Bartolome Et Al. - Group 1
Bartolome Et Al. - Group 1
Bartolome Et Al. - Group 1
_________________
A Qualitative Research
Presented to
The Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM)
Ilocos Sur National High School
Senior High School
Vigan City
____________________
____________________
by:
ROBELLRO T. BARTOLOME
FRANSISCO B. BASILIO
2022
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ii
CERTIFICATION
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Panel of Examiners for oral examination with the grade
of passed.
Accepted and approved in partial fulfill of the requirements for the subject,
Practical Research 1, Second Semester, School Year 2020-2021.
EDITHA C. BAGCAL
Principal IV
Ilocos Sur National High School
ACKNOWLEDGEMET
forward to somebody who is always willing to lend a helping hand when they are
most needed. In fact, there is no perfect way to express gratitude for all of these
blessings. The researchers would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to the
their research:
National High School (ISNHS), for his desire, support, and undeniable effort in
giving the researchers the approval for the completion of the study;
Management (ABM), for his support, effort, and cooperation for giving approval
Dr. Peter John A. Frial, a panel member during the title proposal, for
approving and improving the title and the structure of the study, and for supplying
the necessary information that made the researchers have a more comprehensive
ideas and suggestions that became instruments that the researchers used to refine
the study;
Mr. Then-then P. Cariaga, one of our panel members, for his ideas,
Ms. Joan Paulet A. Alcantara, one of the panel members and the
researchers’ ever-dearest adviser, for sacrificing their time and energy to ensure
that the research paper would live up to the expectations and standards in STEM.
The paper would not exist today if it weren’t for her diligence in meticulously
degree;
Bajet Sr., and Mr. and Mrs. Lemuel N. Basillio, their parents, for their
contribution in accomplishing their study until the end. For their words of
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL vi
encouragement, motivation, support, love during the period that the study was
conducted;
All of the people whose names were not mentioned, who contributed to
The highest of all, Almighty God, for his blessings, love, direction, and
R.T.B.
K.M.A.B.B.
F.F.B.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL vii
DEDICATION
Bell
Ten
Frankie
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL viii
ABSTRACT
medicine, and other methods used in curing main and minor clinical symptoms of
COVID-19.
exploratory case study that used judgement or purposive sampling among the
served as the primary informants who were selected because of their experience
Considering the result of the study, the findings are revealed as follows:
stopped offering their healing services to the public because of their age, fear that
they are to be infected by COVID-19, and mainly the lack of protective equipment.
However, they still conducted these healing methods on their close friends,
(2) On herbal medicine used, the quack doctors uses oregano (Oreganum
Elm), and leaves of suha or pomelo (Citrus maxima), with the use of the decoction
method in curing major symptoms of COVID-19, which are fevers and coughs.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ix
They also use leaves of a sugar apple or “atis” tree (Annona squamosa), ginger
(3) On other traditional methods conducted, they all revealed that they
use the “hilot” in curing both main and minor clinical symptoms of COVID-19,
this includes a mixture of water and herbal oils, namely peppermint and coconut.
determining the sickness of the patient. Several studies and research conducted
found that using these plant material can be effective in curing the said diseases,
The findings entail the following: quack doctors in Ilocos Sur had to stop
their services due to certain factors, their use of different herbal medicine is
effective as backed by different studies, and the other traditional healing methods
recommended by the researchers that the local government should help in aiding
these quack doctors by either giving them materials needed, or financial assistance
because they have been a part of the culture, and rich heritage of Ilocos Sur; and
promote more research that discusses both medicinal plants and other traditional
healing methods.
modernization are rampant can be considered bizarre for some since medical
assistance is available to the public. However, they still play an important role in
the culture of a certain group of people for they carry the rich and diverse culture
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL x
of the people comprising the group, they are accessible especially to the ones who
live on rural areas, and affordable to the ones who are not economically
advantaged. This is why the creation and promotion of research surrounding these
topics would still remain and be significant. Not to mention, it can also branch out
new knowledge on botany, and some of the methods still lack scientific evidence
and foundation and with the help of further research, it will solidify their
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Certification........................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
Research Question.......................................................................................... 5
Methods ........................................................................................................ 17
Summary ...................................................................................................... 40
Conclusion.................................................................................................... 43
Recommendations ........................................................................................ 44
Bibliography........................................................................................................ 47
Appendices .......................................................................................................... 65
Curriculum Vitae................................................................................................. 78
Thematic Analysis........................................................................................ 72
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
beds (Emanuel, 2020) (Gondi, 2020) (Ranney, 2020). Soon after, with the rise of
its spread, it also affected other countries including the Philippines and with this,
to Guerra & Gustavo (2020), on April 24, 2020, the Philippine government stated
that there are recorded incidents wherein hospitals denied patients emergency
treatment because they claimed they did not have vacant beds in their intensive
care units. Additionally, a report published by ABS-CBN stated that Mayor Joy
Belmonte of Quezon City said in an interview that hospitals sent home three
patients, who have shown to have mild or minor symptoms of COVID-19, because
(2020), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the main clinical
fatigue (35.8%), and dyspnea or shortness of breath (21.9%) while the minor
symptoms are headaches (12.1%), diarrhea (4.85), and vomiting (3.9%). They are
classified as main and minor due to the percentage of the people who experienced
and poor management of the Department of Health funds by reports shown by the
other countries to continue their work (De los Santos, 2021) (Finch, 2013).
