Designation: D86 − 12

Standard Test Method for

Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-

1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit to website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
such products as light and middle distillates, automotive and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxygenates (see may be prohibited by law.
Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, diesel fuels, 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
biodiesel blends up to 20 %, marine fuels, special petroleum safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, and Grades 1 and 2 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
burner fuels. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11
different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of
ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 v%, 50 v%, and 75 v% ethanol. The 2. Referenced Documents
results indicate that the repeatability limits of these samples are compa- 2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
rable or within the published repeatability of the method (with the
exception of FBP of 75% ethanol-fuel blends). On this basis, it can be agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent
concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to ethanol-fuel blends such edition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwise
as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other ethanol-fuel blends with specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules
greater than 10 v% ethanol. See ASTM RR:D02-1694 for supporting where earlier versions of the method(s) identified may be
data.2 required.
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate
2.2 ASTM Standards:3
fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
quantities of residual material.
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated (Reid Method)
instruments. D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are Petroleum Products
to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
are provided for information only. Products, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many Petroleum Products
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on ucts (Mini Method)
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.
In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123.
3
It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D86–11b. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0086-12. the ASTM website.
2 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D86 − 12
D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible- 3.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), n—the
Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines maximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during the
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for test.
Volatility Measurement 3.1.6.1 Discussion—This usually occurs after the evapora-
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The term
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method) maximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 3.1.7 front end loss, n—loss due to evaporation during
(Automatic Tilt Method) transfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor loss
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products during the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask at
(Rotational Method) the end of the distillation.
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and 3.1.8 fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85), n—blend of ethanol and
Lubricants hydrocarbon of which the ethanol portion is nominally 75 to 85
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement volume % denatured fuel ethanol. D4175
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that 3.1.9 initial boiling point (IBP), n—in D86 distillation, the
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material corrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop of
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers condensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther- 3.1.10 percent evaporated, n—in distillation, the sum of the
mometers percent recovered and the percent loss.
E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-
ders 3.1.10.1 percent loss, n— in distillation, one hundred minus
E1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks the percent total recovery.
2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5 3.1.10.2 corrected loss, n—percent loss corrected for baro-
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method metric pressure.
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation 3.1.11 percent recovered, n—in distillation, the volume of
Characteristics condensate collected relative to the sample charge.
IP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure 3.1.11.1 percent recovery, n—in distillation, maximum per-
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum cent recovered relative to the sample charge.
and Related Products 1996—Appendix A
3.1.11.2 corrected percent recovery, n—in distillation, the
percent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.
3. Terminology
3.1.11.3 percent total recovery, n—in distillation, the com-
3.1 Definitions: bined percent recovery and percent residue.
3.1.1 decomposition, n—of a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis or
cracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lower 3.1.12 percent residue, n—in distillation, the volume of
boiling points than the original molecule. residue relative to the sample charge.
3.1.13 rate of change (or slope), n—the change in tempera-
3.1.2 decomposition point, n—in distillation, the corrected
ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as described
temperature reading that coincides with the first indications of
in 13.2.
thermal decomposition of the specimen.
3.1.14 sample charge, n—the amount of sample used in a
3.1.3 dry point, n—in distillation, the corrected temperature
test.
reading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from the
lowest point in the flask. 3.1.15 temperature lag, n—the offset between the tempera-
ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and the
3.1.4 dynamic holdup, n—in D86 distillation, the amount of true temperature at that time.
material present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the
flask, and in the condenser tube during the distillation. 3.1.16 temperature measurement device, n—a thermometer,
as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in
3.1.5 emergent stem effect, n—the offset in temperature 6.3.2.
reading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glass
thermometers in the partial immersion mode. 3.1.16.1 temperature reading, n—the temperature obtained
by a temperature measuring device or system that is equal to
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the partial immersion mode, a por-
the thermometer reading described in 3.1.16.3.
tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is at
a lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in a 3.1.16.2 corrected temperature reading, n—the temperature
shrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperature reading, as described in 3.1.16.1, corrected for barometric
reading. pressure.
3.1.16.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result),
n—the temperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck
5
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, of the flask below the vapor tube, as determined by the
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk. prescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test.

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 D86 − 12
3.1.16.4 corrected thermometer reading, n—the thermom-
eter reading, as described in 3.1.16.3, corrected for barometric
pressure.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBP
or expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed in
one of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser
temperature, and other operational variables are defined by the
group in which the sample falls.
4.2 A 100-mL specimen of the sample is distilled under
prescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls.
The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation
unit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to
provide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys-
tematic observations of temperature readings and volumes of
condensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of the
data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also
recorded.
4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vapor
temperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and the
data are examined for conformance to procedural
requirements, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if
FIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas Burner
any specified condition has not been met.
4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo-
rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature,
5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum prod-
either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillation
uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process
curve.
refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory
rules.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range 6. Apparatus
of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla- 6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:
tion has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has 6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are the
existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic- distillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, a
tion of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it metal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heat
was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test source, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,
method has been in use for such an extended period, a and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.
tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating 6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.
end-use sensitivity on products and processes. 6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocar- automated units also are equipped with a system to measure
bons have an important effect on their safety and performance, and automatically record the temperature and the associated
especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range recovered volume in the receiving cylinder.
gives information on the composition, the properties, and the 6.2 A detailed description of the apparatus is given in Annex
behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the A2.
major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to
produce potentially explosive vapors. 6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:
6.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filled
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important with an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed.
for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, They shall conform to Specification E1 or IP Standard Methods
warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products
temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high 1996—Appendix A, or both, for thermometers ASTM 7C/IP
boiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi- 5C and ASTM 7F for the low range thermometers, and ASTM
cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion 8C/IP 6C and ASTM 8F for the high range thermometers.
deposits. 6.3.1.1 Thermometers that have been exposed for an ex-
5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an impor- tended period above an observed temperature of 370°C shall
tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularly not be reused without a verification of the ice point or checked
those used in paints. as prescribed in Specification E1 and Test Method E77.

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 D86 − 12

1–Condenser bath 11–Distillation flask

2–Bath cover 12–Temperature sensor
3–Bath temperature sensor 13–Flask support board
4–Bath overflow 14–Flask support platform
5–Bath drain 15–Ground connection
6–Condenser tube 16–Electric heater
7–Shield 17–Knob for adjusting level
8–Viewing window of support platform
9a–Voltage regulator 18–Power source cord
9b–Voltmeter or ammeter 19–Receiver cylinder
9c–Power switch 20–Receiver cooling bath
9d–Power light indicator 21–Receiver cover
10–Vent

FIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric Heater

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 D86 − 12

FIG. 3 PTFE Centering Device for Ground Glass Joint

NOTE 2—At an observed thermometer reading of 370°C, the tempera-

ture of the bulb is approaching a critical range in the glass and the
thermometer may lose its calibration.
6.3.2 Temperature measurement systems other than those
described in 6.3.1 are satisfactory for this test method, pro-
vided that they exhibit the same temperature lag, emergent
stem effect, and accuracy as the equivalent mercury-in-glass
thermometer.
6.3.2.1 The electronic circuitry or the algorithms, or both,
FIG. 4 Example of Centering Device Designs for Straight-Bore
used shall include the capability to simulate the temperature lag Neck Flasks
of a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
6.3.2.2 Alternatively, the sensor can also be placed in a
casing with the tip of the sensor covered so that the assembly,
because of its adjusted thermal mass and conductivity, has a
temperature lag time similar to that of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer.
NOTE 3—In a region where the temperature is changing rapidly during
the distillation, the temperature lag of a thermometer can be as much as 3
seconds.
6.3.3 In case of dispute, the referee test method shall be
carried out with the specified mercury-in-glass thermometer.
6.4 Temperature Sensor Centering Device:
6.4.1 The temperature sensor shall be mounted through a
snug-fitting device designed for mechanically centering the
sensor in the neck of the flask without vapor leakage. Examples FIG. 5 Position of Thermometer in Distillation Flask
of acceptable centering devices are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
(Warning—The use of a plain stopper with a hole drilled
through the center is not acceptable for the purpose described 6.6 Barometer—A pressure measuring device capable of
in 6.4.1.) measuring local station pressure with an accuracy of 0.1 kPa
NOTE 4—Other centering devices are also acceptable, as long as they (1 mm Hg) or better, at the same elevation relative to sea level
position and hold the temperature sensing device in the proper position in as the apparatus in the laboratory. (Warning —Do not take
the neck of the distillation column, as shown in Fig. 5 and described in readings from ordinary aneroid barometers, such as those used
10.5. at weather stations and airports, since these are precorrected to
NOTE 5—When running the test by the manual method, products with
a low IBP may have one or more readings obscured by the centering
give sea level readings.)
device. See also 10.14.3.1.
7. Sampling, Storage, and Sample Conditioning
6.5 Automated equipment manufactured in 1999 and later
shall be equipped with a device to automatically shut down 7.1 Determine the Group characteristics that correspond to
power to the unit and to spray an inert gas or vapor in the the sample to be tested (see Table 1). Where the procedure is
chamber where the distillation flask is mounted in the event of dependent upon the group, the section headings will be so
fire. marked.
NOTE 6—Some causes of fires are breakage of the distillation flask, 7.2 Sampling:
electrical shorts, and foaming and spilling of liquid sample through the top 7.2.1 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice
opening of the flask. D4057 or D4177 and as described in Table 2.

