Test Bank For Lifespan Development in Context A Topical Approach 1st Edition Tara L Kuther

Kuther, Lifespan Development Instructor Resource
Chapter 01: Test Bank
Test Bank for Lifespan Development in

Context A Topical Approach 1st Edition
Tara L. Kuther
Full download chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-
lifespan-development-in-context-a-topical-approach-1st-edition-tara-l-
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Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories
Multiple Choice
1. The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from birth to death,
is known as _________ development.
a. child
b. lifespan human
c. normative human
d. contemporary
Ans: b
Learning Objective: 1.1
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?
Question Type: MC
2. ____ is the most obvious indicator of development.

a. Change
b. Stability
c. Adulthood
d. Brain lateralization
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: What is Lifespan Human Development?
Question Type: MC
3. Throughout the lifespan, we change physically, cognitively, and psychosocially. This illustrates the
notion that development is _____.
a. static
b. multidisciplinary
c. plastic
d. multidimensional
Ans: d

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional
Question Type: MC
4. Dr. Yang studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in
body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. Dr. Yang is interested in _____
development.
a. physical
b. cognitive
c. psychosocial
d. interdisciplinary
Ans: a
Cognitive Domain: Application
Question Type: MC
5. _____ development includes the maturation of our thought processes and the tools that we use to
obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems.
a. Physical
b. Cognitive
c. Psychosocial
d. Lifespan
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
6. Changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationships with
family and friends are called _____ development.
a. physical
b. cognitive
c. psychosocial
d. lifespan
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
7. As baby Sanjay’s physical development improves, he is able to crawl around and explore his
environment. This advances his cognitive development, as he learns about the size and shape of objects,
as well as how they function. His newfound crawling skills also contribute to changes in Sanjay’s
psychosocial development. For example, he may experience anger when he picks up a breakable object,
only to have one of his parents take it away. In addition, Sanjay experiences happiness when his parents
encourage his motor efforts and frustration when they remove him from an unsafe area, such as the
stairs. This example shows that the three areas of development ________.
a. confuse the infant
b. are independent
c. follow a single course
d. overlap and interact
Ans: d

Question Type: MC
8. Research illustrates that development consists of both gains and losses, as well as growth and decline,
throughout the lifespan. This means that development is _____.
a. multidimensional
b. plastic
c. multidisciplinary
d. multidirectional
Ans: d
Answer Location: Development Is Multidirectional
Question Type: MC
9. Allison is approaching her 60th birthday. She realizes that her eyesight and hearing are not as good as
they used to be, and when visiting her daughter in graduate school, climbing the stairs to the fourth floor
has become more difficult. However, Allison has also become more patient over the years, is better at
solving difficult problems, and has a more confident and favorable view of herself than she had in her 20s
and 30s. This example shows that development is _____.
a. multidimensional
b. multidisciplinary
c. multidirectional
d. plastic
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
10. Because development is multidirectional, at all ages, individuals can compensate for losses by:
a. accepting the inevitability of growing older.
b. improving existing skills and developing new ones.
c. seeking out developmentally supportive contexts.
d. avoiding talking about them.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
11. The malleability or changeability of development is called ______.

a. plasticity
b. neuroscience
c. lateralization
d. specialization
Ans: a
Answer Location: Development Is Plastic
Question Type: MC
12. Following a stroke that affected his balance and muscle strength, Jose participated in three months of
physical therapy. Today, Jose feels as strong as he did before the stroke and walks at least ten miles a
week for exercise. Jose’s ability to overcome his physical limitations after his stroke is an example of:
a. lateralization.
b. plasticity.
c. neuroscience.
d. specialization.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
13. According to research, which individual will likely show the greatest amount of plasticity following a
brain injury?
a. Janessa, who is 6
b. Derick, who is 25
c. Barb, who is 48
d. Able, who is 70
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
14. _____ refers to where and when a person develops.

a. Plasticity
b. Exosystem
c. Microsystem
d. Context
Ans: d
Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
Question Type: MC
15. Millennials, or young people reaching adulthood around the year 2000, are a generation born around
the same time. Millennials are an example of a _______.
a. subculture
b. developmental domain
c. cultural group
d. cohort
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
16. Experts and professionals with a diverse range of expertise contribute to our understanding of
lifespan human development. This indicates that developmental science is:
a. plastic.
b. multidisciplinary.
c. multidirectional.
d. multidimensional.
Ans: b