Furthermore, Santos (2020) stated that the Philippines is one of the world’s top
explained that despite the huge number of health professionals that the country
produces every year, there is still a shortage of health workforce employed to meet
the standard requirement for the country’s growing population. In addition to that,
in April of 2021, the nurses of St. Luke Hospital mass resigned, having 66 down
to 43 some of which reasoned for inadequate salary, and heavy workload. These
pieces of evidence are proof that the Philippines has only limited health
pandemic.
In an economic view, this pandemic led to drastic income loss and high
unemployment rates (Dang & Nguyen, 2020) which made more people especially
the least economically advantaged citizens have no primary source of income and
since as stated, there were many people who lost their jobs. According to a study
PhP 7,000 for medical expenses that include medical supplies (PhP 4,000.00),
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 3
diagnostic tests (PhP 2,000.00), and post-discharge expenses (PhP 1,000.00). Not
only that but it is usually the economically disadvantaged that are likely to be
exposed and be vulnerable to the virus since they are living in tight and
Problems related to the medical sector and finance caused some patients
to transition to the use of traditional medicine. To elaborate, they opted for this
type of treatment because of the lack of health professionals (UPPI & DRDF,
2020), financial instability (Mendoza- Dreisbach & Dreisbach, 2018); and since it
2021).
and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual
& Ong (2005), it is believed that the practice of traditional medicine in the
Philippines have existed for years even before the Spanish colonization that has
been rooted by ethnic and Indigenous groups and has been heavily influenced by
the Chinese.
used in treating diseases, but they differ in the process involved in terms of
beliefs, and religions that makes use of plant, animal, and certain mineral
communities, and in rural areas than that of urbanized areas (Baniya, 2014)
diets, and lifestyle changes of treating diseases backed with scientific knowledge
and the involvement of researches, case studies, and technology (Dulmen, 2007).
ethnolinguistic groups and each of these groups has distinct identities, language
used, and practices that include medicine. The practices are somewhat similar to
each other since the knowledge on traditional practices is inherited from their great
ancestors (Olowa, et al., 2012). Although there are research papers that feature
certain diseases, only few studies are done about the quack doctors or “albularyo”
Sur is rich in culture, heritage, and beliefs and traditional healing methods are
common especially now with the surge of COVID-19. There is an existing study
the province. However, it only featured the common terminologies used by quack
doctors on healing in certain Ilokano communities. There are also limited studies
discussing what traditional procedures are made by local quack doctors if a patient
even in the modern world and should be conducted even if technology and
opportunities for more research ideas to future researchers and students on the
fields of botany, and medicine making them have more knowledge, and a deeper
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 5
emphasizing the traditions and culture in the Philippines; and it can make the
the researchers aimed to know what particular traditional practices are being done
by traditional healers or quack doctors in Ilocos Sur in curing main and minor
COVID-19 clinical symptoms particularly the plant material that they use and
Research Question
2. What herbal medicine and processes are used by traditional healers to cure
3. What traditional healing methods do these quack doctors use to cure main
3,000,000 as of March of 2022 (DOH, 2022) and there are instances wherein a lot
of people can still experience symptoms of the said virus. Some people turn to
their difficulties (Gupta, 2010). The medicinal practices used by quack doctors in
healing are deeply rooted in our history and customs, having been practiced by
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 6
Filipinos long before the Spaniards colonized the country, and influenced by
The research study made use of the qualitative approach. The respondents
are three (3) selected quack doctors living in Ilocos Sur who have been in the field
of traditional healing for at least ten (10) years. These respondents were chosen
on the strengths and weaknesses of studies within that body (De Los Reyes &
Kazdin, 2008). This chapter includes the conducted investigation from past studies
which the researchers believed to have a similarity on the current topic they are
studying. The technical terms used, and research questions or subtopics are
carefully discussed by comparing and contrasting this study to past ones. The
foundation which guided the researchers in conducting the study; limit the scope
of their inquiry (Duff, 2002); make a reliable context which future researchers can
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 7
use to have a broader view on the research questions; and make readers have a
more in-depth background knowledge about the study (Neely et al., 2010).
Traditional healers have been a part of the Philippine Health Care System
(Galan, 2018). According to the American Historical Association, and the study
of Joven (2020), it stated that although the first ever records that accounts these
types of treatments date back from the 16th century, much information about the
Philippines during the pre-colonial eras are destroyed by the Spaniards. However,
and Alternative Health Care, Alfonso T. Lagaya, the Philippines already had
different kinds of traditional practices present long way before the Spanish
believed to be the first spiritual healers in the country, that were present during
those times. To clarify, they were men, women, and transgender women that serve
(Nono, 2014). The traditional practices back then that they used were heavily
Chinese ethnic medicine because this was the religion that was mainly practiced
before Christianity, and the relations of the Chinese merchants and the Filipinos
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 8
were developed as early as the ninth century up until to the eleventh (Fernandez,
2004).