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 D86 − 12
TABLE 1 Group Characteristics 7.4.1.2 Groups 3 and 4—If the sample is not fluid at ambient
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 temperature, it is to be heated to a temperature of 9 to 21°C
Sample above its pour point (Test Method D97, D5949, or D5985)
characteristics prior to analysis. If the sample has partially or completely
Distillate type
Vapor pressure at solidified during storage, it shall be vigorously shaken after
37.8°C, kPa $65.5 <65.5 <65.5 <65.5 melting prior to opening the sample container to ensure
100°F, psi $9.5 <9.5 <9.5 <9.5 homogeneity.
(Test Methods D323, D4953, D5190, D5191,
D5842, IP 69 or IP 394) 7.4.1.3 If the sample is not fluid at room temperature, the
Distillation, IBP °C #100 >100 temperature ranges shown in Table 2 for the flask and for the
°F #212 >212
EP °C #250 #250 >250 >250
sample do not apply.
°F #482 #482 >482 >482
7.5 Wet Samples:
7.5.1 Samples of materials that visibly contain water are not
suitable for testing. If the sample is not dry, obtain another
7.2.1.1 Group 1—Condition the sample container to below sample that is free from suspended water.
10°C, preferably by filling the bottle with the cold liquid 7.5.2 Groups 1 and 2—If such a sample cannot be obtained,
sample and discarding the first sample. If this is not possible the suspended water can be removed by maintaining the
because, for instance, the product to be sampled is at ambient sample at 0 to 10°C, adding approximately 10 g of anhydrous
temperature, the sample shall be drawn into a bottle prechilled sodium sulfate per 100 mL of sample, shaking the mixture for
to below 10°C, in such a manner that agitation is kept at a approximately 2 min, and then allowing the mixture to settle
minimum. Close the bottle immediately with a tight-fitting for approximately 15 min. Once the sample shows no visible
closure. (Warning—Do not completely fill and tightly seal a signs of water, use a decanted portion of the sample, main-
cold bottle of sample because of the likelihood of breakage on tained between 1 and 10°C, for the analysis. Note in the report
warming.) that the sample has been dried by the addition of a desiccant.
7.2.1.2 Groups 2, 3, and 4—Collect the sample at ambient
temperature. After sampling, close the sample bottle immedi- NOTE 9—Suspended water in hazy samples in Groups 1 and 2 can be
removed by the addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate and separating the
ately with a tight-fitting closure. liquid sample from the drying agent by decanting without statistically
7.2.1.3 If the sample received by the testing laboratory has affecting the results of the test.6
been sampled by others and it is not known whether sampling
7.5.3 Groups 3 and 4—In cases in which a water-free
has been performed as described in 7.2, the sample shall be
sample is not practical, the suspended water can be removed by
assumed to have been so sampled.
shaking the sample with anhydrous sodium sulfate or other
7.3 Sample Storage: suitable drying agent and separating it from the drying agent by
7.3.1 If testing is not to start immediately after collection, decanting. Note in the report that the sample has been dried by
store the samples as indicated in 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and Table 2. All the addition of a desiccant.
samples shall be stored away from direct sunlight or sources of
direct heat. 8. Preparation of Apparatus
7.3.2 Group 1—Store the sample at a temperature below
10°C. 8.1 Refer to Table 3 and prepare the apparatus by choosing
the appropriate distillation flask, temperature measuring
NOTE 7—If there are no, or inadequate, facilities for storage below device, and flask support board, as directed for the indicated
10°C, the sample may also be stored at a temperature below 20°C,
provided the operator ensures that the sample container is tightly closed group. Bring the temperature of the receiving cylinder, the
and leak-free. flask, and the condenser bath to the indicated temperature.
7.3.3 Group 2—Store the sample at a temperature below 8.2 Make any necessary provisions so that the temperature
10°C. of the condenser bath and the receiving cylinder will be
NOTE 8—If there are no, or inadequate, facilities for storage below
maintained at the required temperatures. The receiving cylin-
10°C, the sample may also be stored at a temperature below 20°C, der shall be in a bath such that either the liquid level is at least
provided the operator ensures that the sample container is tightly closed as high as the 100-mL mark or the entire receiving cylinder is
and leak-free. surrounded by an air circulation chamber.
7.3.4 Groups 3 and 4—Store the sample at ambient or lower 8.2.1 Groups 1, 2, and 3—Suitable media for low tempera-
temperature. ture baths include, but are not limited to, chopped ice and
7.4 Sample Conditioning Prior to Analysis: water, refrigerated brine, and refrigerated ethylene glycol.
7.4.1 Samples shall be conditioned to the temperature 8.2.2 Group 4—Suitable media for ambient and higher bath
shown in Table 2 before opening the sample container. temperatures include, but are not limited to, cold water, hot
7.4.1.1 Groups 1 and 2—Samples shall be conditioned to a water, and heated ethylene glycol.
temperature of less than 10°C (50°F) before opening the
sample container, except when the sample is to be immediately
tested and is already at the prescribed sample temperature in 6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
Table 3. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1455.

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TABLE 2 Sampling, Storage, and Sample Conditioning
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Temperature of sample bottle °C <10
°F <50
Temperature of stored sample °C <10A <10 ambient ambient
°F <50A <50 ambient ambient
Temperature of sample after °C <10B <10B Ambient or Ambient or
conditioning prior to analysis 9 to 21°C above pour pointC
°F <50 <50 Ambient or Ambient or
48 to 70°F above pour pointC
If sample is wet resample resample dry in accordance with 7.5.3
If resample is still wetD dry in accordance with 7.5.2
A
Under certain circumstances, samples can also be stored at temperatures below 20°C (68°F). See also 7.3.2 and 7.3.3.
B
If sample is to be immediately tested and is already at the temperature prescribed in Table 3, see 7.4.1.1.
C
If sample is (semi)-solid at ambient temperature, see also 10.3.1.1.
D
If sample is known to be wet, resampling may be omitted. Dry sample in accordance with 7.5.2 and 7.5.3.

TABLE 3 Preparation of Apparatus and Specimen

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Flask, mL 125 125 125 125
ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)
IP distillation thermometer range low low low high
Flask support board B B C C
diameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50
Temperature at start of test
Flask °C 13–18 13–18 13–18 not above
°F 55–65 55–65 55–65 ambient
Flask support and shield not above not above not above
ambient ambient ambient
Receiving cylinder and sample
°C 13–18 13–18 13–18A 13–ambientA
°F 55–65 55–65 55–65A 55–ambientA
A
See 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.

8.3 Remove any residual liquid in the condenser tube by 9.1.2.1 If the temperature reading is not within the values
swabbing with a piece of soft, lint-free cloth attached to a cord shown in Table 4 for the respective apparatus being used (see
or wire. Note 11 and Table 4), the temperature measurement system
shall be considered defective and shall not be used for the test.
9. Calibration and Standardization
NOTE 10—Toluene is used as a verification fluid for calibration; it will
9.1 Temperature Measurement System—Temperature mea- yield almost no information on how well an electronic measurement
surement systems using other than the specified mercury-in- system simulates the temperature lag of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
glass thermometers shall exhibit the same temperature lag, 9.1.2.2 Reagent grade toluene and hexadecane (cetane),
emergent stem effect, and accuracy as the equivalent mercury- conforming to the specifications of the Committee on Analyti-
in-glass thermometer. Confirmation of the calibration of these cal Reagents of the American Chemical Society,8 shall be used.
temperature measuring systems shall be made at intervals of However, other grades may also be used, provided it is first
not more than six months, and after the system has been ascertained that the reagent is of sufficient purity to permit its
replaced or repaired. use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
9.1.1 The accuracy and the calibration of the electronic
NOTE 11—At 101.3 kPa, toluene is shown in reference manuals as
circuitry or computer algorithms, or both, shall be verified by boiling at 110.6°C when measured using a partial immersion thermometer.
the use of a standard precision resistance bench. When per- Because this test method uses thermometers calibrated for total
forming this verification, no algorithms shall be used to correct immersion, the results typically will be lower and, depending on the
the temperature for lag and the emergent stem effect (see thermometer and the situation, may be different for each thermometer. At
101.3 kPa, hexadecane is shown in reference manuals as boiling at
manufacturer’s instructions). 287.0°C when measured using a partial immersion thermometer. Because
9.1.2 Verification of the calibration of temperature measur- this test method uses thermometers calibrated for total immersion, the
ing devices shall be conducted by distilling toluene in accor-
dance with Group 1 of this test method and comparing the
50 % recovered temperature with that shown in Table 4.7 8
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1580. MD.

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 D86 − 12
TABLE 4 True and Min and Max D86 50 % Recovered Boiling Points (°C)A
Manual Automated
Distillation con- Distillation Distillation condi- Distillation con-
ditions min D86 conditions tions min D86 ditions max
50 % boiling max D86 50 % boiling D86 50 % boil-
point 50 % boiling point ing point
point
ASTM/IP true boil- Group 1, 2, and Group 1, 2, Group 1, 2, and Group 1, 2,
Toluene ing point 3 and 3 3 and 3
110.6 105.9 111.8 108.5 109.7

ASTM/IP true boil- Group 4 Group 4 Group 4 Group 4

Hexadecane ing point
287.0 272.2 283.1 277.0 280.0
A
The manual and automated temperatures show in this table are the values for the 95 % tolerance interval for the 99 % population coverage. The proposed tolerance
is approximately 3 × sigma. Information on the values in this table can be found in RR:D02-1580.

