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Sense relations
Sense relations refer to the various ways in

which words or expressions are semantically
related to one another based on their meaning
and usage. These relations help us
understand how words are connected and
organized within a language system. Sense
relations can be classified into different types
Sense relations
Concept/sense/signified
word/ signifier
CAT
Our Lexicon (mental dictionary)
SENSE
SENSE SENSE SENSE SENSE SENSE
SENSE
SENSE SENSE
SENSE SENSE
SENSE SENSE
Sense relations
Homonymy and polysemy

Homonymy
The senses are unrelated
"tear" /teə/
The orthography Homographs
(spelling) "tear" /tɪə/
What is related Bat /bæt/

Homonyms
can be either
(Both) Bat /bæt/
Flower /ˈflaʊə/
The sound
(Pronunciation) Homophones
Flour/ˈflaʊə/
Quick exercise
Knight(noun) -a mediaeval warrior Bear- (Noun) A large, wild animal.
1 Night (noun)-the period of darkness 3 Bear -(Verb) To carry
between sunset and sunrise
Lead -(noun) a soft, heavy, metallic Match-(Noun) A game

2 element 4 Match-(Noun) A small stick used to
Lead -(verb) to guide or direct start a fire

Do you think these senses are related?
Light /lait/ (bright) Light /lait/ (not heavy)

Leoth
It comes from old English, and it
meant "not heavy" and/or "bright"
depending on the context. Like a gem
or a torch for instance.
Polysemy
It refers to a situation where a single word has more than one
meaning. The word polysemy comes from the Greek word "many
signs". The multi meanings are listed under one entry in a
dictionary.
Examples:
The word dish has multiple definitions (polysemy

meaning) under one entry.
1- It´s your turn to wash the dishes. (= a kind of
plate)
2- How long does it take to cook this dish.(= food)
Both meanings of dish implied some kind of "food
being served". They are related by sense but have
different definitions.
Be careful Look at
Watch
Watch your
Secretly
mouth
Hear
In cover
sounds,
(hear a case)
words, etc
Hear
Be told
Hear (out)
something
Task
Complete the following sentences with the correct
form of watch and hear.
1) Without waiting to ___ her answer, he stood up
and walked away.
2) You´d better ___ your mouth, young man!
3) I feel like I´m being ___.
4) The case was ___ at Teesside Crown Court on
April 10.
Central or Focal Meaning
Task
Which would you consider to be central and peripheral senses of these English words?
Arrange the senses in order of centrality, then compare your list with someone else's.
HEAD: HAND:
a. Did you hurt your head? a. The hands of the clock were approaching midnight.
b. She's head of the committee. b. His hand was good: three kings and two aces.
c.The head of this hammer is loose. c. What beautiful hands you have.
d. I need a hand; can you lift this?
Metaphorical extension
The central or focal meaning may often be the basis of metaphorical extensions of a word.
Head: topmost part of a human body

Head of a committee:
Languages have different degrees of polysemy attached to
cognate words.

Example:
➡️ ➡️ ➡️
English human legs table✔️
➡️ ➡️
Spanish humano piernas mesa❌️➡️

Language learners aren't insensitive to these problems of

transferability.

Consider the likely translatability of the English word 'back' into Spanish.
Which of the sentences could be translated using the L2 word meaning "the rear part of the
human body"?
How many different words do you think will be needed to cover the various senses of 'back'?

She sat at the back of the class.

BACK???
My back aches from all that work.
The index is in the back of the book.
I'm tired, I want to go back.
The back of the chair is broken.
The back of your jacket is stained.
Open the back of the camera to put the film in.

Metaphor
It is a way of describing
Metaphor, as a device for
something by referring to it as
creating and extending
something different and
meaning, is very important in
suggesting that it has similar
the study of vocabulary
qualities to that thing.
Conventional and Unconventional
Unconventional metaphors are those
which, if in an utterance, would stand
out to a native speaker. They are also
There are some metaphors which
used to encourage creative thinking,
are said to be conventional or
evoke strong imagery, and provide fresh
institutionalized, which basically
perspectives by drawing unexpected
means they’re widely accepted.
connections between different domains
of experience.