colonized the country, it is heavily speculated that the ancestral belief and the
influence of the Catholic church merged. In fact, reports have shown that Spanish
the country. This explains as to why there are religious amulets or “agimat”,
(Bodeker & Kronenberg, 2002). According to the World Bank, the Philippines is
national income per capita recorded in 2021. Additionally, according to the report
shown by the Department of Trade and Industry, the overall provincial score of
Ilocos Sur is estimated to be 38.5, which is relatively lower than that of highly
urbanized cities. This suggests that the province has a lesser income rate than that
of other provinces. This reasons out as to why some residents would opt to be
treated with these procedures making it popular and be practiced up until today;
and (2) the national government interference. These procedures are not being
prohibited by the national government and traditional healers are free to practice
these procedures for it heavily reflects our long cultural heritage, it is non-
invasive, and it does not compromise the safety of the patients (Lagaya, 2005).
use of plants and plant extracts (Pan et al., 2014). Human societies have been in
close contact with their environments since the beginning of their formation and
used the ingredients of the environment to obtain food and medicine (Jamshidi-
Kia et al., 2018). The World Health Organization (1997) even stated that herbal
mobilized for the attainment of the common goal of health for all. In the
significant role for many years making it well accepted in the rural areas
The indigenous Manobo people, and traditional healers of Agusan Del Sur
utilizes Lunas Lunasia amara Blanco from the tree, “lunas-kahoy”, and the vine,
limbs, and skin diseases, and they use these as insect repellents (Dapar, 2017).
Residents in the northern part of Surigao del Sur use a total of 62 different
plant species to treat different kinds of diseases and ailments, namely, cough,
uses the leaves of sambong (Blumea balsamifera), Chinese chaste tree or lagundi
(Vitex negundo), and rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with water to cure
cough. They also use calamansi (Citrus macrocarpa) to lower hypertension which
Spillanthes acmella to treat toothaches which also contributes as to why the plant
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 10
is called the “toothache plant” (Puroshotaman, 2018); and cogon grass (Imperata
cylindrica) and corn (Zea mays) to treat the urinary tract of a person.
As reported by Abe (2013), the Ivatan people of the Bataan Island use 138
different species of plants for foods, medicines, and other uses. They use papaya
treating constipation, cuts and wounds, diarrhea, and dislocations and fractures,
and other consequences of external factors, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous
tissues, and even fever (Aziz et al., 2021). In addition to that, malunggay (Moringa
doing so (Dubey, 2013), and coconut (Cocos nucifera) is used for diseases of the
genitourinary system.
Southwest Cebu use biomedical care to patients with ailments. Mayana (Coleus
atropurpureus) for treating wounds, swelling, bruises, sprains, and cysts; Limang-
and body/back pains; lagundi (Vitex negundo) to cure cough, kidney problems,
to irregular eating habits; sibuyas (Allium cepa) is used for cancer, and cysts; and
vitis-idaea) for treating white spot, boils, and child sleeplessness, malaise, and
According to the study of Del Fiero (2013), the methods of using these
plants in curing different ailments are the following but not limited to: (a)
extraction (b) decoction (c) expression (d) and infusion. Extraction involves the
Decoction refers to mashing of the leaves of the plant and then boiling it
with water to extract the desired materials (Suresh, 2014). Expression involves
pounding or squeezing the raw plant to an affected area (Del Fiero, 2013). Infusion
entails the extraction process involving the submerging of the plant materials in
water for a certain period of time and then applying it to the affected areas.
From the various studies cited, we have traditional healers from all around
the country and despite of the differences in location, there are evident similarities
in the (a) use of plants like for example, the use of the coconut (Cocos nucifera),
and gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) by both the Ivatan, and the Ati-Negrito
communities; and (b) the processes involved in using those plants, but the diseases
Filipino faith healers attribute their ability to cure to God. As a result, they
offer their services not because of monetary gains but rather of the desire to help
their community and other people using their talent (Labastida et al., 2016).
culture that has been passed down through many generations, and is continuously
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 12
being practiced, especially in barrios and barangays in the country. The study
concluded that the traditional healers of the Partido area in Camarines Sur have
procedures and rituals such as the “oràsyon”, “hilot”, and “himolso” while using
causes the sickness and its possible means of healing), “pangalap” (searching) of
healers mostly use “panagilot”, which is the essentially same with “hilot”; and
“orasyon”. The methods’ presence were the only ones that were mentioned, and
it did not really specify nor emphasized as to what diseases are being healed to
what type of process. Although there are recorded studies stating the specific
traditional healing practices made by quack doctors from all around the country,
there are still limited studies discussing what specific procedures that are done by
quack doctors in the Philippines exclusively in curing COVID-19 main and minor
symptoms.