results typically will be lower, and, depending on the thermometer and the to the 100-mL mark of the receiving cylinder, and transfer the
situation, may be different for each thermometer. contents of the receiving cylinder as completely as practical
9.1.3 A procedure to determine the magnitude of the tem- into the distillation flask, ensuring that none of the liquid flows
perature lag is described in Annex A3. into the vapor tube.
9.1.4 A procedure to emulate the emergent stem effect is
described in Appendix X4. NOTE 14—It is important that the difference between the temperature of
the specimen and the temperature of the bath around the receiving cylinder
9.1.5 To verify the calibration of the temperature measure- is as small as practically possible. A difference of 5°C can make a
ment system at elevated temperatures, use hexadecane. The difference of 0.7 mL.
temperature measurement system shall indicate, at 50%
recovered, a temperature comparable to that shown in Table 4 10.3.1 Groups 3 and 4—If the sample is not fluid at ambient
for the respective apparatus under Group 4 distillation condi- temperature, it is to be heated to a temperature between 9 and
tions. 21°C above its pour point (Test Methods D97, D5949, D5950,
or D5985) prior to analysis. If the sample has partially or
NOTE 12—Because of the high melting point of hexadecane, Group 4 completely solidified in the intervening period, it shall be
verification distillations will have to be carried out with condenser
vigorously shaken after melting, and prior to sampling, to
temperatures >20°C.
ensure homogeneity.
9.2 Automated Method:
10.3.1.1 If the sample is not fluid at ambient temperatures,
9.2.1 Level Follower—For an automated distillation
disregard the temperature range shown in Table 3 for the
apparatus, the level follower/recording mechanism of the
receiving cylinder and sample. Prior to analysis, heat the
apparatus shall have a resolution of 0.1 volume % or better
receiving cylinder to approximately the same temperature as
with a maximum error of 0.3 volume % between the 5 and 100
the sample. Pour the heated specimen precisely to the 100-mL
volume % points. The calibration of the assembly shall be
mark of the receiving cylinder, and transfer the contents of the
verified in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions at
receiving cylinder as completely as practical into the distilla-
intervals of not more than three months and after the system
tion flask, ensuring that none of the liquid flows into the vapor
has been replaced or repaired.
tube.
NOTE 13—The typical calibration procedure involves verifying the
output with the receiver containing 5 and 100 volume % of material NOTE 15—Any material that evaporates during the transfer will
respectively. contribute to the loss; any material that remains in the receiving cylinder
will contribute to the observed recovery volume at the time of the IBP.
9.2.2 Barometric Pressure—At intervals of not more than
six months, and after the system has been replaced or repaired, 10.4 If the sample can be expected to demonstrate irregular
the barometric reading of the instrument shall be verified boiling behavior, that is, bumping, add a few boiling chips to
against a barometer, as described in 6.6. the specimen. The addition of a few boiling chips is acceptable
for any distillation.
10. Procedure
10.5 Fit the temperature sensor through a snug-fitting
10.1 Record the prevailing barometric pressure. device, as described in 6.4, to mechanically center the sensor in
10.2 Groups 1 and 2—Ensure that the sample is conditioned the neck of the flask. In the case of a thermometer, the bulb is
in accordance with Table 2. Fit a low range thermometer centered in the neck and the lower end of the capillary is level
provided with a snug-fitting cork or stopper of silicone rubber, with the highest point on the bottom of the inner wall of the
or equivalent polymeric material, tightly into the neck of the vapor tube (see Fig. 5). In the case of a thermocouple or
sample container and bring the temperature of the sample to the resistance thermometer, follow the manufacturer’s instructions
temperature indicated in Table 3. as to placement (see Fig. 6).
10.3 Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4—Check that the temperature of NOTE 16—If vacuum grease is used on the mating surface of the
the sample is as shown in Table 3. Pour the specimen precisely centering device, use the minimum amount of grease that is practical.

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FIG. 6 Example of One Manufacturer’s Recommended Placement

of Pt-100 Probe Relative to Distillation Flask Sidearm for Auto-
mated D86 Distillation Instrument

10.6 Fit the flask vapor tube, provided with a snug-fitting touching the wall of the receiving cylinder. Note the start time.
cork or rubber stopper of silicone, or equivalent polymeric Record the IBP to the nearest 0.1°C (0.2°F).
material, tightly into the condenser tube. Adjust the flask in a 10.9 Regulate the heating so that the time interval between
vertical position so that the vapor tube extends into the the first application of heat and the IBP is as specified in Table
condenser tube for a distance from 25 to 50 mm. Raise and 5.
adjust the flask support board to fit it snugly against the bottom
of the flask. 10.10 Regulate the heating so that the time from IBP to 5 %
recovered is as indicated in Table 5.
10.7 Place the receiving cylinder that was used to measure
the specimen, without drying the inside of the cylinder, into its 10.11 Continue to regulate the heating so that the uniform
temperature-controlled bath under the lower end of the con- average rate of condensation from 5 % recovered to 5 mL
denser tube. The end of the condenser tube shall be centered in residue in the flask is 4 to 5 mL per min. (Warning —Due to
the receiving cylinder and shall extend therein for a distance of the configuration of the boiling flask and the conditions of the
at least 25 mm, but not below the 100-mL mark. test, the vapor and liquid around the temperature sensor are not
in thermodynamic equilibrium. The distillation rate will con-
10.8 Initial Boiling Point: sequently have an effect on the measured vapor temperature.
10.8.1 Manual Method—To reduce evaporation loss of the The distillation rate shall, therefore, be kept as constant as
distillate, cover the receiving cylinder with a piece of blotting possible throughout the test.)
paper, or similar material, that has been cut to fit the condenser
tube snugly. If a receiver deflector is being used, start the NOTE 17—When testing gasoline samples, it is not uncommon to see
the condensate suddenly form non-miscible liquid phases and bead up on
distillation with the tip of the deflector just touching the wall of the temperature measuring device and in the neck of the boiling flask at a
the receiving cylinder. If a receiver deflector is not used, keep vapor temperature of around 160°C. This may be accompanied by a sharp
the drip tip of the condenser away from the wall of the (about 3°C) dip in the vapor temperature and a drop in the recovery rate.
receiving cylinder. Note the start time. Observe and record the The phenomenon, which may be due to the presence of trace water in the
IBP to the nearest 0.5°C (1.0°F). If a receiver deflector is not sample, may last for 10 to 30 s before the temperature recovers and the
condensate starts flowing smoothly again. This point is sometimes
being used, immediately move the receiving cylinder so that colloquially referred to as the Hesitation Point.
the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall.
10.8.2 Automated Method—To reduce evaporation loss of 10.12 Repeat any distillation that did not meet the require-
the distillate, use the device provided by the instrument ments described in 10.9, 10.10, and 10.11.
manufacturer for this purpose. Apply heat to the distillation 10.13 If a decomposition point is observed, discontinue the
flask and contents with the tip of the receiver deflector just heating and proceed as directed in 10.17.

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TABLE 5 Conditions During Test Procedure
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Temperature of cooling bathA °C 0–1 0–5 0–5 0–60
°F 32–34 32–40 32–40 32–140
Temperature of bath around °C 13–18 13–18 13–18 ±3
receiving cylinder °F 55–65 55–65 55–65 ±5
of charge
temperature
Time from first application of heat to
initial boiling point, min 5–10 5–10 5–10 5–15
Time from initial boiling point
to 5 % recovered, s 60–100 60–100
Uniform average rate of condensation
from 5 % recovered to 5 mL
in flask, mL/min 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5
Time recorded from 5 mL residue to
end point, min 5 max 5 max 5 max 5 max
A
the proper condenser bath temperature will depend upon the wax content of the sample and of its distillation fractions. The test is generally performed using one single
condenser temperature. Wax formation in the condenser can be deduced from (a) the presence of wax particles in the distillate coming off the drip tip, (b) a higher distillation
loss than what would be expected based on the initial boiling point of the specimen, (c) an erratic recovery rate and (d) the presence of wax particles during the removal
of residual liquid by swabbing with a lint-free cloth (see 8.3). The minimum temperature that permits satisfactory operation shall be used. In general, a bath temperature
in the 0 to 4°C range is suitable for kerosine, Grade No. 1 fuel oil and Grade No. 1-D diesel fuel oil. In some cases involving Grade No. 2 fuel oil, Grade No. 2-D diesel
fuel oil, gas oils and similar distillates, it may be necessary to hold the condenser bath temperature in the 38 to 60°C range.

NOTE 18—Characteristic indications of thermal decomposition are that particular area is greater than 0.6 (change of slope (F ) is
evolution of fumes and erratic, typically decreasing, temperature readings greater than 1.0) as calculated by Eq 1 (Eq 2).
that occur during the final stages of the distillation.
Change of Slope ~ C ! 5 (1)
10.14 In the interval between the IBP and the end of the
distillation, observe and record data necessary for the calcula- ~ C 2 2 C 1! / ~ V 2 2 V 1! 2 ~ C 3 2 C 2! / ~ V 3 2 V 2!
tion and reporting of the results of the test as required by the
Change of Slope ~ F ! 5 (2)
specification involved, or as previously established for the
sample under test. These observed data can include tempera- ~ F 2 2 F 1! / ~ V 2 2 V 1! 2 ~ F 3 2 F 2! / ~ V 3 2 V 2!
ture readings at prescribed percentages recovered or percent-
ages recovered at prescribed temperature readings, or both. where:
10.14.1 Manual Method—Record all volumes in the gradu- C1 = temperature at the volume % recorded one reading
ated cylinder to the nearest 0.5 mL, and all temperature prior to the volume % in question, °C,
readings to the nearest 0.5°C (1.0°F). C2 = temperature at the volume % recorded in question, °C,
10.14.2 Automated Method—Record all volumes in the
receiving cylinder to the nearest 0.1 mL, and all temperature C3 = temperature at the volume % recorded following the
readings to the nearest 0.1°C (0.2°F). volume % in question, °C,
10.14.3 Group 1, 2, 3, and 4—In cases in which no specific F1 = temperature at the volume % recorded one reading
data requirements have been indicated, record the IBP and the prior to the volume % in question, °F,
EP (FBP) or the dry point, or both, and temperature readings at F2 = temperature at the volume % recorded in question, °F,
5, 15, 85, and 95 % recovered, and at each 10 % multiple of
F3 = temperature at the volume % recorded following the
volume recovered from 10 to 90, inclusive.
volume % in question, °F,
10.14.3.1 Group 4—When a high range thermometer is used
V1 = volume % recorded one reading prior to the volume %
in testing aviation turbine fuels and similar products, pertinent
in question,
thermometer readings can be obscured by the centering device. V2 = volume % recorded at the volume % in question, and
If these readings are required, perform a second distillation in
accordance with Group 3. In such cases, reading from a low V3 = volume % recorded following the volume % in ques-
range thermometer can be reported in place of the obscured tion.
high range thermometer readings, and the test report shall so
indicate. If, by agreement, the obscured readings are waived, 10.15 When the residual liquid in the flask is approximately
the test report shall so indicate. 5 mL, make a final adjustment of the heat. The time from the
10.14.4 When it is required to report the temperature 5 mL of liquid residue in the flask to the EP (FBP) shall be
reading at a prescribed percent evaporated or recovered for a within the limits prescribed in Table 5. If this condition is not
sample that has a rapidly changing slope of the distillation satisfied, repeat the test with appropriate modification of the
curve in the region of the prescribed percent evaporated or final heat adjustment.
recovered reading, record temperature readings at every 1 % NOTE 19—Since it is difficult to determine when there is 5 mL of
recovered. The slope is considered rapidly changing if the boiling liquid left in the flask, this time is determined by observing the
change in slope ( C) of the data points described in 10.14.2 in amount of liquid recovered in the receiving cylinder. The dynamic holdup