Answer Location: Development Is Multidisciplinary
Question Type: MC
17. Bailey is a graduate student in clinical psychology. As part of her training, Bailey works with children
and families affected by autism. Each week, Bailey participates in a team meeting that consists of a
school psychologist, social worker, speech and language therapist, and nursing students. The group
discusses the various families with whom they work, as well as progress with individual clients. This
example illustrates the importance of a ______ approach to understanding how people grow, think, and
interact with their world.
a. multidisciplinary
b. contextual
c. cultural
d. multidirectional
Ans: a
Answer Location: Development Is Multidisciplinary
Question Type: MC
18. _____ development is characterized by slow and gradual change, whereas _____ development is
characterized by abrupt change.
a. Continuous; discontinuous
b. Discontinuous; continuous
c. Multidimensional; multidirectional
d. Multidirectional; multidimensional
Ans: a
Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development
Question Type: MC
19. Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development:

a. cannot be characterized by either continuity or discontinuity.
b. is primarily characterized by discontinuity.
c. is primarily characterized by continuity.
d. includes both continuity and discontinuity.
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
20. Baby Li is participating in a research study in which his physical growth is measured once a day. Li’s
parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but
daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. This example supports
the assertion that physical growth is:
a. primarily characterized by continuity.
b. primarily characterized by discontinuity.
c. both continuous and discontinuous.
d. characterized neither by continuity nor discontinuity.
Ans: c

Question Type: MC
21. Today, most developmental scientists believe that people are __________ their own development.
a. active contributors to
b. unaware of
c. often confused by
d. indifferent toward
Ans: a
Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development
Question Type: MC
22. Neva believes that most people are mainly products of their environment. For example, if a child
grows up in a warm, stimulating home, he or she will become a successful adult. If the same child grows
up in poverty and experiences ineffective child-rearing, he or she will likely repeat those patterns in
adulthood. Is Neva’s belief correct?
a. Yes. Most researchers believe that children are passive recipients of their environment and rarely
contribute to their own development.
b. Yes. Parenting and socioeconomic status play a greater role in development than children’s attempts
to engage the world around them.
c. No. Although people are influenced by the physical and psychosocial contexts in which they live, they
also take an active role in shaping who they become.
d. No. Physical and psychosocial contexts play only a minor role in long-term developmental outcomes.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development
Question Type: MC
23. At the beginning of her first human development course in college, Vi wondered, “Am I the person I
am today because of heredity, or did I become who I am because of my environment?” Vi’s question
reflects the ________ issue in lifespan development.
a. psychoanalytic-behaviorist
b. active-passive
c. continuities-discontinuities
d. nature-nurture
Ans: d
Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development
Question Type: MC
24. Explanations that rely on ______ indicate that inborn genetic endowments or heredity, maturational
processes, and evolution are causes of developmental change. In contrast, explanations that point to
______ suggest that individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are
raised.
a. nurture; nature
b. nature; nurture
c. continuities; discontinuities
d. discontinuities; continuities
Ans: b

