Reviewer for sts

MODULE 1

Science, Technology, and Society (or STS) is a subject matter that:

• deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and
economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them;

• seeks to engage students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in
society; • seeks to instill reflective knowledge that students can live a good life and display
ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement; and

• includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. It is built on the
foundation of science as both philosophy and practice.

Karl Hempel (1905–1997)- Hypothetico-deductive method

Karl Popper (1902–1994)- Deductive Reasoning

John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Francis Bacon (1561–1626)- Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning takes you from the specific to the general, while in deductive reasoning, you
make inferences by going from general premises to specific conclusions.

Scientific realism is the epistemic view of science, which states that the Universe, with its
observed and unobserved concepts, being described by Science is real regardless of how it is
represented. In this sense, every information and theory presented is taken as it is and is
considered factual.

(Kailangan nakikita bago maniwala )

Naïve realism postulates that everything is true.

Structural realism posits that, while everything in this Universe is true, they must adhere to
specific structures to provide their existence with evidence.

Entity realism states that something exists because there are tools developed to provide
evidence to their existence. Thus, it stands in between naïve and structural realism.
Scientific antirealism is the epistemic view of science, which states that the unobservable
concepts of the Universe, such as electrons and genes, are inherently unverified. Thus, for these
theories to be accepted as real, they must be able to present undeniable physical evidence of their
existence.

(Kahit d nakikita maniniwal parin example alien at atoms)

Constructive empiricism states that science aims to give, in its various theories, a true story of
what the Universe is, but based only on the observable aspects of the Universe.

Instrumentalism states that scientific theories are merely instruments for solving problems and
making predictions.

Social constructivism argues that every aspect of scientific knowledge is borne out of the
collective observations of many. This information is only proven to be true because these have
been verified and endorsed by a particular group at a particular time.

re·duc·tion·ism

the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of phenomena that are
held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level, especially when this is said to provide a
sufficient explanation.

Scientific Pluralism demonstrates the viability of the view that some phenomena require
multiple accounts.

ICT ( INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY)

Pre History No ICT (walang records)

History with written scriptures social wellbeing and individual is related to ICT ( May records
na)

Hyper History social wellbeing and individual is dependent to ICT ( sobra sobra sa records)

Digital amnesia Digital obsolescence is the risk of data loss because of inabilities to access
digital assets, due to the hardware or software required for information retrieval being repeatedly
replaced by newer devices and systems, resulting in increasingly incompatible formats. (Sobrang
daming Imformation sa Hyper history na kakalimutan na agad)
PreColonial Philippines – callao man and tabon man ( first Filipino)

The early Filipinos were masters of boatbuilding, metallurgy, weaving, agriculture, and pottery
among other crafts

The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level of technological development,
compared with those of the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for their needs at that
time

Spanish time: medicine

Suez Canal sa Egypt nag bigay daan para kumalat ang Ideas to Philippines .

Educational pursuits during this period were: ▪ Physics ▪ Chemistry ▪ Natural history ▪
Mathematics ▪ Theology ▪ Philosophy ▪ Humanities ▪ Jurisprudence ▪ Canon law ▪ Medicine ▪
Pharmacy ▪ Maritime Navigation

American: more on modern technologies

• The American government established more public schools and supported both the education
and science sectors • The University of the Philippines first opened during this time • The gender
bias during the Spanish Occupation began to disappear at the encouragement of the American
government • Vocational and Industrial schools found difficulty in acquiring students due to the
developed disdain to manual labor

Japanese: World war 2 golden age of Philippine culture and art

Post war: more on sa modern jobs (accounting chef IT and so on) for economic jobs
globalisasyon

Interest in the fields of engineering, medicine, and other science-related backgrounds has
increased steadily over the years.

Reference:

https://elms.sti.edu/files/4039736/01_Handout_1(12).pdf?lmsauth=ce65747557f319d000952f96
7a22c3e675f86a0b

MODULE 2
Paradigm shift; pag babago sa lumang paniniwala

Copernican ( surroundings and universe ang more on topic) from Geocentric to

Heliocentric.
Ancient time

• All thing fall to earth

• All things are made of 3 element plus 1 ( earth, wind , water and fire)

example

tree or puno nakatanim sa lupa (earth), gumagawa ng moisture (water) gumagawa ng

oxygen(air) nasusunog (fire)

• Orbit is full circle or perfect circle

• Ptolemy believe Earth is the center of universe (geocentric theory)
• All things are made of atoms

Modern times

• Copernicus believe sun is the center of the universe. (Heliocentric theory)

• Kepler and tycho Elliptic ang orbits or d sya perfect circle.
• Galileo discover telescope
• Isaac newton gravity

Darwinian (more on Evolution and technological advancement)

• Naniwala na ang lahat ay nagbabago dahil sa adaptation sa surroundings.