Since there are only limited research discussing the use of traditional
listening, smelling, inquiry, and palpation) (Li et al., 2020). It had been used to
treat and prevent viral infection pneumonia diseases and had accumulated a large
was reported that during the pandemic, traditional Chinese herbal medicine
Reports by the Beijing Municipal Health Commission revealed that two (2)
patients who had developed symptoms of COVID-19 were discharged from the
hospital on January 24, 2020 and January 25, 2020 after Chinese traditional
affirmed that in the survey that they used wherein 774 respondents were
questioned, most of them recommended medicinal plants and the use of folk or
conclude that the Philippines has traditional healers from all around the country
with distinct healing practices and herbal medicine used to cure different kinds of
diseases, in which methods are heavily inspired by the Chinese due to trading
systems developed before the Spanish colonization. From reports and studies
conducted in China, it is proven that the use of herbal and traditional medicine is
study not to question the effectivity of traditional medicine but to determine the
particular traditional methods and herbal medicine used by quack doctors residing
Conceptual Framework
rather than analyzing and modelling casual relations (Gerring, 2004) (Starman,
2013). A book published by Yin (2003) made mentioned that when choosing a
case study, one of the requirements that should be considered is that the focus of
the study is to answer “how” and “why” questions. Since the study only focuses
the group of traditional healers and what herbal medicine, traditional practices
they use; how do they use these herbal medicine; and why they conduct their
(Thomas, 2021). To define an exploratory case study, a type of case study that
Quack Doctors of
Ilocos Sur
Knowledge on
Processes involved Materials needed
traditional medicine
Main clinical
Purpose of
COVID-19
becoming a Procedures Done
symptoms it can
traditional healer
sure
Minor clinical
COVID-19
symptoms it can
cure
which includes (1) their background experiences; which includes the quack
medicine, which includes the processes involved, and the main and minor clinical
symptoms of COVID-19 that it can cure. Lastly, (3) and other traditional healing
methods. This includes the materials needed, the procedures done, and the main
and minor clinical symptoms of COVID-19 that it can cure. The study considered
quack doctors’ who have been in the field of healing for at least ten (10) years and
have cured patients with COVID-19 symptoms as the primary participants of the
study.
a respiratory tract infection, according to doctors. It can affect either the upper and
lower respiratory system (sinuses, nose, and throat) (windpipe and lungs)
(Sharma, 2020).
and recognize that can be enhanced with the use of practice and time (Dewey,
n.d).
the act of creating an effect without the use of visible force or direct order.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 17
from the appropriate council or authority (Hammerschmidt, 2005). They are the
(Pennebaker, 2012). According to the National Cancer Institute, this refers to the
Methods
(Akhtar, 2016); the sample of the study, the procedure to select a sample from a
group for a certain kind of research purpose (Waters, 2021); data gathering tools,
fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions (Gill et al., 2008)
and ethical issues, which are referred to as doing what is morally and legally right
in research (Parveen & Showkat, 2017), that were utilized in the study.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 18
Research Design
of quack doctors. The cases focused on the experiences and ways of quack doctors
practices that they use and conduct in their healing process. The researchers
different ways that traditional practices are being utilized by quack doctors in
the methods of curing by utilizing the traditional practices of quack doctors that
could be questioned and investigated in terms of their culture and how they present
The study of Brink et al. (n.d.) expounded that this phase of research
the process of developing refining abstract ideas. During this phase, the
researchers categorise and label their impressions. Thus, the activities include
phase, the researchers, with the help of brainstorming, gathered all the possible
research ideas and narrowed it until only three research topics remained. The
research topics were then proposed and approved by a panel, consisting of the
research adviser, and a teacher who is knowledgeable in research. After that, the
researchers established the purpose and significance of the study; formulated the
appropriate research questions; used reliable sources to read and assess literature
published surrounding the topic; defined terminologies in the context of the study;
The aim of this phase of research is to prepare a general plan of the real
research (Cohen, 2018). During this phase, the researchers determined what
qualitative method and data gathering procedure are the most suitable in the study
then, the researchers asked for permission from the school principal and local
officials through a letter to allow the researchers to conduct the study. After that,
the researchers carefully selected the participants with the help of a criteria
specifically made for the study. The researchers explained to the participants the
purpose, and the like.; informed them about their rights as participants; and let
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 20
them sign an agreement that they truly understood the terms and conditions of the
In this phase, the researchers implemented all the plans that they made in
the previous phases (Hanacek, 2010). The researchers formally began the data
gathering process and executed the said procedures that was mapped in phase 2.
The data gathered in this phase was collected by the researchers to create copies
of it so that it will lessen the probability of the data being lost; and was used and
Once the data collection and surveying activities have yielded sufficient
and relevant data, it is time to systematically organize the data so that it can be
interpreted and analysed by the researchers (Hanacek, 2010). Data in this phase
(Brink et al., n.d.) During this phase, the researchers systematically organized, and
analysed the data gathered from phase 3. However, before doing so, the
information was first examined for completeness and accuracy to ensure the
study’s credibility. After that, the researchers summarized, and interpreted the
data, made sense of the results, and drew the proper conclusions.
others who may find it useful. (Hanacek, 2010). The researchers presented and
defended the research study to a panel that consists of teachers that were either
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 21
selected by the researchers. With this, it will be the time for the panel to evaluate
the study, and to give some points of improvements and insights that the
researchers could make to better the study, these may include additional
information, structure, data presentation and analysis, and the like. After that, the
researchers implemented their pieces of advice, revised, and finalized the study.
It was then published, book binded, and presented in the Science, Technology,
Sur, particularly at the locations where the quack doctors are currently using to
selected deliberately based on their expertise of the given research topic (Bernard,
2010). In relation to that, the study features ethnobotany for it discusses medicinal
plants, and informant selection is highly relevant for this specific type of research,
as people are constantly looked upon for knowledge and information (Tongco,
years of experience. The sample size is only three (3) because the study wants to
Sandelowski (1995), the sample size in a study is dependent on the study and the
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 22
method used. For studies that requires to develop a theory, it would need a large
sample size while case studies only need a small one. The distribution of the
status.