Question Type: MC
25. Regarding the nature-nurture issue, today’s developmental scientists agree that _______.
a. nature is more influential than nurture
b. nurture is more influential than nature
c. both nature and nurture are important
d. neither nature nor nurture are significant
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
26. A _____ is a way of organizing a set of observations or facts into comprehensive explanations of how
something works.
a. theory
b. hypothesis
c. cohort
d. research question
Ans: a
Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development
Question Type: MC
27. Scientists generate _____, or proposed explanations for a given phenomenon, that can be tested by
research.
a. theories
b. hypotheses
c. cohorts
d. subjective opinions
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
28. Professor Deloney is teaching a research methods class. In his lecture on how theories are
generated, he points out that a good theory is ______ and can potentially be refuted.
a. flawless
b. similar to a hypothesis
c. subjective
d. falsifiable
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
29. _____ theories describe development and behavior as a result of the interplay of inner drives,
memories, and conflicts of which we are unaware and cannot control.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Behaviorist
c. Social learning
d. Information processing
Ans: a
Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theories
Question Type: MC
30. Which of the following theorists is credited as the father of the psychoanalytic perspective?
a. Lev Vygotsky
b. Erik Erikson
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Charles Darwin
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
31. According to Freud’s theory, humans progress through a series of ______, or periods in which
unconscious drives are focused on different parts of the body, making stimulation to those parts a source
of pleasure.
a. emotional conflicts
b. psychosexual stages
c. social crises
d. personal dilemmas
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
32. One of the most important criticisms of Freud’s theory is that it:
a. overlooks the importance of the early parent-child relationship.
b. emphasizes nature over nurture.
c. focuses primarily on early child development.
d. cannot be directly tested.
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
33. In contrast to Freud’s theory, Erikson focused on the role of ___________ in shaping development.
a. the nuclear and extended family
b. the social world, society, and culture
c. unconscious motivations and drives
d. gender and sexuality
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
34. Erikson expanded upon Freud’s theory and proposed ____ stages of psychosocial development that
include changes in how people understand and interact with others, as well as changes in how they
understand themselves and their roles as members of society.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
35. In each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, an individual faces a(n) ______ that must be resolved.
a. crisis or conflict
b. unconscious obstacle
c. significant life stressor
d. moral dilemma
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
36. _______ theory is regarded as one of the first lifespan views of development.
a. Freud’s
b. Erikson’s
c. Skinner’s
d. Vygotsky’s
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
37. Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her
to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara’s
behavior was shaped through:
a. Operant conditioning.
b. Classical conditioning.
c. Genetics.
d. Modeling.
Ans: a
Learning Objective: 1.4.
Answer Location: Operant Conditioning
Question Type: MC
38. According to _____, observational learning is one of the most powerful ways in which we learn.
a. Operant conditioning.
b. Social learning theory.
c. The bioecological model.
d. Evolutionary theory.
Ans: b

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory
Question Type: MC
39. ______, which emerged as an alternative to psychoanalytic theories, focuses only on behavior that
can be observed and objectively verified.
a. Behaviorism
b. Cognitive-developmental theory
c. Sociocultural theory
d. Ethology
Ans: a
Answer Location: Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories
Question Type: MC
40. Behaviorist theory is also known as ______ theory.

a. sociocultural
b. cognitive-developmental
c. evolutionary developmental
d. learning
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
41. Each time Isabella sits down to feed her baby a bottle, she gently strokes the baby’s head. One day,
Isabella began stroking her daughter’s head and noticed that the baby started sucking, even though it
wasn’t feeding time. The baby’s association between having her head stroked and the presentation of
food is an example of _______.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. reinforcement
d. social learning
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
42. ______ applies to physiological and emotional responses only.

a. Classical conditioning
b. Operant conditioning
c. Reinforcement
d. Punishment
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
43. According to the concept of ________, behavior is more likely to recur in the future if it is reinforced
but less likely to recur if it is punished.
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. social learning
d. ethology
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
44. Each time 3-year-old Maddy uses her potty chair, her father puts a sticker on a chart. After earning
five stickers, Maddy gets to pick out a small toy at the store. Maddy’s father is using ______ to increase
the likelihood that Maddy will continue to use the potty chair.
a. bribery
b. classical conditioning
c. reinforcement
d. social learning
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
45. According to ______ theory, people actively process information and their thoughts and feelings
influence their behavior.
a. psychoanalytic
b. behaviorist
c. evolutionary developmental
d. social learning
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
46. At preschool, Jace frequently watches Keagan hit other children and take their toys. Jace notices that
each time Keagan engages in this behavior, the teacher makes him give the toy back and sit in a time
out. Because Jace does not want to get in trouble with his teacher, he patiently waits his turn for toys.
Jace is demonstrating the concept of:
a. observational learning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. reciprocal determinism.
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
47. Ten-month-old Tauji is a happy, laid-back baby. He often smiles and laughs and is rarely cranky
unless he is hungry or tired. Due to his easy temperament, Tauji’s parents and other adults enjoy
interacting with him. He receives frequent hugs and kisses which, in turn, results in more positive
interactions. The interaction between Tauji’s behavior and the supportive environment in which he is
being raised is an example of:
a. reciprocal determinism.
b. operant conditioning.
c. classical conditioning.
d. reinforcement.
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
48. ______ founded the cognitive-developmental perspective on child development.