• Charles Darwin book “on the origin of species on natural selection”
• technological advancement changes the shape of humanity

Freudian d daw epekto ng superstitious belief ang personality ng tao kung d paano ka
pinalaki )

• Id - pleasure or kung ano lang gusto mo

• Ego - morality or tamang gawin
• Super ego- nag control sa Id at ego
Example
Pag gigising sa umaga si Id sasabihin wag ka gigising kasi masarapa matulog , si
Ego gising kana kasi malate ka at babagsak ka. Super ego matutulog ka ulit pero mag
aalarm ka. Gets ba? Ok good
• Oedipus complex mama's boy
• Electra complex papas' girl
 Information revolution (pag babago sa paano tayo nakakakuha ng information)

Pre mechanical- bato at papel

Mechanical -printing press johan Gutenberg

Electro-mechanical- phone na may wire pa or gumagamit na ng kuryente

Electro- information – wireless

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

ANCIENT HISTORY

4 civilization old world (Asia, Europe, Africa)

Mesopotamia (tigris ,euphrates)

Ancient china ( huang ho, yangtze)

Ancient Egypt (Nile)

Indus valley ( indus river)

NEW WORLD civilizations

Olmec

Mayan

Aztec

Inca

Inventions

Shadoof

Cuneiform

Hieroglyphics (Pictograph)

Gunpowder

Medieval
• Feudalism became popular as people began to focus their attention to certain groups of people
who could defend them and their place

o Those who can defend the townsmen became the nobility

o The rest of the townsmen either became merchants or serfs (i.e., peasants) who gave a portion
of their produce (or upkeep) to the nobles as payment for their services

• A demand for more produce for the kingdom led the people to devise new ways of farming o
Land development can be done either via crop rotation or via the three-field system

o Land development and supply transport were made faster due to the invention of the heavy
plow and the rise of crossbreeding workhorses

1. The birth of the plow horse allowed for faster land development because it was faster than an
ox

2. The plow horse could work for longer hours

3. The plow horse also required less maintenance

• With more people came the rise of towns

o Land development equates to more produce, which was exploited by corrupt people and lost to
Viking raids

o More produce equates to the expansion of trade o

Since serfs began to work their way to earn their freedom from their nobilities, they earned this
in one of three (3) ways:

1. They offer payment to the nobility.

2. They betray their lords and ally themselves with kings; or

3. Fight to the death

Whichever the case, these actions of the towns led to the election of kings and the establishment
of the monarchy

Byzantine empire (magfocus kayo dito)

This period occurred alongside the Medieval Period

• Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire opposite Rome, becoming the
central capital that connects Asia and Europe
• The members of the Catholic clergy headed the cityscapes

• With the rise of German ruler Otto I, came the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire

• The continents of Europe and Asia were afflicted with the Bubonic Plague, aka the Black
Death

o Affected countries were (in order): China, Italy, France, England, Scandinavia

o It was believed to be carried by Jews

o It was caused by overcrowding and the unsanitary lifestyle of the people back then

• Civil unrest and the rise of the middle class, particularly merchants, earned them a spot in the
political circle, causing political anarchy o

Surviving Roman cities were newer and more innovative than the ones in northern Europe, due
to their strategic location that attracted trade

o All Byzantine cities crumbled and lost to history

Renaissance

• The Black Death caused a sudden rise of societies and trade due to the revival of towns and
cities now spearheaded by merchants

• Leagues and guilds were established to protect merchants and artisans in their chosen trades
and promote their works o The most important leagues of northern Europe were centered in the
city of Lubeck near the Baltic Sea, blocking out the competition from the Russians, English, and
the Scandinavians o These eventually decline because of capitalist practices, competition from
the monarchy, and the ever-shifting trade routes

• Seafaring saw a gradual rise, with explorations made in Asia, Africa, and the Americas

• The "revival" of towns drove people to seek knowledge in the ancient civilizations

• The development of the printing press made the dissemination of information easier

• Philosophy and the arts became a mainstay in the Renaissance period

TANDAAN NYO TO (Secularism to Skepticism)

o Secularism believes that this world, and this life, is worth studying, urging humans to live
their lives to the fullest and not just for preparing for the afterlife.

Humanism believes that humans are not merely pawns in the Divine Plan but are capable
individuals who can achieve great accomplishments.
o Individualism believes that only an individual can accomplish great things, not just groups of
people; and

o Skepticism believes that there is nothing wrong in challenging the accepted authorities, values,
and/or established secular knowledge

• Philosophers became prolific in this era, with notable philosophers being Voltaire,
Montesquieu, and Adam Smith o Smith noted that the mercantilism of the time was stifling the
economy, thus proposing the laissez-faire ("hands-off") policy, where he believed that by
reducing monopolies and restrictions, the economy would grow as the people themselves would
even out the supply and demand

The medieval Silk Road brought a wealth of goods, spices, and new ideas from China and
Central Asia to Europe.

Module 3
Pakibuksan ung link

Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022

Three major pillars of “Malasakit,” GE1713 03 Readings 2 *Property of STI Page 4 of 7

“Pagbabago,” and “Patuloy na Pag-unlad”.

Section I: Duterte reassures support to science, R&D

Section II: Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 Overall Framework

Section III: 5 Filipinos break into top 100 Asian scientists list

Section IV: Lady scientist leads pioneering method to revive Marinduque’s mining wastelands

Section V: House panel approves bill to boost PH scientific innovations, inventions

Section VI: Use of Indigenous Filipino Materials and Methods in Building Green Homes

Section VII: Common Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs) in the Philippines

Philippine agency for science and technology

DOST- department of Science and technology

DENR- Department of environment and natural resources

PAG-ASA (sa kanya wala) Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration.

PhilSA - Philippine space agency

https://elms.sti.edu/files/4039736/03_Handout_1(7).pdf?lmsauth=41880db0885d55cf0927b3b35
268dab9a3436a5b

references

https://elms.sti.edu/files/4039736/02_Handout_2(7).pdf?lmsauth=21f48cd9a9af9ecf61db8792ca
72a2c42aa9cdd7

https://elms.sti.edu/files/4039736/02_Handout_1(12).pdf?lmsauth=a118b348b47aa5c1e4abf7ef7
ac2e3023230feb8

Note: try to search for more information.

Sabi nga ng pinaka unang tao.

“ huhuhu hahahha hu”

-cavemen

GOODLUCK sa exam nyo!!!!! <3 <3 <3