The informants were selected specifically for this study through careful
2. should be a traditional healer that have cured patients during the COVID-
19 pandemic;
Interviews are one of the most important data gathering tools in qualitative
research (Myers, 2007). These involve a conversation between the research and
practically advantageous since it does not rely on literacy and has a better response
phenomenon (McIntosh, 2015). The researchers used this type of interview since
it gives the informants more power and control over what gets discussed in the
interview and how it gets discussed (Low,2013). Participants are free to respond
to these open-ended questions as they wish, and the researcher may probe these
had a consultation with the school principal for them to be allowed in conducting
the study. After their approval, the researchers interviewed locals from
municipalities and/or cities in and near Vigan City to search out and assess any
quack doctors present in the province. The final participants were identified based
of availability. After that, the interview questions were also given in preparation
During the interview proper, the researchers first asked their consent to be
transparency and credibility in the conduct of the study. If for any reason, they
disagree with this condition, the researchers would respect their decision and
privacy, and would opt to only record the audio in the interview given that they
Data Analysis
For the analysis of this study, transcriptions of the audio recording were
done and translations of the answers into English were made. The extraction of
information from interviews, which is obtained from the respondents, was also
The objective in this case is confined to explore the different ways quack
assesses the experiences and origins of traditional practices done by quack doctors
The control group was asked about their experiences in curing COVID-
Ethical Considerations
qualitative study to keep the balance between the potential risks and the likely
benefits of the research (Arifin, 2018). In alignment with this principle, certain
measures were conducted such as the distribution of the informed consent form,
Presented below are the mentioned concepts to elaborate how the researchers
fulfilled them throughout the study. This is done to ensure that the research is
Informed Consent
Compliance, it should contain the key elements of a research study and what their
informed consent letter draft, written in English, Filipino, and in Ilokano, that
participating in the data gathering process such as the significance, objectives, and
benefits of the study. The researchers also emphasized the pertinent terms and
such as the flow of the interview, the cost of the study or whether or not the
foreseeable risks in the future. It was checked by the research adviser, finalized
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 26
by the researchers, and signed by the respondents that had expressed their
willingness to participate.
In pursuant of the Data Privacy Act of 2012, the researchers used the
information that the respondents would share for the completion and development
of the study. However, it would be done while they are highly observing privacy
2000), this will be done by ensuring the anonymity of the respondents by using
pseudonyms or letters as their names and making their personal information that
they might share in the data gathering process that are outside of the research
(Streubert & Carpenter, 1999). The researchers would not disclose any of their
organizations, and the like that the participant may share. This is done so that no
one is able to identify the source (Behi & Nolan, 1995). Participants would also
Accuracy
the respondents’ answers during the interview proper, the researchers recorded the
Voluntary Participation
refuse to be in the study at all, and it is in their right to stop participating at any
time after the researchers have conducted the study. So, if for any reason, the
participants would not want to be included, and would refuse to continue the
interview, the researchers would respect their decision and would then find other
Chapter II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussions of the research questions along with
some background of the quack doctors, their experiences during the COVID-19
pandemic, herbal medicine used, and other traditional methods that they may
features a summary of the results that were obtained in the study, describes how
those results address the topic under investigation and the issues that the research
was designed to address, and may expand upon the implications of those findings.
what or who influenced and how they had the ability to cure with traditional
practices, they all had different answers. Informant A stated that it was his
grandmother, who was also a traditional healer, who influenced him to start and
her death bed, she held unto my arms and said that she will pass her knowledge
and ability to me since I was the closest to her. I was maybe 10-11 at that time and
knowledge on medicinal herbs and other traditional methods. I already knew some
of the methods she did. However, as a child, I cannot remember all of them so, I
went to study” This conforms to the study conducted by Rebuya (2008), which
states that folk medicine by means of herbal medicine and other traditional
Pansacola (2017), even stated that one does not apply to be a traditional healer.
The potential and talent to become one is discerned by a master who transfers the
Catholic, I believe that if He calls you to do something, you should never reject it.
So, when He called me to help, I did not deny nor hesitate since it is against my
will. I owe it to Him that I always have good health and with this ability, I can get
to help the people have that also.” while informant C said, “I kept seeing visions
of God. Before, I always felt His presence even in my house. I believe that these
happen because I devotedly attend masses every first Friday of the month and
during Sundays in our local church. Also, a group of people, who were my friends,
that were also traditional healers saw how I have the potential in healing since
they said to me that they saw a ‘halo’ coming from my head, which was a sign of
having the ability to cure. Since I had no idea what traditional healing is, they
taught me personally. Through their teachings and the guidance of God, I learned
how to cure.”
Furnham (1994) and Mansfield et al. (2002), which both states that divine and/or
Village (2005), which concluded that traditional healing can be viewed as the
having the ability to cure was a calling from God, so they continue to practice it.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 30
for me, it is my vocation, a calling from God” while Informant A said, “I really
want to help the people who are in need, and I felt somehow obligated to continue
the family tradition since it was personally passed by my late grandmother. Out of
However, they also added that above all, it was to help cure the diseases
experienced by the people who cannot have the economic standing of purchasing
medicine and inability to pay medical help. Informant A revealed, “A lot of people
get sick, and the hospitals are far away. Instead of making them travel, I offer
these services. I also never make anyone pay for my service. All of these are pure
volunteer work. I was a public servant during my younger years, and I am used to
sacrificing my time just for others. My past colleagues even jokingly say to me
that I can be the richest retired public servant if I charge my patients.” Informant
These claims were able to conform the studies conducted by Peprah et al.