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 D86 − 12
has been determined to be approximately 1.5 mL at this point. If there are appreciable increase in the volume of liquid in the cylinder is
no front end losses, the amount of 5 mL in the flask can be assumed to observed. Measure the volume in the graduated cylinder to the
correspond with an amount of 93.5 mL in the receiving cylinder. This
amount has to be adjusted for the estimated amount of front end loss.
nearest 0.1 mL, and record as percent residue.
10.19.1 If the 5-mL graduated cylinder does not have
10.15.1 If the actual front end loss differs more than 2 mL graduations below 1 mL and the volume of liquid is less than
from the estimated value, the test shall be rerun. 1 mL, prefill the cylinder with 1 mL of a heavy oil to allow a
10.16 Observe and record the EP (FBP) or the dry point, or better estimate of the volume of the material recovered.
both, as required, and discontinue the heating. 10.19.1.1 If a residue greater than expected is obtained, and
NOTE 20—The end point (final boiling point), rather than the dry point,
the distillation was not purposely terminated before the EP,
is intended for general use. The dry point can be reported in connection check whether adequate heat was applied towards the end of
with special purpose naphthas, such as those used in the paint industry. the distillation and whether conditions during the test con-
Also, it is substituted for the end point (final boiling point) whenever the formed to those specified in Table 5. If not, repeat test.
sample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point (final boiling
point) cannot consistently meet the requirements given in the precision NOTE 22—The distillation residues of this test method for gasoline,
section. kerosine, and distillate diesel are typically 0.9–1.2, 0.9–1.3, and 1.0–1.4
NOTE 21—Groups 1 and 2, once the final heat adjustment is made, the volume %, respectively.
vapor temperature/thermometer reading will continue to increase. As the NOTE 23—The test method is not designed for the analysis of distillate
distillation nears the end point (final boiling point) the distillation typically fuels containing appreciable quantities of residual material (see 1.2).
achieves dry point first. After the dry point has been achieved the vapor
temperature/thermometer reading should continue to increase. The bottom
10.19.2 Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4—Record the volume in the
of the flask will be dry but the sides and neck of the flask and the 5-mL graduated cylinder, to the nearest 0.1 mL, as percent
temperature sensor will still have vapor condensate present. The vapor residue.
condensate may have the appearance of a white cloud of fumes. This
vapor condensate/cloud of fumes should totally engulf the temperature- 10.20 If the intent of the distillation is to determine the
measuring sensor before the vapor temperature starts to decrease. If these percent evaporated or percent recovered at a predetermined
observations do not occur, the end point may not have been reached. It corrected temperature reading, modify the procedure to con-
would be advisable to repeat the test adding additional heat to the final form to the instructions described in Annex A4.
heat adjustment. Typically the vapor temperature will continue to rise as
the dry point is reached and the vapor cloud engulfs the temperature- 10.21 Examine the condenser tube and the side arm of the
measuring sensor. When the end point is near, the rate of temperature flask for waxy or solid deposits. If found, repeat the test after
increase will slow and level off. Once the endpoint is reached the vapor making adjustments described in Footnote A of Table 5.
temperature will start and continue to decrease. If the vapor temperature
starts to decrease but then increases and repeats this cycle while the vapor
temperature continues to increase you have added too much heat to the 11. Calculations
final heat adjustment. If this is the case, it would be advisable to repeat the
11.1 The percent total recovery is the sum of the percent
test lowering final heat setting.
Groups 3 and 4, many Group 3 and 4 samples will have the same recovery (see 10.18) and the percent residue (see 10.19).
distillation characteristics in regards to dry point and endpoint as Groups Deduct the percent total recovery from 100 to obtain the
1 and 2. With samples that contain higher temperature boiling materials it percent loss.
may not be possible to detect a dry point or an end point before the
decomposition point occurs. 11.2 Do not correct the barometric pressure for meniscus
depression, and do not adjust the pressure to what it would be
10.17 Allow the distillate to drain into the receiving
at sea level.
cylinder, after heating has been discontinued.
10.17.1 Manual Method—While the condenser tube contin- NOTE 24—The observed barometric reading does not have to be
ues to drain into the graduated cylinder, observe and note the corrected to a standard temperature and to standard gravity. Even without
volume of condensate to the nearest 0.5 mL at 2 min intervals performing these corrections, the corrected temperature readings for the
same sample between laboratories at two different locations in the world
until two successive observations agree. Measure the volume will, in general, differ less than 0.1°C at 100°C. Almost all data obtained
in the receiving cylinder accurately, and record it to the nearest earlier have been reported at barometric pressures that have not been
0.5 mL. corrected to standard temperature and to standard gravity.
10.17.2 Automated Method—The apparatus shall continu- 11.3 Correct temperature readings to 101.3 kPa (760 mm
ally monitor the recovered volume until this volume changes Hg) pressure. Obtain the correction to be applied to each
by no more than 0.1 mL in 2 min. Record the volume in the temperature reading by means of the Sydney Young equation
receiving cylinder accurately to the nearest 0.1 mL. as given in Eq 3, Eq 4, or Eq 5, as appropriate, or by the use
10.18 Record the volume in the receiving cylinder as of Table 6. For Celsius temperatures:
percent recovery. If the distillation was previously discontin- C c 5 0.0009 ~ 101.3 2 P k ! ~ 2731t c ! (3)
ued under the conditions of a decomposition point, deduct the
C c 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 P ! ~ 2731t c ! (4)
percent recovered from 100, report this difference as the sum of
percent residue and percent loss, and omit the procedure given For Fahrenheit temperatures:
in 10.19. C f 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 P ! ~ 4601t f ! (5)
10.19 After the flask has cooled and no more vapor is
where:
observed, disconnect the flask from the condenser, pour its
contents into a 5-mL graduated cylinder, and with the flask tc = the observed temperature reading in °C,
suspended over the cylinder, allow the flask to drain until no tf = the observed temperature reading in °F,

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TABLE 6 Approximate Thermometer Reading Correction where:
CorrectionA per 1.3 kPa (10 mm Hg) L = percent loss or observed loss,
Temperature Range Difference in Pressure
Lc = corrected loss,
°C °F °C °F
R = percent recovery, and
10–30 50–86 0.35 0.63
30–50 86–122 0.38 0.68
Rc = corrected percent recovery.
50–70 122–158 0.40 0.72
70–90 158–194 0.42 0.76
11.5 To obtain the percent evaporated at a prescribed
90–110 194–230 0.45 0.81 temperature reading, add the percent loss to each of the
110–130 230–266 0.47 0.85 observed percent recovered at the prescribed temperature
130–150 266–302 0.50 0.89
150–170 302–338 0.52 0.94
readings, and report these results as the respective percent
170–190 338–374 0.54 0.98 evaporated, that is:
190–210 374–410 0.57 1.02
210–230 410–446 0.59 1.07 P e 5 P r 1L (9)
230–250 446–482 0.62 1.11
250–270 482–518 0.64 1.15
where:
270–290 518–554 0.66 1.20 L = observed loss,
290–310 554–590 0.69 1.24
Pe = percent evaporated, and
310–330 590–626 0.71 1.28
330–350 626–662 0.74 1.33 Pr = percent recovered.
350–370 662–698 0.76 1.37
370–390 698–734 0.78 1.41 11.6 To obtain temperature readings at prescribed percent
390–410 734–770 0.81 1.46 evaporated, and if no recorded temperature data is available
A
Values to be added when barometric pressure is below 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) within 0.1 volume % of the prescribed percent evaporated, use
and to be subtracted when barometric pressure is above 101.3 kPa. either of the two following procedures, and indicate on the
report whether the arithmetical procedure or the graphical
procedure has been used.
11.6.1 Arithmetical Procedure—Deduct the observed loss
Cc and Cf = corrections to be added algebraically to the from each prescribed percent evaporated to obtain the corre-
observed temperature readings, sponding percent recovered. Calculate each required tempera-
Pk = barometric pressure, prevailing at the time and ture reading as follows:
location of the test, kPa, and
P = barometric pressure, prevailing at the time and T 5 T L 1 ~ T H 2 T L ! ~ P r 2 P rL! / ~ P rH 2 P rL! (10)
location of the test, mm Hg. where:
After applying the corrections and rounding each result to Pr = percent recovered corresponding to the prescribed
the nearest 0.5°C (1.0°F) or 0.1°C (0.2°F), as appropriate to the percent evaporated,
apparatus being used, use the corrected temperature readings in PrH = percent recovered adjacent to, and higher than Pr,
all further calculations and reporting. PrL = percent recovered adjacent to, and lower than Pr,
T = temperature reading at the prescribed percent
NOTE 25—Temperature readings are not corrected to 101.3 kPa (760
mm Hg) when product definitions, specifications, or agreements between evaporated,
the parties involved indicate, specifically, that such correction is not TH = temperature reading recorded at PrH, and
required or that correction shall be made to some other base pressure. TL = temperature reading recorded at PrL.
11.4 Correct the actual loss to 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) Values obtained by the arithmetical procedure are affected by
pressure when temperature readings are corrected to 101.3 kPa the extent to which the distillation graphs are nonlinear.
pressure. The corrected loss, Lc, is calculated from Eq 6 or Eq Intervals between successive data points can, at any stage of
7, as appropriate, or can be read from the tables presented as the test, be no wider than the intervals indicated in 10.18. In no
Fig. X3.1 or Fig. X3.2. case shall a calculation be made that involves extrapolation.
L c 5 0.51 ~ L 2 0.5! / $ 11 ~ 101.3 2 P k ! /8.00% (6) 11.6.2 Graphical Procedure—Using graph paper with uni-
form subdivisions, plot each temperature reading corrected for
L c 5 0.51 ~ L 2 0.5! / $ 11 ~ 760 2 P ! /60.0% (7)
barometric pressure, if required (see 11.3), against its corre-
where: sponding percent recovered. Plot the IBP at 0 % recovered.
L = observed loss, Draw a smooth curve connecting the points. For each pre-
Lc = corrected loss, scribed percent evaporated, deduct the distillation loss to
Pk = pressure, kPa, and obtain the corresponding percent recovered and take from the
P = pressure, mm Hg. graph the temperature reading that this percent recovered
NOTE 26—Eq 6 and 7 above have been derived from the data in Table indicates. Values obtained by graphical interpolation proce-
A4.3 and Eqs 5 and 6 in Test Method D86 – 95 and earlier versions. It is dures are affected by the care with which the plot is made.
probable that Eq 6 and 7 shown were the original empirical equations from
which the table and equations in the Test Method D86 – 95 and earlier NOTE 27—See Appendix X1 for numerical examples illustrating the
versions were derived. arithmetical procedure.
11.4.1 Calculate the corresponding corrected percent recov- 11.6.3 In most automated instruments, temperature-volume
ery in accordance with the following equation: data are collected at 0.1 volume % intervals or less and stored
R c 5 R1 ~ L 2 L c ! (8) in memory. To report a temperature reading at a prescribed

