).
ROI have been done.
Environmental Environmental friendly, it will degrade within 30days in
considerations normal condition. No threat to Environment
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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Biodegradable cutleries from Agriculture wastes
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66. Compact Food Waste Biogas Plant
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary This technology comprises a compact system for treating
food waste. Compared with conventional biogas plants, this
unit has many advantages. Field installations up to 500 kg/d
were done. Technology licensed to five agencies.
Salient features  Compact unit
 No water required
 Higher biogas yield
 Higher waste loading
 Free from mosquitoes problem, stable slurry out
Problems Food waste treatment (cooked/uncooked/organic kitchen
addressed/application waste)
Scale of development Field unit up to 500 kg/Day
IP status 0799DEL2012; US20150101375A1
Status of Field unit up to 500 kg/Day
commercialization Technology licensed to five companies
Techno-economics 1. The plant is operating at full potential for a period of 300
total).
ROI have been done.
Environmental Sustainable technology for the environment
considerations
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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Compact food waste biogas plant
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67. Plates from Coconut Husk
lab CSIR-NIIST
Executive summary Coconut husk is a renewable resource material obtained
after extraction of the coconut kernels for edible purpose.
The material predominantly serves as a source of coir fiber
used in ropes, mats and beds. In recent years‟ new
developments have been reported using coconut husk to
make value added products like binder less boards as
substitute for the phenolic bonded MDF wood widely used
as wood substitute. Coconut husk contains lignin,
hemicellulose and cellulose. The left over material after
extraction of coir fiber is termed coconut pith which forms
nearly 70% of the husk. The coir pith is a waste material
and currently ends up in landfills or as growth medium for
plants and is available freely.
Salient features The husk is a waste material after removal of coconut
Kernel. Value added products from husk are environment
friendly.
Problems To develop new application for the waste material
Scale of development Prototype developed
commercialization
Techno-economics No study carried out
Environmental Value added products from waste
considerations
Phone: 0471-2490324, 471 – 2515226
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68. Activated Carbon from Waste Biomass Jute Sticks
lab CSIR-NPL
Executive summary Carbon materials with high porosity and high surface area
are termed as activated carbon. Activated carbon is a non-
graphitic form of carbon, which could be produced by
activation of any carbonaceous material. Activated carbons
are classified according to its particle sizes and shape, and
each type has its specific application. However, some broad
classification is made for general purpose based on their
physical characteristics. The types of activated carbon are
powder, granular and pellet. The NPL has developed the
technology of activated carbon from waste biomass jute
sticks of the following specifications of the product:
Specifications: (i) Density: 0.2g/cc; (ii) Pore size : micro and