(2018), and Shah et al. (2020). Peprah et al. (2018) asserted that traditional
healing is affordable because the quack doctors does not feel entitled to any
amount, and these doctors are easily accessible especially in rural areas. In Shah
et al (2020), it was found that the healers themselves did not and will not charge
any amount for their services because they believe that it is a gift from God and
that they should not capitalize on it. However, if given any money, it would be
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 31
either donated to the local church or be used in buying materials that they may
The informants said that they stopped offering their healing services to the
public because of the lack of safety equipment and the fear of being infected with
because I believe that God will help me. I know that He gave me this gift just so
that I can share it to the ones that need it, but I temporarily stopped because of my
family. They say that it is too dangerous because a lot of people have died from
the virus and considering my age, I can be prone to it.” However, they claimed
that it remained open to those who they knew personally like their family
members, and neighbors since they are confident that they have no history of any
kind of travel outside of the country and with that, they can be sure that when their
patient has COVID-19 symptoms, they presume that they do not really carry the
said virus but rather believe that someone or something else have caused it. They
added that even though they have a desire to continue to help the people, it would
adversely affect their health if they proposed to continue since they were already
Their statement supports the study conducted by Jain (2020), and Ranney
masks, goggles or a face shield, and gowns (WHO, 2020). This is important
appropriate PPE for all patients to avoid and lessen the spread of COVID-19 and
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 32
since they do not have these PPE, it is safer to make their healing services available
to a select few.
Their reason as to why they stopped their services were not questionable
because since they are senior citizens, they belong to the vulnerable group, and
they have a high mortality rate (Chen, 2021). Aging increases the risk of
this includes COVID-19 (Chakrabort, 2021). This means that they are likely be
the victims of COVID-19. A study by Dhama (2020) even stated that a significant
herbal medicine are used by local quack doctors in healing COVID-19 symptoms
and the processes that were involved in using the said plans. To give context, main
Disease Control and Prevention, are fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath
(Bambusa spinosa) while informant C uses the leaves of suha (Citrus maxima)
and lagundi (Vitex negundo). They both use the process of decoction. According
to them, this include boiling the plant materials for a long period of time,
preferably 50-60 minutes, and then straining the leaves to separate it from the
leaves of suha (Citrus maxima) as treatment for coughs and fevers has been proven
that they have the potential to cure both coughs and fevers if used properly. The
investigation of Luo et al. (2000), which they said that it is the process to extract
the medical elements of plants that was introduced more than 1000 years ago in
China. In addition to that, the use of these herbal plants can be seen in various
parts of the country. Studies of Abad et al. (2015), Sagun-De Vera (2017), Fiscal
(2017), Valdez (2015), and Molina et al. (2020) made mentioned of the use of
lagundi and oregano in various areas of the Philippines as herbal medicine that are
used in treating both coughs and fevers and they also included the process of
(Psidium guajava) to treat diarrhea and vomiting. Informant A directly feeds the
patient while Informant C uses the method of decoction while in curing headaches,
Informant A uses the leaves of sugar apple or “atis” (Annona squamosa) and
Mustafa (n.d.) wherein according to them, ginger has been found to be useful in
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 34
neurological disorders since it reduces both pain and nausea thus have the
potential to treat headaches, and migraines. Ong (1999) and Prasana (2019)
recognized the use of the sugar apple as a treatment used in Malaysia and Africa
respectively. On the other hand, utilizing the leaves of guava to treat diarrhea and
Goncalves et al. (2008), Lu et al. (2018), and Kumar et al. (2021). According to
them, after further research and clinical experiments, the guava leaf extract has
the potential to treat diarrhea and vomiting because of the antibacterial elements
Some symptoms were treated not with herbal plants but with another
these plant materials, answered that he has these plants because of their neighbors,
and from his own backyard since he cultivates them while Informant C said,
“Because I do not have a large area for a garden, I cannot plant them. So, I ask my
neighbors for these plants and since they know that I am a quack doctor, they let
me have them. For plants that I and my neighbors do not have, I go to the market
and use the either my pocket money or the donations that I received voluntarily
from patients but most of the time, my money is spent. If the market does not have
these plants, I make them bring the plant material or I instruct them on what to do
with it.”
It was revealed that not all symptoms were treated with herbal medicine
but with other traditional methods specifically shortness of breath, and fatigue.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 35
Based on the interviews, all of the informants used the same method, which is by
massaging or “hilot” with essential oils, in healing both main and minor
symptoms of COVID-19. Though the method is the same, the materials and
process differ. Informant A, according to him, massages the torso and the back of
the patient with the use of peppermint oil (Mentha × piperita) and a spotlight, this
consists of a yellow light that has a V-shaped plastic protector that was originally
motion to detect and lessen the cause of the pain. Informant B and C both massages
the parts of the body of the patient that is experiencing pain with the use of a
mixture of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera), and water. They also emphasized that
during the massage, they say a sacred prayer, which they did not disclose, that
the ancient healing art of quack doctors in the Philippines that treats illnesses with
the use of herbs and even essential oils that is still being practiced from all around
culture, and tradition. This can explain as to why in this study it was found that
not all quack doctors practiced the same kind of healing and some used different
materials.
