QUIZ

(TENTATIVE SINCE WALA PANG KEY TO CORRECTION – ANSWERS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE)

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. When one large nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei, the process is nuclear _____.
- FISSION

➢ FUSSION - The process releases energy because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than
the mass of the two original nuclei. The leftover mass becomes energy.

2. What is the advantage of using natural gas as an alternative form of energy?

- IT RELEASES LOWER EMMISSIONS COMPARED TO OTHER FOSSIL FUELS.

3. One disadvantage to using coal to produce electricity is that coal _____.

- IS NOT ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.

4. What is an ozone molecule formed from?

- 3 OXYGEN ATOMS

5. Pollution hanging over urban areas that cause reduced visibility is called?
- SMOG

6. Integrated waste management arrangers all of the strategies for dealing with municipal solid waste in order, from
top-to-bottom, with the goal of minimizing what ends up in a drill. The first step in waste management is _____.
- REDUCTION

➢ 3R initiative - Waste minimization can be achieved in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of
the 3Rs, "REDUCE," followed by "REUSE" and then "RECYCLE."

7. What can you do to help fight climate change?

- DIVEST FROM FOSSIL FUEL COMPANIES
- ENGAGE YOURSELF IN THE SCIENCE BEHIND CLIMATE CHANGE
- VOTE FOR A POLITICAL CANDIDATE WHO WILL ADVOCATE FOR CLIMATE-RELATED LEGISLATION
AND POLICY IMPROVEMENTS

8. Which of the following statements provides a reason for the widespread use of fossil fuels?
- FOSSIL FUELS ARE READILY AVAILABLE AND INEXPENSIVE

TRUE OR FALSE

1. Oil, natural gas, and coal are currently abundant and relatively expensive, but using them causes air and water
pollution, degrades large areas of land, and releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
- FALSE
- IT SHOULD BE “RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE” INSTEAD OF “RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE”.

2. Considerable scientific evidence indicates that the emissions of greenhouse gases into the earth’s atmosphere from
human activities will lead to significant climate change during this century.
- TRUE

3. To slow the rate of projected climate change, we can decrease energy efficiency, sharply reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, rely more on renewable energy resources, and slow population growth.
- FALSE
- CONTRADICTING YUNG ‘DECREASE’ AND YUNG ‘ENERGY EFFICIENCY’
 - ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS THE USE OF LESS ENERGY TO PERFORM THE SAME TASK OR PRODUCE
THE SAME RESULT, SO TO DECREASE IT, MEANING TO SAY INSTEAD OF LESS ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, TATAAS SIYA.

4. Three major indoor air pollution problems are industrial smog mostly from burning coal, photochemical smog from
motor vehicles and industrial emissions, and acid deposition from coal burning and motor vehicle exhaust.
- FALSE
- YUNG MGA NAMENTION ARE ALL EXAMPLE OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION/POLLUTANT NOT INDOOR
AIR POLLUTION/POLLUTANT.

5. A more sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to
convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely store what is left.
- TRUE
 REPORTERS PPT

MODULE 1 – ENERGY

ENERGY

- Energy is one of the important resources we need. It runs everything, and that includes our body. The supply of
foods, transportation, factories and economies needs energy. One major source of energy is the sun and it is free.
The energy coming from the sun keeps the earth’s temperature which sustains life on earth. There are two
categories of energy resources, the renewable energy and the non-renewable energy.
- Energy is the ability of a physical system to do work.
- Energy is a crucial commodity in today's world.
- All systems, including the human body, are under its control.
EXAMPLE:
➢ Chemical energy into kinetic energy: Energy from the food to energy for physical activities.