mesopores; (iii) BET Surface area: 1600-2000 m2/g; (iv)
Ash content : <5%; (v) Moisture content: <5%
Salient features The raw material like jute stick is easily available in eastern
parts of India. The technology addresses the issues related
to waste biomass handling and the proposed process is
very simple and economical for conversion of jute sticks
into activated carbon
Problems Waste water purification, filtration, chemical production and
addressed/application purification, Air purification, Medical, Automobile sector,
Food sector, etc.
Scale of development Technology has been demonstrated upto the production of
2 kg/batch activated carbon in the laboratory but it can be
scaled up in the industry from 100 kg to 1000 kg per day
IP status Not Available
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics Investment cost for running Plant Capacity at 1000 kg/day
will incur 25 Lakhs Location cost (Land & Building) and 175
lakhs Machine Cost.
Environmental During processing of the jute sticks into activated carbon,
considerations an arrangement has been made to condense all
condensable gasses which will reduce the emission of
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thiese gaes into environment.
New Delhi
Phone: 011-45609201, 45609301
Activated carbon from waste biomass jute sticks
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69. Particle Board from Rice Husk
lab CSIR-NPL
Executive summary The disposal of paddy harvest residue is a major problem,
since both wheat and rice are long-duration crops, with a
short period available between rice harvesting and wheat
plantation. India is the second largest producer of rice with
the grain to straw ratio varying from 1:1.3 to 1:3, while Rice
husk constitutes about 20% of the weight of rice. However,
only a fraction of this residue is used as feed for ruminants
and for other uses like manure, in brick kilns etc. The rest is
mostly burned in the field that causes severe environmental
hazards. The present knowhow provides an ecofriendly
solution for the management of the paddy harvest waste by
converting it into particle board fulfilling the requirements for
furnishing applications as per IS:3087-2005.
Salient features The know-how offers a simple process of production of
particle boards from rice husk. It not only promises an
additional support living for the people involved in farming,
but also converts waste, which is otherwise a huge problem
for farmers into a useful product and saves the
environment.
Problems The particle board can be used for Furniture, False
addressed/application Ceilings, designer blocks to divide up rooms or outdoor
areas & packaging material, Support structures of rooms,
wall decorations, benches etc
Scale of development The development of particle board considering die molds
with single cavity (32 cm x 20 cm) has been used for
molding the mix, between the platens of a PLC controlled
four pillar down stroke hydraulic press of 60 ton capacity.
Four samples can be demonstrated in laboratory/ day.
IP status Not Available
commercialization
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics The approximate financial calculation is estimated to be 120
Lakhs for developing particle board of size 4 x 8 sq feet; 64
boards per day; and 19,200 boards per year (considering
25 working days in a month).
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Environmental Not Available
considerations
New Delhi
Phone: 011-45609201, 45609301
Particle board from rice husk
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70. Process for Extraction of Fibres from Banana Pseudo Stem
lab CSIR-NEIST
Executive summary Banana plants are one of the major natural resources
abundantly available in the hill and plain areas of almost all
the states of our country. Being perennial in nature, the
plants grow from rhizomes and after bearing fruits, the plants
gradually decompose and remain as field/forest waste.
Thus, a sizeable amount of this cellulosic waste remains
available for appropriate use.
CSIR-NEIST has extensively worked on utilization of various
natural fibres and developed environmental friendly
processes for extraction of fibres from Banana pseudo stem.
The process is suitable for small and micro industries and
promoting entrepreneurship development.
Salient features • Less capital intensive
• Short gestation period
• Utilization of locally available bio-waste
• Eco-friendly process with less disposal problem
• Products obtained are bio-degradable
• No skilled manpower required
• Mechanical and chemical methods of extraction
Problems Banana fibres find immense use in making wide variety of
addressed/application products of both industrial and commercial importance. A
major utilization of the fibres is in making ropes and twines.
The process is suitable for small and micro industries and
promoting entrepreneurship development
Scale of development 1 tonne banana fibre per day
Status of Process know-how has been transferred to four industries
commercialization from Assam and Tamil Nadu. Besides, CSIR-NEIST has
including status of been disseminating and popularizing the technology for
deployment promoting local entrepreneurship in NE India through
various training programs and workshops. This has
encouraged a number of women entrepreneurs and
unemployed youth to adopt the process for making various
value added products.
In a major ever international assignment of UNDP
programme and invitation from the Ministry of Traditional
Industries and Small Enterprise Development of the
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Government of Sri Lanka in 2011, CSIR-NEIST also
provided practical training and demonstration on extraction
of fibre and development of value added products from
Banana pseudostem to rural masses of Sri Lanka
Techno-economics The project-economics can be worked out on as is where is
basis (as per client requirement)
Environmental The process is environment friendly
considerations
CSIR-North - East Institute of Science and Technology
(CSIR-NEIST)
Jorhat
Phone: 0376-2370012, 2372742
Handicrafts made from Banana Fibres
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71. Composite Board from Agro-Waste
lab CSIR-NEIST
Executive summary Medium density boards or Composite boards are a type of
board used in false partition, ceiling, table tops, furniture
fixtures, mirror backings, etc. These are high grade
composite material usually made various types of cellulosic
materials. A board manufactured from particles of wood or
other lingo-cellulosic materials agglomerated, formed and
pressed together by use of an organic or synthetic binder
together with one or more of the agents such as heat,
pressure, moisture, catalyst, etc. CSIR-NEIST has
developed a process technology for making medium density
composite boards from agricultural wastes like paddy husk,
paddy straw and certain reed materials
Salient features Environment friendly process. The process utilizes
agricultural waste, low density timber scrapings and a binder
Problems Use of medium density particle/fibre boards (MDF) gives an
addressed/application added advantage of saving money instead of using real
wood products in partitions and furniture products. Medium
density boards are often preferred over low density particle
boards and provides for economical, stable and aesthetic
end products
Scale of development 120 Sheets/Day (2”x2”)
IP status Patent expired (Indian Patent No.101714)
Status of So far, the process know-how has been transferred to 9
commercialization parties from NE region and outside
Techno-economics Plant capacity: 120 Sheets (size 2”x2”)/Day
*Capital investment (plant & machinery): Rs.30.00 lakhs
(approx)
*Project capital cost will vary depending on site location and
plant size. The project-economics can be worked out on as
is where is basis (as per client requirement)
considerations
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat
Phone: 0376-2370012, 2372742
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Composite boards
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72. Process for Making Handmade Paper
lab CSIR-NEIST
Executive summary CSIR-NEIST developed a simple process for making
handmade paper and boards from various materials such as
natural fibres and waste papers. Apart from the conventional
raw materials like rags and waste paper, a few other raw
materials like water hyacinth, banana fibres, etc. can also be
used depending on the availability in that locality.
Salient features Environment friendly process. The process utilizes
agricultural waste, low density timber scrapings and a binder
Problems According to the Khadi & Village Industries Commission, the
addressed/application handmade paper industry has huge potential to cater to the
growing demand of paper products in environmentally sound
manner. The last decade witnessed rapid growth in export
as a number of Handmade Paper and paper products
manufacturing units have become export oriented units and
helped in increasing the foreign exchange of the country.
Though India is viewed as a potential country with maximum
growth in the industry, there has been a phenomenal rise in
the export of handmade paper and paper products
especially to developed countries like US, Germany etc.
over the past few decades. The industry can be vital for
economy growth and generation of local entrepreneurs and
local employment
Scale of development 200 Sheets/Day (size: 1x1 m)
Status of CSIR-NEIST has been disseminating and popularizing the
commercialization technology for promoting local entrepreneurship in NE India
through various training programmes and workshops
Techno-economics Approximate project cost for 200 Sheets/Day (size: 1x1 m):
Rs.25.00 lakhs*
*Project capital cost will vary depending on site location and
plant size. The project-economics can be worked out on as
is where basis (as per client requirement) is.
considerations
CSIR-North - East Institute of Science and Technology
(CSIR-NEIST)
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Jorhat
Phone: 0376-2370012, 2372742
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Utilization of
“Fly Ash”
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73. Clay Fly Ash Bricks
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary Utilized fly ash in developing building products such as fly
ash bricks, clay-fly ash bricks. Bricks manufactured through
manual moulding process; fired in existing brick kilns.
Based on the detailed physio-chemical analysis, 25-65% fly
ash addition in bricks is possible. Existing field practices are
not altered much except for change in the raw material.
Salient features  Comp. strength: 7.5 to 10.0 MPa
 IS:1 3757 - 1993 : Burnt Clay Fly Ash Building Bricks.
 Visually the bricks shall be sound, compact and
uniform in shape. The bricks shall be free from visible
cracks, warpage and organic matter.
 Reduction in drying shrinkage // Better thermal
insulation. Conservation of natural resource // Waste
utilization
Problems Brick Manufacturing from Inferior Soil
addressed/application Pond Ash Utilization
Scale of development Several field demonstrations/licensed units
IP status
Status of Clay fly ash bricks are being widely Manufactured. 25-50%
commercialization addition of fly ash in brick manufacturing depending upon
including status of the type of soil is being practiced in the field.
deployment
Techno-economics Plant Capacity: 2500 Bricks/Day 1 Shift: 8 Hours
Production Shed : 600 sq-m. Approx. Project Cost : Rs. 15
Lacs
Environmental Conservation of natural resource and Waste utilization
considerations
Roorkee
Phone: 01332-272243
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Clay fly ash bricks
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74. C-Brick Machine
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary A brick making machine has been developed at CSIR-
CBRI for manufacture of fly ash-sand-cement bricks. The
machine is also successful in manufacturing bricks using
marble dust and other industrial wastes. The machine
works on the principle of Vibro-Compaction technique. It
provides the bricks industry with an appropriate technology
that is low labour intensive, improves quality and leads to
considerable economy in energy uses. The machine is an
advance version for production of 5000 bricks per shift by
CSIR-CBRI.
Salient features  Requirements of various grades for bricks are fulfilled.
 Compact, portable, efficient, effective and less
expensive solution as compared to others.
Problems Use of fly ash, an industrial waste for production of quality
addressed/application flyash-sand-cement bricks
Scale of development The technology has been transferred to
M/s Diamond Engineering Corporation, Roorkee
IP status Indian Patent No.: 231647 (Old Version)
Status of M/s Diamond Engineering Corporation, Roorkee
commercialization
Techno-economics The plant set-up cost for production of the machines is 6
lakhs without land cost. The production cost of machine is
1.5 lakhs.
Environmental Environment friendly, No dust, Industrial waste pollutant
considerations Fly ash is utilized.
Roorkee
Phone: 01332-272243
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C-brick machine
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75. Ambient Cured Geopolymer for Making Concrete and Building Materials
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary Development of room temperature cured fly ash based
geopolymers composition for building materials and
concrete utilizing fly ash, blast furnace slag, chemical
activators and admixtures
Salient features Benchmark: OPC 43 Grade cement
Standards: IS: 456, ACI 318, ENFARC specification for self-
compacting concrete
Properties corresponding to OPC Grade 43 & 53 were
achieved
Problems  No Portland cement is required
addressed/application  No water curing
 Bulk utilization of fly ash
 Room temperature curing
 Rapid controllable setting and hardening
 High early compressive strength
 Low drying shrinkage
 Low thermal conductivity
 Adequate chemical resistance
 Fire resistant
 Environmental friendly
Scale of development The technology has been transferred to private party
IP status 350586
Status of The technology was used for development of environmental
commercialization friendly products.
including status of
deployment
Techno-economics The cost of construction is equivalent to cement concrete
having several other benefits.
Environmental The estimated potential reduction of CO2 emissions by
considerations geopolymer systems varies from a moderate 20% upto an
ambitious 80%. The global warming potential of geopolymer
is also 60-70% lower.
Roorkee
Phone: 01332-272243
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Bricks
Vibrated concrete
Blocks
Self-Compacting Concrete
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76. Geopolymer Concrete for In-Situ Construction
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary Development of room temperature cured fly ash based geo-
polymer concrete pave mix utilizing low calcium fly ash
(class F), blast furnace slag, alkaline activators, aggregates
and admixtures useful for making concrete
pavement/roads, paver blocks, paving tiles/blocks, white
topping, pothole repair, precast slabs, etc.
Salient features Benchmark: M30, M40 & M50 Grade Concrete
Standards: IRC: 44, IRC: 58, IRC: 15 and MoRTH
Geopolymer concrete corresponding to Grade M30, M40 &
M50 was achieved
Problems The utilization of waste materials such as fly ash and
addressed/application ground granulated blast furnace slag etc. in production of
concrete. The developed concrete is cement free. It
drastically reduces carbon foot print. It is sustainable
material.
Scale of development The technology has been developed the behest of NTPC
and demonstrated and implemented at several Locations.
IP status IN 201811031862
Status of The technology was implemented at NTPC site. The same
commercialization was used for field demonstration.
Techno-economics The cost of construction is equivalent to concrete roads,
whereas addressing several environmental issues.
Environmental Reduction of CO2 emissions by geopolymer systems varies
considerations from a moderate 20% upto an ambitious 80%. The global
warming potential of geopolymer is also 60-70% lower.
Roorkee
Phone: 01332-272243
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Geopolymer Pave laid at CSIR-CBRI
Geopolymer Pave laid at NTPC, Dadri
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77. Sintered Lightweight Fly Ash Aggregates
lab CSIR-CBRI
Executive summary The fly ash nodules made with the help of water are fired at
1200°C. The nodules crumble during the sintering process.
Mixing 5, 10 & 20% plastic clay in fly ash produce good
quality aggregate. The sintered flyash aggregate concrete
is spherical in shape, possessing 5-20 mm size and light
grey colour. Suitable for use as aggregates in concrete for
lightweight construction works.
Salient features Water absorption is 15-20% in uncrushed material and 40-
50% in crushed material; bulk density: 640-750 kg/m3 ,
aggregate crushing strength: 5-8.5 t. Size and shape :20-
mm diameter, spherical
Sp. Gravity: 1.23
Problems Waste Utilization (Fly Ash)
Scale of development 50 tonnes /day
IP status
Status of Industrial Limes, Industrial Estate, Kothagudem (AP)
commercialization
Techno-economics Based on the feasibility studies, the technology will be
economical in selected areas of the country such as Metro
cities and their proximities. Total investment of approx. Rs.
40 lakh per plant of capacity of 50 tonnes /day
Environmental Conservation of natural resource and Waste utilization
considerations
Roorkee
Phone: 01332-272243
Lightweight Aggregates
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78. Fly Ash Based Advanced (Cement Free) Geopolymeric Concrete for Rigid
Pavement Road
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal has developed a technology and
demonstrated Advanced (Cement Free) Fly Ash based
Geopolymer concrete road stretch on semi pilot plant level
at All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS) premises