a. Albert Bandura
b. Jean Piaget
c. B.F. Skinner
d. Lev Vygotsky
Ans: b
Answer Location: Cognitive Theories
Question Type: MC
49. According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing
what they learn into _________.
a. stages
b. conceptual webs
c. cognitive schemas
d. categorical dimensions
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
50. ______ theory was the first to consider how infants and children think, as well as their active
contributions to their own development.
a. Bandura’s
b. Piaget’s
c. Vygotsky’s
d. Bronfenbrenner’s
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
51. Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory?

a. Piaget underestimated children’s contributions to their own development.
b. Piaget assumed that all cognitive-developmental stages are universal.
c. Piaget focused too much on unconscious drives and motivations.
d. Piaget focused too heavily on emotional and social factors that influence development.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
52. According to ________ theory, the mind works in ways similar to a computer.
a. psychoanalytic
b. sociocultural
c. information processing
d. bioecological
Ans: C
Answer Location: Information Processing Theory
Question Type: MC
53. From an information processing perspective, development is ______ and entails changes in the
efficiency and speed with which we think.
a. continuous
b. discontinuous
c. abrupt
d. irregular
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
54. Which of the following is a criticism of the information processing perspective ?

a. It fails to explain age-related changes in thinking.
b. It does not take into consideration maturation of the brain and nervous system.
c. Computer models cannot capture the complexity of the human mind.
d. There is little empirical support for this theory.
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
55. _______ sociocultural theory focuses on how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next
through social interaction.
a. Piaget’s
b. Vygotsky’s
c. Bronfenbrenner’s
d. Darwin’s
Ans: b
Answer Location: Sociocultural Systems Theory
Question Type: MC
56. The beliefs, values, customs, and skills of a group are referred to as ______.
a. microsystems
b. socialization
c. schemas
d. culture
Ans: D
Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Question Type: MC
57. Professor Norris is interested in how children from different cultures acquire the cognitive skills
necessary to be productive members of society. His research focuses on how adults and peers
communicate culturally relevant knowledge, as well as the emphasis different cultures place on play and
work. Professor Norris’s research is consistent with ______ theory.
a. Bronfenbrenner’s
b. Bandura’s
c. Piaget’s
d. Vygtosky’s
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
58. Both Piaget and Vygotsky emphasized that children:

a. primarily learn through reinforcement and punishment.
b. are active in their own development.
c. face crises or conflicts at each stage of development.
d. process information much like a computer.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
59. Critics have argued that Vygotsky’s theory places too little emphasis on:
a. the role of context.
b. cultural factors.
c. genetic and biological factors.
d. early socialization.
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
60. According to ________ theory, development results from the ongoing interactions among biological,
cognitive, and psychological changes within the individual and his or her changing context.
a. Piaget’s cognitive-developmental
b. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological
c. information processing
d. evolutionary developmental
Ans: b
Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
Question Type: MC
61. At the center of the bioecological model is the _____.

a. individual
b. family
c. community
d. cultural context
Ans: a

Question Type: MC
62. According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, your family, peers, and school represent your:
a. microsystem.
b. mesosystem.
c. macrosystem.
d. exosystem.
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
63. The _______ consists of relations and interactions among microsystems.

a. macrosystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. chronosystem
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
64. Travis has worked for the same company for almost ten years. He dislikes his boss, often works
overtime without pay, and sees little opportunity for advancement. Travis’s work stress has started to
affect his personal life. He frequently argues with his wife and has little patience for his 2-year-old son.
Travis is easily irritated when his son whines or makes a mess, which creates even more stress in the
household. According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the influence of Travis’s work stress on his son’s
development falls within the _____.
a. microsystem
b. macrosystem
c. exosystem
d. chronosystem
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
65. In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, cultural values, legal and political practices, and other
elements of the society at large fall within the ______.
a. microsystem
b. macrosystem
c. exosystem
d. mesosystem
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
66. The timing of important life events—such as marriage, birth of a child, starting a career, and
retirement—fall within the ______.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. macrosystem
d. chronosystem
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
67. “What is the purpose or adaptive value of infant-parent attachment?” would best be answered by:
a. Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory.
b. behaviorism.
c. evolutionary developmental theory.
d. the information processing perspective.
Ans: c
Answer Location: Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
Question Type: MC
68. The fact that humans, like many animal species, display biologically preprogrammed behaviors that
have survival value and promote development provides support for _____ theory.
a. sociocultural
b. bioecological
c. ethological
d. social learning
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
69. Dr. Stein is an expert in human development. When conducting research, Dr. Stein will utilize:
a. subjective observation techniques.
b. the scientific method.
c. tools and resources that have never been used before.
d. hypothetical models of human behavior.
Ans: b
Answer Location: The Scientific Method
Question Type: MC
70. The second step of the scientific method is:

a. identifying the research question.
b. formulating a hypothesis.
c. gathering information to address the research question.
d. interpreting and summarizing information.
Ans: c

Question Type: MC
71. Scientists use the term ______ to refer to the information that they collect when they conduct
research.
a. data
b. IRB
c. hypothesis
d. theory
Ans: a
Answer Location: Methods of Data Collection
Question Type: MC
72. D.J. is working on a research team that is gathering information on how freshmen students view their
first year of college. D.J.’s team wants to use a flexible conversational style that allows for follow-up
questions in order to gather as much information as possible. Which technique is best suited for this type
of study?
a. Structured observations
b. A structured interview
c. An open-ended interview
d. Naturalistic observations
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
73. When using _______interviews, all participants are given the same set of questions in the exact same
order.
a. open-ended
b. clinical
c. structured
d. quasi
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
74. _______, or surveys, are sets of questions, typically multiple choice, that scientists compile and use
to collect data from large samples of people.
a. Structured interviews
b. Open-ended interviews
c. Rating scales
d. Questionnaires
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
75. Vernessa is working on her master’s degree in behavioral health. She is interested in adolescents
who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex and alcohol and drug use. She
plans to conduct a study of 20,000 teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors.
Which method of data collection would be best suited for this type of study?
a. Questionnaires
b. Clinical interviews
c. Naturalistic observations
d. Structured observations
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
76. Which of the following is a limitation associated with self-report data?

a. It is very expensive and time consuming.
b. Answers may not reflect participants’ true attitudes and behavior.
c. It is difficult to ensure anonymity of participant responses.
d. They can only be used for small samples of people.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
77. Farrah is taking a child development course in which she must practice conducting naturalistic
observations. Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation?
a. Playing a card game with her cousins and writing down who has the most points at the end of each
hand.
b. Interviewing a parent about her beliefs on corporal punishment.
c. Watching a television program about children with autism.
d. Observing preschoolers during recess and writing down instances of peer aggression.
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
78. When conducting a naturalistic observation, one must first decide on:
a. which participants will be easiest to observe.
b. an operational definition of the behavior of interest.
c. a coding system to use during the observation.
d. which statistical program to use to analyze the data.
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
79. In some instances, the presence of an observer can cause the person to behave in unnatural ways or
ways that are not typical for him or her. This is known as ________.
a. observation bias
b. bidirectional influence
c. a cohort effect
d. participant reactivity
Ans: d

Question Type: MC
80. An important strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to:

a. implement their own coding system.
b. draw conclusions about behavior without analyzing data.
c. observe behaviors in real-world settings.
d. exercise control over the environment.
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
81. _____ involve observing and recording behaviors that are displayed in a controlled environment.
a. Naturalistic observations
b. Structured observations
c. Clinical interviews
d. Questionnaires
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
82. Researchers have found that reading to infants and toddlers leads to gains in language development,
as well as enhanced school readiness skills. The relationship between reading to infants and toddlers and
favorable developmental outcomes is:
a. correlational.
b. causal.
c. experimental.
d. observational.
Ans: a
Answer Location: Research Methodology
Question Type: MC
83. ______ research permits researchers to examine relations among measured characteristics,
behaviors, and events.
a. Experimental
b. Correlational
c. Cross-sectional
d. Quasi-experimental
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
84. Causal relationships between variables can only be determined through ______ research.
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. longitudinal
d. cross-sectional
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
85. In experimental research, the ____ variable is manipulated or varied systematically by the researcher
during the experiment, whereas the _____ variable is the behavior under study.
a. dependent; independent
b. independent; dependent
c. control; extraneous
d. extraneous; control
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
86. When conducting experimental research, the _____ group is treated in every way like the
experimental group but does not receive the independent variable in order to compare the effect of the
manipulation.
a. control
b. treatment
c. dependent
d. cohort
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
87. ______ is the procedure in which every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the
experimental or control group and is essential for ensuring that the groups are equal in all preexisting
characteristics, such as age, ethnicity, and gender.
a. Manipulation of the dependent variable
b. Correlational assignment
c. Standardization
d. Random assignment
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
88. The _______ research design compares groups of people at different ages, at one time.
a. correlational
b. experimental
c. cross-sectional
d. longitudinal
Ans: c
Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs
Question Type: MC
89. Professor Ming studies the effects of trauma on mental health across the lifespan. She plans to
conduct a study that includes participants from the following age ranges: 6–12, 13–19, 20–40, and 50–70.
All of her participants will be from an area that experienced a natural disaster, such as a deadly hurricane
or earthquake. Professor Ming will then look at symptoms of depression and anxiety in each of the age
groups to draw conclusions about age-related differences in the processing of traumatic events. Which
research design is best suited for this study?
a. Experimental
b. Cross-sectional
c. Longitudinal
d. Sequential
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
90. Investigators use the _______ research design when studying the same group of participants at many
points in time.
a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal
c. sequential
d. experimental
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
91. An important strength of longitudinal research is that it provides information about ______ over time.
a. non-age-related changes
b. cohort effects
c. age-related changes
d. control groups
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
92. A weakness associated with longitudinal research is that experiences or events affecting one
generation of participants may be very different than those affecting another generation. This is known as:
a. cohort effects.
b. research bias.
c. participant reactivity.
d. longitudinal variability.
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
93. Sequential research designs combine the best features of _______ and ______ research.
a. correlational; experimental
b. observational; laboratory
c. naturalistic observation; experimental

d. cross-sectional; longitudinal
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
94. The sequential research design provides information about _____.

a. age-related changes only
b. age and gender
c. age, cohort, and age-related change
d. cause and effect
Ans: c
Question Type: MC
95. When conducting research, investigators are bound by _____, or the determination of what is right
and wrong.
a. ethics
b. previous theories
c. morals
d. sentiment
Ans: a
Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Research
Question Type: MC
96. Beneficence and ______ are the dual responsibilities to do good and not do harm when conducting
research.
a. responsibility
b. integrity
c. justice
d. nonmaleficence
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
97. The ethical principle of _____ requires scientists to be accurate, honest, and truthful in their work.
a. integrity
b. responsibility
c. justice
d. beneficence
Ans: a
Question Type: MC
98. Prior to beginning any study, Professor Cleutter’s research team carefully explains the research to
potential participants, answers questions, and helps them to determine if the study is right for them.
Professor Cleutter and his team are showing respect for participants’ ______.
a. integrity
b. autonomy
c. beneficence
d. justice
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
99. When conducting research, scientists must balance ______ against the ______.
a. time; resources available
b. goals of the IRB; desired results from the research
c. the benefits; possible harm
d. rights of participants; rights of the researchers
Ans: c
Answer Location: Responsibilities to Participants
Question Type: MC
100. Ethical codes of conduct state that researchers must obtain ______ consent from each participant,
which states their informed, rational, and voluntary agreement to participate.
a. informal
b. informed
c. IRB
d. verbal but not written
Ans: b
Question Type: MC
101. When conducting research with younger children, Dr. Willard seeks ____, which is the child’s
agreement to participate.
a. parental approval
b. IRB approval
c. informal consent
d. assent
Ans: d
Question Type: MC
True/False
1. Researchers agree that development ends in adulthood.
Ans: False
Answer Location: What is Lifespan Human Development?

Question Type: TF
2. The physical and social environment, including family, neighborhood, country, culture, and historical
time period, is referred to as context.
Ans: True
Answer Location: Development is Multidimensional
Question Type: TF
3. Many existing theories and research on human development are based on Western samples.
Ans: True
Answer Location: Development is Influenced by Multiple Contexts
Question Type: TF
4. A continuous view of development emphasizes gradual and steady changes.

