QUESTION 5

How to overcome threats to mangrove ecosystem?

QUESTION 1
Establish protected areas or reserves to safeguard mangrove habitats from further degradation
Why mangrove forest is a life-sustaining ecosystem?
and encroachment.
Kathiresan, K., & Bingham, B. L. (2001). Biology of Implementing strict regulations on activities such as logging, aquaculture, and coastal One of the most significant ecosystems is mangrove forests, which
mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances development can help mitigate the negative impacts on mangroves . produce a lot of products and services relative to their size.
in Marine Biology, 40, 81-251. Promoting community participation and raising awareness about the ecological importance of Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees that live in tropical and
mangroves can foster local stewardship and support for conservation initiatives. subtropical coastal fringes, primarily in estuaries and deltas.
Tong, R., Liu, S., Su, W., Shi, F., Yan, C., & Zhang, J. Ferreira, A. C., Borges, R., & de Lacerda, L. D. (2022).
Engaging in restoration projects, such as replanting mangrove seedlings and rehabilitating The protection of the shore from storms and floods, as well as the
(2020). Mangrove management and conservation: Can sustainable development save mangroves?
A global perspective. Aquatic Botany, 161, 103178. degraded areas, can also contribute to the recovery of these vital ecosystems. availability of fish and shellfish, are just a few of the many crucial Sustainability, 14(3), 1263.
https://doi.org/0.1016/j.aquabot.2019.103178 Identify the company or destination specific risk profile for mangrove degradation as well as services that mangrove ecosystems offer to coastal populations. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031263
assessing opportunities and potential benefits for local mangrove restoration. Additionally crucial for capturing carbon dioxide and regulating the
Define the role of mangrove protection and restoration within the company / destinations carbon world's climate are mangroves. Mangroves' ecosystem service
Halim, M., Soeprobowati, T. R., Hadiyanto, H., & reduction targets and climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience strategy. values may be quantified to assist ensure their long-term
Syahid, L. N. (2023). Study of area change and Establish a goal or target for mangrove protection, restoration, and promotion. Then commit to
rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems in
preservation.
that target. Das, S. C., Das, S., & Tah, J. (2022). Mangrove
Karimunjawa National Park. In AIP Conference Mangrove ecosystems provide several vital services to coastal ecosystems and their services. Mangroves:
Proceedings, 2683(1). AIP Publishing. populations, including storm and flooding protection and the Biodiversity, Livelihoods and Conservation, 139–152.
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0125311 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0519-3_6
production of fish and shellfish. Mangroves are also crucial for
carbon sequestration and global climate regulation. The
quantification of mangrove ecosystem service values might aid in
QUESTION 4
LEARNING UNIT 6 their future conservation.
What are the impacts of human activities on the mangrove

Environmental
ecosystem at Sungai Dinding, Kampung Baru Setiawan?

Native aquatic
Fish lose food and wildlife population,
habitat insects and birds
drastically dwindle.

issues and climate QUESTION 2

Why mangrove ecosystem is very important to the local community?
Bees gone with the
trees. Bees prefer to
hive on mangrove trees. change case Nursery for Fish and Wildlife: Mangrove forests serve as crucial breeding grounds,
nurseries, and habitats for a wide range of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic species.
Coastal Protection: Mangroves act as natural barriers that protect coastal areas

Gilman, E. L., Ellison, J., Duke, N. C., & Field, C.

(2008). Threats to mangroves from climate
study from erosion, storm surges, and tsunamis.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: They provide habitat for numerous bird
species, reptiles, mammals, and invertebrates.
change and adaptation options: A review.
Sustainable Resource Extraction: Local communities depend on mangrove
Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 237-250.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009 resources for their livelihoods
Tourism and Recreation: Mangroves often attract nature lovers, tourists, and
QUESTION 3
recreational enthusiasts who appreciate the unique beauty and biodiversity of
McKee, K. L. (1993). Soil physicochemical What are the threats to mangrove ecosystem?
patterns and mangrove species distribution--
these ecosystems.
Precipitation: Areas with decreased precipitation will have a smaller water
reciprocal effects? The Journal of Ecology, 81(3),
input to ground water and less fresh water surface water input to
477. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261526
mangroves, increasing salinity. Areas with higher rainfall have higher
mangrove diversity and productivity probably due to higher supply of
fluvial sediment and nutrients, as well as reduced exposure to sulfate and Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Jayatissa, L. P., Di Nitto, D., Bosire, J. O., Lo Seen, D.,
Field, C. D. (1995). Impact of expected climate & Koedam, N. (2005). How effective were mangroves as a defence against
reduced salinity.
change on mangroves. Asia-Pacific Symposium on Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and the recent tsunami? Current Biology, 15(12), R443-R447.
Temperature: Increased surface temperature is expected to affect https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.008
Mangrove Ecosystems ,75-81. responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76(1),
mangroves by (i)changing species composition; (ii)changing phenological
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0289-6_10 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024
patterns (e.g.,timing off lowering and fruiting); (iii)increasing mangrove Ellison, A. M. (2008). Managing mangroves with benthic biodiversity in
Journal

productivity where temperature does not exceed an upper threshold; and Barbier, E. B., Koch, E. W., Silliman, B. R., Hacker, S. D., Wolanski, E., Primavera, J., mind: Moving beyond roving banditry. Journal of Sea Research, 59(1-2),
(iv)expanding mangrove ranges to higher latitudes where range is limited ... Granek, E. F. (2008). Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.004

Michaelowa, A. (2001). Climate change in the South

by temperature, but is not limited by other factors, including a supply of ecological functions and values. Science, 319(5861), 321-323.
propagules and suitable physiographic conditions. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150349
Pacific: Impacts and responses in Australia, New
Zealand and small island states Alexander Gillespie,
William burns (EDS.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000, 385 SHARIFAH NURUL AINN BINTI WAN AMRAN (82939) NURUL HANA BINTI AHMAD (85366)
pp. Climate Policy, 1(3), 423-425. SITI FATIMAH BINTI ABDULLAH (85724) MAXZVIVIENNA ANGELICA GUMES (84459)
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1469-3062(01)00019-5 GEORGIANA RITTY ANAK CANTIUS (83934) AUGUSTINE AJIE ANAK AKUN (82449)