FORMS OF ENERGY

1. THERMAL ENERGY - Results from the motion of atoms and molecules

2. KINETIC ENERGY - The energy required to keep something in motion
3. POTENTIAL ENERGY - The energy that exists because of where an object is
4. MECHANICAL ENERGY - The sum of a body's kinetic energy and its potential energy
5. ELECTRICAL ENERGY - The energy when charged particles like electrons, protons, and ions travel
6. CHEMICAL ENERGY - It is generated when atomic and molecular bonds are shattered or formed
7. LIGHT - The energy is contained in packets of light called photons
8. MAGNETIC ENERGY - The type of energy produced when a magnet is moved through a vacuum
9. NUCLEAR ENERGY - The energy gained through the decay of atom nuclei, specifically the protons and neutrons

CATEGORIES OF ENERGY SOURCES

1. RENEWABLE - Energy generated by resources that can be replenished naturally but have finite output
2. NON-RENEWABLE - The energy that takes a long time to produce or replenish

RENEWABLE ENERGY & TYPES

- RENEWABLE ENERGY
➢ Referred to as 'Clean Energy'
➢ Comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished
➢ "The current energy mix is composed of coal (47%), natural gas (22%), renewable energy (hydro, geothermal,
wind, solar) (24%), and oil based (6.2%) with current energy capacity at 23GW." - International Trade
Administration

- SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

➢ SOLAR ENERGY
o Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
o Cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available
o Uses of Solar Energy
▪ generating electricity
▪ providing light or a comfortable interior environment
▪ heating water for domestic, commercial, or industrial use
➢ WINDENERGY
 o Abundant, naturally replenished, widely distributed, and produces zero harmful carbon dioxide
emissions during operation
o Converting the energy produced by the movement of wind turbine blades driven by the wind into
electrical energy
➢ GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
o Use of heat energy located from within the earth and converting it into usable energy
➢ HYDROPOWER
o It is a renewable source of energy that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter
the natural flow of a river or other body of water.
➢ OCEAN ENERGY
o It refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences.
➢ BIOENERGY
o It is the energy made from biomass, which consists of recently living organisms, mainly plants. Types
of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, energy crops and waste from forests, yards,
or farms.

- NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
➢ Have a limited supply
➢ Cannot be used sustainably
➢ "Approximately 80 percent of the total amount of energy used globally each year comes from fossil fuels." -
National Geographic Society
➢ Even though nuclear power plants do not pollute the air and do not emit greenhouse gasses, it is still very
dangerous to communities. Alongside with heat, radioactive energy is also being released through nuclear
fission.

- TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

➢ FOSSIL FUELS
o Comprises of plant and animal remains that have decomposed, heated, and compressed over millions
of years to form fossil deposits
A. OIL - Found between the layers of the earth’s crust, or between rocks, and it is retrieved by drilling
a vertical well into the ground and ocean floor.
B. NATURAL GAS - A gaseous non-renewable resource that is found below the earth’s crust but near
crude oil deposits in the subsurface.
C. COAL - Created by compressed organic matter, and it contains carbon and hydrocarbon matter.
➢ NUCLEAR ENERGY
o Garners its powerful energy in the nucleus or core of an atom which is made up of protons and neutrons
o Although nuclear energy itself is a renewable source of energy, the materials in its machines and power
plants are considered non-renewable.
A. NUCLEAR FISSION
▪ The process that we use in the present to generate electricity
▪ A nuclear reaction where the core of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei
B. NUCLEAR FUSION
▪ Still going on in its research and development on how to generate electricity in this modern era.
o URANIUM - An element which is considered as non-renewable and is the most abundantly used
material in nuclear power plants.
o PLUTONIUM - Plutonium-239 is primarily used as fuel to power nuclear reactors. It was used in several
atomic bombs and it is still being used in nuclear weapons.

- PROS AND CONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

➢ PROS
o Renewable energy sources will not run out
o Renewable energy is environmentally friendly
o Renewable energy can increase public health
 ➢ CONS
o Renewable energy is not available round the clock
o Renewable energy sites require a lot of space
o The initial cost of renewable energy is high

- PROS AND CONS OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

➢ PROS
o Easier to store and transport - Fossil fuels can be kept in storage indefinitely
o It is more reliable than renewable energy - Fossil fuels are within our control and are not dependent on
environmental situations.
➢ CONS
o Fossil fuels are not renewable energy sources
o Fossil fuels pollute the environment
o In the case of irresponsible use, they can be dangerous
 MODULE 2 – AIR POLLUTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND OZONE DEPLETION

Air Pollution

- AIR DEFINITION AND BENEFITS

o Air is the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. It contains essential substances that most species
need to survive.
o The gases that make up the air are as follows: nitrogen (78%), mixed with oxygen (21%), water vapor
(variable), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and trace gases.
o Of the gases present in variable concentrations, water vapor, ozone, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen dioxide are of principal importance.