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percent evaporated, neither of the procedures described in 13. Precision and Bias
11.6.1 and 11.6.2 have to be used. Obtain the desired tempera- 13.1 Precision—The precision of this test method, as deter-
ture directly from the database as the temperature closest to and mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test
within 0.1 volume % of the prescribed percent evaporated. results,9 is as follows:
NOTE 28—The precision and bias have been derived according to the
12. Report group number in the following fashion. Group 1, 2, and 3 samples are
12.1 Report the following information (see Appendix X5 labeled as NOT4, and Group 4 samples are labeled GRP4.
NOTE 29—The precision was derived from data produced by automated
for examples of reports): D86 apparatus. Typical examples of precision for manual apparatus can be
calculated from the information contained in Annex A4 (see A4.10).
12.2 Report the barometric pressure to the nearest 0.1 kPa NOTE 30—Information on the precision of % evaporated or % recov-
(1 mm Hg). ered at a prescribed temperature can be found in Annex A4.
NOTE 31—A new interlaboratory study is being planned to address
12.3 Report all volumetric readings in percentages. concerns that laboratories are not able to meet the precision for percent
12.3.1 Manual Method—Report volumetric readings to the evaporated temperature at fifty percent.
nearest 0.5, and all temperature readings to the nearest 0.5°C 13.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
(1.0°F). test results, obtained by the same operator using the same
12.3.2 Automated Method—Report volumetric readings to apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
the nearest 0.1, and all temperature readings to the nearest one material, would in the long run, in the normal and correct
tenth degree. operation of this test method, exceed the following only in one
case in twenty.
12.4 After barometric corrections of the temperature read-
NOT4: Refer to Annex A1 for tables of calculated repeatability.
ings have been made, the following data require no further IBP: r = 0.0295(E + 51.19) valid range: 20 – 70°C
calculation prior to reporting: IBP, dry point, EP (FBP), E10: r = 1.33 valid range: 35 – 95°C
E50: r = 0.74 valid range: 65 – 220°C
decomposition point, and all pairs of corresponding values E90: r = 0.00755(E + 59.77) valid range: 110 – 245°C
involving percent recovered and temperature readings. FBP: r = 3.33 valid range: 135 – 260°C
12.4.1 The report shall state if the temperature readings GRP4: Refer to Annex A1 for tables of calculated repeatability.
IBP: r = 0.018T valid range: 145 – 220°C
have not been corrected for barometric pressure. T10: r = 0.0094T valid range: 160 – 265°C
T50: r = 0.94 valid range: 170 – 295°C
12.5 When the temperature readings have not been cor- T90: r = 0.0041T valid range: 180 – 340°C
rected to 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) pressure, report the percent T95: r = 0.01515(T-140) valid range: 260 – 340°C (Diesel)
FBP: r = 2.2 valid range: 195 – 365°C
residue and percent loss as observed in accordance with 10.19
and 11.1, respectively. where:
12.6 Do not use the corrected loss in the calculation of E = evaporated temperature within valid range prescribed,
percent evaporated. and
T = recovered temperature within valid range prescribed.
12.7 It is advisable to base the report on relationships NOTE 32—For naphthas, solvents and other similar materials where
between temperature readings and percent evaporated when the percent recovered are reported and the percent loss is typically less than
one percent, the percent recovered temperatures can be considered
sample is a gasoline, or any other product classified under identical to the percent evaporated temperatures and precision can be
Group 1, or in which the percent loss is greater than 2.0. calculated as shown for NOT4.
Otherwise, the report can be based on relationships between
13.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
temperature readings and percent evaporated or percent recov- and independent test results, obtained by different operators
ered. Every report must indicate clearly which basis has been working in different laboratories on identical test material,
used. would in the long run, in normal and correct operation of this
12.7.1 In the manual method, if results are given in percent test method, exceed the following only in one case in twenty.
evaporated versus temperature readings, report if the arithmeti- NOT4: Refer to Annex A1 for tables of calculated reproducibility.
cal or the graphical procedure was used (see 11.6). IBP: R = 0.0595(E + 51.19) valid range: 20 – 70°C
E10: R = 3.20 valid range: 35 – 95°C
12.8 Report if a drying agent, as described in 7.5.2 or 7.5.3, E50: R = 1.88 valid range: 65 – 220°C
was used. E90: R = 0.019(E + 59.77) valid range: 110 – 245°C
FBP: R = 6.78 valid range: 135 – 260°C
12.9 Fig. X1.1 is an example of a tabular report. It shows the
percent recovered versus the corresponding temperature read-
ing and versus the corrected temperature reading. It also shows 9
Supporting data (results of the 2005 Interlaboratory Cooperative Test Program)
the percent loss, the corrected loss, and the percent evaporated have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by
versus the corrected temperature reading. requesting Research Report RR:D02-1621.

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 D86 − 12

GRP4: Refer to Annex A1 for tables of calculated reproducibility. spirits and toluene. The temperature range covered was 23 to
IBP: R = 0.055T valid range: 145 – 220°C 365°C. Information on the type of samples and their average
T10: R = 0.022T valid range: 160 – 265°C
T50: R = 2.97 valid range: 170 – 295°C
boiling points are in the research report.
T90: R = 0.015T valid range: 180 – 340°C
NOTE 34—The precision was not determined for one sample of gasoline
T95: R = 0.0423(T-140) valid range: 260 – 340°C (Diesel)
FBP: R = 7.1 valid range: 195 – 365°C with high vapor pressure which exhibited high loss, and one sample of
aviation turbine fuel doped with gasoline, which is atypical.
where: 13.3 Bias:
E = evaporated temperature within valid range prescribed, 13.3.1 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
and suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
T = recovered temperature within valid range prescribed. methods, bias has not been determined.
NOTE 33—For naphthas, solvents and other similar materials where 13.3.2 Relative Bias between Manual and Automated
percent recovered are reported and the percent loss is typically less than
one percent, the percent recovered temperatures can be considered Apparatus—An interlaboratory study7 conducted in 2003 using
identical to the percent evaporated temperatures and precision can be manual and automated apparatus has concluded that there is no
calculated as shown for NOT4. statistical evidence to suggest that there is a bias between
13.2 The precision statements were derived according to manual and automated results.
Practice D6300 from a 2005 interlaboratory cooperative test NOTE 35—See A2.1 for information on the application and use of
program.9 Sixteen laboratories participated and analyzed thirty borosilicate and quartz distillation flasks.
three sample sets comprised of; specification grade gasolines,
some containing up to 10 % ethanol, specification grade diesel, 14. Keywords
with a B5 and B20 biodiesel, specification grade heating oil, 14.1 batch distillation; distillates; distillation; laboratory
aviation turbine fuels, aviation gasolines, marine fuels, mineral distillation; petroleum products

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. PRECISION TABLES FOR REPEATABILITY (r) AND REPRODUCIBILITY (R)

A1.1 Tables: 40 1.33 3.20

45 1.33 3.20
Evaporated IBP IBP_NOT4
50 1.33 3.20
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
55 1.33 3.20
20 2.10 4.24
60 1.33 3.20
25 2.25 4.53
65 1.33 3.20
30 2.40 4.83
70 1.33 3.20
35 2.54 5.13
75 1.33 3.20
40 2.69 5.43
80 1.33 3.20
45 2.84 5.72
85 1.33 3.20
50 2.99 6.02
90 1.33 3.20
55 3.13 6.32
95 1.33 3.20
60 3.28 6.62
65 3.43 6.91 Recovered 10 % T10_GRP4
70 3.58 7.21 Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
160 1.50 3.52
Recovered IBP IBP_GRP4
165 1.55 3.63
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
170 1.60 3.74
145 2.61 7.98
175 1.65 3.85
150 2.70 8.25
180 1.69 3.96
155 2.79 8.53
185 1.74 4.07
160 2.88 8.80
190 1.79 4.18
165 2.97 9.08
195 1.83 4.29
170 3.06 9.35
200 1.88 4.40
175 3.15 9.63
205 1.93 4.51
180 3.24 9.90
210 1.97 4.62
185 3.33 10.18
215 2.02 4.73
190 3.42 10.45
220 2.07 4.84
195 3.51 10.73
225 2.12 4.95
200 3.60 11.00
230 2.16 5.06
205 3.69 11.28
235 2.21 5.17
210 3.78 11.55
240 2.26 5.28
215 3.87 11.83
245 2.30 5.39
220 3.96 12.10
250 2.35 5.50
Evaporated 10 % E10_NOT4 255 2.40 5.61
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 260 2.44 5.72
35 1.33 3.20