Ans: True
Question Type: TF
5. A researcher who believes that heredity, maturational processes, and evolution are primarily
responsible for development emphasizes nurture over nature.
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
6. One reason that Freud’s theory has declined in popularity is that certain concepts, such as
unconscious drives, cannot be directly tested.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
7. Unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development occurs throughout the lifespan.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
8. Bandura’s social learning theory maintains that children are passive learners and are primarily shaped
by the environments in which they grow and develop.
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
9. Piaget believed that children and adults actively learn about their environments by interacting with the
world around them.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
10. In contrast to information processing theory, Piaget believed that the mind works in ways similar to a
computer.
Ans: False
Learning Objective: 1.5:
Question Type: TF
11. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children are active in their development by engaging with the
world around them.
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
12. Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes the importance of culture in children’s cognitive development.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
13. According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory, one’s family, peers, and school are part of the microsystem.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
14. Ethological theory is the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
15. In scientific research, interviews and questionnaires are types of self-report measures.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
16. A structured interview is using a flexible, conversational style of information gathering.

Ans: False

Question Type: TF
17. Watching school-age children play at recess and noting instances of aggressive behavior for later
analysis is called naturalistic observation.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
18. An important strength of correlational research is that it allows researchers to determine if one
variable causes changes in another variable.
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
19. In experimental research, the independent variable is manipulated or varied systematically during the
study.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
20. In the cross-sectional research design, information is gathered from people of several ages at one
time, which permits age comparisons.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
21. A limitation of longitudinal research is that it does not permit inferences about age-related changes
over time.
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
22. The sequential research design combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons.
Ans: True
Question Type: TF
23. One ethical guideline that a researcher must adhere to is respect for his participants’ autonomy, or
ability to make and implement their own decisions.
Ans: True

Question Type: TF
24. The United States is the only country in the world that regulates the conduct of research through
institutional review boards (IRBs).
Ans: False
Question Type: TF
25. When conducting research, investigators are responsible only to their participants, not to society at
large.
Ans: False
Answer Location: Responsibilities to Society
Question Type: TF
Short Answer
1. List the nine life stages of human development.
Ans: Human development includes the following stages: prenatal, infancy and toddlerhood, early
childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and
late adulthood.
Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?
Question Type: SA
2. Provide an example of how your current cohort (or generation) differs from that of your parents or
grandparents.
Ans: Multiple answers will work for this question. Changes in access to college, changes in technology
and/or social media, and historical events are among the examples that students can provide for this
question.
Question Type: SA
3. Assume that you are conducting a study on the effectiveness of various weight loss methods. You
randomly assign 120 participants to one of the following groups: (1) Weight Watchers, (2) a six-week
exercise and nutrition camp, or (3) a free subscription to an online application that tracks calories,
exercise, and provides daily feedback about nutrition and physical activity. What is the independent
variable? What is a possible dependent variable?
Ans: Independent variable: Group or group assignment. Dependent variable: Weight loss or changes in
weight
Question Type: SA
4. Decades of research show a relationship between viewing media violence and aggressive behavior in
children. Why can we not say that viewing media violence causes aggression in children?
Ans: Research on media violence and aggression is correlational. That is, it tells us there is a relationship
between the variables. However, we cannot say that this relationship is causal because there may be
other factors that contribute to this relationship. In addition, we can only determine causal relationships
through carefully controlled experimental research.
Question Type: SA
5. List five ethical principles that guide developmental scientists’ work.

