English Reviewer Finals

Modal Verb – auxillary verb are used to express ability , permission, advice .
obligation , and possibility
1) ABILITY – can , could
PRESENT – walter can ride a bicycle
PAST – walter could ride a bcycle when he was five
2) PERMISSION – can – informal , could- less formal, may- very formal

CAN I wear my shoes inside?
COULD I bring my pet?
MAY I go to the lavatory? ( bathroom)
3) ADVICE – should
you should try to sleep earlier
4) OBLIGATION- must, have, has to

MUST - the speaker thinks it is necessary personal opinion written rules
HAVE/HAS TO - another person thinks its necessary fact
Ex ---Teahcer – You must complete the essay on Friday

Student – we have to cmpete the essay by Friday
5) POSSIBILITY - CAN, MAY, COULD , MIGHT

Can – sure to happen / strong possibility (present)(fact)
Ex ----Dringking too much alcohol can cause illness
May – higher possibility
Ex----Kim may come with us
Could – sure to happen (present)
Ex ---A lot of Damage could be preventable if I came early
Might – Lesser possibility
Ex---Kim might come with us
TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
TECHNICAL DEFINITION – It refers to the definition of a word as used In a particular field like science , law , or
engineering. Mostly refers to the aspect of explaning or describing anyterminology . The definition of terms /
words are found in the dictionary.
OPERATION- It’s a procedure followed in an instruction

SURF- It is a sport , where a person stands on a board and rides with the waves
OPERATIONAL- Its a result of a process of operationalization and its to define something (term/object) in
terms of process.it is a process of defining words of how it used or using contextclues
COMPUTER – (technical) it is a device or machine used in performing assessing, evaluation, and following
commands se by the user
OPERARIONAL-it something used in doing homework or browsing the internet
Research is collecting data and information, learning and finding new things. It is also an
advanced knowledge which follows a systematic process of collecting and analyzing
information in order to understand more the phenomena under study.
Action research, thesis, dissertation, and case study are examples of research.
WHY RESEARCH ID IMPORTANT?

To inform
To prove a theory
Contribute to developing knowledge in a field or a study
Quantitative Method This is a method that focuses on numbers, objective hard data. It
proves hypotheses by statistical analysis and scientific method. It is called a formal,
objective, systematic process in which numerical data is used to obtain information
about the world. It is used to describe variables. It examines relationships among
variables.
Example is a drug abuser telling you how many pills they consume
per week.
Qualitative Method It uses words instead of numbers to display data. It focuses on

feelings not numerical data. Small amount of participants involved in a qualitative
research study. This kind of research method utilizes interviews, archived written
information, and observations to measure the significance of a relationship between
variables.
Examples is a drug abuser telling you how they feel about abusing
Drugs.
Concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a

phenomenon, or an idea.
Examples of concepts include common demographic measures:
-Income – P5,000 – P8,000
-Age – 18 y/o – 20 y/o
-Education Level – High School Graduate, College Graduate, Post Graduate
-Number of Siblings – 3 siblings in the family, 4 or more siblings in the family
Theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular

phenomenon
Examples include the theory of relativity, atomic theory, theory of evolution,

and quantum theory
Variables are any quality of a person, group subject, event, condition or situation that
varies or takes on different values.
Examples are age, sex, business income and expenses, country of birth,
capital expenditure, class grades, eye color and vehicle type
Hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and educated conjecture. It
provides a tentative explanation of a phenomenon under investigation
Sampling it is the process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger

population – gain an understanding of a larger population.
For example, a random sample may include choosing the names of 25 employees
out of a hat in a company of 250 employees. The population is all 250 employees,
and the sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being
chosen.
SMART is a good way to remember the fundamentals of research paper writing, and to
help prepare an author in writing a successful research paper.
Specific: A research paper should be specific
Measurable: A research paper must contain specific, proven research, and cites all
research sources and related literature
Attainable: A research paper must provide a thesis statement, one that answers the
research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject.
Realistic: A research paper is objective and realistic.
Time: A research paper cannot be written without the researcher knowing the limits,
timeframes, and focus of the required work.
By demographic characteristics-Narrow it down by age group, occupation, ethnic group, gender,

etc.
e.g. challenges faced by international college graduates entering the workforce
By relevant issues-Try to identify key issues related to your topic, especially ones that you have an
opinion on. You can turn your opinion into your thesis statement or research question.
e.g. challenges faced by college graduates who are unable to find meaningful or
relevant work
By location-Focus on a specific country, province, city, or type of environment (rural vs. urban).
e.g. challenges faced by college graduates entering the workforce in rural Ontario
By timeframe-Decide whether you want to study recent events or a historical time period. This will also
help you decide how current the information you use must be.
e.g. challenges faced by college graduates entering the workforce during the COVID-
19 pandemic
By causes-You can take the perspective of looking for causes of an issue you are researching.
e.g. Why do employers hire fewer college graduates?

Elements of Research Paper

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Modal Verb – auxillary verb are used to express ability , permission, advice .

obligation , and possibility

1) ABILITY – can , could

PRESENT – walter can ride a bicycle

PAST – walter could ride a bcycle when he was five

2) PERMISSION – can – informal , could- less formal, may- very formal

4) OBLIGATION- must, have, has to

Ex ---Teahcer – You must complete the essay on Friday

5) POSSIBILITY - CAN, MAY, COULD , MIGHT

TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

OPERATION- It’s a procedure followed in an instruction

WHY RESEARCH ID IMPORTANT?

Qualitative Method It uses words instead of numbers to display data. It focuses on

Concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a

Theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular

Examples include the theory of relativity, atomic theory, theory of evolution,

Sampling it is the process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger

By demographic characteristics-Narrow it down by age group, occupation, ethnic group, gender,

e.g. challenges faced by international college graduates entering the workforce

e.g. Why do employers hire fewer college graduates?

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