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265 2.49 5.83 230 0.94 3.45

Evaporated 50 % E50_NOT4 235 0.96 3.53
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 240 0.98 3.60
65–220 0.74 1.88 245 1.00 3.68
250 1.03 3.75
Recovered 50 % T50_GRP4 255 1.05 3.83
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 260 1.07 3.90
170–295 0.94 2.97 265 1.09 3.98
Evaporated 90% E90_NOT4 270 1.11 4.05
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 275 1.13 4.13
110 1.28 3.23 280 1.15 4.20
115 1.32 3.32 285 1.17 4.28
120 1.36 3.42 290 1.19 4.35
125 1.40 3.51 295 1.21 4.43
130 1.43 3.61 300 1.23 4.50
135 1.47 3.70 305 1.25 4.58
140 1.51 3.80 310 1.27 4.65
145 1.55 3.89 315 1.29 4.73
150 1.58 3.99 320 1.31 4.80
155 1.62 4.08 325 1.33 4.88
160 1.66 4.18 330 1.35 4.95
165 1.70 4.27 335 1.37 5.03
170 1.73 4.37 340 1.39 5.10
175 1.77 4.46
180 1.81 4.56 Recovered 95 % T95_GRP4 Diesel
185 1.85 4.65 Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
190 1.89 4.75 260 1.82 5.08
195 1.92 4.84 265 1.89 5.29
200 1.96 4.94 270 1.97 5.50
205 2.00 5.03 275 2.05 5.71
210 2.04 5.13 280 2.12 5.92
215 2.07 5.22 285 2.20 6.13
220 2.11 5.32 290 2.27 6.35
225 2.15 5.41 295 2.35 6.56
230 2.19 5.51 300 2.42 6.77
235 2.23 5.60 305 2.50 6.98
240 2.26 5.70 310 2.58 7.19
245 2.30 5.79 315 2.65 7.40
Recovered 90 % T90_GRP4 320 2.73 7.61
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 325 2.80 7.83
180 0.74 2.70 330 2.88 8.04
185 0.76 2.78 335 2.95 8.25
190 0.78 2.85 340 3.03 8.46
195 0.80 2.93 Evaporated FBP FBP_NOT4
200 0.82 3.00 Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
205 0.84 3.08 135–260 3.33 6.78
210 0.86 3.15
215 0.88 3.23 Recovered FBP FBP_GRP4
220 0.90 3.30 Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
225 0.92 3.38 195–365 2.2 7.1

A2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

A2.1 Distillation Flasks—Flasks shall be of heat resistant A2.1.1 Intralaboratory and interlaboratory data10 for motor
glass, constructed to the dimensions and tolerances shown in gasoline, kerosene, aviation turbine fuel, fuel oil, and diesel
Fig. A2.1 and Fig. A2.2. Flasks made of borosilicate glass shall fuel were assessed by Practice D6708 indicating that some
comply with the requirements of Specification E1405. Flasks correction could improve the degree of agreement between
made of quartz shall be composed of 99.9+% SiO2. Flasks may quartz and borosilicate flask results. The level of correction
also be constructed with a ground glass joint. could be considered practically not significant. Correction is
NOTE A2.1—Since the thermal response of borosilicate glass and quartz more probable at the IBP and FBP of both motor gasoline and
can be different, consider appropriate adjustments for the initial and final
heat regulation to attain the time limits stated in the procedure. 10
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
NOTE A2.2—For tests specifying dry point, specially selected flasks be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1753. Contact ASTM Customer
with bottoms and walls of uniform thickness are desirable. Service at [email protected].

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 D86 − 12

FIG. A2.1 125-mL Flask and 125-mL Flask with Ground Glass Joint

distillate fuels. Optimizing D86 parameters for motor gasoline outlet of the tube. Alternatively, the lower portion of the
and distillate fuels may further minimize the differences in D86 condenser tube can be curved slightly backward to ensure
IBP and FBP when using borosilicate versus quartz flask. Bias contact with the wall of the receiving cylinder at a point 25 to
can conceivably occur for materials and temperatures not 32 mm below the top of the receiving cylinder. Fig. A2.3 is a
studied in this limited program. drawing of an acceptable configuration of the lower end of the
A2.1.1.1 For motor gasoline in the temperature range of 25 condenser tube.
to 220°C:
Borosilicate = 1.0054 Quartz – 0.73 A2.2.3 The volume and the design of the bath will depend
A2.1.1.2 For kerosene, aviation turbine fuel, fuel oil, and on the cooling medium employed. The cooling capacity of the
diesel fuel in the temperature range of 140 to 350°C: bath shall be adequate to maintain the required temperature for
Borosilicate = Quartz + 0.40 the desired condenser performance. A single condenser bath
may be used for several condenser tubes.
A2.2 Condenser and Condenser Bath—Typical types of
condenser and condenser baths are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. A2.3 Metal Shield or Enclosure for Flask. (Manual units
only).
A2.2.1 The condenser shall be made of seamless noncorro-
sive metal tubing, 560 6 5 mm in length, with an outside A2.3.1 Shield for Gas Burner (see Fig. 1)—The purpose of
diameter of 14 mm and a wall thickness of 0.8 to 0.9 mm. this shield is to provide protection for the operator and yet
allow easy access to the burner and to the distillation flask
NOTE A2.3—Brass or stainless steel has been found to be a suitable during operation. A typical shield would be 480-mm high,
material for this purpose.
280-mm long and 200-mm wide, made of sheet metal of
A2.2.2 The condenser shall be set so that 393 6 3 mm of the 0.8-mm thickness (22 gauge). The shield shall be provided
tube is in contact with the cooling medium, with 50 6 3 mm with at least one window to observe the dry point at the end of
outside the cooling bath at the upper end, and with 114 6 3 mm the distillation.
outside at the lower end. The portion of the tube projecting at
the upper end shall be set at an angle of 75 6 3° with the A2.3.2 Shield for Electric Heater (see Fig. 2)—A typical
vertical. The portion of the tube inside the condenser bath shall shield would be 440-mm high, 200-mm long, and 200-mm
be either straight or bent in any suitable continuous smooth wide, made of sheet metal of approximately 0.8-mm thickness
curve. The average gradient shall be 15 6 1° with respect to (22 gauge) and with a window in the front side. The shield shall
the horizontal, with no 10-cm section having a gradient outside be provided with at least one window to observe the dry point
of the 15 6 3° range. The projecting lower portion of the at the end of the distillation.
condenser tube shall be curved downward for a length of 76
A2.4 Heat Source
mm and the lower end shall be cut off at an acute angle.
Provisions shall be made to enable the flow of the distillate to A2.4.1 Gas Burner (see Fig. 1), capable of bringing over the
run down the side of the receiving cylinder. This can be first drop from a cold start within the time specified and of
accomplished by using a drip-deflector, which is attached to the continuing the distillation at the specified rate. A sensitive

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 D86 − 12

FIG. A2.2 Detail of Upper Neck Section

manual control valve and gas pressure regulator to give material, 3 to 6 mm in thickness, with a central opening 76 to
complete control of heating shall be provided. 100 mm in diameter, and outside line dimensions slightly
A2.4.2 Electric Heater (see Fig. 2), of low heat retention. smaller than the inside boundaries of the shield.
NOTE A2.4—Heaters, adjustable from 0 to 1000 W, have been found to A2.5.2 Type 2—Use a Type 2 flask support assembly with
be suitable for this purpose. electric heating (see Fig. 2 as one example). The assembly
consists of an adjustable system onto which the electric heater
A2.5 Flask Support
is mounted with provision for placement of a flask support
A2.5.1 Type 1—Use a Type 1 flask support with a gas burner board (see A2.6) above the electric heater. The whole assembly
(see Fig. 1). This support consists of either a ring support of the is adjustable from the outside of the shield.
ordinary laboratory type, 100 mm or larger in diameter,
supported on a stand inside the shield, or a platform adjustable A2.6 Flask Support Board—The flask support board shall
from the outside of the shield. On this ring or platform is be constructed of ceramic or other heat-resistant material, 3 to
mounted a hard board made of ceramic or other heat-resistant 6 mm in thickness. Flask support boards are classified as A, B,

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FIG. A2.3 Lower End of Condenser Tube

or C, based on the size of the centrally located opening, the

dimension of which is shown in Table 3. The flask support NOTE 1—1 mL graduations – minimum 5 to 100 mL
FIG. A2.4 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
board shall be of sufficient dimension to ensure that thermal
heat to the flask only comes from the central opening and that
extraneous heat to the flask other than through the central A2.9.1 Manual Method—The cylinder shall be graduated at
opening is minimized. (Warning —Asbestos-containing ma- intervals of 1 mL beginning at least at 5 mL and have a
terials shall not be used in the construction of the flask support graduation at the 100-mL mark. Construction details and
board.) tolerances for the graduated cylinder are shown in Fig. A2.4.
A2.9.2 Automated Method—The cylinder shall conform to
A2.7 The flask support board can be moved slightly in the physical specifications described in Fig. A2.4, except that
different directions on the horizontal plane to position the graduations below the 100-mL mark are permitted, as long as
distillation flask so that direct heat is applied to the flask only they do not interfere with the operation of the level follower.
through the opening in this board. Usually, the position of the Receiving cylinders for use in automated units may also have
flask is set by adjusting the length of the side-arm inserted into a metal base.
the condenser.
A2.9.3 If required, the receiving cylinder shall be immersed
A2.8 Provision shall be made for moving the flask support during the distillation to above the 100-mL graduation line in
assembly vertically so that the flask support board is in direct a cooling liquid contained in a cooling bath, such as a tall-form
contact with the bottom of the distillation flask during the beaker of clear glass or transparent plastic. Alternatively, the
distillation. The assembly is moved down to allow for easy receiving cylinder may be placed in a thermostated bath air
mounting and removal of the distillation flask from the unit. circulation chamber.
A2.9 Receiving Cylinders—The receiving cylinder shall A2.10 Residue Cylinder—The graduated cylinder shall
have a capacity to measure and collect 100 6 1.0 mL. The have a capacity of 5 or 10 mL, with graduations into 0.1 mL
shape of the base shall be such that the receiver does not topple subdivisions, beginning at 0.1 mL. The top of the cylinder may
when placed empty on a surface inclined at an angle of 13° be flared, the other properties shall conform to Specification
from the horizontal. E1272.