It was also found that all informants use a method that determines whether
Informant A uses the patient’s hand and. According to them, they use a
matchstick, that was prayed over with a sacred prayer, against each of your fingers
and if one would feel pain, it is because someone or something may have caused
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 36
it and if not, then it is because of natural causes. He also made mention of using
acupressure. They elaborated, “I press certain parts of the palm and different parts
of the body and each of the points are related to an internal organ that is needed to
be healed and be taken care of.” He also added that this particular method was
taught to him when studying traditional medicine. Informant B and C uses the
palms of the patient. They align the palms together and if the left and right little
fingers are not equal in length, this means that the patient is either under a spell,
“mangkukulam” and if they are equal, the sickness is caused from natural causes.
In the systematic reviews conducted by Chen et al. (2014) and Lee &
and hands to stimulate acupoints and manage various symptoms of diseases such
as nausea, headaches, and abdominal pain. To define acupoints, these refer to the
anatomically defined areas on the skin relative to certain landmarks on the body,
mythological creature in the Philippines that has the power to inflict pain unto
someone. However, they can be detected by quack doctors, they can also heal the
traditional healing methods, they still lack scientific foundation because only few
research and investigation has been done in order to prove and assert that they are
effective in healing.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 37
Informants A and C asserted that during the healing process, they use the
herbal medicine, so they said that there was only a minimal difference in herbal
plants and other traditional practices. Informant C said, “What differentiates the
two are: the processes involved, the patients to be cured, and the difficulty of
conducting them.” He even further stated that herbal medicine is for the symptoms
and illnesses that are not life-threatening nor can endanger the patient’s life while
the traditional practices are used if it cannot be cured by herbal medicine. This
statement abides with Informant A’s answer. He said, “I treat my patients with
medicinal plants if the sickness is not that severe and I conduct the ‘hilot’ if the
herbal medicine is not enough.” Informant C also stated that it is harder for him
to conduct the traditional methods than just using herbal medicine because the
already old, I am not strong like what I was before so, when I conduct the ‘hilot’,
my arms tend to be weak since not only am I applying pressure in my left hand,
but my right controls the light I am using, and it is heavy. It is easier to just use
Informant B said, “Doing the ‘hilot’ is effective on its own because I let God guide
This idea agrees with the study of Wachtel-Galor & Benzie (2011), which
states that the use of herbal medicines is for health promotion and therapy for
disease. In the study of Canter & Ernst (2004), it stated that the use of herbal plants
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 38
is used as supplements which makes the healing process slower and less time
efficient thus only used on sicknesses that are not life-threatening. However, this
does not mean that herbal medicine is ineffective. As cited in the study conducted
by Valdez (2015), it talked about the advantage of using herbal medicine over
other medicines and they elaborated this by adding that a patient can take herbal
medicine as a part of their daily diet and there is no need for prescription, whereas
Informant A and C said that when comparing the two, pertaining to herbal
plants and other traditional practices, there is no better choice because they are
preferable to use in kids, ages 18 below, while adults should be given the ‘hilot’
child is simpler than that of an adult, and with herbal medicine, it can easily cure
them.” In addition to that, Informant C added that, “Faith is highly needed during
the process of healing.” Which agreed to the statement made by Informant B that
states, “Without and having a low level of faith, which means having little to no
hope in being healed, can delay or even worsen the healing process.” So, faith
wherein it stated that patients who have been healed of such medicine and
practices believed that the healing of disease can only be brought about by
religious faith through prayer or other rituals that can stimulate a divine presence
and power. Studies by Pearson (1995), and Woolmer (1999) even determined that
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 39
failure to heal is due to the sinfulness of those who are ill, but most importantly,
Chapter III
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusion drawn
from the results of the study and the recommendations forwarded to the
The purpose of the summary is to give the reader a brief overview of the
information, and the overview of the study (Setia, 2007). The conclusions were
based on the purpose, research questions and results of the study. The implications
(Mamabolo, 2006).
Summary
rich culture and tradition because it reveals the people’s ethnobotanical knowledge
and overall ideas surrounding folk medicine, which includes herbal medicine, and
Gaining the ability to cure traditionally can be either from a relative that is
one’s life. (Rebuya, 2008) (Fajardo & Pansacola, 2017). Traditional healers cure
the sick because they consider it as their help and service to the people who cannot
afford medical attention and they believe that they are God’s channels to heal the
ones who are in need (Village, 2005). They do not and will not even charge any
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 41
financial amount from their patients since most of them feel that it is unnecessary
stopped offering their healing services to the public but only made it exclusive to
their family and neighbors since they lack the necessary equipment, they have a
chance of being infected by the virus and since they are senior citizens, they are
the most vulnerable to be infected. Jain (2020), and Ranney et al. (2020)
medical masks, goggles or a face shield, and gowns (WHO, 2020). This is
should utilize appropriate PPE for all patients to avoid and lessen the spread of
COVID-19.