Bhopal.
Salient features Bulk Utilization of Industrial Waste i.e. Fly Ash
In-situ availability, on site & on demand preparation.
Eco-Friendly Process: Low CO2 emissions
Water curing free technology.
Energy efficient - can be made at ambient temperature (35-
400C approximately)
Eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional
cement.
Can be made by conventional machineries.
Process with Increased productivity & Strength gain in short
duration
Problems Utilization of Industrial Waste to development of Value
addressed/application aided Material using eco-friendly approach
Scale of development Semi Pilot Plant Level
IP status A Composition For Advanced Hybrid Geopolymeric
Functional Materials and a Process for the Preparation
Thereof. (Patent No: India & USA 9,120.701 B2, Date of
Patent: Sep. 1, 2015)
Process for the Preparation of Geopolymeric functional
Materials in a Solid Form (Patent No. : USA 9,266,783 B2,
Date of Patent: 23 Feb. 2016)
A Novel Multifunctional Material for Addressing the Issue of
Workability of Geopolymeric System and the Process
Thereof.(Patent No.: India & USA 10,023,497 B2, Date of
Patent: 17 July 2018)
Status of Know-How Transferred on Non-Exclusive Basis to:-
commercialization JSPL Raigargh (CG) on 11 May 2013
JMR Enterprises, Vidisha (MP) on 11 May 2019
Techno-economics The technology is energy efficient and does not require
water curing which saves valuable water resource.
It will address the global warming issues, thus improve in
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reduction of Green House gas Emissions, and thus will
return in form of environment benefits. The Conventional
concrete road is opened for traffic after a period of 28 days
from the laying date. But the road developed by
Geopolymer Concrete can be opened for traffic in 14 days
resulting in cost saving on the total project cost. The
concrete developed is highly durable which will reduce
maintenance cost significantly .The technology developed
will lead to benefit in terms on Project cost benefit ratio
Environmental  Bulk Utilization of Industrial Waste i.e. Fly Ash
considerations Eco-Friendly Process with around 80% less CO2
emissions as compared to conventional Cement
Concrete thus solves global warming problem.
 Energy efficient - can be made at ambient temperature
(35-400C approximately)
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Advanced (Cement Free) Fly Ash based Geopolymer concrete road
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79. Advanced Geopolymeric Tetrapod Using Silo Fly Ash
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal has utilized sea sand and sea water
along with silo fly ash for developing advanced geopolymeric
tetrapod. The new inorganic material namely „geopolymeric
material‟ is emerging as appropriate material for making
cement-free green concrete in the form of geopolymeric
tetrapod. The samples of sea sand and silo fly ash from
NTPC Simhadri near Visakhapatnam (AP) were collected for
carrying out mineralogical analysis to enable its suitability for
making geopolymeric materials in the form of „tetrapod‟. In
order to co-relate the strength of developed tetrapods, cubes
of size 15×15×15 cm3 were prepared at CSIR-AMPRI
Bhopal, from the optimized geopolymeric mix of M-30 grade
(Design Mix) and the compressive strength of geopolymeric
cubes was found to be in the range of 38.5- 40.6 MPa.
CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal has successfully carried out
demonstration of developed geopolymeric tetrapods at
NTPC Simhadri, near Visakhapatnam (AP).The developed
tetrapods have potential application at coastal sites and can
be effectively used as breakwater structure to protect
anchorage from the effects of weather and long shore drift.
The geopolymeric tetrapods have been designed to
dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to
flow around rather than against it and to reduce
displacement by allowing a random distribution of tetrapods
to provide effective interlock.
Salient features CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal has developed and demonstrated
geopolymeric tetrapods of size 2 ft. height, 1 ft arm length, 6
inches terminal diameter, 9 inches junction diameter, 5
inches ground clearance and weight of approx. 95 kg at
NTPC Simhadri, near Visakhapatnam (AP).
Problems  Bulk utilization of silo fly ash, sea sand and sea water.
addressed/application  Fire resistant material.
 Addresses global warming.
 Obviates the need of water curing.
Scale of development CSIR-AMPRI carried out successful demonstration of
around 20 nos. of “Advanced Geopolymeric Tetrapod” at
NTPC Simhadri, Vishakhapatnam
IP status Patent filed in India ,UAE ,USA (US2018/0093922A1)
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India, NF2017 (Jointly with NTPC- NETRA)
Status of CSIR-AMPRI has successful demonstrated around 20 Nos.
commercialization of “Advanced Geopolymeric Tetrapod” at NTPC Simhadri
site during 20-25 June, 2017.
Techno-economics The developed advanced geopolymeric tetrapods using silo
fly ash, sea sand and sea water are economically
competitive at R&D scale as compared to conventional
cement concrete tetrapods.
Environmental  Bulk utilization of fly ash resulting in mitigation of
considerations environmental pollution and saving in the cost of land
required for its disposal.
 Solves global warming and leads to carbon credits.
 Obviates the need of water curing.
 Energy efficient process and geopolymeric tetrapod can
be made at temperature 600C by heat curing.
 Uses conventional machineries.
 Increased productivity as strength is achieved in seven
days compared to twenty eight days required for
conventional cement concrete system.
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
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Advanced geopolymeric tetrapod
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80. Hybrid Wood Substitute Composite Materials (CM-WOOD)
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR- Advanced Materials and Processes Research
Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal has developed a technology for
making Hybrid Wood Substitute Composite Materials (CM-
Wood) using fly ash with jute textile fiber and polyester resin.
In this process, processed fly ash, polymer were mixed with
catalyst and synthesized in moulds of required length and
width to get the desired properties of the laminates. The CM-
Wood is comparable to natural wood and thus could be used
as a substitute for timber.
Salient features  Safe and gainful utilization of fly ash and
avoid use of glass fibers in composites as it is not
environmental friendly and manufacturing glass fiber is
energy intensive and handling is not easy
 Hybrid Wood Substitute Composite Materials are
durable& weather resistant
 Resistance to moisture, corrosion, termite & fungus
 Maintenance free products
 Major Raw materials: Fly ash particulates, Jute textile
fibers, Polyester resin
Problems Alternative for teak wood and ply wood
addressed/application Fly ash effective utilization, resources management, save
environment, contribute to clean India Mission
Applications: partition panels, floor tiles, wall panels
Beneficiaries: Building construction industries (civil
infrastructure)
Scale of development Pilot Scale
IP status One International patent files and granted
Status of Technology Licensed to
commercialization VSM Industry, Surat, Gujarat Title of the Technology:
Process Know- How for manufacturing Hybrid Wood
Substitute Composite Materials (CM-Wood) from fly ash and
/ natural fibers.
Techno-economics  Production process is simple and energy saving
 Stronger than wood and synthetic wood, resistance to
moisture, termite & fungus
 Cost effective than teak wood, timber products
 Hybrid Wood Substitute Composite Materials are about
30% cheaper than teak wood and ~ four times stronger
than teak wood.
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 CM Wood is ~ 10% cheaper than synthetic wood (ply
woo) and the quality (mechanical strength and water
absorption capacity, fire extinguish properties) are
better than that of synthetic wood.
 Rs.3.5 crore is the initial investment for equipment,
machineries and raw materials for the production of
about 150 hybrid composite ply / panels size ~ 2m x1m
length having thickness 3-4 mm per shift per day.
Environmental Safe and gainful utilization of fly ash, avoid deforestation and
considerations safe management of fly ash and solution for Clean India
program
CSIR-Advanced Materials & Processes Research Institute,
Bhopal
Hybrid wood and wood substitute composite materials using fly ash and jute textile
fibers
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81. High-Performance Hybrid Composite Materials (HP- Composites)
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR- AMPRI, Bhopal has developed a technology for
making High-performance hybrid composite materials (HP-
composites) using industrial wastes particulates reinforced
with glass fibers/ natural fiber indifferent polymeric system.
The approach and concept for making this hybrid green
composite is unique and such work has not yet been
undertaken for practical commercial utility both in
developed and developing countries. The technology
package includes (i) Detailed specifications of raw materials
requirement, (ii) Process of casting and fabrication of hybrid
composites, (iii) Performance evaluation of the developed
hybrid composite materials, (iv) Potential applications and
(v) Requirement of major equipment and machineries for
setting-up of industry for the production of hybrid advanced
composite materials in commercial scale.
Salient features  Avoid use of glass fibers in composites as it is not
environmentally friendly and manufacturing glass fiber
is energy intensive and handling is hazardous
 High-performance hybrid composite materials (HP-
composites) are durable & weather resistant and
maintenance free products
 Resistance to moisture, corrosion, termite & fungus
Safe and gainful utilization of industrial wastes
 Major Raw materials: Industrial wastes including
bauxite residues, fly ash, marble and mineral wastes
Jute textile fibers, natural fibers, glass fibers and
synthetic fibers, Polyester resin, epoxy resin,
Polyurethane
 Cost effective than teak wood, timber products and ply
wood New class of moisture and termite resistant
composite materials having better mechanical strength
and durability than the wood and synthetic wood
Problems Alternative for teak wood and ply wood, synthetic wood,
addressed/application GRP composites
Fly ash, resources management, save environment,
contribute to clean India Mission
Doors, partition, furniture, roof & false ceilings, floor & wall
tiles, electrical and architectural cladding panels. Use in
variety of applications as alternative materials to Timber,
Plastic, Synthetic Wood, Particle Board, Rice Husk Board,
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Ply Wood, MDF Products:
Beneficiaries: Building construction industries (civil
infrastructure), Transport system
IP status Filed Two International patents and both the patents have
been granted. The details are as follows:
Patent Title: A glossy finish sandwich composite and
process for preparing the same.
Filed in India, South Africa, Turkey, Brazil and Europe
PCT Patent Grant number: WO2020121319A1
Patent Title: High performance glossy finish green hybrid
composites with variable density and an improved process
for making thereof.
Field in India, China, Spain, Italy, South Africa, Turkey,
Malaysia and Brazil.
PCT Patent Grant No. WO 2019/211862 A1
Status of Technology Licensed to
commercialization Siddhi Poly Matrix (Chauhan Fly ash products),
including status of Chandrapur, Maharashtra.
deployment Title of the Technology: Process Know- How for
manufacturing High-Performance Hybrid Composite
Materials (HP-Composites) from Bauxite residues / Fly ash
/ natural fibers
Techno-economics Rs.5.0 crore is the initial investment for equipment,
machineries and raw materials for the production of about
300 hybrid composite ply / panels size ~ 2m x1m length
having thickness about 4 mm per shift per day. Or for
manufacturing about 120 full size doors or for making about
200 roofing sheets
Environmental  Safe and gainful utilization of marble wastes, mineral
considerations wastes
 Contribute to create employment and converting
waste to wealth and Atmanirbhar Bharat
 Avoid deforestation
 Alternative for timber & traditional materials
 Solid wastes management & holistic approach
 Workout solution for Clean India; Make in India
program
 New class of materials to composite industry
Solution to National policy to avoid deforestation
leading to reduce global warming
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Bhopal 462026 (MP)
HP- composites using marble waste
HP- composites architectural cladding panels using marble wastes
HP- composites Roofing sheets using marble waste
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HP- composites using marble wastes
HP- composites Roofing sheets using marble waste
HP- composites using marble waste for wall and floor tiles
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82. Advanced Hybrid Composite Wood and Wood Substitute (AC-Wood)
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR- AMPRI Bhopal, India has developed process know-
how and optimized the parameters for manufacturing
advanced hybrid composite wood and wood substitute (AC-
wood) products including screen printing. This technology
was developed with multiple objectives for multifunctional
application. The performance of AC-wood varies depending
on the raw materials quantity, quality, particulate- fiber ratio,
particulate / fibers – binder ratio, type of polymeric system
and processing and manufacturing conditions.
Salient features  Safe and gainful utilization of mineral wastes and fly
ash
 Avoid use of glass fibers in composites as it is not
environmental friendly and manufacturing glass fiber is
energy intensive and handling is not easy
 Advanced hybrid composite wood and wood substitute
(AC-wood) are durable & weather resistant, resistance
to moisture, corrosion, termite & fungus
 Major Raw materials
 Inorganic waste particulates from mineral industries
 Jute textile fibers and glass fibers / synthetic fibers
Polyester resin / epoxy resin
Problems  Better alternative for ply wood and teak wood and FRP
addressed/application Composites
 Natural resources management, save environment
 Applications: Doors, partition, furniture, roof & false
ceilings, floor & wall tiles, electrical and architectural
cladding panels.
IP status Filed in India, South Africa, Turkey, Brazil and Europe
PCT Patent Grant number: WO2020121319A1
Status of Technology licensed to M/s. Eco-Bright Sheet Pvt Ltd
commercialization Bhilai, Chhattisgarh on 7 March 2017. Title of the
including status of technology: Advanced Hybrid Composite Wood and Wood
deployment Substitute Materials (AC-Wood).
Techno-economics The technology processes know- how is now ready for
commercial scale production. The technology package
includes (i) Detailed specifications of raw materials
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requirement, (ii) Process of casting and fabrication of hybrid
composites, (iii) Performance evaluation of the developed
hybrid composite materials, (iv) Potential applications and
(v) Requirement of major equipment and machineries for
setting-up of industry for the production of Advanced hybrid
composite wood and wood substitute (AC-wood) in
commercial scale. Rs.3.5 crore is the initial investment for
equipment, machineries and raw materials for the
production of about 150 hybrid composite ply / panels size
~ 2m x1m length having thickness 3-4 mm per shift per day.
Environmental Safe and gainful utilization of mineral wastes as major raw
considerations materials are Inorganic waste particulates from mineral
industries. Contribute to create employment and converting
waste to wealth.
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Advanced hybrid composite wood and wood substitute (AC-wood)
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83. Sisal Potential for Rural Employment and Making Hybrid Composite Wood
Materials Using Fly Ash
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary Sisal is one of the natural fibers bearing plants widely grown
in most part of the country on all agro-climatic conditions and
also being cultivated with least financial inputs and
maintenance. Sisal cultivation, fibers extraction, processing
and its value addition would leads to rural employment and
income generation. Sisal fiber is traditionally extracted by
retting, a biodegradation process involving microbial
decomposition of sisal leaves, which separates the fiber
from pith, which involves long duration. The mechanical
extraction of sisal fibers is done by Raspador machine and is
a versatile method for small and medium scale operations.
Sisal fiber can be used for manufacture of ropes for use in
marine industry and agriculture; fancy articles such as
purses, wall hangings, table mats, dolls and engineering
reinforce materials in polymer matric composites.
Salient features  This technology aim to effectively utilize sisal fiber,
provide training for sisal cultivation, fiber extraction and
processing and making fly ash based hybrid composite
wood for creating rural employment and livelihood
development.
 Avoid use of glass fibers and use sisal fibers which is
environmentally friendly
 Fly ash composite Materials are durable& weather
resistant
 Major Raw materials: Sisal fibers and Fly ash, Jute
textile fibers, Polyester resin
 Production process is simple and energy saving
 Sisal composite production process is simple and
energy saving process and the sisal fly ash composites
are cost effective than teak wood, timber products and
stronger than any other natural fibers and fly ash
composites
 Fly ash and sisal fiber based composite Materials are
better in quality than the than teak wood and stronger
than teak wood.