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 D86 − 12

A3. DETERMINATION OF THE DIFFERENCE IN LAG TIME BETWEEN AN ELECTRONIC TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
MENT SYSTEM AND A MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER

A3.1 The response time of an electronic temperature mea- A3.3 Replace the electronic temperature measuring device
suring device is inherently more rapid than that of a mercury- with a low range or a high range mercury-in-glass
in-glass thermometer. The temperature measuring device as- thermometer, depending on the boiling range of the sample.
sembly in general use, consisting of the sensor and its casing,
or an electronic system and its associated software, or both, is A3.4 Repeat the distillation with this thermometer, and
so designed that the temperature measuring system will simu- manually record the temperature at the various percent recov-
late the temperature lag of the mercury-in-glass thermometer. ered as described in 10.14.

A3.2 To determine the difference in lag time between such A3.5 Calculate the values for the repeatability for the
a temperature measuring system and a mercury-in-glass observed slope (∆T/∆V) for the different readings in the test.
thermometer, analyze a sample such as gasoline, kerosine, jet
fuel, or light diesel fuel with the electronic temperature A3.6 Compare the test data obtained using these two tem-
measurement system in place and in accordance with the perature measuring devices. The difference at any point shall
procedures described in this test method. In most cases this is be equal to, or less than, the repeatability of the method at that
the standard distillation step performed with an automated unit. point. If this difference is larger, replace the electronic tem-
A3.2.1 Do not use a single pure compound, a very narrow perature measuring device or adjust the electronics involved, or
boiling range product, or a synthetic blend of less than six both.
compounds for this test.
A3.2.2 Best results are obtained with a sample that is typical
of the sample load of the laboratory. Alternatively, use a
full-range mixture with a 5 to 95 % boiling range of at least
100°C.

A4. PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE PERCENT EVAPORATED OR PERCENT RECOVERED AT A PRESCRIBED TEM-
PERATURE READING

A4.1 Many specifications require specific percentages is above 101.3 kPa. If the barometric pressure is below 101.3
evaporated or recovered at prescribed temperature readings, kPa, subtract the absolute value of the calculated correction
either as maxima, minima, or ranges. The procedures to from the desired temperature.
determine these values are frequently designated by the terms
Exxx or Rxxx, where xxx is the desired temperature. A4.4 Perform the distillation, as described in Section 10,
NOTE A4.1—Regulatory standards on the certification of reformulated while taking into account A4.5 and A4.6.
gasoline under the complex model procedure require the determination of
E200 and E300, defined as the percent evaporated fuel at 93.3°C (200°F) A4.5 Manual Distillation
and 148.9°C (300°F), respectively. E158, the percent evaporated at a A4.5.1 In the region between about 10°C below and 10°C
distillation temperature of 70°C (158°F), is also used in describing fuel
volatility characteristics. Other typical temperatures are R 200 for kero-
above the desired expected temperature reading determined in
sines and R 250 and R 350 for gas oils, where R 200, R 250, and R 350 A4.3 record the temperature reading in intervals of 1 volume
are the percent recovered fuel at 200°C, 250°C, and 350°C, respectively. %.
A4.2 Determine the barometric pressure, and calculate the A4.5.2 If the intent of the distillation is to solely determine
correction to the desired temperature reading using Eq 3, Eq 4, the value of Exxx or Rxxx, discontinue the distillation after at
or Eq 5 for t = xxx°C (or tf = xxx°F). least another 2 mL of distillate have been collected. Otherwise,
continue the distillation, as described in Section 10, and
A4.2.1 Manual Method—Determine this correction to 0.5°C determine the observed loss, as described in 11.1.
(1°F). A4.5.2.1 If the intent of the distillation is to determine the
A4.2.2 Automated Method—Determine this correction to value of Exxx and the distillation was terminated after about 2
0.1°C (0.2°F). mL of distillate was collected beyond the desired temperature,
allow the distillate to drain into the receiving graduate. Allow
A4.3 Determine the expected temperature reading to yield the contents of the flask to cool to below approximately 40°C
xxx°C (or xxx°F) after the barometric correction. To obtain the and then drain its contents into the receiving graduate. Note the
expected value, add the absolute value of the calculated volume of product in the receiving graduate to the nearest 0.5
correction to the desired temperature if the barometric pressure mL at 2 min intervals until two successive observations agree.

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 D86 − 12
TABLE A4.1 Precision for Percent Evaporated at a Prescribed Temperature—Gasoline (Consolidated Equation)
Valid Range E70 – E180°C (Automated Apparatus)
D86 Auto r R
0.00836 (150 – X) 0.0200 (150 – X)
where: X = percent evaporated at the prescribed temperature

A4.5.2.2 The amount recovered in the receiving graduate is A4.10 Calculate the slope or rate of change in temperature
the percent recovery. Determine the amount of observed loss reading, SC (or SF), as described in A4.10.1 and Eq A4.1 and
by subtracting the percent recovery from 100.0. using temperature values bracketing the desired temperature.
A4.6 Automated Distillation A4.10.1 Slope or Rate of Change of Temperature:
A4.10.1.1 To determine the precision of a result, it is
A4.6.1 In the region between about 10°C below and 10°C
generally necessary to determine the slope or rate of change of
above the desired expected temperature reading determined in
the temperature at that particular point. This variable, denoted
A4.3, collect temperature-volume data at 0.1 volume % inter-
as SC or SF, is equal to the change in temperature, either in °C
vals or less.
or in °F, respectively, per percent recovered or evaporated.
A4.6.2 Continue the distillation, as described in Section 10, A4.10.1.2 The precision of the IBP and EP does not require
and determine the percent loss, as described in 11.1. any slope calculation.
A4.7 Calculations A4.10.1.3 With the exception stated in A4.10.1.2, the slope
at any point during the distillation is calculated from the
A4.7.1 Manual Method—If a volume % recovered reading following equations, using the values shown in Table A4.3:
is not available at the exact temperature calculated in A4.3,
determine the percent recovered by interpolation between the S C ~ or S F ! 5 ~ T U 2 T L ! / ~ V U 2 V L ! (A4.1)
two adjacent readings. Either the linear, as described in 11.6.1, where:
or the graphical procedure, as described in 11.6.2, is permitted. SC = the slope, °C/volume %,
The percent recovered is equal to Rxxx. SF = the slope, °F/volume %,
A4.7.2 Automated Method—Report the observed volume to TU = the upper temperature, °C (or °F),
0.1 volume % corresponding to the temperature closest to the TL = the lower temperature, °C (or °F),
expected temperature reading. This is the percent recovered, or VU = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
Rxxx. to TU,
VL = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
A4.7.3 Manual and Automated Methods—To determine the to TL, and
value of Exxx, add the observed loss to the percent recovered, VEP = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
Rxxx, as determined in A4.7.1 or A4.7.2 and as described in to the end point.
Eq 9.
A4.7.3.1 As prescribed in 12.6, do not use the corrected A4.10.1.4 In the event that the distillation end point occurs
loss. prior to the 95 % point, the slope at the end point is calculated
as follows:
A4.8 Precision—The statistical determination of the preci- S C ~ or S F ! 5 ~ T EP 2 T HR! / ~ V EP 2 V HR! (A4.2)
sion of the volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed
temperature for automated apparatus were derived according to where:
Practice D6300 from a 2005 interlaboratory program.9Table TEP or THR = the temperature, in °C or °F, at the percent
A4.1 shows the consolidated equations for volume % evapo- volume recovered indicated by the
rated for gasoline, Table A4.2 shows the precision for volume subscript, and
% recovered for diesel. The precision is valid only for the range VEP or VHR = the volume % recovered.
of temperatures stated. The estimation of precision for tem- Subscript EP = end point, and
perature points outside the stated range can be calculated from Subscript HR = highest reading, either 80 % or 90 %, prior
the procedures in A4.10 and the precision tables in Annex A1. to the end point.