BENEFITS OF AIR

- SUSTAINING LIFE
➢ Oxygen in air is essential for human and animal respiration, allowing us to breathe and survive.
- CLIMATE REGULATION
➢ Air helps regulate the Earth's temperature and weather patterns, as it traps heat close to the surface and helps
distribute it evenly.
- POLLUTION CONTROL
➢ Air acts as a natural filter, removing harmful pollutants from the atmosphere and preventing them from reaching
the ground.
- NATURAL RESOURCES
➢ Air is a source of renewable energy, such as wind power, and can also be used to extract resources such as
natural gas.
- CLIMATE AND WEATHER PREDICTION
➢ Air movements and patterns are key indicators of climate and weather, allowing us to predict and prepare for
changes in the environment.

air pollution

- Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the air that negatively impact human health, the environment,
and the climate. These pollutants can be either natural, such as dust and ash from volcanic eruptions, or man-
made, such as emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles.

TYPES OF SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

- MOBILE SOURCES
 ➢ Account for more than half of all the air pollution in the United States and the primary mobile source of air
pollution is the automobile, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
o Ex. cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains
o The number one source of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, primarily by motor vehicles.
- STATIONARY SOURCES
➢ Stationary sources, like power plants, emit large amounts of pollution from a single location; these are also
known as point sources of pollution.
o Ex. power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories
- AREA SOURCES
➢ Area sources are made up of lots of smaller pollution sources that aren't a big deal by themselves but when
considered as a group can be.
o Ex. agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces
- NATURAL SOURCES
➢ Natural sources can sometimes be significant but do not usually create ongoing air pollution problems like the
other source types can.
o Ex. wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes

TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

- CARBON MONOXIDE
➢ Unnoticeable
➢ Odorless
➢ Byproduct of incomplete combustion
➢ It is produced by gasoline-powered cars
- NITROGEN OXIDES
➢ Most irritating form of nitrogen oxide.
➢ It triggers the formation of nitric acid
➢ It can also trigger photochemical smog
- SULFUR OXIDE
➢ Colorless
➢ Choking gas that comes from combustion
➢ Forms a mist that can be referred to as acid rain.
- OZONE
➢ It is a pollutant in the troposphere
➢ Weather conditions and geographical features, can contribute to the accumulation of air pollutants.
- PARTICULATE MATTER
➢ Mixture of solid particles and liquid found in the air
➢ Liquid particles are made up of ashes when coal is burned.
➢ PM 1.0 and PM 2.5
- LEAD
➢ In the form of dust and fumes are known to be harmful to children
➢ In the past tetraethyl lead was a major source of lead particulates
➢ The amount of lead in outdoor air has decreased significantly

EFFECTS/RISKS

- CARBON MONOXIDE
➢ Interferes with the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the heart, brain, and tissues.
➢ A high dose can cause coma, while a low dose can cause headaches and fatigue.
- NITROGEN OXIDES
➢ Increases respiratory pathogens and causes eye, throat, and lung irritation.
- SULFUR OXIDE
➢ It constricts the airways, causing asthma and breathing problems in children.
- OZONE
➢ Binds to lung tissues and causes harmful changes in the breathing passages. It impairs lung function and can
cause coughing and chest pain. It can also irritate the eyes and throat.
 - PARTICULATE MATTER
➢ Smaller particles are inhaled and settle in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and lung cancer.
- LEAD
➢ It can cause damage to the blood, brain, kidneys, reproductive organs, and immune system.

- SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE:

➢ Coughing
➢ Wheezing/Difficulty breathing
➢ Irritation to eyes, nose, and throat
➢ Headache
➢ Dizziness
➢ Fatigue
- LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE:
➢ Respiratory diseases (Asthma, Emphysema)
➢ Cardiovascular damage
➢ Harm to liver, spleen, and blood.
➢ Nervous system damage
➢ Cancer
➢ Birth defects
➢ Death