Problems Problem addressed:
addressed/application Alternative for teak wood and ply wood, avoid use of glass
fiber and sisal fiber would be an alternative for synthetic
fibers
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Fly ash utilization, renewable resources management, save
environment, contribute to clean India Mission
Applications:
Partition panels, floor tiles, wall panels, local employment
generation
IP status Patent Application number: 1497/DEL/2015.
Status of Technology Licensed to MGNREGA, Panchayats & Rural
commercialization Development Department, and Government of West Bengal
including status of The technology is ready and the technology document
deployment describes about the process know how for: (i)extraction of
sisal fibers from sisal leaves by a versatile mechanical
method, (ii) manufacturing hybrid composite wood materials
which includes the details / specifications of raw materials
such as (iii) fly ash, sisal fibers or jute fibers and polymers
(iv) Fabrication of composites and curing (v) performance of
the developed hybrid composite materials (vi) requirement of
primary equipment and machineries for extraction of sisal
fibers and making of hybrid composite wood materials and
(vii) potential applications.
Techno-economics Rs.3.5 crore is the initial investment for equipment,
machineries and raw materials for the production of about
150 hybrid composite ply / panels size ~ 2m x1m length
having thickness 3-4 mm per shift per day. This technology
aim to effectively utilize sisal fiber and fly ash for economic,
employment, social and sustainable rural livelihood
development.
Environmental About 245 million tons of fly ash generated in India annually,
considerations which can be used a raw material in making composite wood
and this technology will provide solution for fly ash
management. About 4.5 million tonnes of sisal fiber are
produced every year around the world. Sisal cultivation,
fibers extraction, processing and its value addition would
lead to rural employment and income generation and more
importantly use of sisal fibers contributes for saving the
environment.
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Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Sisal potential for rural employment and making Hybrid Composite wood materials
using fly ash
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84. Evergreen Hybrid Composites of Parali (Agro Wastes) and Industrial
Wastes (Evergreen Hybrid Ply And Composite Wood)
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal has developed a technology for
making Evergreen Hybrid Ply and Composite Wood, using
Parali (agro waste) and industrial waste particulates / fibers.
This technology was developed with multiple objectives for
multifunctional application as well as in view of effective use
of Parali (agro wastes) and industrial wastes such ash
marble wastes and fly ash. This will be a potential solution
for effective utilisation of different agro-industrial wastes
such as paddy straw, wheat straw, marble wastes, red mud,
fly ash and other mineral, metallurgical wastes leading to
solves various environmental threats associated with
management of agro industrial wastes, deforestation and
ecological imbalance. For making Evergreen Hybrid Ply and
Composite Wood, agro wastes primarily Parali (paddy
straw/ stubble) and wheat straw, and industrial wastes,
mainly marble wastes, fly ash from Thermal power plants,
red mud from Aluminium industries were used as a primary
raw material with natural fibers in polymeric system
(Polyester / epoxy resin). The approach and concept for
making this Evergreen Hybrid Ply and Composite Wood is
unique and have not yet been developed universally for
practical commercial utility both in developed and
developing countries
Salient features  The performance of Evergreen Hybrid Ply and
Composite Wood would vary depending on the raw
materials quantity, quality, particulate- fiber ratio,
particulate / fibers – binder ratio, type of polymeric
system and processing and manufacturing conditions.
 Evergreen Hybrid Ply and Composite Wood can be
made in single stage fabrication process as solid
material as well as two stage process as sandwich
composite of required performance.
 The demonstrated results revealed that high quality
and glossy finish composites under single stage
operating condition can be achieved using about 60%
agro-industrial wastes.
 The innovative composite materials have variety of
application potential for infrastructure in construction
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sector, locomotive (train) and other transport system
(Bus, ship etc.) and infrastructure as doors, false
ceilings, flooring, architectural wall panels, partition
and furniture etc.
 The Evergreen Hybrid Ply and Composite Wood is
stronger, environmental friendly. Addition of agro-
industrial wastes particulates and fibres enhances the
surface finish, density, flexural modulus and resistance
to abrasion.
 They are durable, resistance to weather, corrosion,
water, moisture and are termite, and fungus free
composites. The composite materials are fire
retardant, self-extinguishing nature, cost effective and
maintenance free materials.
 They has potential to use as an alternate material for
wood / timber, plastic, synthetic wood such as MDF
Board, particle board and ply wood and all other
conventional materials used in furniture industry.
Problems  Material used: Parali, Agro wastes, Inorganic wastes
addressed/application particulates, Jute textile fibers / synthetic fibers,
Polyester resin, epoxy resin
 Avoid and controlling smoke / Air pollution due to
burning Parali
 Waste management & Environmental protection
 Support farmers, local population for management of
Parali and create business from Parali
 Hybrid Particle boards are better alternative for particle
boards and wood
 Agro wastes management, save environment,
contribute to clean India Mission
 Carbon sequestration
 Applications: Hybrid particle boards for partition,
architectural cladding panels and furniture
Scale of development Already Commercialized
IP status Grant No. 201811047389, WO 2020/121319 A1, 18 June,
2020) and WO2019/211862A1 have been filed and granted.
Status of This technology licensed to M/s. Shubh Green Sheet Pvt
commercialization Ltd, Bhilai, CG, on 16 October 2020. The title of the
technology is Evergreen Hybrid Composites of Parali (Agro
Wastes) and Industrial Wastes (Evergreen Hybrid Ply and
Composite Wood).
Techno-economics Hybrid particle boards are cost effective than teak wood,
timber products and particle boards
Production process is simple and energy saving
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Create employment and Nation‟s economy
Create Skill development
Environmental Avoid and controlling smoke / Air pollution due to burning
considerations Parali. Easy and simple production process. This
technology would provide holistic solution to stop Parali
burning and contribute for Atmanirbhar Bharat in creating
employment and income and improving the livelihood of
farmers and rural people. This technology is one of the
countries most wanted innovation at this juncture as a
game changer technology to provide multidisciplinary
solutions to address multiple problems and contributing to
National Program on Make in India, Skill and Clean India
Mission program leading to job creation and environmental
safety.
(CSIR-AMPRI), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Phone: 0755-2457105
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Hybrid green composite laminated boards made of Agro wastes (paddy) straw fibers
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85. Development of Fly Ash Based Geopolymeric Coating Material for
Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary Developed geopolymeric coating-material utilizing class F fly
ash, alkali activators, water and inorganic/organic additives
by novel environment friendly process. It can be coated on
organic free, clean and treated mild steel surface by spray
and paint brush techniques
Salient features Adhesion strength: 8-12 MPa; Accelerated corrosion test:
corrosion onset after 92-96 hours; Accelerated weathering
test for 168 hours: no blistering, cracking, delamination,
discoloration observed; Porosity test: No pinholes detected;
Thickness of coating :150-180 μm for spray coating; 200 to
230 μm for paint brush coating.
• Environment friendly
• Obviates need of handling hazardous alkali solution
• Low capital investment
Problems Applications: Mild steel pipelines of NTPC near coastal
addressed/application areas, Underground pipeline for water supply, Deck, walls
and basement areas of ship where temperature reaches up
to 50-60 °C.
Scale of development Coated mild steel plates tested in coastal area at NTPC
Simhadri site. Successful results achieved.
IP status Advanced Inorganic - Organic Geopolymeric Corrosion
Protective Coating Material for Mild Steel (File No.:
0003NF2020). – Applied
Status of The coated plates were tested in coastal area at NTPC,
commercialization Simhadri site, a coastal environment successfully.
Techno-economics
Environmental Environment friendly technology
considerations
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Phone: 0755-2457105
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Coating material using fly ash
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86. Advanced Chemically Designed, Non-Toxic, Material Using Fly Ash Based
Geo Polymerized Brine Sludge
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary Developed Advanced Chemically Designed, Non-toxic,
Material using Fly Ash based Geo Polymerized Brine
Sludge. Brine Sludge, (a waste of chloral-alkali
manufacturing industry) and Fly Ash has been utilized for
making value added products
Salient features  Tensile Strength - 198 kg/ cm2, Flexural Strength - 350
kg/cm2, Impact Strength - 8.95 kj/m2, Good Abrasion.
 Utilization Of two wastes Fly Ash and Brine Sludge
 Non-toxic
Problems
Scale of development
IP status Patent Ref. No. 0185NF2015, Application no.
201611000546. A novel process for making Advanced
cement free concrete and panels by utilizing sea sand and
sea water (India, UAE & USA), Patent No.: 0193NF2015/
201611000546.
Status of Industry Partner(s)
commercialization 1. Chloral Alkali industry, Grasim Nagda, M.P
including status of 2. Shri Hathivan Techno Plast, , Pilukhedi, Dist. Rajgarh
deployment 465667 (M.P)
3. M/S Sugo, Industries, Govindpura, Bhopal
Techno-economics
Environmental Environment friendly technology
considerations
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Phone: 0755-2457105
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Advanced material using fly ash
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87. Fly Ash Utilization for Wasteland Reclamation and Improve the Agricultural
Productivity
lab CSIR-AMPRI
Executive summary Used Fly ash- as soil modifier and supplier of micronutrients
in converting wasteland into agriculturally productive land.
Technique was successfully demonstrated at various part of
the country like National Thermal Power Station, Rihand
Nagar (U.P.) Northern India; National Aluminium Company
Limited, Angul, Orissa and Satpura Thermal Power Station,
Sarni, Madhya Pradesh. All these were achieved based on
the physicochemical, engineering, mineralogical,
morphological and biological properties of ash and soil. It
offers a solution for the constructive use of fly ash generated
in converting wasteland into agriculturally productive land.
Salient features  The process and technology is simple and adoptable
by the farmers / common man.
 Economic and involves no material cost except
transportation and application costs.
 One time application of recommended dose will benefit
the farmers for 3-5 years.
 The technology has a great potential for application in
agriculture, horticulture, forestry, grasslands,
landscaping etc.
Problems • Wastelands converted into productive lands
addressed/application • Fertility status of the soil Improved.
• Crop yields and Crop biomass yields increased from 15-
22% over control
• The soil nutrient status (N, P, K, S, Ca & Mg) increased.
• Soil Micronutrient status (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) also
increased.
• Soil water holding capacity improved significantly.
Scale of development Demonstration-cum-Training on the utilization of Fly ash in
agriculture
Adani Power Maharashtra Ltd. (APML), Tirora, Gondia
dist.(Maharashtra);
Sukhudhana village, Sarni, Betul dist.;
Rihand Super Thermal Power Project (RhSTPP), NTPC,
Dodhar village Rihand Nagar (U.P.) and
Angul, near National Aluminium Company Ltd., (NALCO),
(Odisha)
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IP status Not yet patented
Status of (i) Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.,
commercialization Lucknow (U.P.)
including status of (ii) Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Co. Ltd., Jabalpur
deployment (M.P.)
(iii) National Aluminium Co. Ltd., Bhubaneswar (Odisha)
Techno-economics Nil
Environmental Improves the soil fertility without altering the chemical
considerations constituents of the soil (properties within the specified
limits).
Bhopal 462026 (MP)
Phone: 0755-2457105
Fly ash for wasteland reclamation at NTPC Rihand, UP
Fly ash for wasteland reclamation and agriculture in Pilot Scale at NTPC Rihand, UP
and NALCO, Orissa
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88. A Study on Use of Fly Ash in Ceramics Products
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary On the basis of laboratory investigations it is found that
waste fly ash can be used for manufacturing of ceramic
products with the utilization of 25-50% waste fly ash. For
manufacturing of geo polymer bonded ceramic art statue it
can be used 100%. Hence it can be used for the
manufacturing of ceramic products with lower cost
investment. After conducting lot of trials we developed
ceramic ware, statue & tiles
Salient features Waste Fly Ash is very useful foe manufacturing low-cost
ceramic products which can be used for domestic utensils,
decorative & attractive statues for placement in tourism
places as well as hotels, education institute and novel
organizations parks
Problems This Research Project is an attempt to explore the
addressed/application possibilities of using Fly Ash in manufacturing ceramic
products. Utilizing information generated in past projects it is
proposed to develop product manufacturing techniques
based on scientific and engineering characteristics of Fly
Ash. Commercialization of the use of Fly Ash in ceramic is
more likely to become viable if a quality assured product can
be made
Scale of development Pilot Plant Scale
IP status NIL
Status of Trained about 20 polytechnic students for making ceramic
commercialization products and geo polymer-based statue using waste fly ash
by training and demonstration programme.
Techno-economics Suitable for the lower income people to increase their
income.
Environmental The development will help to reduce solid waste in the
CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute,
(CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata
Phone: 033-24735829,24839241
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Ceramic products using fly ash
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89. Fly Ash Utilization for Development of Various Glasses
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary Preparation of various types of glasses of industrial
importance like Container, Float, Sealing and Color glasses
in collaboration with IMMT Bhubaneswar. Using Quartz
extracted from fly ash through wet chemical process,
several compositions have been formulated for production
of different glasses.
Salient features Preliminary studies reveals great prospect for utilization of
hazardous fly ash in glass compositions.
Problems How to use waste fly ash for manufacturing of ceramic
addressed/application products
Scale of development 25-50% waste fly ash can be used for making ceramic
products. For manufacturing of geo polymer bonded
ceramic art statue it can be used 100%. Hence it can be
used for the manufacturing of ceramic products with
IP status NIL
Status of Trained about 20 polytechnic students for making ceramic
commercialization products and geo polymer-based statue using waste fly ash
by training and demonstration programme.
Techno-economics Suitable for the lower income people to increase their
income utilizing waste fly ash locally
Environmental The development will help to reduce solid waste in the
CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata
(CSIR-CGCRI)
Phone: 033-24735829, 24839241
Varieties of color glasses produced using quartz extracted from fly ash
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90. Fly Ash/Blast Furnace Slag Utilization for Development of Ultra Low
Expansion Glass-Ceramics
lab CSIR-CGCRI
Executive summary Low / negative expansion glass–ceramic materials can be
developed from alumina-silicate minerals and Blast Furnace
slag / Fly ash which are cost effective materials suitable for
various applications including cook-top plate of LPG gas
oven. To reduce the cost of the material without
compromising the properties and also to develop the parent
glass at relatively low temperature (≤ 1450oC) compared to
pure system of lithium alumino-silicate glass melting
temperature (~1650oC) for the development of such
material are the primary objectives of this project.
Salient features Ultra-low thermal expansion co-efficient in the range (2 – 3)
x 10-7 /K (30 - 600oC) for Cook-top panel of LPG gas oven.
Negative coefficient of thermal expansion [–9 to –2 x 10–
7/°C] over the temperature range (30–600°C) Excellent
flexural strength value that varied in the range 120–200
MPa depending upon the phases present.
Cheaper due to use of inexpensive/industrial wastes and
also reducing the parent glass melting temperature at
around 1400oC without compromising the desired
properties.
Problems Low expansion LAS based glass-ceramic materials are