It was also found that they use the following herbal plants in curing main
Elm), and leaves of suha or pomelo (Citrus maxima) and the process involved is
decoction. The main symptoms that cannot be solely cured with herbal plants are
fatigue and shortness of breath, which was treated with “hilot” or massage with
They also use leaves of a sugar apple or “atis” tree (Annona squamosa),
ginger (Allium Sativum), Leaves of a guava tree (Psidium guajava), and guyabano
headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea. They also utilize the process of decoction, but
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 42
the leaves of guava are directly fed to the patient. They also conduct the
a person, the use of a matchstick and acupressure is used. They use a matchstick
that is pressed against each of the patient’s fingers to determine what caused their
sickness. In the systematic reviews conducted by Chen et al. (2014) and Lee et al.
nausea, headaches, and abdominal pain. To define acupoints, these refer to the
anatomically defined areas on the skin relative to certain landmarks on the body,
specifically the internal organs (Oleson, 2013). Unlike herbal medicine, there
are few research that has been conducted to further explore and prove that these
traditional methods are truly effective and have the potential to heal.
the sickness that it can cure, the materials involved, and the procedures done.
Herbal medicine is only used for sicknesses that are not life-threatening nor severe
several studies have proven and tested the effectiveness of herbal medicine and
other traditional practices, the faith, and the belief of being cured is an important
aspect of the healing process since it will ensure the patient that they will be truly
Conclusion
From the summary of the findings that were synthesized from the gathered
• Quack doctors of Ilocos Sur, due to their age group and fear of
and neighbors. This is because they are sure that they do not
by the patient. They also use leaves of a sugar apple or “atis” tree
the mentioned main and minor clinical symptoms. Aside from the
Recommendations
treating patients with main and minor COVID-19 symptoms; the herbal medicine
used, and processes involved; and other traditional methods that they conduct. In
there should be financial support that they receive from the local
includes face masks, alcohol dispensers, and the like or the local
Also, have brief programs that will help them how to properly use
directly. This way they can cultivate their own and the healing
These quack doctors are also the reflection of the culture of the
what medicinal herbs are effective, and safe to use; and other
been published on this matter, and to ensure that these can be safe,
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ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 64
APPENDICES
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 66
Appendix A
Letter of Request
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Appendix B
Informed Consent
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Appendix C
Consent to Critique
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Appendix D
Interview Questions
I. Background Experiences
Appendix E
Sample Transcription
Appendix F
Sample Translation
Question: How many years have you been practicing traditional healing?
Answer: I started conducting traditional healing since 1990 and up until now, I
still continue my service.
Question: How were you able to learn the methods or process of traditional
healing?
Answer: When my grandmother was on her death bed, she held unto my arms and
said that she will pass her knowledge and ability to me since I was the closest to
her. I was maybe 10-11 at that time and this encouraged me to go study various
institutions to further strengthen his knowledge on medicinal herbs and other
traditional methods. I already knew some of the methods she did. However, as a
child, I cannot remember all of them so, I went to study.
Question: What or who influence you about traditional healing?
Answer: My grandmother, who is also a traditional healer.
Question: Why do you conduct traditional healing?
Answer: I really want to help the people who are in need, and I felt somehow
obligated to continue the family tradition since it was personally passed by my
late grandmother. Out of all her grandchildren, she chose me. A lot of people get
sick, and the hospitals are far away. Instead of making them travel, I offer these
services. I also never make anyone pay for my service. All of these are pure
volunteer work. I was a public servant during my younger years, and I am used to
sacrificing my time just for others. My past colleagues even jokingly say to me
that I can be the richest retired public servant if I charge my patients.
Question: During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, how many patients
have you healed
Answer: Originally, I want to continue healing because I believe that God will
help me. I know that He gave me this gift just so that I can share it to the ones that
need it, but I temporarily stopped because of my family. They say that it is too
dangerous because a lot of people have died from the virus and considering my
age, I can be prone to it. But I still cured those who are near like my neighbors,
and close friends because I know their travel history and is sure that they do not
carry have the virus.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 72
Appendix G
Thematic Analysis
Question: How were you able to learn the methods or process of traditional
healing?
Informants Subtheme Main Theme
From my grandmother Relatives and education The traditional doctors
and school. from schools had different sources of
I learned it by myself Self-taught with information in order to
with the help of the Lord religious affiliation. learn the practices.
.
I learned this with the Friends that are also
help of my friends traditional healers.
because they are also
traditional healers who
introduced me this
process.
Question: In what severity of sickness would you use traditional practises over
herbal medicine and vice versa?
Informants Sub Theme Main Theme
I treat my patients with Use “hilot” for diseases Doing the “hilot” is
medicinal plants if the that are severe and much more preferred for
sickness is not that herbal medicine. sicknesses that are not
severe and I conduct the that severe or considered
‘hilot’ if the herbal mild. Otherwise, the
medicine is not enough. herbal medicine is used.
I use the ‘hilot’ because Only conducts the
like what I have said “hilot” because of its
earlier, it is effective on effectivity.
its own.
I use both, but I prefer to Uses herbal medicine for
use the herbal medicine all diseases especially if
if the sickness of the the patient is not in
patient is not that serious critical condition and
nor critical, but I always “hilot”.
do the ‘hilot’ to ensure
that they will be cured.
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 75
Appendix H
Documentation
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CURRICULUM VITAE
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 79
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
Citizenship : Filipino
Educational Background
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
Citizenship : Filipino
Educational Background
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
Citizenship : Filipino
Educational Background