Ans: Developmental scientists’ work is guided by the following ethical principles: (1) beneficence and
nonmaleficence; (2) responsibility; (3) integrity; (4) justice; and (5) respect for autonomy.
Question Type: SA
Essay
1. Researchers in lifespan development recognize that development is multidimensional. List three areas
of development that illustrate this concept. How do these areas relate to one another?
Ans: Development is multidimensional and entails changes in many areas of development. For example,
physical development refers to body maturation and growth, including body size, proportion, appearance,
health, and perceptual abilities. Cognitive development refers to the maturation of thought processes and
the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems.
Psychosocial development includes changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and
interpersonal relationships with family and friends. Each of these areas of development overlap and
interact with one another.
Question Type: ESS
2. Each time Marissa takes her 3-year-old son, Javier, to the grocery store, he asks for candy or a toy.
When Marissa tells Javier “no,” he throws a tantrum until she gives in and lets him have the requested
item. Using the concept of operant conditioning, explain why Marissa is actually increasing the likelihood
that Javier will continue to throw tantrums on future trips to the store.
Ans: (May vary slightly): Although she likely does not realize it, Marissa is actually rewarding Javier’s
behavior through both positive and negative reinforcement. Javier has learned that tantrums are a
method of getting what he wants. Each time Marissa gives in, she is positively reinforcing the tantrum. At
the same time, the desired item stops the tantrum, which is negatively reinforcing to Javier. As a result,
Marissa is increasing the likelihood that Javier will continue to throw tantrums at the store when told that
he cannot have candy or a toy.
Question Type: ESS
3. Your textbook provides an overview of the most influential theories of human development. Think about
your own developmental experiences to this point. Which theory or theories do you most agree with, and
why? Which theory or theories do you find less appealing, and why? Provide several examples from your
own development to explain why you selected one theory (or several theories) over the others.
Ans: Answers to this question will vary. To adequately address this question, students must list and
describe a theory or several theories to which they relate, as well as a theory or several theories that they
find less useful. They should list some of the strengths and limitations, as well as provide several clear
examples from their own developmental experiences.
Learning Objective: Multiple objectives may apply, depending on which theories students select: 1.3, 1.4,
1.5, 1.6
Cognitive Domain: Application; Analysis
Question Type: ESS
4. Describe the four steps used in the scientific method.

Ans: The scientific method includes the following steps:
1. Identify the research question or problem to be studied and formulate the hypothesis, or proposed
explanation, to be tested.
2. Gather information to address the research question.
3. Use statistical analysis to summarize the information gathered and determine whether the
hypothesis is refuted, or shown to be false.
4. Interpret the summarized information, consider the findings in light of prior research studies, and
share findings with the scientific community and world at large.
Question Type: ESS
5. Think about an interesting topic related to the study of lifespan human development. Assume that you
wanted to know more about this topic and were going to plan a research study. First, identify your topic.
Next, describe your method or methods of data collection. Be sure to mention the strengths and
limitations associated with the method(s) that you chose. Would your study fall under the category of
correlational or experimental research? If you’re looking at age or developmental differences, which
research design would best fit your proposed topic, and why? What ethical concerns would you need to
consider for your study?
Ans: Multiple answers will work for this question. Students must clearly identify a topic, describe their data
collection (including strengths and weaknesses of their chosen method(s)), and indicate whether or not
their study is correlational or experimental, and if they chose a developmental design, it should be clear
why their topic fits with that design. Ethical concerns should also be addressed in the answer.
Learning Objective: Multiple objectives may apply: 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10
Cognitive Domain: Application; Analysis
Answer Location: Research in Human Development; Ethical Issues in Research
Question Type: ESS

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Kuther, Lifespan Development Instructor Resource

Chapter 01: Test Bank

Test Bank for Lifespan Development in

Chapter 01: Test Bank

2. ____ is the most obvious indicator of development.

Learning Objective: 1.1

Cognitive Domain: Application

11. The malleability or changeability of development is called ______.

14. _____ refers to where and when a person develops.

Learning Objective: 1.1

19. Contemporary developmental scientists agree that development:

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

40. Behaviorist theory is also known as ______ theory.

42. ______ applies to physiological and emotional responses only.

48. ______ founded the cognitive-developmental perspective on child development.

51. Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory?

54. Which of the following is a criticism of the information processing perspective ?

58. Both Piaget and Vygotsky emphasized that children:

61. At the center of the bioecological model is the _____.

Learning Objective: 1.6

63. The _______ consists of relations and interactions among microsystems.

70. The second step of the scientific method is:

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

76. Which of the following is a limitation associated with self-report data?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

80. An important strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to:

c. naturalistic observation; experimental

94. The sequential research design provides information about _____.

Answer Location: What is Lifespan Human Development?

4. A continuous view of development emphasizes gradual and steady changes.

16. A structured interview is using a flexible, conversational style of information gathering.

Learning Objective: 1.7

Learning Objective: 1.10

5. List five ethical principles that guide developmental scientists’ work.

4. Describe the four steps used in the scientific method.

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