addressed/application generally produced from pure and expensive raw materials
such as lithium compound and high purity aluminosilicate
materials. Moreover the parent glass melting temperature is
high (~1600oC). Therefore the product made (Cook top
panel for LPG gas oven) is of high cost. On the other hand,
Blast Furnace (BF) Slag which is an industrial waste can be
effectively utilised as a raw materials source for alumina and
silica for the development of this material/product and that
will bring down the cost of the product reasonably.
Scale of development Lab scale development is on process. The initial results
found TEC ~ 19×10-7/K for ceramized glass. With minor
tailoring the composition and nucleation and crystallization
schedule we can achieve the desired TEC with other
required properties.
IP status Nil
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Status of To be commercialized after successful development.
commercialization
Techno-economics Yet to be assessed.
Environmental Blast Furnace slag (byproduct) generated during steel
considerations production in Blast Furnace is an industrial waste having no
significant commercial value thus posing an environmental
consideration. This material can effectively be utilized for the
development of low/ultralow expansion glass-cermic
material for cook top panel of LPG gas oven.
CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata
(CSIR-CGCRI)
Phone: 033-24735829, 24839241
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91. Fly Ash for Road Embankment Construction
lab CSIR-CRRI
Executive summary Construction of fly ash embankments can be taken up in two
ways (a) unreinforced embankments with a core of fly ash
and soil cover all around it (b) reinforced fly ash
embankment construction. Fly ash is a better material
compared to soil for embankment construction as it
possesses greater shear strength resulting in higher stability
of embankments.
Salient features 1. Fly ash can be used in road works to reduce cost
construction
2. Environment friendly this material road embankments and
for stabilization.
3. Embankments and backfills – Reinforced or unreinforced.
Problems (a) Saving valuable top soil, (b) Savings in construction cost
addressed/application depending upon lead distance for fly ash and soil
Scale of development Technology Demonstration has been done at different sites
IP status Not Patented
Status of Based on R&D work by CSIR-CRRI, Indian Roads
commercialization Congress (IRC) has published Guidelines for using this
including status of material in road embankments and for stabilization. CSIR-
deployment CRRI carried out design and construction supervision of
several projects in Delhi region like Second Nizamuddin
Embankment, Noida-Greater Noida expressway, MB Road
widening (Fly ash as a backfill material in these projects),
Okhla fly over, Sarita Vihar Fly over, Raichur, Dandeli and
Dadri rural roads, etc. Successful performance of these
projects shows that fly ash can be used in road works to
reduce cost construction and to use a waste material in an
environment friendly manner.
Techno-economics Fly ash can be used in road works to reduce cost
construction and to use a waste material in an environment
friendly manner. Fly ash can provide an economical and
suitable alternative material to earth for construction of
embankments.
Environmental Fly ash is an environmentally safe material for embankment
considerations construction
CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi
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Phone: 011-26848917,
26823437
Road construction using fly ash
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92. Fly Ash for Road Pavement Construction
lab CSIR-CRRI
Executive summary CSIR-CRRI carried out extensive laboratory work on
stabilization of fly ash, and used the know-how gained to
construct experimental stretches of road pavement using
stabilized fly ash. The performance of such stretches was
found to be good. Fly ash can be used to replace a part of
cement in cement concrete. Such fly ash admixed cement
concrete has improved durability besides reducing the cost.
Salient features 1. Fly ash admixed concrete pavements
2. Fly ash can be used in road works to reduce cost
construction
3. Stabilisation of subgrade, sub-base and base course.
Problems (a) Saving conventional road construction materials, which
addressed/application are already in short supply (b) Possible savings in
construction cost
Scale of development Technology Demonstration has been done at different sites
IP status Not Patented
Status of CSIR-CRRI carried out design and construction supervision
commercialization of several projects in Delhi region like Second Nizamuddin
including status of Embankment, Noida-Greater Noida expressway, MB Road
deployment widening (Fly ash as a backfill material in these projects),
Okhla fly over, Sarita Vihar Fly over, Raichur, Dandeli and
Dadri rural roads, etc. Based on R&D work by CSIR-CRRI,
Indian Roads Congress (IRC) has published Guidelines for
using this material in road embankments and for
stabilization.
Techno-economics Fly ash can be used in road works to reduce cost
construction and to use a waste material in an environment
friendly manner. Pavement layers can be constructed using
pond ash or bottom ash replacing conventionally used
moorum
Environmental No environmental hazard
considerations
Contact Details Director CSIR-CRRI
Phone: 011-26848917,
26823437
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Road pavement construction using Fly Ash
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93. Walue: Cenosphere Extraction from Fly Ash
lab CSIR-NEERI
Executive summary CSIR-NEERI developed a prototype for the separation of
Cenosphere form Flyash. Cenospheres are hollow,
spherically shaped particles that are mostly open-pore type
in nature and are one of the most important value-added
materials or sub-products that mix with fly ash. Cenosphere
with distinctive properties of being lightweight, possessing
good flowability, chemically inertness, good insulation, high
compressive strength, and low thermal conductivity, are
widely used in many industrial applications (sorbent,
catalyst, lightweight materials additives in firecrackers).
Cenosphere extracted are the lighter component of Flyash
with myriad applications as such and can also be raw
materials for advanced materials with huge business
potential.
Salient features • Provide a set up for the separation of cenosphere from
Flyash.
• Low-cost separation & higher percentage recovery.
• Reduced environmental footprint
• Pilot Scale (10 Kg) set up installation at NTPC – Talcher
which can be implemented PAN India & system is easily
scalable
• High Value-added product
• Waste to value (WALUE) and separation of different
components (Magnetic & Cenosphere) for different industrial
usage.
Problems Wet separation method is employed for the recovery of
addressed/application cenosphere which is based on the density difference of the
salt being used. Several IP protected salt combinations
have been tested for extracting cenosphere from Fly ash.
The salt combinations (like Zinc chloride, Sodium chloride,
Calcium ammonium nitrate etc.) having density around 2.0
g/cc showed cenosphere recovery due to larger density
difference with recovery around 3-4 %.
Scale of development Pilot plant demonstration at 10Kg/batch demonstrated to
NTPC at CSIR-NEERI and system demonstrated at
IP status Design registration pending
Status of Pilot Scale (10 Kg) system set up for demonstration of
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commercialization extraction of cenosphere form Flyash at NTPC – Talcher.
including status of Technology has possibility of PAN India implementation of
deployment system for thermal power industries being explored.
Cenosphere with myriad industrial applications as such like
light weight aggregates, firecracker additives etc. are having
significant commercial potential. Cenosphere can also be
used as raw material for designing advanced materials
Techno-economics Being worked out
Environmental Up cycling of waste
considerations
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur
Phone: 0712-2249999
Cenoshere extraction from fly ash
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94. Geopolymer Cement from Fly Ash
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary  Bulk Utilization of Industrial Waste i.e Fly Ash
 Eco-Friendly Process with around 80% less CO2
emissions as compared to conventional Cement
Concrete thus Solves global warming problem
 Obviates the need of water curing
 Energy efficient process as compared to conventional
Cement Concrete
 Energy efficient - can be made at ambient temperature
(35-400C approximately).
 Can be made by using conventional machineries.
 Increased productivity as strength is achieved in seven
days only compared to twenty eight days required for
conventional cement concrete system.
 The increased productivity and superior engineering
properties also saves on project cost and duration.
Salient features  Equivalent to Portland Pozzolana Cement
 Higher percentage use of fly ash
 Low CO2 emission
Problems Utilization of waste fly ash for construction
Scale of development A DPR has been prepared for 50 tpd plant, which was
evaluated by Tata Power. Now, it is under consideration of
Tata Power for set-up
Status of Technology demonstrated to Tata Power
commercialization DPR given to Tata Power
Techno-economics CAPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant: 126 lakhs
OPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant: 41 lakhs
/month
Expected RO: 3 years
Environmental Low CO2 emission than the Portland based cement such as
considerations OPC, PPC and PSC
CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202,
2345028
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95. Paving Blocks from Fly Ash and Steel Slag Combination
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary Paving block meeting IS 15658 specification has been
developed jointly with Tata Steel, where fly ash is used as
geopolymer binder and steel slag as aggregate. The
technology has been piloted at CSIR-NML and 1500 tons of
blocks have been produced, which was laid at different
parts of city and Tata Steel plants.
Salient features Conservation of natural resources as industrial wastes
forms bulk of the raw materials, Low CO2 emission than the
Portland based cement such as OPC, PPC and PSC
Scale of development Commercialized
IP status Joint patent with Tata Steel No. 1509/KOL/2011
Status of Developed jointly with Tata Steel, Commercialized to M/s
commercialization Jajil Enterprises
Techno-economics CAPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant : 25 lakhs
OPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant 8
lakhs/month
Expected ROI : 35
Environmental Low CO2, reduced ecological imbalance due to less natural
considerations resource utilization
CSIR-NML, Jamshedpur
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
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96. Quick Road Repairing Material
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary The quick road repairing material is mostly imported. Quick
road repairing material from geopolymerisation of fly ash
and GBFS has been developed where the roads are ready
for use after its application in four hours. The technology
has been transferred to M/s VENSPRA Industry, Vijaywada.
Salient features • Ready for human walking in 6 hours
• Open to vehicle traffic in 12 hours
• Reduce carbon footprint
• Import substitution of material supplied by BASF, SIKA,
MasterBuild, etc.
Status of Venspra Labs. Ltd., Vijayawada, A.P.
commercialization
Techno-economics CAPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant: Approx. 30
Lakh (Excluding land cost) for 1 TPD plant
OPEX estimate for a commercially viable plant: 16.5 Lakhs
(1 year)
Expected ROI : Approx. 4 years
Environmental Minimal impact as raw materials are industry by
considerations products/wastes
Contact Details Director CSIR-NML
Phone: 0657-2345202,
2345028
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97. Eco-Friendly Geopolymer Concrete Blocks
lab CSIR-SERC
Executive summary CSIR-SERC has developed ambient temperature cured
concrete blocks using geopolymer technology. These blocks
are of different types - building blocks, paver blocks, hollow
blocks and lightweight blocks. This technology offers a
speedy, cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative
to conventional Portland cement based blocks. The
production of GPC blocks lead to a scientific, systematic
and eco-friendly utilization of industrial wastes, components
will be more versatile in terms of structural efficiency,
durability, minimize the consumption of currently used
energy–intensive materials; increased conversion of wastes
to wealth
Salient features  Low carbon footprint
 Complete replacement of Portland cement in concrete
with industrial byproducts such as fly ash and ground
granulated blast furnace slag
 Zero water for curing (ambient air curing)
 Lower embodied energy
 High early age mechanical strength
 Robust durability properties
 Environment-friendly and sustainable
Problems Applications –
addressed/application In buildings, landscaping, container yards, foot paths,
parking lots, pavements, etc.
Problem addressed –
Global warming, waste utilization, effective disposal of
industrial waste, water consumption, environmental ecology
IP status Yet to be patented
Status of The technology has been transferred to 3 parties:
commercialization M/s Kiran Global Geocements Limited, Chennai
including status of M/s KPS Bricks, Erode, Tamil Nadu
deployment M/s Vasavi Concrete Solutions, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh
Techno-economics Better life-cycle cost when compared to Conventional
Portland cement blocks
Environmental  Minimal utilization of water
considerations  Utilization of industrial byproducts- Conversion of waste
to wealth
 Provision for application of industrial byproducts as an
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alternative binder/ aggregates
 Low embodied energy and embodied CO2 emissions-
Since zero Portland cement is used geopolymer binder
will be ecofriendly sustainable material
CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR-
SERC)
Phone: 044-22542139, 22549201
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Utilization of
“E waste”
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98. Recycling of Waste Batteries to Recover Metal Salts and Other Reusable
Products
lab CSIR-CSIO
Executive summary Waste batteries are an attractive low-cost secondary source
of useful metals and carbon products. Due to surge in e-
vehicles and other battery driven technologies, there is an
increasing accumulation of waste batteries, mainly lithium
based batteries. Apart from this, zinc based alkaline
batteries are also used in different domestic appliances.
Most of e-waste recycling market in India dealing with the
waste batteries focuses on their collection and unsorted
dismantling. In CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, we have worked
upon the separation of different reusable components from
the waste batteries. The developed processes yield the
separation of copper and aluminum sheets, graphite
powder, metals salts, etc. In particular, the focus has been
to obtain reusable and cost-attractive products like 2-methyl
