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    CHM 101 - Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules

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    lokpored Nojpores
    This document discusses hybridization and the shapes of molecules. [1] It explains sigma and pi bonds, and how sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization leads to different molecular geometries. [2] Examples covered include methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O) and ethene (C2H2) to illustrate tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, and planar shapes. [3] The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is also introduced to predict molecular geometry.

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    CHM 101 - Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules

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    lokpored Nojpores
    82 views12 pages
    This document discusses hybridization and the shapes of molecules. [1] It explains sigma and pi bonds, and how sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization leads to different molecular geometries. [2] Examples covered include methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O) and ethene (C2H2) to illustrate tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, and planar shapes. [3] The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is also introduced to predict molecular geometry.

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    Chm 101 -Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules

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    This document discusses hybridization and the shapes of molecules. [1] It explains sigma and pi bonds, and how sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization leads to different molecular geometries. [2] Examples covered include methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O) and ethene (C2H2) to illustrate tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, and planar shapes. [3] The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is also introduced to predict molecular geometry.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    82 views12 pages

    CHM 101 - Hybridization and Shapes of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    lokpored Nojpores
    This document discusses hybridization and the shapes of molecules. [1] It explains sigma and pi bonds, and how sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridization leads to different molecular geometries. [2] Examples covered include methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O) and ethene (C2H2) to illustrate tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, and planar shapes. [3] The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is also introduced to predict molecular geometry.

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    of 12

    CHM 101

    GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

    HYBRIDIZATION AND SHAPES OF MOLECULES


    By
    DR. OLUBUNMI A. ADEWUSI
    Department of Chemistry,
    Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    Know what sigma and pi bonds are, and examples of


    simple molecules having them.

    Understand sp2, and sp3 orbital hybridization with


    specific examples.

    Understand the principles of the valence shell electron


    pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory used in the prediction and
    the interpretation of shapes/geometry of simple
    molecules and ions.

    Understanding of the term bond angle.

    Know the shapes/geometry and bond angles of BeCl2,


    BCl3, CH4, NH3, H2O, CO2, PCl5, SF6 and C2H4.
    Be able to use VSEPR to predict shapes/geometry, bond
    angles of similar molecules to the ones given above.
    SIGMA (σ) BOND
    Sigma bonds are the strongest type of covalent bonds due to the direct overlap of valence orbitals, and
    the electrons in these bonds are sometimes referred to as sigma electrons. A single bond is usually a
    sigma bond.

    ONE

    HYDROGEN (H2) 1s1 1s1


    The simplest molecule to use to explain is the hydrogen molecule.
    Each atoms provides a 1s electron which is used in covalent
    bonding through the overlap of the two 1s orbitals, hence forming
    a pair within the two overlapping orbitals
    The two electrons forms a strong bond like a glue because of the
    strong attraction they experience to the positive nuclei of the
    atoms
    TWO

    METHANE (CH4)
    ✓ The simplest organic molecule
    ✓ Carbon 1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz

    ✓ A concept called orbital hybridization takes place for the carbon atom to be able to have a single bond each with the four
    hydrogen atoms. This is explained by valence bond theory (VBT)
    ✓ The four valence orbitals of the carbon (one 2s and three 2p orbitals) combines to form four equivalent hybrid
    sp3 orbitals because they are formed from mixing one s and three p orbitals. In the new electron configuration, each of
    the four valence electrons on the carbon occupies a single sp3 orbital.
    ✓ The four C-H bonds in methane are arranged with tetrahedral geometry about the central carbon, with each bond hav the
    same length and strength.
    ✓ The sp3 hybrid orbitals are oblong in shape similar to the p orbitals of which they are partly made up of with two lobes of
    opposite sign but the two lobes have different sizes unlike the regular p orbital. The bigger lobes are directed towards the
    four corners of a tetrahedron, making the angle between any two orbital in methane to be 109.5o.
    sp3 hybridized carbon sp3 hybridized carbon bonded to four hydrogen atoms

    ✓ The four C-H bonds in methane are of equal length of 1.09 Å (1.09 x 10-10m). Each is formed from the overlap
    between a half-filled 1s orbital in a hydrogen atom and a sp3 hybrid orbital in the central carbon.
    THE SOLID DASH/WEDGE SYSTEM

    It is a conventional way of drawing 2-


    dimentional structures of molecules. A
    solid wedge simply represents a bond
    that is meant to be pictured emerging
    from the plane of the page. A dashed
    wedge represents a bond that is meant to
    be pictured pointing into, or behind, the
    plane of the page. Normal lines imply
    bonds that lie in the plane of the page.
    THREE

    AMMONIA (NH3)

    ✓ Nitrogen is sp3 hybridized.

    ✓ The bonding arrangement is also


    tetrahedral where the three N-H bonds
    of ammonia forms the base of a trigonal
    pyramid. The fourth orbital which has
    the lone pair forms the top of the
    pyramid.

    ✓ The lone pair due to its slightly greater


    repulsive effect pushes the three N-H
    bonds away from the top of the
    pyramid, making the H-N-H bond angles
    not to tetrahedral at 107.3˚.
    FOUR

    WATER (H2O)

    ✓ The overlap of sp3 hybrid orbitals


    on oxygen with 1s orbitals on the
    two hydrogen atoms makes the
    bonding in water to occur.

    ✓ The two nonbonding lone pairs on


    oxygen would be located in
    sp3 orbitals. A molecule of water
    molecule is ‘bent’ at an angle of
    approximately 104.5˚(explained
    by VSERP).
    pi (π) BONDS
    sp2 hybridization
    FIVE

    ETHENE C2H2
    Valence bond theory, and the hybrid orbital concept, describes
    bonding in double-bonded compounds like ethene.
    ✓ The 2s, 2px and 2py orbitals combine to form three sp2 hybrid
    orbitals, leaving the 2pz orbital unhybridized.
    Characteristics of the ethene molecule relating to its bonding.
    ✓ It is a planar (flat) molecule.
    ✓ Bond angles are approximately 120 o, and the C-C bond
    length is 1.34 Å, significantly shorter than the 1.54 Å single
    carbon-carbon bond in ethane.

    ✓ There is no rotation about the carbon-carbon double bond.


    The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
    More Examples
    REFERENCES
    1. Pearson-International. A-Level-Chemistry

    2. Education-career. Online image from https://www.apa.org/ on June 6, 2023.

    3. Chem.libretexts.org. Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules. Hybridization and Molecular Shapes (Review).
    Online excerpt on June 6, 2023.

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