- AGRICULTURE
➢ Most farmers focus on pests and diseases and agronomic practices, but air pollution could pose a major
challenge.
➢ The severity of the injury is determined not only by the concentration of the specific pollutant but also by several
other factors. These include the length of exposure to the pollutant, the plant species and stage of development,
as well as environmental factors that promote pollutant buildup and plant preconditioning, which makes it either
susceptible or resistant to injury.
- ECONOMICAL
➢ Air pollution costs the economy in several ways: it costs human lives, it reduces people's ability to work, it affects
vital products like food, it damages cultural and historical monuments, it reduces ecosystems' ability to perform
functions that societies require, and it costs money in remediation or restoration.
- ENVIRONMENTAL
➢ A change in rain acidity has negative environmental consequences, including:
o Acidification of water bodies, making them inhospitable for fish. Water acidity leads to body deformities,
gill damage and lowers success rate of reproduction.
o Plant leaves and needles are damaged, reducing the ability of plants to photosynthesize.
o Changes in soil chemistry have an impact on plant metabolism and nutrient cycling, leaving plants
(particularly trees) nutrient deficient and vulnerable to disease.

OZONE

- An odorless, colorless gas made up of three oxygen molecules (o3) and is a natural part of the environment.
- Protects earth inhabitants from harmful ultraviolet rays.

LOCATION OF THE OZONE LAYER

- The ozone layer is the common term for the high concentration of ozone that is found in the stratosphere around
15–30km above the earth’s surface.
- 90% is found in the Stratosphere and 10% is found in the Troposphere.

STRATOPHERIC OZONE PRODUCTION

- STEP 1: UV breaks apart oxygen molecule

- STEP 2: Collision with neighboring oxygen molecule.
CAUSES OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

- CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
➢ UV Radiation hits CFC molecule
➢ Chlorine atom breaks away
➢ Chlorine atom hits the ozone molecule
➢ Chlorine atom takes one oxygen atom to create chlorine monoxide, leaves one molecule of oxygen
➢ Oxygen atom hits chlorine monoxide molecule
➢ Two oxygen atoms form and oxygen molecule. Chlorine atom is free and repeats the depletion process.
- UNREGULATED ROCKET LAUNCHES
- NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
- NATURAL CAUSES
➢ ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
o A form of non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds.
o Three (3) types of UV Radiation:
▪ UV-C - entirely absorbed within the ozone layer
▪ UV-B - mostly absorbed by the ozone layer
▪ UV-A - not absorbed significantly by the ozone layer

EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

- EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

➢ This might result in serious health issues among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract,
quick ageing and weak immune system.
- EFFECTS ON ANIMALS
➢ Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.
- EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
➢ Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants.
- EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
➢ Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants.

LAWS/AGREEMENT

- MONTREAL PROTOCOL
➢ Finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production
and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
- KIGALI AMENDMENT
➢ The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the
consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons. It is a legally binding agreement designed to create rights
and obligations in international law.

CLIMATE CHANGE

- Climate change is the long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other indicators of climate
that occur over several decades or longer.
- The main cause of climate change is human activities.

GREENHOUSE GASES

- Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the warming of the planet. The
most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released when fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and
 natural gas are burned. Other greenhouse gases include methane, nitrous oxide, and several types of industrial
gases.

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE

- The Earth's temperature has risen by about 1.1 degrees Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit) since the pre-industrial
era, with most of the warming taking place in the past 40 years.
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that the Earth's temperature will rise between 1.5
and 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7- and 8.1-degrees Fahrenheit) by the end of the 21st century.

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

- IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

➢ More frequent and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans
can directly harm animals, destroy the places they live, and wreak havoc on people's livelihoods and
communities. As climate change worsens, dangerous weather events are becoming more frequent or severe.
- IMPACTS ON THE WILD LIFE
➢ Climate change has produced a number of threats to wildlife throughout our parks. Rising temperatures lower
many species survival rates due to changes that lead to less food, less successful reproduction, and interfering
with the environment for native wildlife.
- IMPACTS ON THE HUMANS
➢ The health effects of these disruptions include increased respiratory and cardiovascular disease, injuries and
premature deaths related to extreme weather events, changes in the prevalence and geographical distribution
of food- and water-borne illnesses and other infectious diseases, and threats to mental health.

MITIGATION STRATEGIES

- Mitigation strategies are aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing the pace of climate change.

Adaptation Strategies

- Adaptation strategies are aimed at helping communities and individuals cope with the impacts of climate change.