zinc imidazolate (ZIF-8), cobalt oxalate, cobalt imidazolate
(ZIF-67), graphene and graphene derivatives
Salient features  Recovery of directly reusable copper and aluminium
sheets/powder from waste batteries.
 Recovery of valuable metals, e.g., cobalt and zinc, from
waste batteries in form for diverse high-cost and
attractive products, such as oxalates, oxides, metal-
organic frameworks (MOFs).
 Recovery of carbon as graphite or grapheme
 No need of harsh chemicals or elevated temperature
conditions for the synthesis of metal salts.
Problems There is an urgent requirement of popularizing the recycling
addressed/application of E-waste through the development of sustainable and
more economically attractive techniques. Though, a good
number of E-waste dismantlers are operational in every
state of India, the recycling is done by few. Needless to say,
that E-waste handling, trade chain and recycling are still in
primitive stages in India whereas the E-waste generation
rate is increasing in various sectors due to over-usage of
both major and minor EEE.
Scale of development The processes have been developed in close collaboration
with E-waste recycling industries such as Exigo Recycling
Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, Adv Metals Combine Pvt. Ltd., Delhi and
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Spreco Recycling, Punjab. The feedback of industry has
been received and the recycling processes have been
developed accordingly. One of the process know-how for
the conversion of zinc from spent batteries into a porous
adsorbent product (ZIF-8) was licensed to Intelligent
Materials Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh. Leaching processes have
been tested at a scale of 20-25 liter batch, while other
processes have also been demonstrated at lab level.
IP status Not Filed
Status of Process know-how for the conversion of zinc from spent
commercialization batteries into a porous adsorbent product (ZIF-8) has been
including status of transferred to M/s Intelligent Materials Pvt. Ltd. Chandigarh.
deployment Scientists are in discussion with M/s Exigo Recycling Pvt.
Ltd., Delhi for another ToT.
Techno-economics Favoring with added environmental benefits. Estimated Cost
of Technology Development was Rs. 5 Lakhs
Environmental Most of the processes developed uses the use of mild
considerations concentrations of acids/bases. A large focus is to use
organic acids for leaching thereby leaving minimum
environmental concerns. Metal salt conversion processes
also involve room temperature treatments.
CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-
CSIO), Chandigarh
Phone: 0172-2657190
Recovered ZIF-8 from waste zinc alkaline batteries
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Separation of different reusable products from waste lithium battery
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99. Recycling of Waste CFLs and Tube lights
lab CSIR-CSIO
Executive summary CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh has designed and developed a
tubelight/bulb eater which can be used for safe breakage of
waste tubelight and CFL bulbs. Suitable filters and vacuum
conditions have been provided in the vessel so as to trap
mercury vapors and making the whole process safe to be
operated under recommended conditions. After breaking the
e-waste, the glass and phosphors are separated in acid-free
conditions. The separate glass can be easily reused. The
technology for the separation of phosphor from the glass
surface of broken glass can be extended to other phosphor
coatings (old CRTs and flat panels) as well
Salient features • Feed Rate: 30 CFLs/Tubelights per minute (Operator's
Speed may vary)
• Filtration: 2 Stage filtration with HEPA (>0.3 μm @
99.99% particle retention) and activated carbon filters
• Separation of phosphor and glass in acid-free conditions
Problems The technology deals with the existing problem of safe
addressed/application recycling of CFLs and tubelights. The market of mercury
containing lamps is fading with the emergence of LEDs. It is
expected that the management of spent CFLs and
tubelights will still be needed for another 5-6 years as the
ones in use will run out of their lifecycle. The use of CFLs
and FTLs is fading but still the number is in millions.
Moreover, it will take 6-8 years that all of these lights are
replaced by newer categories, e.g., LEDs. Both CFL and
FTLs are still available both in offline and online market
Scale of development The process know-how of safe dismantling of tubelight and
CFLs have been transferred to Exigo Recycling Pvt. Ltd.,
Delhi, and Adv Metals Combine Pvt. Ltd., Delhi. The
feedback of industry has been received and the recycling
processes have been developed accordingly.
IP status Not Filed
Status of The developed processes have been licensed to two
commercialization industries, namely Exigo Recycling, Delhi and Adv Metals
including status of Combine Pvt. Ltd., Delhi. They are in process of obtaining of
deployment 3rd party validation of the mercury entrapment.
Techno-economics Favoring with added environmental benefits. Estimated Cost
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of Technology Development was Rs. 2 Lakhs
Environmental Two-stage filtration has been provided in the developed
considerations device to trap the mercury vapors released during the
dismantling of waste tubelights and CFLs. 3rd party
validation is under process for certification.
CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-
CSIO), Chandigarh
Phone: 0172-2657190
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100. Recovery of Gold from Waste Mobile Phones and Scraps of Various
Equipment
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary A process is developed for the dissolution of metal from the
PCBs of waste mobile phone, small parts of various
equipments containing gold on outer layer. Chemical leaching
followed by adsorption/ cementation with subsequent heat
treatment was used to recover 99% gold.
Salient features Major Raw Materials to be Utilized: Mobile phone PCBs,
scrap parts of various equipment, leachate, adsorbent, etc.
Major Plant Equipment and Machinery Required: Leaching
reactor, hood, filter press, pH meter, balance, glassware,
safety appliances, etc.
Problems Recycling of precious metal
Scale of development 1 Kg to 10 Kg (Lab Scale)
Status of Transferred to M/S ADV Metal Combine Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
commercialization Technology package: (a) Process-Know-how, (b) Details of
including status of equipment & (c) Quality Assurance Methods. Assistance in
deployment setting up the plant on separate terms.
Techno-economics Capital Cost ~ 20 Lakh
Recurring Cost ~ 02 Lakh/ Year
Environmental 20 to 25 L effluent generated is recycled after proper
considerations treatment. The solid residue will be utilized as non-hazardous
filling material in various applications
Phone: 0657-2345202,
2345028
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Gold recovery from electronic scrapes
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101. Recovery of Cobalt from Discarded Li-Ion Batteries of Mobile Phone
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary A process is developed for the dissolution of metals from
discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs) of mobile phone.
Diluted sulfuric acid in presence of an oxidant was used to
leach out ~70-80% cobalt along with other metals in 60 min
at elevated temperature. Leach liquor generated was further
processed through solvent extraction, precipitation,
crystallization/ electrowinning techniques to recover cobalt
as salt/ metal.
Salient features Major Raw Materials to be Utilized:
Discarded mobile phone batteries, organic extractant,
modifier, diluents, etc
Major Plant Equipment and Machinery Required:
Scutter-crusher, Flotation set-up, Leaching reactor, Filtration
unit, Solvent extraction equipment (Mixer settler unit),
Evaporator, Crystallizer, Electro-winning cell, rectifier, etc.
Problems Cobalt as a metal is used for making permanent magnets,
addressed/application alloys, electroplating, etc. Cobalt salts have been used to
produce colors in paint, porcelain, glass, pottery and
enamels. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer and,
in some countries, to irradiate food to preserve it.
Scale of development 100g to 5 Kg (Lab Scale)
IP status Patent Filed
commercialization Technology package: (a) Process-Know-how, (b) Details of
including status of equipment & (c) Quality assurance methods. Assistance in
deployment setting up the plant on separate terms
Techno-economics Capital Cost ~ 10 Lakh
Recurring Cost ~ 02 Lakh/ Year
Environmental About 1 to 10 L of acidic effluent is generated which is
considerations further treated to recover acid. The solid waste containing
other metals is further treated for its recovery as value
added product."
Phone: 0657-2345202,
2345028
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Cobalt from waste
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102. Recovery of Neodymium as a Value Added Product from Waste Hard
Disk of Personal Computers
lab CSIR-NML
Executive summary A process is developed for the recovery of neodymium as
value added product from magnets of discarded hard disk.
Under optimized condition, sulfuric acid leaches 98% Nd,
97% Fe, 60% Ni and 7.5% B. Acid leaching was followed by
selective precipitation of Nd and leaching of the precipitate
with 5-20% HF solution.
Salient features Major Raw Materials to be Utilized: Discarded hard disk,
H2SO4, NaOH, HF, precipitants, etc.
Major Plant Equipment and Machinery Required:
Dismantling set-up. Leaching reactor, Stirring speed
controller, glass condenser. Settler, solid-liquid separation
unit i.e. centrifuge, filter press/vacuum filter, Oven, etc.
Problems Recycling of precious material from electronic waste
Scale of development 50-200 g magnets / 10 Kg discarded hard disk
(Lab scale)
commercialization Technology package include: (a) Process-Know-how, (b)
including status of Details of equipment & (c) Quality Assurance Methods.
deployment Assistance in setting up the plant on separate terms.
Techno-economics Capital Cost ~ 10 Lakhs Recurring Cost ~ 02 Lakhs/ Year
Environmental 1-5 L effluent generated is recycled after proper treatment.
considerations The solid residue will be utilized as non-hazardous filling
material in various applications.
Phone: 0657-2345202,
2345028
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Utilization of
“Plastic waste”
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103. Recycling of Plastic Wastes into Tiles for Structure Designing for
Societal Usage
lab CSIR-NPL
Executive summary The main objective of the present technology is to utilize
waste plastic bags for designing of materials for utilization of
tiles in building of toilets and rooms for general public for
societal benefits.
Salient features The advantage of the innovation is the utilization of waste
plastic bags and bottles in the form of tiles which can be
used for designing the structure for making a smart toilet or
any other structure for societal usage.
Problems Handling of plastic wastes. The waste plastic bags tiles can
addressed/application be used for designing structures for societal usage like
toilets or rooms.
Scale of development Technology can be demonstrated at a scale of 100-150
kg/hour scale level and even other parameters like grinding
and high speed mixture can be demonstrated at a level of
150 - 200 kg/hour. That means a 1 tonne per day capacity
plant can be demonstrated.
IP status Patent No – 0193NF2016; Country – India & SARRC
Countries; Publication Date – June 2016.
Status of (1) M/s Shayana Ecounified, Plot No 272, Udyog Kendra-1,
commercialization Ecotech-3, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh; (2) M/s
including status of Addin Infra Private Ltd, Plot NO 58, Ashwamegh Industrial
deployment Estate, Changodar, Sanand - 382213, Gujarat; (3) M/s
Vyzag Bio Energy Fuel Private Limited, Flat No 822,
Lansum Greens, Madhavadhara, Visakhapatnam - 530007,
Andhra Pradesh; (4) M/s Esperanza Global Eco Solutions
Private Limited, SCF 13, Sector 17E, Chandigarh - 160017,
Punjab; (5) M/s Bengal One Enviro Infra LLP, 26, Belvedere
Road, 1st Floor, Alipore, Kolkata – 700027, West Bengal;
(6) M/s Ayasya Infrastructure LLP, 99, Brindavan Estates,
Nizampet Rd, Hyderabad – 500072, Telangana; (7) M/s
NAS Industries, Office No.111, C Wing, Meena Apartments,
Service Road Panchpakhadi, Thane - 400602, Maharashtra.
Techno-economics Cost of Production per sq ft tile: Rs. 49
Environmental As technology involves waste plastic like LDPE, HDPE and
considerations PP, proper attention is made that no toxic gases are like
SOx, NOx and VOC are released during recycling or after
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the tiles are installed.
New Delhi
Email: [email protected], Phone: 011-45609201, 45609301
Structure using plastic waste
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104. A Process of Using Thermocol (Expanded Polystyrene) Waste in Hot
Bituminous Mixes for Road Construction
lab CSIR-CRRI
Executive summary Appropriate process/ methodology for the use of Thermocol
waste have been being developed. The materials bitumen,
aggregate and lime procured and characterized for their
physical properties as per standards. Use of waste plastic
'Thermocol'in bituminous mixes.
Salient features  The materials bitumen, aggregate and lime procured
and characterized for their physical properties as per
standards.
 Optimization of the dose of Thermocol waste has
been done for a particular source of aggregate with
conventional bitumen.
 Detailed studies have been conducted to determine
the physical, empirical, mechanical and rheological
properties of bituminous mixes.
 Appropriate process/ methodology for the use of
Thermocol waste has been being developed
 Major Raw Materials to be Utilized: All bituminous
mix materials and Thermocol waste
Problems Re-use waste plastic instead of disposing.
Scale of development Lab validation
IP status Patent granted IN340506 [India]
Status of Technology is ready for transfer but as of now not been
commercialization transferred to any agency.
Techno-economics not conducted
Environmental Anticipated benefits are proper utilization of waste thermocol
considerations and saving of natural resources with cost benefit.
Phone: 011-26848917, 26823437
236 | P a g e
Broken Thermocol
Mixing of Thermocol with pre-heated aggregate
237 | P a g e
105. Utilization of PVC Pipe Waste in Modifying Bitumen for Paving Applications
lab CSIR-CRRI
Executive summary The process developed uses most toxic plastic waste i.e.
PVC waste which is difficult to recycle and which has no
safe disposal method and which is the most polluting in
terms of dioxins can be safely reused in bituminous roads.
PVC waste which is difficult to recycle and which has no
safe disposal method and which is the most polluting in
Salient features This technology will have societal impact in terms of
reducing waste plastic pollution and plastic waste
management.
Major Raw Materials to be Utilized: VG10 Bitumen, waste
PVC pipes, additives
Major Plant Equipment and Machinery Required: High shear
mixer
Problems PVC waste which is difficult to recycle and which has no
addressed/application safe disposal method and which is the most polluting in
Scale of development Lab validation