A4.9 The statistical determination of the precision of the A4.10.1.5 For points between 10 to 85 % recovered that are
volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed temperature not shown in Table A4.3, the slope is calculated as follows:
for manual apparatus has not been directly measured in an S C ~ or S F ! 5 0.05 ~ T ~ V110! 2 T ~ V210! ! (A4.3)
interlaboratory program. It can be shown that the precision of
A4.10.2 Calculate the repeatability, r, or the reproducibility,
the volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed tem-
R, from the slope, SC (or SF) and the data in Tables A4.4 and
perature is equivalent to the precision of the temperature
A4.5.
measurement at that point divided by the rate of change of
temperature versus volume % evaporated or recovered. The A4.10.3 Determine the repeatability or reproducibility, or
estimation of precision becomes less precise at high slope both, of the volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed
values. temperature from the following formulas:

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 D86 − 12
TABLE A4.2 Precision for Percent Recovered at a Prescribed Temperature—Diesel (Rxxx)
Valid Range R200 – R300°C (Automated Apparatus)
R200C, R250C, R300C
D86 Auto
r R
1.07 2.66

TABLE A4.3 Data Points for Determining Slope, SC or SF

Slope at % IBP 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 EP
TL at % 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95
TU at % 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 90 95 VEP
VU - V L 5 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 5 VEP −95

TABLE A4.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Group 1

Manual Manual
Evaporated RepeatabilityA ReproducibilityA
Point, %
°C °F °C °F
IBP 3.3 6 5.6 10
5 1.9+0.86SC 3.4+0.86SF 3.1+1.74SC 5.6+1.74SF
10 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
20 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
30–70 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
80 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
90 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 0.8+1.74SC 1.4+1.74SF
95 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 1.1+1.74SC 1.9+1.74SF
FBP 3.9 7 7.2 13
A
SC or SF is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with A4.10.1. Table A4.4 precision data obtained from RR study on both manual and automated
D86 units by North American and IP laboratories.

TABLE A4.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Groups 2, 3 and 4 (Manual Method)
RepeatabilityA ReproducibilityA
°C °F °C °F
IBP 1.0+0.35SC 1.9+0.35SF 2.8+0.93SC 5.0+0.93SF
5—95 % 1.0+0.41SC 1.8+0.41SF 1.8+1.33SC 3.3+1.33SF
FBP 0.7+0.36SC 1.3+0.36SF 3.1+0.42SC 5.7+0.42SF

% volume at 0.7+0.92/SC 0.7+1.66/SF 1.5+1.78/SC 1.53+3.20/SF

temperature reading
A
SC or SF is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with A4.10.1. Table A4.5 has been derived from the monographs in Figs. 6 and 7 in D86–97.

r volume % 5 r/S C ~ S F ! (A4.4) R = reproducibility of the temperature at the pre-

R volume % 5 R/S C ~ S F ! (A4.5) scribed temperature at the observed percent
distilled, and
where: SC (SF) = rate of change in temperature reading in °C (°F)
rvolume % = repeatability of the volume % evaporated or per the volume % evaporated or recovered.
recovered,
Rvolume % = reproducibility of the volume % evaporated or A4.10.4 Examples on how to calculate the repeatability and
recovered, the reproducibility are shown in Appendix X2.
r = repeatability of the temperature at the pre-
scribed temperature at the observed percent
distilled,

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 D86 − 12
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING CALCULATIONS FOR REPORTING OF DATA

X1.2 Temperature Readings at Prescribed Percent

Evaporated
X1.2.1 Temperature reading at 10 % evaporated (4.7 %
observed loss = 5.3 % recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:
T 10E ~ °C ! 5 33.71 @ ~ 40.3 2 33.7! (X1.5)

~ 5.3 2 5 ! / ~ 10 2 5 ! # 5 34.1°C
T 10E ~ °F ! 5 92.71 @ ~ 104.5 2 92.7! (X1.6)

~ 5.3 2 5 ! / ~ 10 2 5 ! # 5 93.1°F
X1.2.2 Temperature reading at 50 % evaporated (45.3 %
recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:
T 50E ~ °C ! 5 93.91 @ ~ 108.9 2 93.9! (X1.7)

~ 45.3 2 40! / ~ 50 2 40! # 5 101.9°C

T 50E ~ °F ! 5 2011 @ ~ 228 2 201! (X1.8)

FIG. X1.1 Example of Test Report ~ 45.3 2 40! / ~ 50 2 40! # 5 215.3°F

X1.2.3 Temperature reading at 90 % evaporated (85.3 %
recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:
X1.1 The observed distillation data used for the calculation T 90E ~ °C ! 5 181.61 @ ~ 201.6 2 181.6! (X1.9)
of the examples below are shown in the first three columns of
Fig. X1.1. ~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 182.8°C
X1.1.1 Temperature readings corrected to 101.3 kPa (760 T 90E ~ °F ! 5 358.91 @ ~ 394.8 2 358.9! (X1.10)
mm Hg) pressure (see 11.3) are as follows:
~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 361.0°F
correction ~ °C ! 5 0.0009 ~ 101.3 2 98.6! ~ 2731t c ! (X1.1)
X1.2.4 Temperature reading at 90 % evaporated (85.3 %
correction ~ °F ! 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 740! ~ 4601t f ! (X1.2) recovered) not corrected to 101.3 kPa pressure (see 11.6.1) are
X1.1.2 Loss correction to 101.3 kPa (see 11.4) are as as follows:
follows. The data for the examples are taken from Fig. X1.1. T 90E ~ °C ! 5 180.51 @ ~ 200.4 2 180.5! (X1.11)
corrected loss 5 ~ 0.5 1 ~ 4.7 2 0.5!! / (X1.3)
~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 181.7°C
$ 11 ~ 101.3 2 98.6! /8.0% 5 3.6 T 90E ~ °F ! 5 3571 @ ~ 392 2 357! (X1.12)
X1.1.3 Recovery correction to 101.3 kPa (see 11.4.1) are as
follows: ~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 359.1°F
NOTE X1.1—Results calculated from °C data may not correspond
corrected recovery 5 94.21 ~ 4.7 2 3.6! 5 95.3 (X1.4) exactly to results calculated from °F data because of errors in rounding.

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X2. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF VOLUME % (RECOVERED OR

EVAPORATED) AT A PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE READING

TABLE X2.1 Distillation Data from a Group 1 Sample Manual 51.1

Distillation
Volume (mL) S F % 5 0.1 ~ T ~ 20! 2 T ~ 10! !
Distillation Point
Temperature° C Temperature °F Recovered at
Recovered, mL
93.3°C (200°F) 50.1 ~ 201 2 182!
18.0
10 84 183 51.9
20 94 202
30 103 217 X2.2.2 From Table A4.4, determine the value of R, the
40 112 233 reproducibility at the observed percentage distilled. In this
Volume (mL0
Distillation Point
Temperature° C Temperature° F Evaporated at case, the observed percentage distilled is 18 % and
Evaporated, mL
93.3°C (200°F)
R 5 2.011.74 ~ S C ! (X2.2)
18.4
10 83 182
20 94 201 52.011.74 3 1.1
30 103 217
40 111 232 53.9

R 5 3.611.74 ~ S F !
X2.1 Some specifications require the reporting of the vol- 53.611.74 3 1.9
ume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed temperature.
Table X2.1 shows the distillation data of a Group 1 sample as 56.9
obtained by a manual unit. X2.2.3 From the calculated value of R, determine the value
X2.2 Example Calculation of volume, as described in A4.10.
R volume % 5 R/ ~ S C ! (X2.3)
X2.2.1 For a Group 1 sample exhibiting distillation charac-
teristics as per Table X2.1, as determined by a manual unit, the 53.9/1.1
reproducibility of the volume evaporated, Rvolume %, at
93.3°C (200°F) is determined as follows: 53.5
X2.2.1.1 Determine first the slope at the desired tempera-
ture: R volume % 5 R/ ~ S F !

S C % 5 0.1 ~ T ~ 20! 2 T ~ 10! ! (X2.1) 56.9/1.9

50.1 ~ 94 2 83! 53.6

X3. TABLES OF CORRECTED LOSS FROM MEASURED LOSS AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

X3.1 The table presented as Fig. X3.1 can be used to X3.2 The table presented as Fig. X3.2 can be used to
determine the corrected loss from the measured loss and the determine the corrected loss from the measured loss and the
barometric pressure in kPa. barometric pressure in mm Hg.

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 D86 − 12

FIG. X3.1 Corrected Loss from Observed Loss and Barometric Pressure kPa

FIG. X3.2 Corrected Loss from Observed Loss and Barometric Pressure mm Hg

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 D86 − 12

X4. PROCEDURE TO EMULATE THE EMERGENT STEM ERROR OF A

MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER

X4.1 When an electronic or other sensor without an emer- ASTM 7C T elr 5 T t 2 0.000162 3 ~ T t 2 20°C ! 2
(X4.1)
gent stem error is used, the output of this sensor or the
associated data system should emulate the output of a mercury- X4.3 When a high range thermometer would have been
in-glass thermometer. Based on information supplied by four used, no stem correction is to be applied below 35°C. Above
manufacturers of automated Test Method D86 equipment, the this temperature the correction is calculated using the follow-
averaged equations shown in X4.2 and X4.3 have been ing formula:
reported to be in use. 2
ASTM 8C T ehr 5 T t 2 0.000131 3 ~ T t 2 35°C ! (X4.2)
X4.1.1 The equations shown in X4.2 have limited applica-
bility and are shown for information purposes only. In addition where:
to the correction for the emergent stem, the electronic sensor Telr = emulated temperature in °C for low range
and associated data system will also have to emulate the lag in thermometers,
response time observed for mercury-in-glass thermometers. Tehr = emulated temperature in °C for high range
thermometers, and
X4.2 When a low range thermometer would have been used, Tt = true temperature in °C.
no stem correction is to be applied below 20°C. Above this
temperature, the correction is calculated using the following
formula:

X5. EXPLANATORY REPORT FORMS

X5.1 Fig. X5.1 and Fig. X5.2 show report forms.

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FIG. X5.1 Percent Recovered Report Form

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 D86 − 12

FIG. X5.2 Percent Evaporated Report Form

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 D86 − 12
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D86–11b) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2012.)

(1) Updated A2.1. (4) Added new research report and corresponding footnote.
(2) Inserted Note A2.1 and renumbered remaining notes. (5) Added Practice D6708 to the Referenced Documents and
(3) Inserted A2.1.1. standard text.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D86–11a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2011.)

(1) Revised Section 3 to be consistent with one definition and

Form and Style.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D86–11) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2011.)

(1) Updated 3.1.9.

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