Why we should want or need to talk about

something as if it were something else?
A metaphor makes it possible to conceptualize and

talk about entities with vague and indeterminate
boundaries, or which are abstract. It may also be a way
of demonstrating relations and systematicity in the
real world, relations that may not be
immediately obvious. Metaphor is also useful in
expanding existing concepts and creating new ones
How is it that this
process works?
Alcoholism is a juggernaut with a learner driver.
What is that
pokemetaphor?
? ? ?
?
Juggernaut : a very large
truck
What is that
pokemetaphor?
? ? ?
?
Learner driver: someone who
is still a beginner and not yet
skilled at driving.
How is it that this
process works?
We understand a metaphor
because we associate key
concepts and the context.
Tolerance limits
"The boy was not "Fame is a bee.

well-looking, with his It has a song—
golden curls and tuna It has a sting—
fish complexion" A Ah, too, it has a win."
doctor talking about Emily Dickinson Poem.
his ill patient.
The Learner Challenges
1. Recognizing metaphors.
2. Delimiting their boundaries in text.
3. Distinguishing conventional and creative metaphors.
4. Identifying relevant or prominent features of the
entities compared order to get at an interpretation.
The Learner Challenges
Let's watch some videos!
recognizing
metaphors
culture-bound
culture-bound
Componential Analysis
We can observe that words which cluster together to form lexical
fields have certain features or attributes in common.
'Spaniels', 'Terriers' and 'Pekinese' = domesticated, canine pets;

'Cats' and 'Dogs' = mammals (non-human ones), animate;
These features or attributes enable us to organize our field in

terms of what the entities within it have in common and what
distinguishes them from one another.
Examples:
Attributes these words share, semantic markers:
Spaniel, Terrier = (+domesticated + canine)
Distinguishing features:
Spaniel [+ large, droopy ears + silky

coat + sporting
retriever]
Terrier [+ small + hairy + burrowing
when hunting]
The markers and distinguishing features put together

are an analysis of the meaning of the word (CA). CA
attempts to describe systematic ways in which words
are alike or unalike.
Task
Try and do the same with the following pairs of words as was done with 'spaniel' and
'terrier', that is, do a componential analysis illustrating the features the words in the
pairs have in common (their markers) and the features that distinguish them.
hammer / mallet
chicken / duck
depressed / disappointed
wallet / purse

*CA tends to present a rather static, abstract view of the

vocabulary of a language. It is also sometimes difficult to state
precisely what the components of a given word are, and
subjective judgements vary. This is because our lexical
competence is highly variable, is dynamic, in constant change and
development.

What one knows about a word, may not be the same as what
someone else knows. What is more, meaning changes over time
and develops, and what an individual knows about a word changes
too. CA does not claim to address these issues; it is more
concerned with the structure of the lexicon.

Purse
Thank you!
Integrantes:
Giuliano Cucurullo
Isabela Drubawski
Mauro De Fazio
Jorgelina Flores
Valentina Prol

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Sense relations

Sense relations refer to the various ways in

Homonymy and polysemy

What is related Bat /bæt/

Lead -(noun) a soft, heavy, metallic Match-(Noun) A game

Do you think these senses are related?

Light /lait/ (bright) Light /lait/ (not heavy)

The word dish has multiple definitions (polysemy

Head: topmost part of a human body

Language learners aren't insensitive to these problems of

She sat at the back of the class.

Why we should want or need to talk about

A metaphor makes it possible to conceptualize and

"The boy was not "Fame is a bee.

'Spaniels', 'Terriers' and 'Pekinese' = domesticated, canine pets;

These features or attributes enable us to organize our field in

The markers and distinguishing features put together

*CA tends to present a rather static, abstract view of the

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