IP status Patent filed 1368/DEL/2014
Status of NA
commercialization
Techno-economics not conducted
Environmental Extends the life of pavement, this process allows to get rid
considerations of hazardous PVC plastic waste in a safer way
Phone: 011-26848917, 26823437
238 | P a g e
Utilization of
“Carbon Capture”
239 | P a g e
106. Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Oxalic Acid
lab CSIR-CECRI
Executive summary The conversion of CO2 to various useful liquids or gaseous
products adds the value and a promising route for its
utilization and mitigation from atmosphere. Electrochemical
CO2 reduction as an industrial process is yet to be a reality
and requires further studies on improving the existing
processes. In the present work, we reported new insights
into the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to zinc oxalate at
stainless steel SS 304 L cathode in non-aqueous media in
the presence of a sacrificial metal (Zinc) anode. The
influence of current density, water content in the electrolyte
solution and pressure on product selectivity were evaluated.
In addition, oxalic acid synthesis from zinc oxalate was
studied using ester hydrolysis process. Our results showed
that the product yield is affected due to CO2 reduction to
carbonate, decomposition of acetonitrile to cyanide and
glycolate formed due to partial reduction of oxalate.
Experiments were performed in a bespoke pressure reactor
(2 bar) showed that an average Faradaic efficiency of 73.9%
can be obtained for zinc oxalate. A yield of 58.1% was
obtained for the extraction of oxalic acid. Both zinc oxalate
and oxalic acid obtained from this process were compared
with commercially available products to confirm its purity.
Salient features Zinc oxalate synthesized in a batch reactor at 2 bar
pressure with an average Faradaic efficiency of 73.9%. Pure
oxalic acid extracted from zinc oxalate with 58.2 %
efficiency using ester hydrolysis process. Low water content
in the electrolyte solution ∼37 ppm and optimised current
density of 15 mA/cm2 enhances oxalate formation.
Problems Solubility of CO2 in water is very low (0.030 M) which makes
addressed/application difficult for bulk scale synthesis of products in aqueous
media. This is overcome by increasing the solubility by
either increasing the pressure or decreasing the
temperature. In addition, the problem of solubility is solved
by the choice of non-aqueous solvent such as acetonitrile
electrolyte which increases to 0.270 M. The increased
availability of CO2 molecules due to the rise of solubility
during electroreduction results in higher current efficiencies.
The stability of catalyst decides the faradaic efficiency. This
240 | P a g e
current work showered the SS 304L catalyst is stable for 8
hours. Usually, the solvent and electrolytes are thrown away
after each experiment; however, in the current work the
solvent and electrolyte were separated and recovered using
a rotary evaporator for further continuous electroreduction
process
Scale of development Product synthesis was done in a batch reactor at 2 bar
pressure. The electrolysis experiments for duration of 8 h
gave average weight of solid product to be 37.9 (±3.3) g
with a Faradaic efficiency of73.9% (±7.3) for oxalate. This
increase in the Faradaic efficiency from 51.1% at ambient
pressure to 73.9% at 2 bar can be attributed to the
increased solubility of CO2 at higher pressure and reduced
water content in the electrolyte.
Status of Ready for commercialization for MSME
commercialization
Techno-economics Yet to be finalized.
Environmental Literature says every year 45 Gt of anthropogenic CO2
considerations emission is reaching the environment, responsible for
climate change. This environmental waste is utilized for
useful products.
CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-
CECRI), Karaikudi
Phone: 04565-227777, 227778
241 | P a g e
Bespoke reactor to convert CO2 to Oxalate
Formation of oxalic acid from CO2 identified by 13C NMR spectroscopy (a)
commercially obtained and (b) extracted from zinc oxalate.
242 | P a g e
107. Simultaneous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Adipic Acid
lab CSIR-CECRI
Executive summary Electrochemical reduction of CO2 is the most-sought after
energy conversion reactions due to the, use of green-
electrons as the reagent for activation of the highly stable
CO2 molecule to yield variety of products such as formic
acid, alcohols (due to dimerization of CO2 anion radical) and
oxalic acid. The first step in the electro reduction of CO 2 is
the formation of CO2 anion radical (CO2.-) which occurs at a
relatively higher potential at ~ -2.1 V vs. RHE. The product
formation can be controlled by modifying the electrode
surface, applied potential and the electrolyte (from aqueous
to ionic-liquids). It is imperative to address the following
drawbacks of the electoreduction of CO2 in aqueous
electrolyte: 1. the low solubility of CO2, 2. lower Faradaic
efficiency due to competitive hydrogen evolution reaction 3.
Non-selective product formation, 4. Low concentrations of
product 4. Tedious procedures for separation of products.
On the other hand, the only product formed on copper in
any non-aqueous electrolyte is oxalate (with trace amounts
of carbonate) which could be converted to oxalic acid by
subsequent acidification. Here oxalate is formed as a
precipitate by the dimerization of CO2 anion radicals with a
Faradaic efficiency of 80-90%. This process employs
sacrificial anodes (Al, Mg and Zn) and Stainless steel,
Nickel or Copper based cathodes. In general, electrolysis in
non-aqueous electrolytes provides a broad electrochemical
window to operate with absolutely no side or competitive
reactions mainly facilitating the dimerization of the CO2
anion radicals. Electrocarboxylation of alkenes in non-
aqueous electrolytes is considered an attractive strategy for
addressing the utilization of CO2 in bulk quantity in addition
to overcoming the drawbacks of the process in aqueous
electrolytes. Important industrial products such as succinic
acid and adipic acid could be produced using this process
by introducing butadiene and ethane, respectively.
Salient features • Electrochemical route of producing adipic acid does not
produce toxic gases, whereas the chemical (conventional)
route of producing adipic acid leads to NOx emissions.
• Works at ambient temperature and a very little increase in
243 | P a g e
ambient pressure (1.5 bar)
• Use of non-precious metal cathodes and anodes.
• Easy product separation unlike aqueous CO2 reduction
processes.
• High current efficiency (~83%)
Problems CO2 is currently produced at rates that far compensate its
addressed/application conversion to value added products such as fuels and
chemicals. The possibility of converting this abundant
waste/raw material to useful products has created interests
from the perception of both sustainable energy and
environmental cleansing. Although numerous chemical, bio-
chemical and catalytic methods have been subjected for
converting CO2 to fuels, (including reaction with hydrogen,
hydrocarbons and organic carbonates), the use of electricity
provides a more sustainable approach, due to the prospect
of renewable sources being used as the source of electrons.
Unlike other chemical routes, electrochemical CO2 reduction
can be performed under ambient pressure and temperature.
Keeping in mind the utilization of CO2 in large quantity,
economics and current market value of the products, adipic
acid has been chosen has the product of interest.
Scale of development 25-100 g per batch (5 h)
IP status An Indian Patent Filed: An integrated electrochemical and
chemical conversion of CO2 and Butadiene to adipic acid
and its process thereof, 20, Nov, 2019 (IN:
201911047258), Naveen Chandrasekaran and Anbu
Kulandainathan
Status of Non-technical note prepared and submitted to various
commercialization companies
Techno-economics Estimated future demand: 2-3 Million tonnes (India)
Present market price: Rs. 1,24,743.28 per ton
Cost of production : Rs. 1,15,000 per ton (excluding capex)
Environmental With the utilization of CO2 in large scale to produce
considerations potentially viable value added product which is expected to
make substantial impact in counteracting the global warming
issue. The developed process is benign and economical
solution to produce adipic acid from CO2 in large quantity.
Unlike chemical and biological processes for production of
adipic acid, the proposed process is energy intense with a
mere two step electrolysis and separation of product
244 | P a g e
CECRI), Karaikudi
Phone: 04565-227777, 227778
Production of adipic acid
In-house fabricated electrochemical reactor for Purified adipic acid (99.99%)
245 | P a g e
108. BIO-WASTE DERIVED ACTIVATED CARBON FOR ENERGY
STORAGE IN SUPER CAPACITORS
lab CSIR-CECRI
Executive summary The vegetable and fruit based bio-wastes are the source
material for activated carbon. Carbonization/Activated of
carbon was demonstrated at 1 kg level. Supercapacitor
device was fabricated with the bio-derived activated carbon
and validated for high energy storage application.
Salient features Bio-waste at 1 kg level has been demonstrated for
carbonization/activation, with a production capability of 300g
per batch. Supercapacitor device with high energy and
power density of 40 Wh kg-1 and 150 W kg-1 was
fabricated, respectively
Problems Disposal of food agro-based industries and municipal
addressed/application market wastes were addressed. The bio-wastes were
efficiently converted to valuable electrode material for
electrochemical power storage devices (waste to wealth).
Scale of development 1 Kg of bio-waste has been demonstrated for
carbonization/activation
IP status Patent yet to be filled
commercialization
Techno-economics Currently, activated carbon for energy application is mainly
supplied through import. Thus, this indigenous process will
be cheaper than imported carbon price. The cost of
development: Rs. 12,000 per kg
Environmental The CO2 generated during the carbonization needs to be
considerations trapped and converted into value-added product.
CECRI), Karaikudi
Phone: 04565-227777, 227778
246 | P a g e
Bio-waste derived super capacitors
247 | P a g e
109. HIGH SURFACE AREA POROUS CARBON FROM CARBONACEOUS
WASTES E.G. AGRO-RESIDUES, INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC RICH
WASTES ETC.
lab CSIR-CSMCRI
Executive summary The porous carbons can be successfully produced from a
range of carbonaceous wastes via direct activation through
thermochemical processing at high temperature using
chemical agents that negates the need for hydrothermal
carbonization or pyrolysis. The desired properties of the
derived carbons, i.e. high surface area and porosity, high
carbon content and excellent sorption capacity, can be
modiﬁed and optimized during the thermochemical
treatment. Direct chemical activation is based on
impregnation with agents like ZnCl2, KOH, H3PO4 which
promote dehydration, poly-condensation, and gasiﬁcation
reactions at temperatures of 700 -900 oC. The chemical
agents possess dehydrogenation properties which can
inhibit the formation of tar and reduce the production of
other volatile substances. The carbon is eroded by KOH,
releasing hydrogen and leaving voids on the carbon frame.
At below 500 oC, dehydration (1) occurs due to the
presence of potassium oxide, which catalyzes the
occurrence of water gas (2) and transformation reaction (3),
and then the CO2 and potassium oxide produces potassium
carbonate according to (4).
2KOH = K2O + H2O （1）
C+ H2O = H2+ CO (2）
CO+ H2O = H2 +CO2 (3）
K2O+ CO2 = K2CO3 (4）
Porosity in the carbon is caused via C etching according to
the equation given above, and also via the generated CO2,
which creates pores within the carbon substrate during the
activation process. To improve the surface area, several
soluble inorganic salt additives are added during the
activation process. Furthermore, the carbon substrate reacts
with the CO2, yielding CO whilst creating microporosity.
Therefore, the main products are mainly hydrogen, as well
as a small amount of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc.
Major Waste Material to be Utilized: Organic waste
248 | P a g e
Problems Porous carbon from agro-residues:
addressed/application Considering India it is an agricultural economy; more than
50% of Indian population depend on agriculture for their
primary source of income. Crop residues encompass all
agricultural wastes such as straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk,
shell, peel, lint, seed/stones, pulp, stubble, etc. which come
from cereals, cotton, groundnut, jute, maize milling by-
products etc. Traditionally crop residues have numerous
uses such as animal feed, fodder, fuel, roof thatching,
packaging and composting. The surplus residues are
typically burnt on farm or allowed to decay on the land. In
addition to release of greenhouse gases, direct incineration
of agro- residues lead to release of enormous soot particles
and smoke, causing human health problems. Among quite a
few options available to manage the agro-residues in a
productive manner, development of porous carbon
adsorbent materials from selected surplus agro-residues
can be considered to be one of the most promising
pathways. Additionally, porous carbon can be generated
from any organic rich waste
IP status US Patent no. 10,683,211
Status of Industrial project on-going; an industrial project related to
commercialization development of porous carbon from effluent is ongoing. The
including status of industry‟s range of intermediates includes naphthalene
deployment based intermediates, dyestuffs, organic pigments, and
specialty intermediates. The effluent has 17.23 % solids,
made up of salts and organics. The spray dried effluent has
been converted to porous carbon vide KOH chemical
activation process. The MB value of the carbon is 417 with
BET 2500 m2/g. Further studies are ongoing to optimize the
production and carry out techno-economic studies.
Techno-economics Yet to be worked out, Feedback from industry waited.
Environmental Environmentally friendly technology
considerations
(CSIR-CSMCRI),Bhavnagar
Phone: 0278-2569496
249 | P a g e
Annexure
S. No Laboratory Address
1. CSIR-CBRI Director CSIR-CBRI
Phone: 01332-272243
2. CSIR-CECRI Director CSIR--CECRI
Phone: 04565-227777, 227778
3. CSIR-AMPRI Director CSIR-AMPRI
Phone: 0755-2457105
4. CSIR-CGCRI Director CSIR-CGCRI
Phone: 033-24735829, 24839241
5. CSIR-CLRI Director CSIR-CLRI
Phone: 044-24910897, 24910846
6. CSIR-CMERI Director CSIR-CMERI
Phone: 0343-2546749, 2546401
7. CSIR-NEERI Director CSIR-NEERI
Phone: 0712-2249999
8. CSIR-NIIST Director CSIR-NIIST
Phone: 0471-2490324
9. CSIR-NML Director CSIR-NML
Phone: 0657-2345202, 2345028
10. CSIR-NPL Director CSIR-NPL
Phone: 011-45609201, 45609301
11. CSIR-CFTRI Director CSIR-CFTRI
Phone: 0821-2517760
12. CSIR-CIMAP Director CSIR-CIMAP
E-mail:
[email protected]
Phone: 0522-2719083,2718503
13. CSIR-IHBT Director CSIR-IHBT
Phone: 01894-230411, 230509
14. CSIR-IICT Director CSIR-IICT
Phone: 040-27193030, 27193234
250 | P a g e
15. CSIR-IIIM Director CSIR-IIIM
Phone: 0191-2584999, 2585222
16. CSIR-IIP Director CSIR-IIP
Phone: 0135-2660205
17. CSIR-NBRI Director CSIR-NBRI
Phone: 0522-2205848, 2208876
18 CSIR-NEIST Director CSIR-NEIST
Phone: 0376-2370012, 2372742
19. CSIR-SERC Director CSIR-SERC
Phone: 044-22542139, 22549201
CSIR-CIMFR Director CSIR-CIMFR
Phone: 0326-2296023, 2296006
251 | P a g e

