Industrial Instrumentation

INDUSTRIAL
INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 9: Temperature measurement
• Introduction
• Thermistor
• RTD
• Thermocouple
• Semiconductor
Introduction
• Taking a temperature essentially requires the transmission of a
small portion of the object’s thermal energy to the sensor whose
function is to convert that energy into an electrical signal.
• Method of sensing:
• conductive,
• convective,
• radiative.
• When a contact temperature sensor responds to heat two basic

methods of the signal processing can be employed:
• Equilibrium
• Predictive
Introduction (cont.)
• Temperature Reference Points
For calibration of any temperature sensor, a precision reference is
required.
Example:
• Triplepoint of hydrogen : -259.34 0C
• Freezing point of water (water–ice mixture) : 0.00 0C
• Boiling point of water : 100.00 0C
• Freezing point of zinc : 419.58 0C
• Freezing point of aluminum : 660.46 0C
Introduction (cont.)
• There are many temperature sensors:

• Resistance Thermometers (Resistance Temperature Devices)
• Thermistors
• Thermocouple
• Semiconductor
• Radiation Thermometers
• Thermography
• Fiber-Optic
• Quartz
Thermistors
• Thermistor belongs to class of the absolute temperature sensors.
• All thermistors are divided into two groups: NTC and PTC.
• Only the NTC thermistors are useful for precision temperature measurements.
NTC Thermistors
• Resistance decreases with the increase in temperature.
• The relationship between the resistance and temperature is highly nonlinear.
When a thermistor is used as a temperature sensor, we

assume that all its characteristics are based on the so-
called zero-power resistance, meaning that electric
current passing through a thermistor does not result in any
noticeable temperature increase (self-heating)
Thermistor: Simple Model
1 1   RT1 
 −  ln 
 RT 
RT = R0 e  T T0 
=  0
1 1
 − 
T : thermistor temperature (K)  T1 T0 
RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)
−1
R0 : thermistor resistor () atT0 (K)   RT 

 ln   
1  RT
β : constant depends on thermistor material T = +  0 
 
(example : β25/85 = 3540K )  T0 
 
 
Thermistor: Fraden Model
1 1 
 1+ (T −T0 )   − 
RT = R0 e  T T0 
 x  1
 =  − 1
  T −T
 y  c a
T : thermistor temperature (K)
Rc Ra
RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K) ln ln
Rb Rb
R0 : thermistor resistor () at T0 (K) x = , y =
1 1 1 1
β : constant depends on thermistor material
 −   − 
(example : β25/85 = 3540K )  Tc Tb   Ta Tb 
Thermistor: Steinhart–Hart Model
3 −1
T =  A0 + A1 ln RT + A3 ( ln RT ) 
 
T : thermistor temperature (K)
RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)
A0 , A1, A3 : coefficients
Thermistor: comparing among models
Maximum error from 0˚C to 70˚C :

Simple : ±0.7 ˚C
Fraden : ±0.03 ˚C
Steinhart–Hart : ±0.003 ˚C
Thermistor: example
“AB” Thermistors for Healthcare

Thermistor: example
The 2322 640 90007 NTC thermistor (Philips) has 𝑅25 =
12𝑘Ω, 𝑅90 = 1.3𝑘Ω and 𝛿 = 10𝑚𝑊/𝐾 in still water. We wish to
use it in an application involving water from 00C to 1000C.
Calculate the maximal current allowable to keep the self-heating
error below 0.50C.

Thermistor: example
K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
Compute and plot VNTC at temperature
points 25, 50, 75, 100 0C ?
Thermistor: problem
HW: Read and Report

Thermistor signal conditioning: Dos and Don'ts, Tips and Tricks
(https://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/91.php)
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
• RTDs, like thermistors, employ a

change in electrical resistance to
measure temperature.
• All RTDs have positive temperature
coefficients (PTCs).
• Platinum is used almost, example:
Pt100
• Tungsten RTDs are usually applicable
for temperatures over 6000C
RTD: Simple Model
Rt = R0 1 +  t0 ( t − t0 ) 
t : RTD temperature (C)
Rt : thermistor resistor () at t
R0 : thermistor resistor () at t0
𝛼𝑡0 : constant
(example : 𝛼0 = 0.0039230C-1 , SAMA Standard RC21-4-1966 or
𝛼0 = 0.0038500C-1 , Europe DIN standard or 𝛼0 = 0.0039000C-1 British Aircraft industry standard )

RTD: Callendar–van Dusen Model
For the range from -2000C to 00C :
Rt = R0 1 + At + Bt + Ct ( t − 100 ) 
 2 3
For the range from 00C to 6610C :

R0 = 100, A = 3.9083*10 −3
Rt = R0 1 + At + Bt 
 2
B = −5.775*10 −7 , C = −4.183*10 −12
Note: only for RTD Platinum

RTD: example
A given 500 Ω nickel RTD (Minco Products) has α = 0.00618 Ω/Ω /𝐾
at 00C.
It is used at temperatures around 1000C, so we use the model 𝑅𝑡 =
𝑅100 1 + 𝛼100 𝑡 − 100 . Calculate its sensitivity and temperature

coefficient at 1000C, and determine the resistance at 1000C and 1010C.
RTD: example
Measure a temperature from 00C to 500C

as figure. Pt1000 has 1000Ω and  =
0.00375Ω/Ω/K at 250C. V0 has a 0 to 2V
range. Determine R1, R2, Rp and Vref in
order to limit the sensor current to 50A
and to achieve the desired output
voltage.
BT7
K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
a. Tính và vẽ VNTC tại các điểm nhiệt độ
25, 50, 75, 100 0C ?
b. Nếu VNTC = 5V. Tính nhiệt độ đo được
bằng phương pháp nội suy từ kết quả
câu a. So sánh với nhiệt độ chính xác.

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INDUSTRIAL

• When a contact temperature sensor responds to heat two basic

• There are many temperature sensors:

When a thermistor is used as a temperature sensor, we

R0 : thermistor resistor () atT0 (K)   RT 

T : thermistor temperature (K)

RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)

Maximum error from 0˚C to 70˚C :

“AB” Thermistors for Healthcare

The 2322 640 90007 NTC thermistor (Philips) has 𝑅25 =

12𝑘Ω, 𝑅90 = 1.3𝑘Ω and 𝛿 = 10𝑚𝑊/𝐾 in still water. We wish to

use it in an application involving water from 00C to 1000C.

Calculate the maximal current allowable to keep the self-heating

error below 0.50C.

HW: Read and Report

• RTDs, like thermistors, employ a

Rt : thermistor resistor () at t

R0 : thermistor resistor () at t0

(example : 𝛼0 = 0.0039230C-1 , SAMA Standard RC21-4-1966 or

𝛼0 = 0.0038500C-1 , Europe DIN standard or 𝛼0 = 0.0039000C-1 British Aircraft industry standard )

For the range from -2000C to 00C :

For the range from 00C to 6610C :

Note: only for RTD Platinum

It is used at temperatures around 1000C, so we use the model 𝑅𝑡 =

𝑅100 1 + 𝛼100 𝑡 − 100 . Calculate its sensitivity and temperature

Measure a temperature from 00C to 500C

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