Waste To Wealth Technology Compendium

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Waste to Wealth

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research

16. Retanning agent from paper industry wastes CSIR-CLRI 36-37

34. Waste water treatment plant CSIR-CMERI 74-75

50. Tea catechins CSIR-IHBT 112-113

51. Tea wine CSIR-IHBT 114-115

52. Ready to serve tea concentrates CSIR-IHBT 116-117

53. Compost booster for cold region CSIR-IHBT 118-119

62. Herbal Gulal from floral temple waste CSIR-NBRI 145-146

63. Turmeric (Kesari) leaf essential oil CSIR-NBRI 147-148

67. Plates from coconut husk CSIR-NIIST 156

69. Particle board from rice husk CSIR-NPL 159-160

72. Process for making handmade paper CSIR-NEIST 165-166

74. C-brick machine CSIR-CBRI 170-171

77. Sintered lightweight fly ash aggregates CSIR-CBRI 176

92. Fly ash for road pavement construction CSIR-CRRI 210-211

93. Walue: Cenosphere extraction from fly ash CSIR-NEERI 212-213

94. Geopolymer cement from fly ash CSIR-NML 214-215

97. Eco-friendly geopolymer concrete blocks CSIR-SERC 219-220

Tiles, Paver & CFC Blocks using Kota stone

Red Mud based Radiation Shielding Synthetic Aggregates

Radiation Shielding Concrete Radiation Shielding Slabs

Pavers Block Demonstration of Copper Tailings Pavers Block at CSIR-AMPRI

After Implementation of Waste Minimization Techniques

Ceramic glazing using calcium hydroxide waste

Leather from chicken feet skins

Sole from fleshing waste

Status of Yet to be commercialized

Synthetic hydrotalcites (SHT)

Recovery of industrial grade sodium chloride and sodium sulphate

Palladium (palladium chloride) from spent silica

Status of  Commercial plants of 10,000 TPA using pregnant liquor

SEM image of CSIR-CSMCRI Zeolite-A

Sanchar Bin Conduction Oven Solar Pasteurizer

Gypsum-Cement- CLC Blocks

Effluent water treatment plant

Waste water treatment technology

Recovery of potash fertilizer using spent wash

Scale of development The basic technological components are integrated together

Crude Ammonium Sulphate Recovered Ammonium Sulphate

Scale of development The basic technological components are integrated together

Recovered Ca-compound (solid white powder)

USE OF IRON OXIDE PRICE (Rs/Kg)

Pharmaceutical (film coating 520~780/ Kg

Chemical (pure) 650~975/Kg

Economic analysis for the recovery of iron oxides/ hematite

B. Installation and Operational Cost

Scale of development 25 L of inoculum/day

B. Gross returns /ha

Cost of production /Kg = 15.00Rs/Kg

Nutrient rich Biochar

Pomegranate extract Syrup Pomegranate extract candy

Punica granatum peel based nutraceutical

Herbal incense product from used flowers

Ready to eat crispy fruits and vegetables

Textile fibre from plant resources

Techno-economics for 5 TPD OFMSW plant

Techno-economics for 10 TPD OFMSW & 2.5 m3/day